%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Public Lands History Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Lands History Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3736--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3736.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/TileyHouse_GoogleMaps_0.jpg?itok=BW9Y4w5g" width="932" height="542" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tiley House, Colorado State University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a faculty and student-run research center at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Projects include partnerships with the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and trips to public lands across the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:36:18-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:36" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center" data-a2a-title="Public Lands History Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpublic-lands-history-center&amp;title=Public%20Lands%20History%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a special unit of the History Department at <strong>Colorado State University </strong>in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. Since 2007 it has partnered with students, communities, and land management agencies of all types to document the history of the nation’s public lands. While the PLHC’s work reaches beyond the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> West, its efforts within Colorado are also noteworthy, including collaborations with <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a>, and city governments.</p> <h2>Founding</h2> <p>In 2007, with seed funding from the College of Liberal Arts, CSU historians Mark Fiege, Janet Ore, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/alexander-ruth-m"><strong>Ruth Alexander</strong></a>, Gregory Smoak, and archaeologist <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/labelle-jason-m"><strong>Jason LaBelle</strong></a> founded the Center for Public Lands History and Archaeology. Linked by a shared appreciation for histories of public lands, the scholars envisioned an intellectual community that provided students with practical and applied opportunities for professional development. Their goal was “to improve current park managers’ and the general public’s historical knowledge about specific national parks and the regions they inhabit.” Committed to developing a culture of collaboration, the founders pooled resources for the benefit of the center’s participants, especially students.</p> <p>Initially, the center had no full-time staff, but the founders soon saw a clear need for at least one staff member. In 2007 it hired a permanent Program Manager, CSU History alumna Maren Bzdek. Bzdek developed much of the PLHC’s administrative framework and was the lead researcher on some of its more ambitious projects, including the restoration of the Johnson Space Center’s Apollo Mission Control Room, completed in 2019.</p> <p>In 2008 Fiege won the William E. Morgan Chair of Liberal Arts position, giving much of his award to support the center’s work. The PLHC flourished with this newest infusion, and in Spring 2010, the center was reborn as the Public Lands History Center. The reconfigured name reflected a research emphasis on history. Over the next several years, additional CSU history faculty, including Adrian Howkins, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/orsi-jared"><strong>Jared Orsi</strong></a>, and Sarah Payne, joined the PLHC.</p> <h2>Early Accomplishments</h2> <p>In 2011 the PLHC held “National Parks Beyond the Nation,” which brought together scholars from every continent to discuss public lands history and management in a global context. The meeting resulted in a published anthology edited by PLHC council members, <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea</em>.<em>’ </em>The book was the first of several works published in the PLHC’s Public Lands History book series with the University of Oklahoma Press, launched in 2015.</p> <p>In collaboration with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive"><strong>CSU Water Resources Archive</strong></a>’s “Water Tables” event, the PLHC also co-sponsored “Coping with Extremes,” a western water symposium held in conjunction with the archive’s annual Water Tables event. Four noted historians of the American West, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patricia Limerick</strong></a>, Louis Warren, Jay Taylor, and Donald Jackson, gathered for a public conversation about how water shaped histories in the West, ranging from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ghost-dance"><strong>Ghost Dances</strong></a> of the 1890s to the collapse of a Los Angeles dam in the 1920s.</p> <p>The PLHC’s work was attracting national attention, but new challenges loomed on the horizon. Business was booming. By 2012 the Center had drawn in more than $800,000 in funded projects. These projects mostly came from National Park Service (NPS) units in the American West. The Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units (CESU) National Network recognized Fiege, Ore, Alexander, Orsi, and Bzdek for the PLHC’s outstanding contributions to ecosystems studies. But the PLHC stared down a sustainability crisis brought by the end of Fiege’s Morgan Chair funding in 2012.</p> <h2>Seeking Sustainability</h2> <p>After 2012, the PLHC adapted to weather a less certain financial future. It changed its leadership structure and sought competitive internal and external funding opportunities. It also continued its work with the National Park Service and partnered with Fort Collins Utilities, local irrigation companies, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. In 2013 Alexander took on the role of the PLHC Council Chair, marking a new era in the Center’s leadership model. The changeover coincided with a revised mission statement emphasizing collaborative values: “shared authority, reciprocity, public engagement, and a non-hierarchical approach to knowledge production.”</p> <p>Reflecting its updated mission, the PLHC launched two public engagement programs. One was Parks as Portals to Learning (PPL). Fiege and two resource managers at Rocky Mountain National Park, Ben Baldwin and Ben Bowbowski, developed the field workshop together. The program immersed students in the realities of resource management at Rocky Mountain National Park and provided an unvarnished look at the rewards and challenges of working there. The other initiative was reimagining the American West Program (AWP). Begun in the 1970s as a summer series of interdisciplinary lectures, films, and other intellectual events, the program had been derelict since 2004. In 2014 the PLHC revived AWP as a forum for scholars and land managers to discuss and share stories related to the West’s public lands with the public.</p> <p>In 2016 the PLHC was recognized as one of CSU’s Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE), owing to its “standard for excellence in research, teaching and service.” Through the PRSE designation, the PLHC won competitive internal university funding and rebuilt its programming and staff, developing a research fellowship program and reinstating the program manager position. After a national search, the Council selected Dr. Brenda Todd. Dr. Todd helped stabilize the Center’s operations in preparation for its next chapter. She departed the PLHC in winter 2018.</p> <p>In 2019 the PLHC appointed Ariel Schnee as interim Program Manager and later hired her permanently. Under Schnee, the PLHC continued its research agenda and expanded its programming and public engagement. In 2019 CSU history faculty Liesl Carr Childers and Michael Childers joined the PLHC Council and created new partnerships with the US Forest Service and the Office of Engagement and Extension. That same year the PLHC also welcomed Adam Thomas, teaching faculty member and founder of Historitecture, a Colorado-based historic preservation consultancy, to the council.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>As of 2022, the PLHC has executed well over $2,000,000 in funded projects, making lasting contributions to public lands scholarship and management. It provided training to a new generation of professionals within the National Park Service, the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, and the US Forest Service, as well as opportunities for historic preservationists and planners working in local and state governments and non-profit entities, cultural resource managers, and academic historians. Thousands have attended its American West Program events, and the Parks as Portals to Learning field workshop is entering its tenth year.</p> <p>In 2019 grant funding from the Henry B. Luce Foundation resulted in an innovative, integrated research and public outreach program that partners the PLHC with communities to assist them in telling under-represented public lands histories. While the PLHC has evolved according to changing conditions, it has maintained a belief in the power of public lands histories to inform and connect people.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schnee-ariel" hreflang="und">Schnee, Ariel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-history-center" hreflang="en">public lands history center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-park-service" hreflang="en">national park service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-research" hreflang="en">public lands research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-colorado" hreflang="en">public lands in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmental-studies" hreflang="en">environmental studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-orsi" hreflang="en">Jared Orsi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ruth-alexander" hreflang="en">ruth alexander</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jason-labelle" hreflang="en">jason labelle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-fiege" hreflang="en">mark fiege</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adrian-howkins" hreflang="en">adrian howkins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-faculty" hreflang="en">csu history faculty</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-department" hreflang="en">csu history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-department" hreflang="en">colorado state history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-grad-program" hreflang="en">colorado state history grad program</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grad-students-csu" hreflang="en">grad students csu</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-graduate-studies" hreflang="en">colorado state graduate studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-5-Summer-2014.pdf">Message from the Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 5.1 (Summer 2014).</p> <p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/PLHC-Volume-4-Summer-2013_11.pdf">Messages from the PLHC Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 4.1 (Summer 2013).</p> <p>Maren Thompson Bzdek, “<a href="https://gazette.com/news/apollo-mission-control-a-place-for-preservation/article_cb0d5b1e-a40a-11e9-9050-af873f5e09ee.html">Apollo Mission Control: A place for preservation</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, July 13, 2019.</p> <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://www.research.colostate.edu/prse/">Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE)</a>.”</p> <p>Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units National Network, “<a href="http://www.cesu.psu.edu/materials/CESU_NatAwards.htm">CESU National Award Recipients 2012</a>.”</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-3-Spring-20121.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em> 3, no. 1 (Summer 2012).</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-1-Spring-20101.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail:</em> <em>The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, 1, no. 1 (Spring 2010).</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-lands-book-series/">Public Lands History Book Series</a>,” 2015.</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-programs/western-water-symposium/">Western Water History Symposium</a>.</p> <p>The Henry B. Luce Foundation, “<a href="https://www.hluce.org/grants/grants/telling-the-untold-stories-of-public-lands-a-community-engaged-public-history-program/">To support the public history initiatives of the Public Lands History Center</a>,” Grants, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Michael M. Geary, <em>Sea of Sand: A History of Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Adrian Howkins, Jared Orsi, and Mark Fiege, eds., <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea’ </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Cori Knudten and Maren Bzdek, <em>Crossroads of Change: The People and the Land of Pecos </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020).</p> <p><a href="https://organpipehistory.com/">National Border, National Park: A History of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument</a></p> <p>James E. Sherow, <em>The Chisholm Trail: Joseph McCoy’s Great Gamble </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:36:18 +0000 yongli 3735 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Land and Resource Management in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-and-resource-management-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Land and Resource Management in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2984--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2984.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Moraine_Park_20160619_0001_0.jpg?itok=AsLCcUns" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain National Park - Moraine Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="color: rgb(20, 20, 20); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 16px;">The Big Thompson River runs through the Moraine Park. Visitors can often see herds of grazing elk. <a href="http://www.protrails.com/trail/328/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park-loop">The loop hike </a>in the park is suitable to visitors of all ages.&nbsp;</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2465--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2465.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-monument-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado_National_Monument_20170415_2_1.jpg?itok=nHkweTDa" width="1000" height="1500" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-monument-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado National Monument preserves one of the grand landscapes of the American West. But this treasure is much more than a monument. Towering monoliths exist within a vast plateau and canyon panorama. You can experience sheer-walled, red rock canyons along the twists and turns of Rim Rock Drive, where you may spy bighorn sheep and soaring eagles. (<a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm">Source: National Park Services - Colorado National Monument</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T16:21:50-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 16:21" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-and-resource-management-colorado" data-a2a-title="Land and Resource Management in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fland-and-resource-management-colorado&amp;title=Land%20and%20Resource%20Management%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The ideologies of conservation and preservation have profoundly shaped Colorado’s physical landscapes and continue to shape Coloradans’ attitudes toward nature. Agencies such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) and the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>United States Forest Service</strong></a> (USFS), multiple-use agencies, oversee the use and development of Colorado’s landscapes, while the <strong>National Park Service</strong> (NPS) is charged with preserving Colorado’s most pristine and sensitive landscapes. Environmentalism has further fashioned the ideologies of conservation and preservation by ushering in an era of environmental regulation that continues to define the relationship between Coloradans and nature.</p> <h2>Colliding Ideologies</h2> <p>The chief principle of conservation was articulated by <strong>Gifford Pinchot</strong>, first chief of the USFS. In the <em>The Fight for Conservation</em>, Pinchot stated that conservation entails “development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now,” and that those “natural resources must be developed for the benefit of the many, and not merely for the profit of the few.” This utilitarian approach to resource use collided with <strong>John Muir’s</strong> philosophy of preservation—the protection of nature from commodification and economic development. The establishment of national forests, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and national parks in Colorado has exemplified the importance of both of these philosophies, as expressed in the different management mandates of Colorado Parks and Wildlife, the USFS, the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (BLM), and the NPS. In the 1960s and 1970s, according to historian Ted Steinberg, “ecology-based environmentalism grew to be one of the most dramatic and significant reform movements in American history” and has shaped how Colorado has attempted to balance the development of the state’s natural resources against the need to preserve landscapes for their intrinsic value, ecosystem services, and enjoyment by future generations.</p> <h2>Stewards of the Land</h2> <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife is the state agency tasked with balancing the material needs (food, water, shelter, and recreation) of Coloradans with the habitat needs of the state’s wildlife. The agency is nationally recognized as a leader in wildlife conservation and management. Furthermore, CPW oversees outdoor recreation programs, administers hunting and fishing licenses, conducts research important to maintaining healthy animal populations (such as studies of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chronic-wasting-disease"><strong>chronic wasting disease</strong></a>), protects wildlife through the continued acquisition and improvement of habitat, and undertakes educational outreach. The agency manages forty-two <strong>state parks</strong> and more than 300 <strong>wildlife areas</strong> across Colorado, and is responsible for all the wildlife within the state, regardless of whether the animals inhabit federal, state, or private land. The central mission of CPW is to maintain biological diversity, healthy watersheds, and clean air, to preserve a healthy standard of living for Coloradans.</p> <p>The USFS and BLM manage renewable and nonrenewable resources within Colorado, as well as wildlife habitat on federally owned lands. The USFS, part of the US Department of Agriculture, oversees 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. It is a multiple-use agency that keeps an eye on logging, mining, recreation, and conservation activities on more than 193 million acres of land. Within those 193 million acres, the USFS manages more than 36 million acres as wilderness areas, which are protected from intensive development. Established in 1946, the BLM is part of the <strong>Department of Interior</strong>. It is also a multiple-use agency that manages more than 240 million acres of land, principally in the western United States. In addition to administering grazing and mining permits, the BLM is responsible for 221 wilderness areas and 23 national monuments. While both the USFS and the BLM steward wilderness areas, conservation, not preservation, is the guiding principle behind the management policies of these federal agencies.</p> <p>The National Park Service is the preservation corollary to the conservation-oriented CPW, USFS, and BLM. The NPS is tasked with preserving and maintaining the integrity of entire landscapes. A recent example of this in Colorado was the designation of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>Browns Canyon National Monument</strong></a> on February 19, 2015. Acting under the authority of the 1906 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act</strong></a>, President Barack Obama ordered the preservation of 21,586 acres of canyons, rivers, and forest in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a>. In addition to offering recreational opportunities such as hiking, kayaking, fishing, and whitewater rafting, Browns Canyon National Monument ensures the continued preservation of habitat important to ecologically sensitive species such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a> and <strong>pine marten</strong>. Browns Canyon is the eighth national monument designation within the state of Colorado; the others are <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dinosaur-national-monument"><strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hovenweep-national-monument"><strong>Hovenweep National Monument</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yucca-house-national-monument"><strong>Yucca House National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a>.</p> <p>National Monuments such as Browns Canyon exemplify the tension between proponents of conservation and preservation. The monument includes 11,836 acres of the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong> and 9,750 acres of BLM land, so the USFS and the BLM jointly manage the monument. The fact that Browns Canyon is jointly managed by the preservation-oriented NPS and the conservation-oriented USFS and BLM has drawn its critics. The 1916 <strong>National Park Service</strong> <strong>Organic Act</strong>, which created the NPS, explicitly directs the agency to “promote and regulate the use of. . . parks, monuments, and reservations [in order] to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein.” Critics fear that the utilitarian philosophy that guides the USFS and BLM will prevent these agencies from executing this preservationist mandate in Browns Canyon, and that the monument might be opened to mining, logging, and road building.</p> <p>On the other hand, because the new designation has effectively withdrawn Browns Canyon from future mineral leases and has created strict conservation priorities, a different set of critics charge that it jeopardizes economic development. As with the USFS and the BLM, the NPS oversees a wide-ranging portfolio of public lands with various legal protections and designations. To varying degrees, the USFS, the BLM, and the NPS all deal with what <strong>Stephen Mather</strong>, first director of the NPS, called the “dual mandate”: the struggle to simultaneously preserve American nature and provide for the public enjoyment of that nature.</p> <h2>Environmentalism’s Hallmark</h2> <p>After World War II, the environmental movement began to affect government policy nationwide. Environmentalism combined preservation’s commitment to protecting nature for its own sake with more utilitarian concerns about human health and recreational opportunities. Americans grew increasingly willing to subordinate natural resources development to all of these concerns. In 1970, for example, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) into law. The legislation required the federal government to complete an environmental assessment and/or an environmental impact statement whenever a federally funded project had the potential to significantly affect the environmental quality of a landscape. Nixon also signed the Clean Air Act (1970), the Water Pollution Control Act (1972), the Endangered Species Act (1973), and other legislation that has shaped resource use nationwide.</p> <p>The proliferation of environmental legislation has affected how land management agencies pursue their missions in Colorado. The recent controversy over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elk-culling"><strong>elk culling</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP) provides an excellent example. In the 1960s, in the midst of the environmental movement, RMNP stewards terminated its decades-old predator eradication program in an effort to phase out conservation policies that were ecologically counterproductive. By 2009, the year Congress designated 95 percent of RMNP as wilderness, park stewards finalized the Elk and Vegetation Management Plan (EVMP), developed to address the environmental decline driven by excessive elk populations (a legacy of successful predator eradication programs). Ironically, the EVMP determined that lethally reducing the elk herd in RMNP, not reintroducing apex predators such as gray wolves, was the most practical option to preserve nature within the park. In other words, the NPS used environmental legislation to preserve nature in RMNP, even though the solution fundamentally violated the core principal of the Wilderness Act, “an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man.”</p> <p>In the case of RMNP, stewards determined that human intervention was required in order to preserve nature within the park, rather than passively allow it to degrade. Ultimately, the environmental legislation of the 1960s and 1970s, specifically the Wilderness Act and NEPA, profoundly affect how the USFS, the BLM, and the NPS strive to fulfill their missions to conserve and preserve the most iconic landscapes in Colorado and throughout the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/dane-matthew-vanhoozer" hreflang="und">Dane Matthew Vanhoozer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/conservationism" hreflang="en">conservationism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-parks-and-wildlife" hreflang="en">colorado parks and wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-park-service" hreflang="en">national park service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gifford-pinchot" hreflang="en">gifford pinchot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife" hreflang="en">wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-monuments-colorado-0" hreflang="en">national monuments in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wilderness-act" hreflang="en">wilderness act</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado Division of Wildlife, <em>The First 100 Years of the Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1897–1997</em> (Denver: Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1997).</p> <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/aboutus/">About Colorado Parks and Wildlife</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Alex Carr Johnson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/national-monument-designation-browns-canyon/">How Many More Monuments Will Obama Create?</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, March 5, 2015.</p> <p><em>The</em> <em>National Park Service Organic Act</em>, Public Law 235, 64th Cong., 1st sess. (August 25, 1916).</p> <p>Gifford Pinchot, <em>The Fight for Conservation</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967).</p> <p>Ted Steinberg, <em>Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Coyote Valley: Deep History in the High Rockies</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pete Barrows and Judith Holmes, <em>Colorado’s Wildlife Story</em>. (Denver: Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Samuel P. Hays, <em>The American People and the National Forests: The First Century of the U.S. Forest Service</em> (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Morton Tuner, <em>The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics since 1964</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 23:21:50 +0000 yongli 2212 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Mountain Club http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Mountain Club</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1452--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1452.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-mountain-club-outing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-Mountain-Club-Way-Through-The-Rockies%5B1%5D%20%281%29_0.jpg?itok=wlTR-tlZ" width="578" height="306" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-mountain-club-outing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Mountain Club Outing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>"Hagerman Peak-Snowmass Lake," from the thirty-second annual Colorado Mountain Club Outing, Snowmass Lake, August 11-19, 1945.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-15T11:33:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 15, 2016 - 11:33" class="datetime">Wed, 06/15/2016 - 11:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club" data-a2a-title="Colorado Mountain Club"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-mountain-club&amp;title=Colorado%20Mountain%20Club"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC) has been a potent force in shaping environmentalism in Colorado. Its members developed an intimate relationship with nature through the CMC’s conservation work and recreational activities. The CMC’s appreciation of wilderness, a legacy of early environmental thinkers such as Henry David Thoreau and <strong>John Muir</strong>, fostered its embrace of a sophisticated ecological understanding of the natural world before many other conservation groups and the general public.</p> <p>Since its formation in 1912, the Colorado Mountain Club has aimed to share and protect Colorado’s bountiful and beautiful wilderness. Its original mission statement set out to “disseminate information” and “stimulate the public interest” in the mountains and to make alpine regions “accessible” and “encourage the[ir] preservation.” The CMC has also advocated careful, scientifically based federal regulations to prevent exploitation by private industry.</p> <p>The organization’s original seven members, who had already climbed sixteen mountain peaks between them, were led by <strong>Mary Sabin</strong> and <strong>James Grafton Rogers</strong>. These two individuals initiated the idea of the CMC, which quickly expanded to twenty-five charter members. Membership has fluctuated throughout the years and has expanded into regional groups throughout the state. <em>Trail and Timberline</em>, the CMC’s main publication, began in 1918. This publication continues to be the voice of the CMC, keeping members informed of the organization’s activities.</p> <h2>Educational Activities</h2> <p>As part of its environmental education program, the CMC created a series of early guides to flora and fauna of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>. It also produced regional hiking and skiing maps, sponsored lecture series, and set up slide and photography exhibits. The CMC has always had an appreciation for photography. The famous western photographer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a> was made an honorary member in 1938 and attended several CMC outings. Members also constructed informational guides such as the mountain name indicator in Denver’s <strong>Cheesman Park</strong>, which labeled the panorama of mountains visible from the park.</p> <p>Other CMC educational programs included a “school” held in 1939, which included rock- and ice-climbing instruction, as well as climbs on which the “students” put their newly acquired skills to the test. These “schools” evolved into extensive training grounds for all types of mountaineering skills. Courses in first aid, CPR, and other backcountry safety measures have become important parts of the club’s education programs.</p> <h2>Environmental Activities</h2> <p>The Colorado Mountain Club also played an integral role in the creation of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a><strong>.</strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/enos-mills"><strong>Enos Mills</strong></a>, widely considered the father of the national park, was a charter member of the CMC, and James Grafton Rogers, another charter member and the first president, drafted the initial bill for the creation of the park in 1913. The CMC lobbied hard for support of the bill, which was finally passed in 1915. Although Rogers’s first draft was defeated, various letters among his papers testify to the CMC’s continued involvement in the bill’s passage. Members produced handbills lauding the proposed park’s easy accessibility and representation of the Rocky Mountains. The CMC’s success in convincing the public that the value of nature extended beyond economics and that the natural environment should be preserved marked a major milestone in the development of environmentalism in Colorado.</p> <p>In the 1920s the CMC continued to promote its deep, often sentimental, love of nature. Its members conducted campaigns to preserve Colorado’s wildflowers, particularly the state flower: the <a href="/article/state-flower"><strong>Colorado Columbine</strong></a>. The Colorado Mountain Club’s “Good Woodsman” campaign was also a significant force in publicizing environmental protection. Members distributed signs admonishing campers to put out camp fires, keep the campsites clean, protect flowers and trees, and respect local wildlife.</p> <p>The CMC of the 1930s absorbed many budding ecological concepts such as the balance of nature, put forth by environmental thinkers such as Aldo Leopold, well in advance of other conservation organizations. To the CMC, the widespread drought and subsequent<a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong> Dust Bowl</strong></a> also served as a frightening example of what happened when humans upset the balance of nature. Poetry by CMC members about mountain ecstasies and stories of flowery nature declined in the 1930s, replaced by scientifically grounded ecological thinking, including opposition to government predator eradication programs that remained popular into the 1960s. In this and other positions, the Colorado Mountain Club was far ahead of the rest of the nation.</p> <p>In a 1933 article for <em>Trail and Timberline</em>, “Should <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>Mountain Lions</strong></a> Be Killed?,” M. Walter Pesman commented about the disasters that had occurred when humans destroyed predatory animals. He noted how the loss of wolves brought an increase in coyotes and that rodents flourished and grew destructive wherever predators were destroyed. He repeatedly stressed the concept of nature’s balance and how society’s disruption of ecology leads to unpredictable and possibly “dangerous” results. He relayed the Ecological Society of America’s recommendation that “Nature Sanctuaries” or “Nature Reserves” be set aside. By setting aside these areas, nature in all its fluctuations could be left alone and could teach humans how the natural balance functioned. He concluded that “a bit of humility on our part might be apropos in our meddling with nature’s scheme.”</p> <p>Other environmental activities of the CMC have included successful opposition to water projects, including dams on the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River,</strong></a> the <strong>Two Forks Dam </strong>on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>, and Homestake II, an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> diversion plan. The CMC also joined other like-minded organizations in supporting a national wilderness preservation bill, which Congress passed in 1964. The CMC’s writings about the mountains in the postwar period increasingly emphasized the intangible values of wilderness, which coincided with the club’s active promotion of wilderness preservation.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>The Colorado Mountain Club continues to inspire a deep appreciation of nature through some 3,000 annual recreational activities and ongoing environmental advocacy. <em>Trail and Timberline </em>is now accessible online, and the club has expanded its activities beyond Colorado’s mountains. Two full pages of the fall 2015 issue offered “adventure travel,” with guided trips to Mount Everest, Mount Fuji, and the Italian Dolomites. Educational outreach continues through the club’s Youth Education Programs and articles offering safety tips for solo hiking. The CMC also maintains its environmental activism. The club played an important role in defeating two bills in the 2015 session of the Colorado State Legislature that would have opened public lands to oil and gas drilling.</p> <p>The history of the CMC helps us understand the roots of environmentalism in Colorado. Club members, while promoting recreational enjoyment of the wilderness in many forms, also developed an increasingly sophisticated understanding of ecology. The CMC recognized, long before the general public, that humans must reenvision their place in the world as part of a much larger ecological community.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/brady-tracy" hreflang="und">Brady, Tracy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountain-club" hreflang="en">Colorado Mountain Club</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environment" hreflang="en">environment</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-sabin" hreflang="en">mary sabin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-and-timberline" hreflang="en">trail and timberline</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/enos-mills" hreflang="en">Enos Mills</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Morgan Anderson, “High Fiving Your Shadow: Safety Tips for Hiking Solo,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (Fall 2015).</p> <p>E. H. Brunquist, “Wilderness Areas Pros and Cons,” <em>Trail and Timberline </em>480 (December 1958).</p> <p>Tracy L. Brady, “The Colorado Mountain Club and the Growth of Environmentalism in Colorado” (master’s thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 1994).</p> <p>“CMC Adventure Travel,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline </em>1028</a> (fall 2015).</p> <p>Molly Daley, “YEP Teen Ventures Create Leadership Opportunities for Youth,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (fall 2015).</p> <p>Thomas R. Dunlap, <em>Savings America’s Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind</em>, 1850–1990 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).</p> <p>Hugh E. Kingery, assisted by Elinor Eppich Kingery, <em>The Colorado Mountain Club: The First Seventy-Five Years of a Highly Individual Corporation</em> (Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, 1988).</p> <p>Julie Mach, “Conservation Legislation Update: Public Lands Seizure Bills Defeated,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (Fall 2015).</p> <p>M. Walter Pesman, “Should Mountain Lions Be Killed?” <em>Trail and Timberline</em> 177 (July 1933).</p> <p>James Grafton Rogers, Collection #536, A Holding of the Library of the Colorado Historical Society [Now History Colorado] (Denver: Colorado Historical Society)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cmc.org/">Colorado Mountain Club</a></p> <p>Roderick Nash, <em>The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics</em> (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).</p> <p>Holmes Rolston, <em>Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World</em> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).</p> <p><a href="https://www.cmc.org/About/Newsroom/TrailandTimberline.aspx">Trail and Timberline</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jun 2016 17:33:43 +0000 yongli 1451 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org