%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Bison http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3833--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3833.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/north-american-bison"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2951113978_a2610f9dbd_k_0.jpg?itok=rrdBMyyp" width="1090" height="730" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/north-american-bison" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">North American Bison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Once numbering in the millions, the North American <a href="/article/bison"><strong>Bison</strong></a> thrived on Colorado's <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> for centuries until overhunting and other environmental pressures brought them to the brink of extinction in the nineteenth century. Thanks to <strong>reintroduction efforts</strong> in the twentieth century, several bison herds now roam Colorado, and ranchers even raise them for meat.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3834--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3834.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_herd_at_Genesee_Park-2012_03_10_0603_0.jpg?itok=jJjdNsxE" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Brought back from the brink of extinction, Colorado is now home to several <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> herds that are re-establishing the keystone species in their native shortgrass prairie habitat. These bison were photographed at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> near <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>I-70</strong></a> in 2012.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-19T09:57:21-07:00" title="Saturday, November 19, 2022 - 09:57" class="datetime">Sat, 11/19/2022 - 09:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison" data-a2a-title="Bison"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbison&amp;title=Bison"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The American Plains Bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) are large mammals in the Bovidae family, recognizable for their large head, shaggy coats, pronounced hump,&nbsp;and close association with the American West. Bison are commonly and incorrectly referred to as "buffalo," which are Asian and African animals. North American bison have long grazed in Colorado and are a central part of the spiritual and physical world of Colorado’s Indigenous people.</p> <p>For millennia, vast herds of bison roamed the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, until their numbers declined almost to extinction in the nineteenth century due to overhunting. Since then, however, their significance in American culture and their importance as a keystone species for the natural environment of the plains have prompted conservation efforts and a modest population resurgence. Today, those efforts have resulted in several <a href="/article/bison-reintroduction"><strong>managed bison herds</strong></a>&nbsp;across Colorado. In 2016 President Barack Obama named the bison the National Mammal of the United States.</p> <h2>Biology</h2> <p>Bison are diurnal animals, meaning they are active during the day. Historically, bison had distinct seasonal behaviors. In the winter, the gregarious mammals moved in small groups to seek forage and shelter, and in the summer months, they consolidated into massive herds for breeding and to protect the young. A much smaller population of free-ranging bison today continues these seasonal movements.</p> <p>Female bison, called cows, reach sexual maturity at about two to four years and typically give birth to only one calf at a time. The bison’s relatively slow reproduction rate compounded their decline when they were overhunted during the late nineteenth century. Calves are weaned off their mother’s milk after about one year. Male bison, called bulls, reach peak mass at about five to six years of age. Most bison do not live past twenty years.</p> <h2>Bison-Shortgrass Relationship</h2> <p>The Great Plains is the largest biome in North America. The High Plains, a part of that biome that extends across northeast Colorado to the foot of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, is an ideal environment for bison, the area’s keystone species. Bison have shaped the area to fit their needs. The shortgrass ecology of the High Plains consists of two primary types of grass, blue grama (<em>Bouteloua gracilis</em>) and buffalo grass (<em>Buchloë dactyloides</em>), both of which have shallow root systems and grow unimpeded by the aridity that characterizes the region. Bison themselves are selected for these dominant varieties based on the nutrition they provide and their tolerance to cyclical patterns of wet and dry years. The shortgrass provides bison with a crucial nutritional balance of protein and carbohydrates; as much as 90 percent of a bison’s diet consists of grasses and sedges.</p> <p>Further, the grazing of bison herds induces new growth for both blue grama and buffalo grass, while their droppings return critical fertilizer to the prairie soil. Their grazing patterns are more intentional than one would think, with herds returning to graze the same carefully selected areas. This symbiotic relationship is why bison have existed for many millennia on the High Plains and have long been a central resource for the people living there.</p> <h2>Bison and Indigenous Nations</h2> <p>Archaeological evidence from across Colorado confirms that bison were a staple food resource for people living in the region as far back as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a> (more than 9,000 years ago). At the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jones-miller-bison-kill-site"><strong>Jones-Miller</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/olsen-chubbuck-bison-kill-site"><strong>Olsen-Chubbuck</strong></a> Bison Kill Sites, which date to about 8,000 BCE, Paleo-Indians herded bison into gulches, killed them, and butchered the bodies. At these and other sites, pot sherds, projectile <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fluted-points-0"><strong>points</strong></a>, and bone debris indicate that the people who populated the High Plains hunted bison in cooperative groups and used their quarry for food, clothing, tools, and other materials. At the Massey Draw site near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the large number of bones and the existence of modified organic materials for use as tools suggest that the site was a bison-processing encampment in the Middle <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic Period</strong></a> (~3,000-1,000 BCE). Similar killing and butchering techniques continued on the plains for thousands of years.</p> <p>In addition to its functional role as a food source, the bison is spiritually vital to many Western Great Plains Indigenous people. The nations most commonly associated with Colorado—including the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Nuche (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>) people—all depended on the bison as a food source. They held, and still hold, the animals as an essential part of their physical and spiritual connection to the land. To the Arapaho, who call the bison <em>heneecee</em>, the animal provided food and shelter and was a key component of trade and commerce. The Cheyenne, who call the bison <em>hotoa’e</em> and hunted them in extended family units, traded meat and pemmican to the horticultural nations on the eastern Great Plains in exchange for corn and wild foods. In addition, the Nuche, who call the bison <em>coch</em> or <em>kucu</em>, left their mountain encampments each summer to hunt bison herds on the Great Plains. They hunted bison for their own needs as well as to establish trade with Spanish colonists, known as Ciboleros, who specialized in the trade of bison flesh at markets in New Mexico.</p> <p>Bison were the foundation of transactions among Indigenous groups and between Indigenous nations and Euro-American nations. In this way, the mammals’ abundance undergirded the more extensive networks of imperial commerce on the nineteenth-century plains, such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. Bison meat, hides, and tallow (fat) were principal commodities on the Great Plains. The market forces that came to bear on the region eventually spelled disaster for the bison in Colorado.</p> <h2>The Market for Bison</h2> <p>A variety of market factors drove the exploitation of the bison, including flesh for consumption or storage and bone ash for making fertilizer or to neutralize acids and clarify sugar, wine, and vinegar. However, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, demand for bison pelts surpassed these other uses as the main driver of the animal’s decline. Stemming directly from the already-established <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> pelt trade, the bison robe market became dominant as beaver became rarer in the mountains and High Plains.</p> <p>The earliest American engagement with the bison robe market occurred in the early nineteenth century at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> along overland trails. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, on the Arkansas River in what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otero-county"><strong>Otero County</strong></a>, was a well-known fur-trading post and commercial hub. There, white traders exchanged flour, firearms, textiles, and liquor for bison robes prepared by the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other Indigenous peoples. In tandem with intensifying resource competition between bison and the growing herds of horses used to hunt them, the massive demand for robes contributed to a decline in bison, as Indigenous people were incentivized to overhunt the animal. By the 1850s, the decline in the robe market shuttered many of the fur-trading forts in Colorado, and Indigenous people who relied upon the once-innumerable resource began to starve and relocate as herds diminished.</p> <p>Several forces combined to keep bison numbers on a downward trajectory throughout the mid-nineteenth century. Increasing numbers of American colonists crossing the plains on overland trails used bison as a food source. The Comanche overhunted bison to sustain their raiding-and-trading empire and built huge horse herds that competed with the bison for grazing territory.</p> <p>As railroad tracks were laid across eastern Colorado during the 1870s, bison migration patterns were affected, and train strikes began killing bison who wandered across tracks. An increasing number of cattle and other ranch animals and the increasing amount of acreage put under cultivation reduced bison’s access to vital shortgrass prairie, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches bisected their grazing spaces. Droughts, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a><strong>s</strong>, blizzards, and disease contributed significantly to the diminishing number of bison in Colorado and the broader Great Plains, as did the forced removal of Indigenous people who had previously managed the herds and held bison in higher regard than newly arriving colonists. On top of all that, tanners developed a new method for creating bison leather in the early 1870s, creating an insatiable demand for hides. By the 1880s, bison had been nearly hunted out of existence on the High Plains.</p> <h2>Saving a Species: Bison in the Twentieth Century</h2> <p>At the turn of the twentieth century, the bison underwent a transformation in the minds of many non-Indigenous Americans. For decades, hunting of the animals had been encouraged to weaken Indigenous nations and make way for the so-called progress of railroads, farming, and ranching in the West. With the conquest of the region complete, however, many Americans began to see both the bison and Indigenous people as symbols of a disappearing mythical frontier, and they became nostalgic about these symbols.</p> <p>Perhaps the best example of this change in sentiment is that of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-%E2%80%9Cbuffalo-bill%E2%80%9D-cody"><strong>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a>, an army veteran who hunted bison for the Kansas-Pacific Railroad and the US Army only to make the animals an important part of his subsequent “Wild West” shows that celebrated the American frontier. Cody’s shows were immensely popular and gave bison staying power as symbols of a romanticized American West. Cody, who first helped kill the bison and then helped spur a national lamentation of their loss, is now buried on Lookout Mountain, near Golden, not far from where a reintroduced bison herd roams.</p> <p>Later, in 1934, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> (CU) adopted the name “Buffaloes” to represent its sports programs and campus community, further tying the bison to the lives of contemporary Coloradans. The mascot was chosen due to a national naming contest by CU’s student newspaper, <em>Silver &amp; Gold</em>. Boulder resident A. J. Dickson was the first to submit the name “buffaloes.” For the first football game of the 1934 season, CU students paid twenty-five dollars to have a bison calf on the sidelines (it is not known where the calf was taken from, though it likely came from Genesee Park). Since 1967 CU has had a live female bison, nicknamed “Ralphie,” lead the football team onto the field at home games.</p> <p>In Colorado, conservation of the keystone species has been in progress since the early twentieth century. Beginning in 1908, the city of Denver rounded up a herd of eighteen bison for conservation. The Denver herd lived on the prairie of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> and the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo"><strong>Denver Zoo</strong></a>, but as the herd grew, its home moved to a larger site at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> in 1914 and expanded to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-park"><strong>Daniels Park</strong></a> in 1938. The city of Denver and the Denver Zoo continue to manage the bison herd, occasionally gifting bison to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Ute, and other Indigenous nations with strong cultural ties to the animals. Collectively, these efforts protect the region’s biodiversity, support the recovery of the species, acknowledge Indigenous nations as equal partners in their protection, and provide the people of Colorado the opportunity to engage with one of their region’s most important species.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Bison reintroduction programs continue in Colorado, and the state herds have increased significantly in number and physical health. A short distance from Denver, Coloradans can view the bison herd at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/rocky-mountain-arsenal"><strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong></a>. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden,</strong></a> the overlook at exit 254 off <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> allows observation of the Genesee Park herd. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, bison viewing areas at Soapstone Prairie Natural Area and Red Mountain Open Space enable visitors to see a herd with genetic links to some of the last remaining wild bison in the Yellowstone region. The state of Colorado, the federal government, and many Indigenous nations continue to prioritize the reintroduction, study, and management of the prairie’s keystone species and the country’s national mammal.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sean-mccollum" hreflang="und">Sean McCollum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo" hreflang="en">buffalo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-hunting" hreflang="en">bison hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-extinct" hreflang="en">bison extinct</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-colorado" hreflang="en">bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains" hreflang="en">high plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-ecosystem" hreflang="en">plains ecosystem</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ecology" hreflang="en">ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-mammal" hreflang="en">national mammal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/barack-obama" hreflang="en">barack obama</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodore-roosevelt" hreflang="en">theodore roosevelt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-herds-colorado" hreflang="en">bison herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/see-bison-colorado" hreflang="en">see bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/genesee-park" hreflang="en">genesee park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/are-there-bison-colorado" hreflang="en">are there bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/are-there-bison-left" hreflang="en">are there bison left</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/daniels-park" hreflang="en">daniels park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoo" hreflang="en">Denver Zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapho" hreflang="en">arapho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nuche" hreflang="en">nuche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-genocide" hreflang="en">indigenous genocide</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-mountain-open-space" hreflang="en">red mountain open space</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/soapstone-prairie-bison" hreflang="en">soapstone prairie bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/soapstone-prairie-natural-area" hreflang="en">soapstone prairie natural area</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-county" hreflang="en">denver county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grama-grass" hreflang="en">grama grass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-grass" hreflang="en">buffalo grass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shortgrass-prairie" hreflang="en">shortgrass prairie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shortgrass-prairie-ecology" hreflang="en">shortgrass prairie ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains-ecology" hreflang="en">high plains ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-bill-cody" hreflang="en">buffalo bill cody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-robe-trade" hreflang="en">bison robe trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-f-cody" hreflang="en">william f cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www3.uwsp.edu/biology/VertebrateCollection/Pages/Vertebrates/Mammals%20of%20Wisconsin/Bison%20bison/Bison%20bison.aspx#:~:text=Length%20of%20bison%20ranges%20from,shoulder%20and%20the%20thoracic%20girdle.">Bison bison—American Bison</a>,” Biology Department, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, updated 2004.</p> <p>Kathleen A. Brosnan, <em>Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change Along the Front Range</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).<br /> <br /> Cheyennelanguage.org, “<a href="http://www.cheyennelanguage.org/words/animals/animals.htm">Animals</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Coleman Cornelius, “<a href="https://source.colostate.edu/northern-colorado-bison-project-uses-high-tech-breeding-to-halt-disease-and-conserve-an-icon/">Northern Colorado Bison Project Uses High-Tech Breeding to Halt Disease and Conserve an Icon</a>,” <em>Source </em>(Colorado State University), March 10, 2015.</p> <p>City of Denver, “Bison Conservation,”&nbsp; n.d.</p> <p>City of Fort Collins, “<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/naturalareas/bison">Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd</a>,”&nbsp; n.d.</p> <p>Andrew Cowell and Alonzo Moss, Sr., Williams C’Hair, Wayne C’Hair, et al., “<a href="https://homewitharapaho.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/arapaho-dictionary1.pdf">Dictionary of the Arapaho Language</a>,” 2012.</p> <p>Catherine S. Fowler, “<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/465789">Some Lexical Clues to Uto-Aztecan Prehistory</a>,” International Journal of American Linguistics 49, no. 3 (July 1983).</p> <p>Andrew C. Isenberg, <em>The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).<br /> <br /> Shanna Lewis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/12/17/wild-bison-return-to-colorados-great-plains/">Wild Bison Return to Colorado’s Great Plains</a>,” CPR, December 17, 2020.</p> <p>Mountain Scholar, University Historic Photograph Collection, “Bison Image—1,”&nbsp; July 1930.</p> <p>Sarah M. Nelson, <em>Denver: An Archaeological History</em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).<br /> <br /> San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library, “<a href="https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/americanbison/summary">American Bison <em>(Bison bison)</em></a>,”&nbsp; updated March 9, 2021.</p> <p>University of Colorado, “<a href="https://cubuffs.com/sports/2016/6/28/ralphie-history">Ralphie History</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2015/10/21/usda-helps-bring-bison-back-colorados-prairies">USDA Helps Bring Bison Back to Colorado's Prairies</a>,”&nbsp; February 21, 2017.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dale F. Lott, <em>American Bison: A Natural History</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).<br /> <br /> Louis S. Warren, <em>Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2022 16:57:21 +0000 Nick Johnson 3831 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-buffalo-bill-cody <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1880--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1880.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buffalo-bill-1915"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BBinDenver1915%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=Btn5bHIa" width="1000" height="1453" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buffalo-bill-1915" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buffalo Bill, 1915</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of the last portraits of Buffalo Bill, taken in 1915 at the Lumiere Studio in Denver.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1882--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1882.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buffalo-bills-wild-west-show-poster"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BBPoster%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=HRSDUk9C" width="1000" height="1413" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buffalo-bills-wild-west-show-poster" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buffalo Bill&#039;s Wild West Show Poster</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This poster, with an image by Henry Atwell Thomas, was used to publicize Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in the 1880s and 1890s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> 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--> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-09-21T16:06:01-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 21, 2016 - 16:06" class="datetime">Wed, 09/21/2016 - 16:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-buffalo-bill-cody" data-a2a-title="William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-f-buffalo-bill-cody&amp;title=William%20F.%20%E2%80%9CBuffalo%20Bill%E2%80%9D%20Cody"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody (1846–1917) was neither born in Colorado nor lived in the state. In death, however, he became one of its most famous residents. Cody’s first experience in Colorado came in 1859, when he was a thirteen-year-old participant in the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. Like many other gold seekers, he left Colorado disappointed. He visited many times after that, returning in 1917 to die at his sister’s home in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Just before his death, Cody asked to be buried on <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>, above <a href="/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, overlooking the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>. Today, the <strong>Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave</strong> is a destination for thousands of people from all over the world, who come to pay their respects to one of the nation’s most famous showmen.</p><h2>Early Life</h2><p>William Cody was born near Davenport, Iowa, on February 26, 1846. When he was eight, his father, Isaac, and mother, Mary, moved the family to Kansas Territory. There, young Bill saw his first wagon train and met his first American Indian. Shortly after their arrival, Isaac was attacked while speaking out against allowing slavery in Kansas. His wounds left him weakened, and he died of a fever several years later. At the age of eleven, Bill became the man of the house.</p><p>Bill earned money for the family herding cattle, and took his first trip across the Great Plains as a driver on a wagon train. Later, he sought his fortune in the goldfields of Colorado and rode for the Pony Express. He joined the Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in 1864 and served in the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> for a year before it ended. Following the Civil War, Bill earned the nickname of “Buffalo Bill” as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the US Army.</p><p>Buffalo Bill scouted for the US Army for nearly six years. He took part in several significant battles during the Indian Wars. In 1868 he was stationed at <strong>Fort Lyon</strong> in Colorado, where he tracked down horse thieves. In 1869 he fought <strong>Cheyenne Dog Soldiers </strong>at <a href="/article/battle-summit-springs"><strong>Summit Springs</strong></a>, near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling-0"><strong>Sterling</strong>.</a> Later, in 1872, he was awarded the Medal of Honor by Congress for actions in a battle against Indigenous people in western Nebraska.</p><h2>Show Business Career</h2><p>By the time he received the Medal of Honor, Cody’s reputation had spread in the newspapers. A meeting with writer Ned Buntline in 1869 made Cody the focus of a dime novel titled <em>Buffalo Bill: The King of the Border Men</em>, which greatly increased his reputation. In 1872 Buntline recruited Cody to join him and another scout, Texas Jack Omohundro, in a play titled <em>Scouts of the Prairie</em>. The successful play launched Buffalo Bill’s show business career.</p><p>Cody traveled the United States for over a decade, appearing onstage in dramatic presentations of life in the West. During this time, he performed in Denver, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, and Georgetown and at the <a href="/article/central-city-opera-house"><strong>Central City Opera House</strong></a>. He found, however, that the stage did not offer enough space to effectively tell the stories of the American West.</p><p>In 1883 Cody had an idea. He would create an outdoor show about the American frontier, drawing upon his experiences and contacts in the West. He recruited cowboys and cowgirls, Mexican vaqueros, mountain men, <a href="/article/buffalo-soldiers"><strong>buffalo soldiers</strong></a>, and his former foes from the Indian Wars, now living on reservations, to participate. He arranged for friends like A. H. Patterson of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> to provide <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, burros, and even <a href="/article/black-bear"><strong>bears</strong></a> for the show.</p><p>The show, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, became an American success story. People were eager to see the person they had read about in newspapers and dime novels. In 1885 a petite young woman named Annie Oakley joined the show, wowing crowds by outshooting everyone. Her shooting attracted <strong>Lakota</strong> chief Sitting Bull to the show for four months that year. Oakley was with the show for the next fifteen years, second only to Buffalo Bill in popularity.</p><p>Buffalo Bill’s Wild West gained worldwide prominence in 1887, when it was invited to be the main American contribution to Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebration in London. It was the hit of the celebration, visited by nobility, commoners, and Queen Victoria herself. The show was even credited with improving British and American relations. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West followed this British appearance with a four-year tour of Europe.</p><p>During the tour of Europe, Cody met the celebrities of his day—from prime ministers and kings to artists and writers. He even became friends with Thomas Edison. When he returned to the United States, he was invited to take part in presidential inaugurations and society functions. He still preferred, however, to stay on the show grounds with the Indians, cowboys, and frontiersmen he knew best.</p><p>By 1893, the show had grown to include more than 650 people, including performers and support personnel. A popular addition to the program was an exhibition of horsemanship from around the world. That year, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World played outside the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It occupied fifteen acres, had a grandstand that housed 18,000, and played to record crowds.</p><h2>A Vision for the Future</h2><p>Over the thirty years that Buffalo Bill’s Wild West toured the United States and Europe, Cody used his celebrity status to speak out on issues ranging from environmental preservation to equal rights. He was not just a showman; he was a visionary.</p><p>Cody had encountered the Lakota as enemies during the Indian Wars but shared their mutual respect. He treated his former foes with dignity, giving them an opportunity to both represent and preserve their culture in his show. He advocated for their rights, arranged for them to have audiences with American presidents, and defended their culture at a time when many were trying to destroy it.</p><p>Cody also spoke out for women’s rights. He was a supporter of <a href="/article/women%E2%80%99s-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> and went even further, commenting in 1898, “If a woman can do the same work that a man can do and do it just as well she should have the same pay.”</p><p>Cody’s vision for the future included development of the West. While he supported the preservation of places like Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon, he also advocated settlement, particularly in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. There, he helped found the town of Cody, supported large-scale irrigation projects, and created resorts along the route to Yellowstone National Park.</p><h2>Family Life</h2><p>Before he became Buffalo Bill and just after the Civil War, Bill Cody met and married Louisa Frederici in St. Louis. Over the years they had four children: Kit (who died of scarlet fever at age five), Orra, Arta, and Irma. Show business kept Cody on the road most of the year, which made it difficult to maintain a family life.</p><p>After living briefly in Rochester, New York, the Cody family found a permanent home in North Platte, Nebraska, in 1878. Louisa ran the household while Bill ran around the country. But the constant travel and pressures of celebrity put a strain on their relationship, and he pressed for a divorce in 1904. The divorce was denied, and after several years of separation, the Codys reconciled and became close in their later years.</p><h2>End of the Wild West</h2><p>In 1909 Cody turned sixty-three. He had worked constantly since age eleven and was ready to retire. That year he combined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West. “Pawnee Bill,” whose real name was Gordon William Lillie, had been one of Cody’s first employees in the show before moving on to form his own Wild West company. Cody announced his retirement from show business in 1910 and went on a two-year farewell tour.</p><p>The popularity of Wild West shows had declined by 1910, and Cody’s investments in the Bighorn Basin weren’t paying off. Moreover, some mines he had purchased in Arizona were also doing poorly. He realized he did not have enough money to retire. This lack of funds also ended Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.</p><p>Colorado was a frequent destination for Cody. Both show business and other business, including visiting his sister, May, in the north part of Denver, regularly took him to that city. In 1913 he visited as a special guest of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/first-national-western-stock-show"><strong>National Western Stock Show</strong></a>. While in town, he arranged a loan from <strong>Harry Tammen</strong>, one of the owners of <em><strong>The</strong></em><strong> </strong><em><strong>Denver Post</strong></em>. When Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Pawnee Bill’s Great Far East arrived in Denver that July, he was several weeks behind on repayment of the debt. Tammen had the show seized and sold off at Denver’s <strong>Overland Park</strong>. Cody was forced to perform in Tammen’s <strong>Sells–Floto Circus</strong> for two seasons. He had one more season of show business after leaving the circus, appearing with the 101 Ranch Wild West show.</p><h2>Death</h2><p>In early January 1917, a seriously ill Cody traveled to <a href="/article/glenwood-springs"><strong>Glenwood Springs</strong></a> to take the waters and visit the doctor. There he was told he had less than two weeks to live. He traveled to Denver to be with his sister, May. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody died on January 10, 1917, surrounded by his family. He was seventy years old.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/buffalo-bills-casket"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:370px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/casketatgrave%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=JHR2P74F" alt="Buffalo Bill&apos;s Casket " width="480"></a> On January 14, Buffalo Bill’s casket was pulled on a caisson through the streets of Denver to the <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>Colorado State Capitol</strong></a> Building. His body lay in state while more than 25,000 mourners filed past. After the funeral at the Denver Elks Lodge No. 17, Cody’s body was taken to <strong>Olinger’s Mortuary</strong> in northwest Denver. It stayed there until June 3, when he was buried on Lookout Mountain. The burial was a major event, with more than 20,000 in attendance, passing by an open casket to see the old scout one more time before he was put in the ground.</p><p>His immediate family members insisted that, on his death bed, Cody had asked to be buried in Lookout Mountain Park. People in Cody, Wyoming—the town he helped found—disagreed, saying that he should be buried on Cedar Mountain, near their community. This began a controversy over his burial that continues today.</p><p>Four years after the burial, Johnny Baker, a former participant in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, opened the Buffalo Bill Memorial Museum near the grave. Baker first met Cody as a boy and had grown close to the family over the years. Both Buffalo Bill and Louisa referred to Baker as their foster son. He filled his museum with artifacts from Cody’s life and his Wild West show. After Baker’s death, the museum became part of the City of Denver, which owned Lookout Mountain Park.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/friesen-steven" hreflang="und">Friesen, Steven</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-bill" hreflang="en">buffalo bill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-f-cody" hreflang="en">william f cody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-bill-cody" hreflang="en">buffalo bill cody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lookout-mountain" hreflang="en">Lookout Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wild-west-show" hreflang="en">wild west show</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-bills-wild-west-show" hreflang="en">buffalo bill&#039;s wild west show</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Steve Friesen, <em>Buffalo Bill: Scout, Showman, Visionary</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2010).</p><p>Don Russell, <em>The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960).</p><p>Sandra K. Sagala, <em>Buffalo Bill on Stage</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008).</p><p>Louis S. Warren, <em>Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show</em>. (New York: Knopf, 2005).</p><p>Nellie Snyder Yost, <em>Buffalo Bill: His Family, Friends, Fame, Failures, and Fortunes</em> (Chicago: Sage Books, 1979).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/experience-legacy-buffalo-bill-colorado">Experience the Legacy of Buffalo Bill in Colorado</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody (1846–1917) was neither born in Colorado nor lived in the state. In death, however, he became one of its most famous residents. Cody’s first experience in Colorado came in 1859. He was a thirteen-year-old participant in the Colorado Gold Rush. Like many other gold seekers, Cody left Colorado disappointed. He visited many times after that, returning in 1917 to die at his sister’s home in Denver. Just before his death, Cody asked to be buried on Lookout Mountain, above Golden. Today, the Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave is a destination for people from all over the world.</p><h2>Early Life</h2><p>William Cody was born near Davenport, Iowa, on February 26, 1846. When he was eight, his father, Isaac, and mother, Mary, moved the family to Kansas Territory. There, young Bill saw his first wagon train and met his first American Indian. Shortly after their arrival, Isaac was attacked while speaking out against allowing slavery in Kansas. His wounds left him weakened. He died of a fever several years later. At the age of eleven, Bill became the man of the house.</p><p>Bill earned money for the family herding cattle. He took his first trip across the Great Plains as a driver on a wagon train. Later, he sought his fortune in the goldfields of Colorado. He also rode for the Pony Express. Cody joined the Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in 1864. He served in the Civil War for a year before it ended. Following the Civil War, Cody earned the nickname of “Buffalo Bill” as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the US Army.</p><p>Buffalo Bill scouted for the US Army for nearly six years. He took part in several battles during the Indian Wars. In 1868 he was stationed at Fort Lyon in Colorado. There, he tracked down horse thieves. In 1869 he fought Cheyenne Dog Soldiers at Summit Springs, near present-day Sterling. In 1872, he was awarded the Medal of Honor by Congress for actions in a battle against Indians in western Nebraska.</p><h2>Show Business Career</h2><p>By the time he received the Medal of Honor, Cody’s reputation had spread in the newspapers. A meeting with writer Ned Buntline in 1869 made Cody the focus of a dime novel titled Buffalo Bill: The King of the Border Men. The novel increased his reputation. In 1872 Buntline recruited Cody to join him and another scout in a play titled Scouts of the Prairie. The successful play launched Buffalo Bill’s show business career.</p><p>Cody traveled the United States for over a decade. He appeared onstage in dramatic shows about life in the West. During this time, he performed in Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Georgetown and at the Central City Opera House. The stage did not offer enough space to tell the stories of the American West.</p><p>In 1883 Cody had an idea. He would create an outdoor show about the American frontier. He recruited cowboys and cowgirls, mountain men, buffalo soldiers, and his former foes from the Indian Wars to participate. He arranged for friends like A. H. Patterson of Fort Collins to provide elk, buffalo, burros, and even bears for the show.</p><p>The show, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, became an American success story. People were eager to see the person they had read about in newspapers and dime novels. In 1885 a petite young woman named Annie Oakley joined the show. She wowed crowds by outshooting everyone. Her shooting attracted Lakota chief Sitting Bull to the show for four months that year. Oakley was with the show for the next fifteen years.</p><p>Buffalo Bill’s Wild West gained worldwide attention in 1887.&nbsp; It was invited to be the main American contribution to Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebration in London. It was the hit of the celebration. The show was credited with improving British and American relations. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West followed this British appearance with a four-year tour of Europe.</p><p>During the tour of Europe, Cody met the celebrities of his day. He even became friends with Thomas Edison. When he returned to the United States, he was invited to take part in presidential inaugurations. He preferred to stay on the show grounds with the cowboys and frontiersmen he knew best.</p><p>By 1893, the show had grown to include more than 650 people, including performers and support personnel. A popular addition to the program was an exhibition of horsemanship from around the world. That year, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World played outside the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It occupied fifteen acres. There was a grandstand that housed 18,000. The show played to record crowds.</p><h2>A Vision for the Future</h2><p>Cody used his celebrity status to speak out on issues ranging from environmental preservation to equal rights. He was not just a showman. He was a visionary.</p><p>Cody had encountered the Lakota as enemies during the Indian Wars. He treated his former foes with dignity. Cody gave the Lakota a chance to represent and preserve their culture in his show. He advocated for their rights. Cody also arranged for them to have audiences with American presidents. He defended their culture at a time when many were trying to destroy it.</p><p>Cody also spoke out for women’s rights. He was a supporter of women’s suffrage. In 1898 he said, “If a woman can do the same work that a man can do and do it just as well she should have the same pay.”</p><p>Cody’s vision for the future included development of the West. He supported the preservation of places like Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon. However, he also advocated settlement, especially in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. There, he helped found the town of Cody. He supported large-scale irrigation projects. Cody also created resorts along the route to Yellowstone National Park.</p><h2>Family Life</h2><p>Just after the Civil War, Bill Cody met and married Louisa Frederici in St. Louis. Over the years they had four children. Show business kept Cody on the road most of the year. This made it difficult to maintain a family life.</p><p>The Cody family found a permanent home in North Platte, Nebraska, in 1878. Louisa ran the household while Bill traveled around the country. The constant travel and pressures of celebrity put a strain on their relationship. Cody pressed for a divorce in 1904. The divorce was denied. After several years of separation, the Codys reconciled and became close in their later years.</p><h2>End of the Wild West</h2><p>In 1909 Cody turned sixty-three. He had worked since age eleven and was ready to retire. That year he combined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West. “Pawnee Bill,” whose real name was Gordon William Lillie, had been one of Cody’s first employees in the show. He had moved on to form his own Wild West company. Cody announced his retirement from show business in 1910 and went on a two-year farewell tour.</p><p>The popularity of Wild West shows had declined by 1910. Cody’s investments in the Bighorn Basin weren’t paying off. Some mines he had purchased in Arizona were also doing poorly. He realized he did not have enough money to retire. This lack of funds ended Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.</p><p>Colorado was a frequent destination for Cody. He came for show business and to visit his sister, May, in Denver. In 1913 he visited as a special guest of the National Western Stock Show. While in town, he arranged a loan from Harry Tammen. Tammen was one of the owners of The Denver Post. When Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Pawnee Bill’s Great Far East arrived in Denver that July, Cody was several weeks behind on payments. Tammen had the show seized. It was sold off at Denver’s Overland Park. Cody was forced to perform in Tammen’s Sells–Floto Circus for two seasons. Cody had one more season of show business after leaving the circus. He appeared with the 101 Ranch Wild West show.</p><h2>Death</h2><p>In early January 1917, a seriously ill Cody traveled to Glenwood Springs to visit a doctor. He was told he had less than two weeks to live. He traveled to Denver to be with his sister, May. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody died on January 10, 1917, surrounded by his family. He was seventy years old.</p><h2>Buffalo Bill's Casket</h2><p>On January 14, Buffalo Bill’s casket was pulled through the streets of Denver to the Colorado State Capitol Building. His body lay in state. More than 25,000 mourners filed past. After the funeral, Cody’s body was taken to Olinger’s Mortuary in northwest Denver. It stayed there until June 3. He was buried on Lookout Mountain. The burial was a major event. More than 20,000 people attended. They passed by an open casket to see the old scout one more time before he was put in the ground.</p><p>His immediate family members insisted that Cody had asked to be buried in Lookout Mountain Park. People in Cody, Wyoming—the town he helped found—disagreed. They said Buffalo Bill should be buried on Cedar Mountain, near their community. This began a controversy over his burial that continues today.</p><p>Four years after the burial, Johnny Baker, a former participant in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, opened the Buffalo Bill Memorial Museum near the grave. Baker first met Cody as a boy. He had grown close to the family over the years. Both Buffalo Bill and Louisa referred to Baker as their foster son. Baker filled his museum with artifacts from Cody’s life and his Wild West show. After Baker’s death, the museum became part of the City of Denver, which owned Lookout Mountain Park.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody (1846–1917) was neither born in Colorado nor lived in the state. In death, however, he became one of its most famous residents. Cody’s first experience in Colorado came in 1859. He was a thirteen-year-old participant in the Colorado Gold Rush. Like many other gold seekers, he left Colorado disappointed. He visited many times after that, returning in 1917 to die at his sister’s home in Denver. Just before his death, Cody asked to be buried on Lookout Mountain, above Golden. Today, the Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave is a destination for thousands of people from all over the world.</p><h2>Early Life</h2><p>William Cody was born near Davenport, Iowa, on February 26, 1846. When he was eight, his father, Isaac, and mother, Mary, moved the family to Kansas Territory. There, young Bill saw his first wagon train and met his first American Indian. Shortly after their arrival, Isaac was attacked while speaking out against allowing slavery in Kansas. His wounds left him weakened. He died of a fever several years later. At the age of eleven, Bill became the man of the house.</p><p>Bill earned money for the family herding cattle, and took his first trip across the Great Plains as a driver on a wagon train. Later, he sought his fortune in the goldfields of Colorado and rode for the Pony Express. He joined the Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in 1864. He served in the Civil War for a year before it ended. Following the Civil War, Bill earned the nickname of “Buffalo Bill” as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the US Army.</p><p>Buffalo Bill scouted for the US Army for nearly six years. He took part in several significant battles during the Indian Wars. In 1868 he was stationed at Fort Lyon in Colorado, where he tracked down horse thieves. In 1869 he fought Cheyenne Dog Soldiers at Summit Springs, near present-day Sterling. In 1872, he was awarded the Medal of Honor by Congress for actions in a battle against Indians in western Nebraska.</p><h2>Show Business Career</h2><p>By the time he received the Medal of Honor, Cody’s reputation had spread in the newspapers. A meeting with writer Ned Buntline in 1869 made Cody the focus of a dime novel titled Buffalo Bill: The King of the Border Men. The novel greatly increased his reputation. In 1872 Buntline recruited Cody to join him and another scout, Texas Jack Omohundro, in a play titled Scouts of the Prairie. The successful play launched Buffalo Bill’s show business career.</p><p>Cody traveled the United States for over a decade. He appeared onstage in dramatic presentations of life in the West. During this time, he performed in Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Georgetown and at the Central City Opera House. However, the stage did not offer enough space to effectively tell the stories of the American West.</p><p>In 1883 Cody had an idea. He would create an outdoor show about the American frontier. He recruited cowboys and cowgirls, mountain men, buffalo soldiers, and his former foes from the Indian Wars to participate. He arranged for friends like A. H. Patterson of Fort Collins to provide elk, buffalo, burros, and even bears for the show.</p><p>The show, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, became an American success story. People were eager to see the person they had read about in newspapers and dime novels. In 1885 a petite young woman named Annie Oakley joined the show. She wowed crowds by outshooting everyone. Her shooting attracted Lakota chief Sitting Bull to the show for four months that year. Oakley was with the show for the next fifteen years.</p><p>Buffalo Bill’s Wild West gained worldwide prominence in 1887.&nbsp; It was invited to be the main American contribution to Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebration in London. It was the hit of the celebration. The show was even credited with improving British and American relations. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West followed this British appearance with a four-year tour of Europe.</p><p>During the tour of Europe, Cody met the celebrities of his day. He even became friends with Thomas Edison. When he returned to the United States, he was invited to take part in presidential inaugurations. He still preferred to stay on the show grounds with the cowboys and frontiersmen he knew best.</p><p>By 1893, the show had grown to include more than 650 people, including performers and support personnel. A popular addition to the program was an exhibition of horsemanship from around the world. That year, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World played outside the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It occupied fifteen acres, had a grandstand that housed 18,000, and played to record crowds.</p><h2>A Vision for the Future</h2><p>Over the thirty years that Buffalo Bill’s Wild West toured the United States and Europe, Cody used his celebrity status to speak out on issues ranging from environmental preservation to equal rights. He was not just a showman; he was a visionary.</p><p>Cody had encountered the Lakota as enemies during the Indian Wars but shared their mutual respect. He treated his former foes with dignity, giving them an opportunity to both represent and preserve their culture in his show. He advocated for their rights, arranged for them to have audiences with American presidents, and defended their culture at a time when many were trying to destroy it.</p><p>Cody also spoke out for women’s rights. He was a supporter of women’s suffrage and went even further, commenting in 1898, “If a woman can do the same work that a man can do and do it just as well she should have the same pay.”</p><p>Cody’s vision for the future included development of the West. While he supported the preservation of places like Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon, he also advocated settlement, particularly in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. There, he helped found the town of Cody, supported large-scale irrigation projects, and created resorts along the route to Yellowstone National Park.</p><h2>Family Life</h2><p>Before he became Buffalo Bill and just after the Civil War, Bill Cody met and married Louisa Frederici in St. Louis. Over the years they had four children: Kit (who died of scarlet fever at age five), Orra, Arta, and Irma. Show business kept Cody on the road most of the year, which made it difficult to maintain a family life.</p><p>After living briefly in Rochester, New York, the Cody family found a permanent home in North Platte, Nebraska, in 1878. Louisa ran the household while Bill ran around the country. But the constant travel and pressures of celebrity put a strain on their relationship, and he pressed for a divorce in 1904. The divorce was denied, and after several years of separation, the Codys reconciled and became close in their later years.</p><h2>End of the Wild West</h2><p>In 1909 Cody turned sixty-three. He had worked constantly since age eleven and was ready to retire. That year he combined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West. “Pawnee Bill,” whose real name was Gordon William Lillie, had been one of Cody’s first employees in the show before moving on to form his own Wild West company. Cody announced his retirement from show business in 1910 and went on a two-year farewell tour.</p><p>The popularity of Wild West shows had declined by 1910, and Cody’s investments in the Bighorn Basin weren’t paying off. Moreover, some mines he had purchased in Arizona were also doing poorly. He realized he did not have enough money to retire. This lack of funds also ended Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.</p><p>Colorado was a frequent destination for Cody. Both show business and other business, including visiting his sister, May, in the north part of Denver, regularly took him to that city. In 1913 he visited as a special guest of the National Western Stock Show. While in town, he arranged a loan from Harry Tammen, one of the owners of The Denver Post. When Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Pawnee Bill’s Great Far East arrived in Denver that July, he was several weeks behind on repayment of the debt. Tammen had the show seized and sold off at Denver’s Overland Park. Cody was forced to perform in Tammen’s Sells–Floto Circus for two seasons. He had one more season of show business after leaving the circus, appearing with the 101 Ranch Wild West show.</p><h2>Death</h2><p>In early January 1917, a seriously ill Cody traveled to Glenwood Springs to take the waters and visit the doctor. There he was told he had less than two weeks to live. He traveled to Denver to be with his sister, May. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody died on January 10, 1917, surrounded by his family. He was seventy years old.</p><h2>Buffalo Bill's Casket</h2><p>On January 14, Buffalo Bill’s casket was pulled on a caisson through the streets of Denver to the Colorado State Capitol Building. His body lay in state while more than 25,000 mourners filed past. After the funeral at the Denver Elks Lodge No. 17, Cody’s body was taken to Olinger’s Mortuary in northwest Denver. It stayed there until June 3, when he was buried on Lookout Mountain. The burial was a major event, with more than 20,000 in attendance, passing by an open casket to see the old scout one more time before he was put in the ground.</p><p>His immediate family members insisted that, on his death bed, Cody had asked to be buried in Lookout Mountain Park. People in Cody, Wyoming—the town he helped found—disagreed, saying that he should be buried on Cedar Mountain, near their community. This began a controversy over his burial that continues today.</p><p>Four years after the burial, Johnny Baker, a former participant in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, opened the Buffalo Bill Memorial Museum near the grave. Baker first met Cody as a boy and had grown close to the family over the years. Both Buffalo Bill and Louisa referred to Baker as their foster son. He filled his museum with artifacts from Cody’s life and his Wild West show. After Baker’s death, the museum became part of the City of Denver, which owned Lookout Mountain Park.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody (1846–1917) was neither born in Colorado nor lived in the state. In death, however, he became one of its most famous residents. Cody’s first experience in Colorado came in 1859, when he was a thirteen-year-old participant in the Colorado Gold Rush. Like many other gold seekers, he left Colorado disappointed. He visited many times after that, returning in 1917 to die at his sister’s home in Denver. Just before his death, Cody asked to be buried on Lookout Mountain, above Golden, overlooking the Great Plains. Today, the Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave is a destination for thousands of people from all over the world, who come to pay their respects to one of the nation’s most famous showmen.</p><h2>Early Life</h2><p>William Cody was born near Davenport, Iowa, on February 26, 1846. When he was eight, his father, Isaac, and mother, Mary, moved the family to Kansas Territory. There, young Bill saw his first wagon train and met his first American Indian. Shortly after their arrival, Isaac was attacked while speaking out against allowing slavery in Kansas. His wounds left him weakened, and he died of a fever several years later. At the age of eleven, Bill became the man of the house.</p><p>Bill earned money for the family herding cattle, and took his first trip across the Great Plains as a driver on a wagon train. Later, he sought his fortune in the goldfields of Colorado and rode for the Pony Express. He joined the Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry in 1864 and served in the Civil War for a year before it ended. Following the Civil War, Bill earned the nickname of “Buffalo Bill” as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the US Army.</p><p>Buffalo Bill scouted for the US Army for nearly six years. He took part in several significant battles during the Indian Wars. In 1868 he was stationed at Fort Lyon in Colorado, where he tracked down horse thieves. In 1869 he fought Cheyenne Dog Soldiers at Summit Springs, near present-day Sterling. Later, in 1872, he was awarded the Medal of Honor by Congress for actions in a battle against Indians in western Nebraska.</p><h1>Show Business Career</h1><p>By the time he received the Medal of Honor, Cody’s reputation had spread in the newspapers. A meeting with writer Ned Buntline in 1869 made Cody the focus of a dime novel titled Buffalo Bill: The King of the Border Men, which greatly increased his reputation. In 1872 Buntline recruited Cody to join him and another scout, Texas Jack Omohundro, in a play titled Scouts of the Prairie. The successful play launched Buffalo Bill’s show business career.</p><p>Cody traveled the United States for over a decade, appearing onstage in dramatic presentations of life in the West. During this time, he performed in Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Georgetown and at the Central City Opera House. He found, however, that the stage did not offer enough space to effectively tell the stories of the American West.</p><p>In 1883 Cody had an idea. He would create an outdoor show about the American frontier, drawing upon his experiences and contacts in the West. He recruited cowboys and cowgirls, Mexican vaqueros, mountain men, buffalo soldiers, and his former foes from the Indian Wars, now living on reservations, to participate. He arranged for friends like A. H. Patterson of Fort Collins to provide elk, buffalo, burros, and even bears for the show.</p><p>The show, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, became an American success story. People were eager to see the person they had read about in newspapers and dime novels. In 1885 a petite young woman named Annie Oakley joined the show, wowing crowds by outshooting everyone. Her shooting attracted Lakota chief Sitting Bull to the show for four months that year. Oakley was with the show for the next fifteen years, second only to Buffalo Bill in popularity.</p><p>Buffalo Bill’s Wild West gained worldwide prominence in 1887, when it was invited to be the main American contribution to Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebration in London. It was the hit of the celebration, visited by nobility, commoners, and Queen Victoria herself. The show was even credited with improving British and American relations. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West followed this British appearance with a four-year tour of Europe.</p><p>During the tour of Europe, Cody met the celebrities of his day—from prime ministers and kings to artists and writers. He even became friends with Thomas Edison. When he returned to the United States, he was invited to take part in presidential inaugurations and society functions. He still preferred, however, to stay on the show grounds with the Indians, cowboys, and frontiersmen he knew best.</p><p>By 1893, the show had grown to include more than 650 people, including performers and support personnel. A popular addition to the program was an exhibition of horsemanship from around the world. That year, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World played outside the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It occupied fifteen acres, had a grandstand that housed 18,000, and played to record crowds.</p><h2>A Vision for the Future</h2><p>Over the thirty years that Buffalo Bill’s Wild West toured the United States and Europe, Cody used his celebrity status to speak out on issues ranging from environmental preservation to equal rights. He was not just a showman; he was a visionary.</p><p>Cody had encountered the Lakota as enemies during the Indian Wars but shared their mutual respect. He treated his former foes with dignity, giving them an opportunity to both represent and preserve their culture in his show. He advocated for their rights, arranged for them to have audiences with American presidents, and defended their culture at a time when many were trying to destroy it.</p><p>Cody also spoke out for women’s rights. He was a supporter of women’s suffrage and went even further, commenting in 1898, “If a woman can do the same work that a man can do and do it just as well she should have the same pay.”</p><p>Cody’s vision for the future included development of the West. While he supported the preservation of places like Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon, he also advocated settlement, particularly in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. There, he helped found the town of Cody, supported large-scale irrigation projects, and created resorts along the route to Yellowstone National Park.</p><h2>Family Life</h2><p>Before he became Buffalo Bill and just after the Civil War, Bill Cody met and married Louisa Frederici in St. Louis. Over the years they had four children: Kit (who died of scarlet fever at age five), Orra, Arta, and Irma. Show business kept Cody on the road most of the year, which made it difficult to maintain a family life.</p><p>After living briefly in Rochester, New York, the Cody family found a permanent home in North Platte, Nebraska, in 1878. Louisa ran the household while Bill ran around the country. But the constant travel and pressures of celebrity put a strain on their relationship, and he pressed for a divorce in 1904. The divorce was denied, and after several years of separation, the Codys reconciled and became close in their later years.</p><h2>End of the Wild West</h2><p>In 1909 Cody turned sixty-three. He had worked constantly since age eleven and was ready to retire. That year he combined Buffalo Bill’s Wild West with Pawnee Bill’s Wild West. “Pawnee Bill,” whose real name was Gordon William Lillie, had been one of Cody’s first employees in the show before moving on to form his own Wild West company. Cody announced his retirement from show business in 1910 and went on a two-year farewell tour.</p><p>The popularity of Wild West shows had declined by 1910, and Cody’s investments in the Bighorn Basin weren’t paying off. Moreover, some mines he had purchased in Arizona were also doing poorly. He realized he did not have enough money to retire. This lack of funds also ended Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.</p><p>Colorado was a frequent destination for Cody. Both show business and other business, including visiting his sister, May, in the north part of Denver, regularly took him to that city. In 1913 he visited as a special guest of the National Western Stock Show. While in town, he arranged a loan from Harry Tammen, one of the owners of The Denver Post. When Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Pawnee Bill’s Great Far East arrived in Denver that July, he was several weeks behind on repayment of the debt. Tammen had the show seized and sold off at Denver’s Overland Park. Cody was forced to perform in Tammen’s Sells–Floto Circus for two seasons. He had one more season of show business after leaving the circus, appearing with the 101 Ranch Wild West show.</p><h2>Death</h2><p>In early January 1917, a seriously ill Cody traveled to Glenwood Springs to take the waters and visit the doctor. There he was told he had less than two weeks to live. He traveled to Denver to be with his sister, May. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody died on January 10, 1917, surrounded by his family. He was seventy years old.</p><h2>Buffalo Bill's Casket</h2><p>On January 14, Buffalo Bill’s casket was pulled on a caisson through the streets of Denver to the Colorado State Capitol Building. His body lay in state while more than 25,000 mourners filed past. After the funeral at the Denver Elks Lodge No. 17, Cody’s body was taken to Olinger’s Mortuary in northwest Denver. It stayed there until June 3, when he was buried on Lookout Mountain. The burial was a major event, with more than 20,000 in attendance, passing by an open casket to see the old scout one more time before he was put in the ground.</p><p>His immediate family members insisted that, on his death bed, Cody had asked to be buried in Lookout Mountain Park. People in Cody, Wyoming—the town he helped found—disagreed, saying that he should be buried on Cedar Mountain, near their community. This began a controversy over his burial that continues today.</p><p>Four years after the burial, Johnny Baker, a former participant in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, opened the Buffalo Bill Memorial Museum near the grave. Baker first met Cody as a boy and had grown close to the family over the years. Both Buffalo Bill and Louisa referred to Baker as their foster son. He filled his museum with artifacts from Cody’s life and his Wild West show. After Baker’s death, the museum became part of the City of Denver, which owned Lookout Mountain Park.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 21 Sep 2016 22:06:01 +0000 yongli 1878 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org