%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en San Juan Mountains http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">San Juan Mountains</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--936--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--936.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mount-Sneffels-at-Sunset-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=Hk-q-m99" width="1090" height="875" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mt. Sneffels at Sunset</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,157 feet, Mt. Sneffels is the highest peak in the Sneffels Range and the highest point in <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. It is named after the Icelandic volcano Snæfell, which was featured in Jules Verne's novel <em>A Journey to the Center of the Earth.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1551--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1551.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-hundred-mine-silverton"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=nghum2ts" width="1000" height="1405" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-hundred-mine-silverton" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Hundred Mine, Silverton</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Structures from the Old Hundred Mine cling to the side of Mt. Galena in the San Juan Mountains in San Juan County.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1553--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1553.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/signing-brunot-agreement-1873"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-2%20%281%29.jpg?itok=2kA72Ev3" width="1000" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/signing-brunot-agreement-1873" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Signing of the Brunot Agreement, 1873</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Portrait of the signatories of the 1873 Brunot Agreement. Front row, left to right: Guero, Chipeta, Ouray, Piah. Second row: Uriah M. Curtis, Major J. B. Thompson, Gen. Charles Adams, Otto Mears. Back row: Washington, Susan, (Ouray's sister) Johnson, Jack and John.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1554--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1554.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/remnants-old-house-red-mountain-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San-Juan-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=QF_bDODx" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/remnants-old-house-red-mountain-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Remnants of Old House on Red Mountain Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A historic house structure near Red Mountain Pass, deep in the San Juan Mountains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1556--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1556.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-mountain"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San_Juans_20160725_0905_1_0.jpg?itok=iOS5fhVM" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-mountain" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Mountain </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Red Mountain is a set of three peaks between Ouray and Silverton, Colorado. The reddish color comes from iron ore. This area is also know as the Red Mountain Mining District, which is known for the silver produced as well as gold, iron, copper and other minerals.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1584--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1584.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lower-ice-lake-basin"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lower_Ice_Lake_Basin_0.jpg?itok=5yLp4_pT" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lower-ice-lake-basin" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lower Ice Lake Basin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ice Lake Basin, located on the Ice Lake Trail in western <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a>,&nbsp;is considered one of the most beautiful places in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>. This photo shows Lower Ice Lake Basin in summer, bursting with wildflowers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-01T15:16:33-06:00" title="Monday, August 1, 2016 - 15:16" class="datetime">Mon, 08/01/2016 - 15:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains" data-a2a-title="San Juan Mountains"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsan-juan-mountains&amp;title=San%20Juan%20Mountains"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The San Juan Mountains are the largest mountain range by area in the Centennial State, spanning thirteen counties in southwestern Colorado. In addition to being the home of the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> for hundreds of years, the mountains intrigued <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spaniards</strong></a>, lured the prospectors of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, and attracted thousands of vacationers and seekers of outdoor adventure. Today the mountains are home to many historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> towns that are now popular tourist destinations, including <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-town"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Formation and Features</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Part of the Southern <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a>, the San Juan Mountains were created as two enormous continental plates slammed into one another, folding and faulting the earth’s crust. Volcanic activity associated with the tectonic mountain-building process produced rich mineral veins—the silver and gold deposits that drew miners to the region in the 1860s and 1870s. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glaciers"><strong>Glaciers</strong></a> carved the range’s steep mountainsides and U-shaped canyons, such as the iconic box canyon that surrounds Telluride. The San Juans contain some of the highest and most jagged summits in the continental United States, with twenty-eight peaks above 9,000 feet and thirteen <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>. <strong>Uncompahgre Peak </strong>is the highest, measuring 14,309 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>San Juan River</strong> is a significant tributary of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> and has its source in the southern slopes of the San Juan Mountains. Notable tributaries of the San Juan River include the <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, <strong>Piedra</strong>, and <strong>La Plata </strong>Rivers. Two of Colorado’s four subspecies of native <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-fish"><strong>cutthroat trout</strong></a> inhabit the mountain streams and rivers of the San Juans: the Rio Grande cutthroat trout (<em>Salmo clarki virginalis</em>) and the Colorado River cutthroat trout (<em>Salmo clarki pleuriticus</em>). A variety of mammals also inhabit the thickly forested mountain slopes, including <strong><a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk">elk</a>, </strong><a href="/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a><strong>, lynx</strong>,<strong> <a href="/article/black-bear">black bear</a></strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lion</strong></a>, among others.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Human History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The nomadic Ute people lived in the San Juans for more than 500 years, following game up to the high country during the summer and retreating to lower elevations—such as the area near present-day Durango—during the winter. To supplement diets of elk, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, jackrabbit, and buffalo, the Utes gathered a wide assortment of berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root. On their seasonal migration routes, the Utes trod paths that were later used by Spanish explorers and American miners and road builders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>All that was necessary for the Utes’ survival lay on top of the earth, so they did not bother to mine the San Juans. But locating minerals was a primary objective of multiple <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish expeditions</strong></a> in the eighteenth century. Guided by Utes, Spanish parties repeatedly searched the mountains for silver but failed to find any significant deposits. By the time of <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan María de Rivera</strong></a>’s expedition of 1765, many of the Spanish place-names, such as the names of the mountains and their rivers, were already in common use. In the 1820s trappers and mountain men ventured into the San Juan Mountains for another natural resource—<a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beavers</strong></a>. According to later reports, many trappers, including the famous <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, insisted that the southern ranges were full of gold, silver, and other valuable minerals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With some of Colorado’s highest and most rugged peaks, the San Juans challenged anyone who sought to wrest mineral riches from their granite-ribbed depths. By the time of the Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59, the legends and stories of the San Juans had traveled far, hard to pin down but tantalizing to ponder. The San Juans lay weeks of mountainous travel away from <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, a trip that seemed unnecessary in light of the great strikes along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> in those years. Nevertheless, in 1860 the prospector <strong>Charles Baker</strong> made the trip. In the western San Juans, in a park that now bears his name and where the town of Silverton now sits, Baker found gold. It seemed rumor had finally turned to reality in the San Juans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Baker party reached the San Juans in August 1860. In the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> later that year, one member described the mountains as “the highest, roughest, broadest and most abrupt of all the ranges.” He concluded the article by exulting that in the San Juans, “the metalliferous development of this region, if not of the North American continent, reaches its culminating point.” This news spurred a stampede of prospectors toward the San Juans in 1861.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The initial rush came by way of New Mexico and up the Animas River on Baker’s toll road, which passed through <strong>Animas City</strong>. This first rush, however, was fleeting for several reasons. For one, Baker had found placer gold—small pieces of gold lying on the surface, mostly in streambeds—and not nearly enough as he thought he did. Second, resistance from Utes made it virtually impossible to occupy the area year-round. Finally, the region’s climate, elevation, and isolation were not conducive to months of prospecting. Hundreds of miners left Baker’s Park disappointed, grumbling about a “San Juan Humbug.” Rumors of fabulous wealth in the San Juan Mountains faded for a time, but the stories still beckoned, and miners’ appetites were whetted. Prospectors again moved into the area after the Civil War (1861–65).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the early prospectors, <strong>John Moss</strong>, focused his attention on <strong>La Plata Canyon</strong>. Moss negotiated a treaty with the Utes for the land and brought in California capital to underwrite his mining. <strong>Parrott City</strong>, at the mouth of the canyon, served as his headquarters. Isolation, scant profits, and Moss’s own eccentricity doomed his effort. His was the first, but not the last, of the attempts to find the mother lode in that canyon’s depth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the first results of the renewed interest in the San Juans was conflict with the Utes, who had been guaranteed the land in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>. Unlike Moss, most San Juan miners did not stop to negotiate with the Utes, simply assuming the land would be theirs. The federal government came under pressure from both sides and even ordered the miners to leave, but they refused. Instead of forcing them out, the government negotiated the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> in September 1873, in which the Utes ceded 3.5 million acres in the heart of the San Juans. In return, the Utes were to receive $25,000 annually and retain the right to hunt on the ceded land, as long as game lasted and peace was maintained.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, instead of peace, the years that followed saw increased tension and violence between Utes and whites in southwest Colorado and across the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. In 1880, following the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879, most of the remaining San Juan Ute population was forced onto the Southern Ute Reservation in southern Colorado. As was typical of mining in the west, the boom brought Indian occupation of the San Juans to a quick and decisive end.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White settlement and development of the San Juans continued. The towns of Silverton, <strong>Howardsville</strong>, and <strong>Eureka </strong>took root to serve the miners who worked the surrounding mountains. Nestled among the high peaks, <a href="/article/animas-forks"><strong>Animas Forks</strong></a> and <strong>Mineral Point</strong> anticipated a bonanza from nearby mines. Silverton, the largest high-country town, boasted a population of 1,000 by 1880, while farther north Ouray and Telluride struggled for their share of business and prominence.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For the miners, the 1870s was a decade of waiting—waiting for investors, for mills, and for smelters to work the ores profitably, and most of all, for the railroad to provide efficient transportation. By the mid- to late 1870s Silverton had functioning smelters, but lack of finances and engineering problems had delayed the arrival of the Iron Horse to the San Juans. By 1880, however, <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad (D&amp;RG) </strong>was on its way. In September the first survey stake for the new town of <strong>Durango</strong> was driven, and in July 1882 the first train steamed into Silverton from Durango.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the D&amp;RG inaugurated two decades of railroad building within the district and initiated the long-awaited San Juan bonanza. Carloads of gold and silver steamed from the mountains to the smelter in Durango, where copper, lead, and zinc were recovered as byproducts and coal was mined to fuel mining and railroad operations. Although the mountains were rich in all kinds of metals, silver reigned supreme in the San Juans. In 1891, for instance, miners in <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a> extracted more than $761,000 in silver compared to $192,000 in gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1893, however, the federal government drastically reduced its silver purchases, plunging silver mines in the San Juans and throughout Colorado into a devastating depression from which they never recovered. The price of silver had been declining for years as production increased, but the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> did more than close silver mines; it also brought an end to the era of the lone prospector who selected a rocky outcropping, filed a claim, and mined his fortune. Mining had become big business and was dominated by large corporations. In San Juan County, the deep pockets of large mining companies helped the county’s mines survive the depression and actually increase silver and gold production in the years that followed. However, these companies most often brought in huge profits at the expense of their employees, which led to serious and often violent labor disputes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Labor Strife</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>To try to improve their bargaining position in this new industrial world, many miners joined the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners</strong></a>, a union despised by companies and mine management. The San Juans became one of the union bastions of the Rocky Mountains. Labor tension increased, and finally, in 1903–4, Telluride and <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, a rich gold district on the Front Range, exploded in turmoil. Union miners lobbied for better pay, shorter work days, and safer working conditions. Governor James Peabody’s deployment of National Guard companies to break the strikes on behalf of mine owners created lasting grudges, especially since the miners had to return to work with no changes in pay or work regimen. In Telluride, mine boss–turned–National Guard Captain <strong>Bulkeley Wells </strong>declared martial law and illegally deported miners to neighboring <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. To keep the deportees out, Wells built a machine gun nest atop <strong>Imogene Pass</strong>, the only way back in to <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel County</strong></a> from the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 the <strong>Silverton Commercial Club</strong> promoted the San Juans as a place for recreation and tourism, indicating that the era of striking it rich in minerals had come to an end. The San Juans had been conquered and developed. San Juan mining operations made pioneering advances in the use of tramways to transport ore, in the industrial use of electricity, and in various new types of equipment. Mining camps had been born, prospered, and died.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While mining no longer dominates the economy in southwestern Colorado, its legacy continues to draw thousands of eager tourists to the region annually. Extant mining structures—such as mining smelters, boilers, and mills, as well as boardinghouses and defunct saloons—still pepper the landscape. For example, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/shenandoah-dives-mill"><strong>Shenandoah Dives</strong> <strong>Mill</strong></a> complex southeast of Silverton dates to 1929 and provides a glimpse into the area’s historic mining past via a museum and rehabilitated mine structures. The <strong><a href="/article/smuggler-union-hydroelectric-power-plant">Smuggler-Union Hydroelectric Plant</a></strong>, built in 1907 atop a waterfall near Telluride to supply power to Bulkeley Wells’s Smuggler-Union mine, was restored in the late 1980s and still produces electricity today. Remains of <a href="/article/fort-peabody"><strong>Fort Peabody</strong></a>, the machine-gun post used to discourage deported miners’ reentry into San Miguel County, are still visible atop Imogene Pass east of Telluride.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While historic mining spurred the development of the region and is still a major tourist attraction in the San Juans, it left a devastating environmental legacy. <strong>Acid mine drainage</strong> occurs when subterranean rock is exposed to oxygen and groundwater. Sulfides in the metal-containing rock break down into sulfuric acid, which then dissolves the metals and allows them to flow into nearby water sources. This yellow-orange metallic slurry has entered the Animas River on multiple occasions since the mining period, threatening wildlife and drinking water supplies. The most recent incident occurred in August 2015, when workers for the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accidentally released 3 million gallons of contaminated wastewater from the <strong>Gold King Mine</strong> into the Animas. San Juan County officials had previously been reluctant to have the county’s dozens of abandoned mines declared an EPA Superfund site—a high-priority cleanup site—but after the Gold King blowout they reconsidered, voting unanimously in February 2016 to request Superfund site designation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to their proud but fraught mining legacy, the San Juan Mountains’ rugged peaks, verdant forests, and whitewater rivers also provide a variety of recreational opportunities, from hiking and backpacking, kayaking and mountain biking, to snowshoeing and skiing. In 1996 the US Secretary of Transportation designated the <strong>San Juan Skyway</strong> as an All-American Road. The 233-mile highway loop, part of the <strong>Colorado Historic and Scenic Byway</strong>, provides tourists with stunning views of the San Juans’ 14,000-foot peaks as it carries them through Durango, Silverton, and other archetypal western towns. The skiing hamlet of Telluride­—also known for film, bluegrass, and jazz festivals—and the mountain retreat of Ouray are popular stops along the route. The road also takes visitors to <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, one of the most popular national parks in the United States. Revered by the Ute Indians for centuries and a key part of Colorado’s economic and environmental story, the picturesque landscape of the San Juan Mountains continues to impress locals and tourists alike.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Duane A. Smith, “The Miners: ‘They Builded Better Than They Knew,’” in <em>The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology</em>, <em>Ecology, and Human History</em>, ed. Rob Blair (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juans" hreflang="en">San Juans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">history of san juan mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-county" hreflang="en">san juan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mineral-county" hreflang="en">mineral county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hinsdale-county" hreflang="en">hinsdale county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-county" hreflang="en">ouray county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otto-mears" hreflang="en">Otto Mears</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creede" hreflang="en">Creede</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray" hreflang="en">ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/silverton" hreflang="en">Silverton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-miguel-county" hreflang="en">san miguel county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county" hreflang="en">archuleta county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-baker" hreflang="en">charles baker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shenandoah-dives-0" hreflang="en">Shenandoah Dives</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains-mining" hreflang="en">san juan mountains mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-history" hreflang="en">mining history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shenandoah-dives-mining-0" hreflang="en">Shenandoah Dives Mining</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Rob Blair, ed., <em>The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dawn Bunyak, “Shenandoah-Dives Mining Company: A Twentieth-Century Boom and Bust,” Colorado Heritage (Spring 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew Gulliford, “<a href="https://www.durangoherald.com/article/20091108/LIFESTYLE03/311089955/0/SEARCH/The-Guns-of-Imogene">The Guns of Imogene</a>,” <em>The Durango Herald</em>, November 8, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jonathan Thompson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning">Silverton’s Gold King reckoning</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, May 2, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Twitty, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/655.pdf">Historic Mining Resources of San Juan County, Colorado</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rob Blair and George Bracksieck, eds., <em>The Eastern San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-alpine-loop">Colorado Scenic Byway: Alpine Loop</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-san-juan-skyway">Colorado Scenic Byway: San Juan Skyway</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David P. Smith, <em>Mountains of Silver: The Story of Colorado’s Red Mountain Mining District</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Company, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>San Juan Gold: A Mining Engineer’s Adventures, 1879–1881</em> (Montrose: Western Reflections Publishing Company, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Song of Hammer and Drill: The Colorado San Juans, 1860–1914</em> (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Duane A. Smith, <em>Colorado: The Highest State</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Aug 2016 21:16:33 +0000 yongli 1550 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Archuleta County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archuleta-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1486--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1486.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=LIr9Jaos" width="1000" height="679" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The namesake twin spires above the Chimney Rock Great House are distinctive landmarks.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1513--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1513.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archuleta-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ArchuletaCounty_1.png?itok=a0rcB1nE" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archuleta-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Archuleta County, created in 1885, lies amidst the rugged San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1732--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1732.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archuleta-county-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ArchuletaCounty_0.png?itok=-frr8eC8" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archuleta-county-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archuleta County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Archuleta County covers 1,356 square miles of the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in southwestern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1487--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1487.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great%20Houses%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=BmGx7zzn" width="370" height="479" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aerial view showing the layout of the Chimney Rock Great House at Chimney Rock National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-27T13:00:14-06:00" title="Monday, June 27, 2016 - 13:00" class="datetime">Mon, 06/27/2016 - 13:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archuleta-county" data-a2a-title="Archuleta County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farchuleta-county&amp;title=Archuleta%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Archuleta County covers 1,356 square miles of the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in southwestern Colorado. The county is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/hinsdale-county"><strong>Hinsdale</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mineral-county"><strong>Mineral</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/rio-grande-county"><strong>Rio Grande</strong></a> Counties; to the west by <a href="/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a>; to the east by <a href="/article/conejos-county"><strong>Conejos County</strong></a>; and to the south by the state of New Mexico. Before Europeans arrived, the area of Archuleta County was occupied first by <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> peoples and later by Apache, Navajo, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> peoples. The county was formally created in 1885. It was named after J. M. Archuleta, the head of a prominent Spanish family in New Mexico, and also in honor of Antonio D. Archuleta, the state senator from Conejos County at the time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, the county supports a population of 12,084. It encompasses approximately 128,830 acres of the <strong>Southern Ute Indian Reservation</strong>. It also features 417,521 acres of national forest land, and is home to <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a>. The <strong>San Juan River</strong> flows southwest across the county, through <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, the county seat and only incorporated town; it receives the Navajo River about a mile north of the New Mexico border. The Piedra River flows southward in the western part of the county, joining the San Juan at the northern end of Navajo Reservoir near the town of <strong>Arboles</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Major roads include US Routes 160 and 84 and state route 151. Route 160 climbs over the San Juans from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> and enters the county from the north; it then turns west at Pagosa Springs, where it meets Route 84. Route 84 continues south into New Mexico, while Route 160 reaches west toward Chimney Rock and La Plata County. Route 151 proceeds southwest from Route 160 near Chimney Rock, following the Piedra River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Chimney Rock</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Around AD 1000, the Chimney Rock area was home to a community of Ancestral Pueblo people. Based on evidence found at the site, archaeologists and anthropologists theorize that Chimney Rock was an outlying settlement of a regional community of <strong><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region">Ancestral </a></strong><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> centered in <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a>, New Mexico. Evidence suggests that Ancestral Pueblo in the resource-rich San Juan basin helped supply a Chaco Canyon community that lacked local supplies of meat, timber, corn, and other resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime between 1125 and 1130, the settlements around Chimney Rock were abandoned, followed by the whole Chaco region over the next 200 years. The circumstances and causes of this abandonment have been subjects of debate for at least two decades. While it was initially proposed that a particularly severe drought forced out Chimney Rock’s inhabitants, recent evidence has indicated that the drought was not likely severe enough to completely discourage habitation on its own. Scholars currently debate a combination of causes, most of which stem from environmental exploitation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Utes, Apaches, and Spaniards</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Ancestral Pueblo, the area of Archuleta County was primarily the domain of the Nuche, or <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people. Expert hunters, the Utes subsisted on <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca root, and wild berries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the Utes generally maintained peaceful trade relations with the Spanish, the <strong>Jicarilla Apache </strong>fiercely resisted Spanish encroachment. From the late seventeenth century through the eighteenth century, the Spanish sometimes enlisted the Utes to fight not only the Apache but also the <strong>Comanche</strong> on the eastern plains and the Pueblo in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Southern Utes were among the earliest people to frequent the natural hot springs near the current site of Pagosa Springs. Though sometimes translated as “healing waters” or “boiling waters,” “pah gosah” in the Ute language actually means “water with a strong smell,” a description derived from the springs’ high mineral content. In addition to the Utes, the Navajo and Apache also visited the springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>American Period</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>An independent Mexico held the Archuleta County area from 1821 until 1848, when the United States took possession after the Mexican-American War. In 1859 a US Army expedition led by Captain<strong> John Macomb</strong> entered the area, and the following year gold was discovered in the San Juan Mountains near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>. Macomb was the first white man to see the Pagosa hot springs, and his accounts prompted a few other curious Americans to visit the springs themselves. Prospectors streamed into the area over the next three decades, leading to the development of mining, logging, and ranching industries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>An <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>1868 treaty</strong></a> between the Utes and the federal government supposedly protected the Utes’ land in the Archuleta County area but soon after, white ranchers began to drive and graze their cattle on Ute lands. In response to these violations, the Utes conducted raids, which prompted the Army to establish <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a> on the current site of <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a> in 1878. Access to the hot springs was more or less controlled by the Utes until the establishment of the fort and the founding of Pagosa Springs in the 1870s. In 1881 Thomas Blair built the town’s first bathhouse, using a canal to divert <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> from the springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early 1880s most of the remaining Southern Utes were pushed onto the Southern Ute Indian Reservation, a fifteen-mile-wide strip of land in southern Colorado that stretched from the Utah border in the west to the upper San Juan River in the east. In 1880 the army began its abandonment of the Pagosa Springs outpost. The new Fort Lewis was established that same year on the La Plata River, about fourteen miles southwest of <strong>Animas City</strong>. The military had completely left the Pagosa Springs area by 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was around this time that Hispano communities began to develop in the southern part of the area, following the advances of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>. In 1885 the state legislature created Archuleta County out of territory from Conejos County. The town of Pagosa Springs, named after the Ute word for the nearby hot springs, grew around Fort Lewis and was incorporated in 1891.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changing Economy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1900, the prevalence of logging and ranching brought the railroad to Pagosa Springs. When the railroad connected to towns further west, such as Durango, it made the logging and ranching industries the backbone of the regional economy. After a devastating flood in 1911, the state built a modern highway—today’s US Route 160—over the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide">Continental Divide</a></strong> at Wolf Creek Pass in 1916. By 1920 loggers had finally cut all of the accessible timber, and the logging boom petered out. Many residents moved out of the county during the ensuing Great Depression, and the rural county did not see a major economic revival until the 1970s, when developers began purchasing land to capitalize on the area’s scenic beauty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1900 the railroad brought more visitors seeking a soak in the springs, but advancements in medicine over the next two decades made health-seeking trips less popular. In the 1950s, with the roads full of vacationing families, entrepreneurs began building motels that offered access to the springs, and the waters regained their popularity. By the 1990s, full resorts were being developed around the town’s three access points to the waters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today in Pagosa Springs, tourism and services are the most important industries, and construction of both permanent and second homes is also regarded as an economic driver. Per capita income remains below the 2014 state average of $32,357 but increased from $25,421 in 2010 to $28,506 in 2014. The tourism industry is buttressed by the Springs Resort &amp; Spa, Healing Waters Resort &amp; Spa, and the Overlook Hot Springs, each of which offer hot springs experiences to visitors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Local officials have recently begun looking into the area’s geothermal reserves to meet the county’s energy demands. In the fall of 2014 the Pagosa Area Geothermal Water and Power Authority (PAGWAPA)—a group of three Archuleta County commissioners, three Pagosa Springs council members, and one resident—began investigating the possibility of extracting boiling-hot water from the ancient rock below Pagosa Springs for energy and other purposes. With approval from PAGWAPA, the renewable energy company Pagosa Verde conducted exploratory drilling between 2014 and 2016. To help fund the exploratory drilling, Pagosa Verde secured more than $6.5 million in taxpayer funds, including a $3.9 million grant from the federal Department of Energy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, after the first few exploratory wells failed to turn up promising geothermal resources, the Department of Energy pulled its funding. A report by Pagosa Verde published in September 2015 concluded only that “a favorable area for potential geothermal resource” lies west of Pagosa Springs. As of January 2016 the future of geothermal development in Archuleta County remains unclear.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county" hreflang="en">archuleta county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archuleta-county-history" hreflang="en">archuleta county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pagosa-springs" hreflang="en">Pagosa Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/geothermal-energy-colorado" hreflang="en">geothermal energy colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Archuleta County, “<a href="http://www.archuletacounty.org/index.aspx?nid=101">History of Archuleta County</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Archuleta County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook</em> (Denver: History Colorado, 1989–99).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen Best, “<a href="https://mountaintownnews.net/2014/08/07/geothermal-pagosa-springs/">Geothermal in Pagosa Springs</a>,” <em>Mountain Town News</em>, August 7, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chimney Rock National Monument, “<a href="http://www.chimneyrockco.org/puebloan-resources/archaeological-sites/">In Depth Info</a> (Prehistory),” 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Pagosa Springs, “<a href="https://www.pagosasprings.co.gov/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&amp;amp;SEC=%7bE4D74380-5C86-4626-972B-C735CE3280D9%7d">Geothermal Department</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Department of Numbers, “<a href="https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/colorado/">Colorado Household Income</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donna K. Graves, “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/Archuleta_County_Housing_Report_2016.pdf">Archuleta County Housing Report 2016</a>” (January 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Economic Development District of Southwest Colorado, “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/Archuleta__County_Performance_Report_2013.pdf">2013 Performance Report: Archuleta County, Colorado</a>” (2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Lewis College, “<a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/oldfort/">The Old Fort</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Hudson, “<a href="https://pagosadailypost.com/2014/11/13/drilling-for-electricity-part-one/">Drilling for Electricity, Parts I–V,”</a> <em>Pagosa Daily Post</em>, November 13–19, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Hudson, “<a href="https://pagosadailypost.com/2016/01/22/editorial-geothermal-holes/">Editorial: Geothermal Holes</a>,” <em>Pagosa Daily Post</em>, January 22, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lloyd Levy Consulting, Donna Graves, et al., “<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/swco_economic_drivers_study.pdf">Southwest Colorado Economic Drivers</a>,” October 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul M. O’Rourke, <em>Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado </em>(Denver: Colorado State Office, Bureau of Land Management, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa.com, “<a href="http://pagosa.com/pagosa-hot-springs/">The Great Pagosa Hot Springs</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Springs Resort &amp; Spa, “<a href="https://www.pagosahotsprings.com/hot-springs/history-of-the-hot-springs/">History of the Great Springs</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Census Bureau, “QuickFacts—Archuleta County, Colorado,” 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Helen Sloan Daniels, <em>The Ute Indians of Southwestern Colorado</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa Springs, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/9-things-love-about-pagosa-springs-hot-springs">9 Things to Love About Pagosa Springs' Hot Springs</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pagosa Springs, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/10-things-do-pagosa-springs-summer">10 Things to Do in Pagosa Springs This Summer</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 27 Jun 2016 19:00:14 +0000 yongli 1512 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org