%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Arthur Lakes http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2521--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2521.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arthur-lakes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arthur%20Lakes%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=2cy30csX" width="332" height="592" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arthur-lakes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arthur Lakes, an English naturalist who came to Colorado in the 1870s, helped establish the modern American field of geology. Lakes, along with his students and colleagues at Colorado School of Mines, discovered hundreds of dinosaur fossils, and his research on mining and minerals proved essential to the mining industry in the American West.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2522--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2522.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fishers-peak-arthur-lakes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arthur-Lakes-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=GJGMojK3" width="1000" height="369" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fishers-peak-arthur-lakes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fisher&#039;s Peak by Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-03T14:22:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 14:22" class="datetime">Wed, 05/03/2017 - 14:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes" data-a2a-title="Arthur Lakes"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farthur-lakes&amp;title=Arthur%20Lakes"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Arthur Lakes (1844–1917) was an English naturalist who discovered dinosaur bones near <a href="/article/morrison">Morrison</a> in 1877, setting off the “dinosaur bone rush” in Colorado and the American West. Additionally, his research on mineral deposits and extraction methods proved essential to the region’s mining industry. An insatiably curious scientist, as well as a talented illustrator and teacher, Lakes is considered one of the <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="founding fathers" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw3e5orezufwoj02" data-wsc-lang="en_US">founding fathers</span> of American geology.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Born in England in 1844, the son of an Episcopalian minister, Lakes grew up in the Channel Islands. In 1863 he enrolled in Queen’s College at Oxford to study theology and natural sciences. By May 1866, Lakes found his way to New Brunswick, Canada, probably on a merchant ship captained by his older brother, John Gould Lakes. Working his way west through Chicago, Lakes arrived in Colorado by January 1867. He helped found the Calvary Episcopal Church in <a href="/article/golden">Golden</a> and Bishop George Randall soon hired him to teach writing and drawing at the local prep school, Jarvis Hall. By 1874, Lakes was teaching mineralogy at Jarvis Hall. Ever the writer, Lakes penned pieces for local newspapers describing the unspoiled natural wonders of Colorado’s mountains and plains.</p> <h2>Dinosaur Discoveries</h2> <p>In June 1874, Lakes was hiking on South Table Mountain, just east of Golden, with his students. One lad, Peter T. Dotson, found a huge serrated tooth. School of Mines geologist Edward L. Berthoud later packed it up and sent it to O. C. Marsh, a leading vertebrate paleontologist at Yale. They never heard anything more about it. As it turned out, the tooth found in Golden in 1874 was rediscovered by Dr. Kenneth Carpenter in the Yale Peabody Museum in 2000, who declared it to be the first tooth of a <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> ever found.</p> <p>On March 20, 1877, Lakes and a collecting friend, Henry C. Beckwith, along with other local residents, were hunting for fossil leaves along the Dakota Hogback north of Morrison when they came upon a huge saurian bone. This was the start of the “dinosaur bone rush” to the American West. Lakes’s important finds in Morrison included the first <em>Apatosaurus</em>, <em>Stegosaurus</em>, <em>Diplodocus</em>, and a small crocodile, <em>Diplosaurus felix</em>.</p> <p>For the next two years, Lakes and his men collected for O. C. Marsh, both at Morrison and, after a winter at Yale working in Marsh’s museum, at Como, Wyoming, where they discovered an almost complete <em>Stegosaurus.</em> Lakes painted the only visual records of the great dinosaur digs in Morrison and Como. His illustrations depicted geology quite accurately and rendered individual diggers recognizable<em>.</em> His dinosaur sketches often reappeared in publications other than the <em>American Journal of Science</em>, much to the disdain of O. C. Marsh, who, because of his rivalry with Edward D. Cope, wanted all the information kept secret.</p> <h2>Professional Career</h2> <p>While in Como, in March 1880, Lakes received notification that he had been hired as a full-time professor of geology at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden. Over the next fifteen years, Lakes built on the collections that he, Berthoud, and the students had started, filling drawers with local plant fossils and minerals from Colorado mines. His specimens are still slowly surfacing from the cabinets of the school’s world-renowned geology museum.</p> <p>Reports of the school’s summer field excursions and explorations appeared in the annual reports of the School of Mines, complete with drawings and maps. Lakes’s sketches of the school’s specimens appeared in his first textbook, <em>The Geology of Colorado Ore Deposits</em>, in 1888. A year later, his <em>Geology of Colorado Coal Deposits</em>, including sketches and drawings of the coalfields, laid the literary foundation for Colorado’s coal industry for at least two decades. At the same time, Lakes was a founder of the<em> American Geologist</em>, a prestigious journal that later became <em>Economic Geology </em>and the<em> Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists.</em></p> <h2>Family Life</h2> <p>Geology and teaching were Lakes’s passions. He toured Colorado in the name of the school, drumming up students and mapping and analyzing everything he observed. In 1883 he turned to family life. According to the <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, the thirty-nine-year-old “staunch bachelor” married sixteen-year-old Edith Slater, one of his drawing students in Golden. They lived in a “neat cottage” on the corner of Fifteenth and Washington Streets in Golden. Edith bore three sons—Arthur, Harold W., and Walter. In 1892 Edith died after a lingering illness, leaving Lakes with three growing boys. Lakes took a new, better-paying position as editor of the <em>Colliery Engineer</em> in the journal’s new western office in <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a>. At first, he commuted to work by train so the boys could grow up in familiar Golden; however, in 1896 the family moved to Denver, probably so the boys could attend school there. In 1898 the Lakes family suffered a second tragedy when a bullet from a pellet gun fired by young Arthur ricocheted and hit nine-year-old Walter in the eye. The boy was buried next to his mother in Fairmount Cemetery in south Denver.</p> <p>By this time, Lakes had published the first of three editions of <em>The Geology of Colorado and Western Ore Deposits</em>. His sojourn with the International Correspondence Schools, which published the<em> Colliery Engineer</em> (later named <em>Mines and Minerals</em>), continued full time for a decade, then part time until 1912, when the Denver office closed. Lakes was prolific: he sometimes published a dozen or more illustrated articles a month for the <em>Engineer</em>. He also authored units in the correspondence school’s technical library. Scans of over a thousand of his works fill a CD-ROM that accompanies the book <em>The Legacy of Arthur Lakes</em>.</p> <h2>Illustrator and Teacher</h2> <p>Lakes’s illustrations and sketches were amazingly accurate. Taught by the artists for the United States Geological Survey, he developed a technique for transferring the vast panoramic scenes of the West onto small pieces of paper. His paintings—mostly watercolors—were dramatic in their vivid shades, particularly Colorado skyscapes. Many of his paintings, including a group of dinosaur paintings, hang in the Colorado School of Mines’ Arthur Lakes Library. Other illustrations of dinosaurs and paintings of dinosaur hunting reside at Yale’s Peabody Museum and in the archives of his descendants. Still others, done late in life, are in the museum at Nelson, British Columbia, where Lakes retired to live with his sons—both renowned mining engineers—in 1912.</p> <p>A consummate teacher, Lakes was always giving talks or leading field trips. In the course of his life, he traveled from England to Europe, to America, across the American West, back east to New England, to Southern California, and finally to southern British Columbia. He continued to publish articles and paint until his unexpected death—likely from heart failure—on November 20, 1917, in Nelson.</p> <p>Arthur Lakes’s works illustrate his vast understanding of the forces that shape the Earth and the methods humans use to extract its riches. Geologists in Colorado and across the country are indebted to Lakes for the broad, solid foundation he built for today’s geological professions. Those who study the same ground that Lakes walked on, wrote about, and illustrated stand on the shoulders of a man, small in stature but big in science, writing, and artistic talent.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/simmons-beth" hreflang="und">Simmons, Beth</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/katherine-honda" hreflang="und">Katherine Honda</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-lakes" hreflang="en">Arthur Lakes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-ridge" hreflang="en">Dinosaur Ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hogbacks" hreflang="en">hogbacks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-fossils" hreflang="en">dinosaur fossils</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-school-mines" hreflang="en">Colorado School of Mines</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-lakes-geology-museum-csm" hreflang="en">arthur lakes geology museum csm</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>American Geologist</em>, nos. 5–7 (January 1890–June 1891).</p> <p>George L. Cannon Jr., <em>The Geology of Denver and Vicinity</em> (Denver: Chain &amp; Hardy, 1891).</p> <p>Kenneth Carpenter and D. Bruce Young, “Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado,” <em>Rocky Mountain Geology</em> 37, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 239.</p> <p><em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, June 28, 1876; August 19, 1876; November 22, 1876; December 9, 1876; November 17, 1877; January 27, 1877; November 17, 1877; January 19, 1878.</p> <p><em>Colorado Transcript</em>, July 8, 1874; March 13, 1878; March 29, 1878; September 5, 1883; May 4, 1898; May 21, 1903; November 29, 1917.</p> <p>Amanda Thornton Crawford, <em>Personal Reminiscences of Calvary Episcopal Church of Golden</em>, typewritten memoirs (Golden, CO: Calvary Episcopal Church), n.d.</p> <p><em>Georgetown Courier</em>, June 20, 1878; October 31, 1878.</p> <p><em>Georgetown Miner</em>, December 30, 1876.</p> <p>Katherine K. Honda and Beth Simmons, <em>The Legacy of Arthur Lakes</em> (Morrison, CO: Friends of Dinosaur Ridge, 2008).</p> <p><em>Jarvis Hall Monthly Record</em> 1, no. 1 (January 1871).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, <em>Geology of Colorado and Western Ore Deposits</em> (Denver: Chain &amp; Hardy, 1888).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes,<em> Geology of Colorado Coal Deposits</em> (Golden, CO: Colorado State School of Mines, 1889).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes,<em> Geology of Colorado Ore Deposits</em> (Denver: News Printing Company, 1888).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, “Free-Hand Sketching with Mining Reports,” <em>Mining World</em> 313, no. 18 (October 30, 1909): 883–88.</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, “Digging up a Fossil Monster,” <em>Youth’s Companion</em>, no. 3545 (May 2, 1895).</p> <p><em>London Graphic</em>, April 20, 1878.</p> <p>Milton Moss, <em>Annual Report of Head of Faculty</em>, Colorado School of Mines (February 1880).</p> <p>“Notice,” <em>Mines and Minerals</em> 33, no. 4 (August 1912).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Arthur Lakes Library, Colorado School of Mines</p> <p>Beth Simmons and Marjorie Payne, <em>Arthur Lakes: Discovering Dinosaurs</em>, documentary, 2012</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 03 May 2017 20:22:03 +0000 yongli 2523 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jefferson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2448--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2448.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jefferson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jefferson_County_0.png?itok=loSAsSjJ" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jefferson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Jefferson County, popularly known as "Jeffco," lies west of Denver. It was established in 1861 as one of the original seventeen counties of the Colorado Territory.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-03-31T16:35:04-06:00" title="Friday, March 31, 2017 - 16:35" class="datetime">Fri, 03/31/2017 - 16:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county" data-a2a-title="Jefferson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjefferson-county&amp;title=Jefferson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jefferson County, commonly referred to as “Jeffco,” is named after former president Thomas Jefferson and covers 774 square miles in central Colorado west of Denver. Jeffco is bordered to the north by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a> Counties, to the east by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a> Counties, to the south and west by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-county"><strong>Park County</strong></a>, and to the west by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-county"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a> Counties. Jeffco’s southeastern border follows the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> out of Waterton Canyon.</p> <p>With a population of 534,543 as of 2010, Jefferson County is the fourth populous county in Colorado. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, the county seat, sits at the mouth of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek Canyon</strong></a> and has a population of 18,867. Most Jeffco residents—some 280,000—live in the Denver suburbs of <strong>Arvada</strong>, <strong>Wheat Ridge</strong>, and <strong>Lakewood</strong>, which are separated by the county’s major highways. In northern Jefferson County, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> divides Arvada to the north and Wheat Ridge to the south. Farther south, US Highway 6 divides Wheat Ridge and Lakewood. A conglomeration of suburban communities, including Columbine and Ken Caryl, lies across US Highway 285 south of Lakewood. The small community of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a> (population 430) is nestled against the foothills just south of I-70 and the mountain suburb of <strong>Evergreen </strong>(population 9,038) is located off State Highway 74 west of Morrison.</p> <p>Straddling mountains, cities, and plains, the county has a long and storied history that dates back to the Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne people, and white prospectors of the Colorado Gold Rush. Jeffco is also home to several popular areas within the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"><strong>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a>, and <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>The Jefferson County area has a long history of human habitation, attracting groups of hunter-gatherers since prehistoric times. An archaeological site on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/magic-mountain-archaeological-site"><strong>Magic Mountain</strong></a> south of Golden reveals that <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> people hunted and gathered in the area as early as 4,000 BC.</p> <p>By the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> occupied the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, hunting <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, <strong>bison</strong>, and other game and gathering a wide assortment of berries and roots. In the summer they followed game into mountain parks, such as Jeffco’s Elk Meadow Park, while the present site of Golden was a favored winter camp. Utes lived in temporary dwellings such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tipi-0"><strong>tepees</strong></a> or <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wickiups-and-other-wooden-features"><strong>wickiups</strong></a>. By the 1640s, the Utes had obtained horses from the Spanish, and some groups began venturing onto the plains to hunt buffalo.</p> <p>By the early nineteenth century, <strong>Arapaho </strong>and <strong>Cheyenne </strong>peoples arrived in the Jeffco area. Unlike the Utes, who primarily lived in the mountains, and the Cheyenne, who mostly kept to the plains, the Arapaho ranged across both landscapes, following buffalo across the plains and warring with Utes for hunting ground in the high country. Like the Utes, the Arapaho and Cheyenne lived in wickiups or tepees and wintered in the area of present-day Denver and Golden.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The United States acquired present-day Jefferson County as part of the <strong>Louisiana Purchase</strong> in 1803. Official American exploration began with the arrival of Maj. <strong>Stephen H. Long</strong>’s expedition in 1820. Thereafter, white trappers and traders began filtering into the area, hunting <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> and other fur-bearing animals.</p> <p>The late 1850s brought hundreds of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold seekers</strong></a> to Colorado’s Front Range. A significant discovery along Cherry Creek in 1858 by <strong>William Green Russell</strong>’s party is credited with setting off the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59. In spring 1859, Russell again found pay dirt along Clear Creek. On November 29, 1858, Arapahoe City was established as the first white settlement in Jefferson County. <strong>John H. Gregory</strong>, a miner from Arapahoe City, kept Colorado’s gold fever running high when he made a discovery near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a> in May 1859.</p> <p>In June 1859, Golden City was established at the entrance of Clear Creek Canyon as a supply center for miners. In 1860 the surveyor <strong>Edward L. Berthoud</strong> arrived, and the next year he located <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong> and surveyed a wagon route from Golden City to Utah. Berthoud would become one of Golden’s most famous citizens, serving as speaker of the territorial legislature in 1866 and lending his name to the town of <strong>Berthoud</strong> in <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>.</p> <p>With the establishment of mining camps and Golden City, the area’s indigenous people now had to contend with more than just each other for resources. Miners killed game and cut timber to build homes and mining structures and Golden City and Denver now lay atop the Indians’ prime wintering grounds.</p> <p>Seeing the Native Americans as a hindrance to white settlement and economic development, the US government sought to remove them. Some Arapaho and Cheyenne relocated to eastern Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. In 1864 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a> provoked an all-out war between the United States and several Indian nations on the Colorado plains. In 1867 the <strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong> created the Cheyenne-Arapaho Indian Reservation in present-day Oklahoma, and by 1869, most of Colorado’s Cheyenne and Arapaho had moved there. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>, meanwhile, created the Consolidated Ute Indian Reservation on Colorado’s Western Slope.</p> <p>By the fall of 1870, Golden and Denver were linked to the rest of the country by three separate rail lines, and the train whistles in Jefferson County signaled the end of one way of life and the beginning of another. The last documented Ute encampment, led by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>, was recorded in 1876.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>Jefferson County was created with the establishment of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861, with Golden City as county seat. Although the economy was initially dependent on mining, farming and ranching also provided reliable income for the county’s first residents. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Jefferson County developed first as a supplier of food and mountain resources to the larger metropolis of Denver and later as a resource-consuming metropolis itself.</p> <p>As one of Colorado’s two largest cities at the time, Golden City sparred with Denver to become the capital of the new territory. Golden City claimed greater importance because it represented the interest of the territory’s mining communities while Denver saw itself as a broker and political headquarters for the whole territory. After serving as territorial capital from 1862–67, Golden City ceded the title to its rival on the plains.</p> <p>The late nineteenth century was a period of rapid growth for Jefferson County. The county population grew from 2,390 in 1870 to 6,804 in 1880 and increased to 9,306 by the end of the century. By 1879, Golden, which had dropped the word <em>City</em> from its name in 1872, had grown into a prosperous city, albeit not without pitting itself against its rival, Denver. In the fight for the <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong> during the late 1860s, Denver’s status as the state capital actually helped Golden’s case for hosting the college; the school was founded in Golden in 1874 to help train engineers and geologists for the mining industry. In 1873 German immigrant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a> and his partner Jacob Scheuler brought another major industry to Golden when they founded the Coors Brewery. Coors attained sole ownership in 1880. Today, the brewery remains one of the city’s major employers and tourist attractions.</p> <p>In 1869 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes"><strong>Arthur Lakes</strong></a>, a deacon of the Episcopal Church, came to Golden to preach in mining camps and teach drawing and geology at Jarvis Hall Collegiate School (later Colorado School of Mines). In 1877 Reverend Lakes was searching for plant fossils on the hogback formation above the town of Morrison (established in 1872) when he discovered a set of fossilized dinosaur bones. Lakes eventually sent samples of the fossils to the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, setting off a rush of paleontologists to Jefferson County. The hogback yielded so many bones it eventually became known as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a>. Among the species discovered at Dinosaur Ridge were <em>Apatosaurus </em>and Colorado’s state fossil, <em>Stegosaurus.</em></p> <p>Jeffco’s rocks held more than gold and fossils. Coal mining began as early as 1859, and by 1880, there were ten coal mines in the county producing 45,000 tons per year. Though coal mining was essential to the state’s economic development, it proved to be extremely dangerous. In 1870, for example, a methane gas leak killed one of the owners of the Leyden Mine and in 1889 a flood at the White Ash Mine—on what is now the campus of Colorado School of Mines—killed ten workers.</p> <p>Miners of gold and coal had to be fed, and ranchers around Evergreen, Coal Creek Canyon, Conifer, and Pleasant Park raised cattle and chickens to sell in Golden, Denver, and Central City. Farmer David Wall dug the county’s first irrigation ditch off Clear Creek in 1859, and by the end of the year, the county had two more ditches. The farms that became the basis for the town of Wheat Ridge were also established in 1859.</p> <p>Arvada became one of the principal farming communities in early Jeffco. The town was founded in 1859 as Ralston Creek. It was originally named for Lewis Ralston, a member of the Cherokee party who made one of the first gold finds along the Front Range in 1850. In 1858 Ralston led a group of gold seekers back to the area, and when the surface gold was panned out, a number of miners took to farming. The fertile land between the creeks coming out of the mountains proved indispensable to feeding the mining communities.</p> <p>Arvada’s farmers supplied Denver with wheat, corn, oats, plums, melons, cherries, and strawberries, as well as celery and other vegetables. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>W.A.H. Loveland</strong></a>’s <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> arrived in 1870, allowing farmers to more easily export their crops. By the time of its incorporation in 1904, Arvada declared itself “Celery Capital of the World.” As a suburb of Denver, the city grew rapidly throughout the twentieth century.</p> <p>Lakewood, another Denver suburb in Jeffco, was platted in the summer of 1889 by W.A.H. Loveland and Charles Wech. By 1891, electric trolleys connected Golden, Arvada, and Lakewood.</p> <h2>Twentieth Century</h2> <p>While its suburban population increased during the twentieth century, Jeffco increasingly sought to balance that development with the preservation of its many scenic natural areas. Genesee Park, for example, was established as Denver’s first mountain park in 1912 and, at 2,413 acres, is the largest in the system. In 1914 the park was the site of the reintroduction of buffalo and elk, two species that were hunted nearly to extinction in Colorado during the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>Towering above the town of Morrison is a cluster of large red sandstone outcrops. The natural setting of the rocks, which are over 250 million years old, offers near-perfect acoustics. This drew the attention of entrepreneur John Brisben Walker in the early 1900s. Walker was the first to use the Red Rocks area as a music venue, putting on several concerts between 1906 and 1910. In 1927 the city of Denver bought the site from Walker, and with the help of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> and the Works Projects Administration, completed construction of the modern amphitheater by 1941. The venue has since hosted many famous musicians, from the Beatles to opera singers and reggae groups. It also hosts the Easter Sunrise Service, an annual nonsectarian outdoor service that began in 1947. Red Rocks Park was designated a National Historic Landmark on August 3, 2015.</p> <p>In 1951 the US government set up a nuclear weapons facility on a floodplain between Boulder and Golden called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-flats-nuclear-facility"><strong>Rocky Flats</strong></a>. The facility brought some 5,000 jobs to the Arvada community, but the large amount of radioactive waste it created posed a threat to workers and the environment. The top-secret facility often buried nuclear waste in the surrounding landscape and was prone to fires, the largest of which nearly ignited a regional catastrophe in 1969. From the time it opened until after a joint raid by the FBI and the US Environmental Protection Agency shuttered it in 1989, the Rocky Flats facility produced some 70,000 nuclear bomb cores. In 1991 the plant was decommissioned, and the government began cleaning up the surrounding area. Today, the Rocky Flats area is a wildlife refuge.</p> <p>In 1955 the aerospace manufacturing company Glenn L. Martin established a complex in southern Jefferson County. The company was renamed Martin Marietta Corporation in 1961 after merging with American Marietta Corporation, a sand and gravel supplier. In 1995 it merged with the aerospace company Lockheed, forming <strong>Lockheed-Martin</strong>. Today, the Lockheed-Martin facility is the largest employer in Jefferson County with 4,875 employees.</p> <p>As commercial and residential development expanded after World War II, Jeffco residents sought to put some of the county’s natural areas beyond the reach of bulldozers. In 1972 PLAN Jeffco and the League of Women Voters of Jefferson County proposed to the county commissioners a one-half of 1 percent sales tax increase that would support the preservation of natural areas within the county. Voters approved the tax, and <strong>Jeffco Open Space</strong> became the nation’s first county-level preservation program funded by a local sales tax.</p> <p>Important as they were to making Jefferson County a decent, peaceful place to live, robust economic development and a commitment to natural places did not prevent a national tragedy from occurring there. On April 20, 1999, two students went on a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/columbine-massacre"><strong>grisly shooting</strong></a> spree at Columbine High School, killing twelve students, one teacher, and themselves. The shooting was a catalyst for increased security in public schools across the country, as well as national debates on gun control and investigations into bullying.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today, Lockheed-Martin remains a major employer in Jeffco, along with the Coors Brewery in Golden, two medical centers, and Terumo BCT, a medical technology company. Each provides more than 2,000 jobs. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden adds another 1,720. Suburban development in Jefferson County has expanded in surrounding communities such as Evergreen, Indian Hills, and Conifer.</p> <p>Although commercial businesses expand the county’s tax base and give residents the opportunity to live amid the scenic foothills, suburban development presents unique challenges, including management of natural areas and dealing with the threat of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado#page-title"><strong>wildfire</strong></a>. In July 2015, for instance, the North Hogback Fire prompted the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office to issue pre-evacuation orders for the suburban communities of Ken Caryl and North Ranch.</p> <p>Since its foundation in 1972, Jeffco Open Space has acquired 53,000 acres of land for preservation and helped create more than 3,100 acres of conservation easements on private land. To maintain the integrity of its natural spaces amid a growing population, the organization continues to enforce a lengthy list of rules for fishing, wildlife interaction, fires, and other activities.</p> <p>While most of Jefferson County today can be described as either suburban or urban, there are still more than 500 farms in the county producing melons, potatoes, and vegetable crops. The county’s cattle herd numbers about 2,000 and ranchers also raise about 2,800 horses and ponies.</p> <p>Jeffco has also endeavored to honor its Native American past, particularly the life of the Ute leader <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow">Colorow</a></strong>. In 2013 the Jefferson County Historical Commission’s Landmark Designation Committee approved the Colorow Council Tree near Dinosaur Ridge as a county landmark. The tree, located on the historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rooney-ranch"><strong>Rooney Ranch</strong></a>, indicates where Colorow met with white settlers to broker peace. The landmark designation protects the tree and the area around it from removal or development. Additionally, in October 2015, the Jefferson County Historical Commission inducted Colorow into the Jefferson County Hall of Fame, and an exhibit about the Ute leader opened in Evergreen’s Hiwan Homestead Museum in 2016.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jeffco" hreflang="en">jeffco</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-history" hreflang="en">jefferson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-historical-society" hreflang="en">jefferson county historical society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adolph-coors" hreflang="en">adolph coors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lakewood" hreflang="en">lakewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wheat-ridge" hreflang="en">wheat ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arvada" hreflang="en">arvada</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evergreen" hreflang="en">evergreen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-ridge" hreflang="en">Dinosaur Ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorow" hreflang="en">colorow</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em> 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p> <p>City and Community of Arvada, “<a href="https://www.arvadaco.gov/about-arvada/arvada-history/">Arvada History</a>.”</p> <p>City of Golden, “<a href="https://golden.com/history.htm">Golden History</a>.”</p> <p>Oscar Contreras, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/traffic/traffic-news/brush-fire-in-jefferson-county-closes-lanes-causes-traffic-delays-on-c-470">Pre-evacuation notices lifted for North Ranch area following North Hogback Fire near C-470</a>,” 7NEWS Denver, October 14, 2015.</p> <p>Denver Mountain Parks, “<a href="https://www.mountainparkshistory.org/">Genesee Park</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jack Healy, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/04/us/after-uproar-colorado-school-board-retreats-on-curriculum-review-plan.html">After uproar, school board in Colorado scraps anti-protest curriculum</a>,” <em>The New York Times</em>, October 3, 2014.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1850s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1870s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1880s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://historicjeffco.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/hj2011timeline.pdf">Jefferson County: A Chronology of Events</a>,” 2011.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “Hall of Fame: Chief Colorow,”</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Berthoud, Edward L.</a>,” updated April 22, 2013.</p> <p>“Jefferson County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/open-space">History of Jefferson County Open Space</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/open-space">Jeffco Open Space Parks and Trails</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jefferson County Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.org/pdfs/2015Profile.pdf">Jefferson County, Colorado Economic Profile 2015</a>.”Jack Linshi, “<a href="https://time.com/3984936/red-rocks-park-named-national-historic-landmark/">Red Rocks Park named national historic landmark</a>,” <em>Time</em>, August 4, 2015.</p> <p>Carole Lomond, ed., <em>Jefferson County, Colorado: A Unique &amp; Eventful History!</em> (Golden, CO: Views Publishing, 2009).</p> <p>Jesse Paul, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/24/hundreds-of-jeffco-students-walk-out-in-largest-school-board-protest/">Hundreds of Jeffco students walk out in largest school board protest</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 24, 2014.</p> <p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, “<a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/about/history-geology">History and Geology</a>,” n.d.US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Jefferson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger,<em> The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cityofgolden.net/">Golden</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://historicjeffco.wordpress.com/">Historic Jeffco</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://emahs.org/">Jefferson County Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Reference Books—Jefferson County</a>,” updated 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles and Mary Ramstetter, eds., <em>John Gregory Country: Place Names and History of Ralston Buttes Quadrangle, Jefferson County, Colorado </em>(Golden, CO: C Lazy Three Press, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/about/history-geology">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.fws.gov/refuge/rocky_flats/">Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Simmons, <em>Colorow! A Colorado Photographic Chronicle </em>(N.p., 2015).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Mar 2017 22:35:04 +0000 yongli 2449 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3568--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3568.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RedRocksAMP_0.png?itok=0Y16x_jv" width="1024" height="680" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre&nbsp;officially opened to the public on June 15, 1941. It has since become an iconic American concert venue, hosting such world-famous musicians&nbsp;as The Beatles, Louis Armstrong, Stevie Nicks, B.B. King, Willie Nelson, and many more.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T11:13:28-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 11:13" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 11:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre" data-a2a-title="Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fred-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre&amp;title=Red%20Rocks%20Park%20and%20Amphitheatre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located just west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> near the town of <a href="/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre combines awe-inspiring natural scenery with natural acoustic splendor. The 868-acre park stands 6,450 feet above sea level between the <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the Rocky Mountains. The park’s amphitheater opened to the public in June 1941 and has hosted concerts, graduations, festivals, and other events ever since. Part of the extensive <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a rich history filled with many important figures and events that contributed to its rise as one of the Denver area’s most iconic cultural and natural landmarks.</p><div style="height:0.7px;overflow:hidden;"><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, eingebettet in die atemberaubende Naturlandschaft von Colorado, ist ein Leuchtturm für Touristen, die sowohl landschaftliche Schönheit als auch kulturelle Erfahrungen suchen. Dieser ikonische Veranstaltungsort zieht nicht nur Musikliebhaber und Outdoor-Enthusiasten an, sondern zieht auch die Aufmerksamkeit einer einzigartigen Bevölkerungsgruppe auf sich: Online-Casinospieler. Die Anziehungskraft von Red Rocks geht über die majestätischen Felsformationen und atemberaubenden Aussichten hinaus; es dient auch als unerwarteter Hotspot für diejenigen, die Online-Glücksspiele in Casinos wie <a href="https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/">https://casinospace.at/zahlungsmethoden/paysafecard/</a> genießen. Mit dem Aufkommen von internetbasierten Casinos und einer Vielzahl von bequemen Zahlungsmethoden wie paysafecard casino suchen die Spieler ständig nach neuen und aufregenden Orten, um ihrem Lieblingszeitvertreib zu frönen. Die Kombination aus grandioser Natur und dem Nervenkitzel von paysafecard casino-Spielen übt auf viele Besucher eine unwiderstehliche Anziehungskraft aus. Ein Faktor, der zur Attraktivität von Red Rocks bei Online-Casinospielern beiträgt, ist seine Zugänglichkeit. Dank der Bequemlichkeit mobiler Geräte und Hochgeschwindigkeits-Internetverbindungen können Enthusiasten ihre Lieblingsspiele praktisch von überall aus genießen, auch inmitten der atemberaubenden roten Felsformationen des Parks.</p></div><h2>Geology and Early Discoveries</h2><p>The monolithic, 300-foot sandstone walls of Red Rocks rose up from a prehistoric ocean floor millions of years ago. The two largest walls, “Ship Rock” and “Creation Rock,” lie on the north and south sides of the amphitheater, towering over the rest of Red Rocks Park. Similar formations surfaced across Colorado, including <strong>Garden of the Gods</strong> near <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> and the <strong>Flatirons</strong> near <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>. These three land structures are part of what geologists call the Fountain Formation. For about 15 million years at the end of the Cretaceous Period (145–65 million years ago), the Fountain Formation underwent a major tectonic event called the Laramide Orogeny, which also created the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. This event lifted and tilted the Fountain Formation, exposing the rocks to erosion, producing the iconic slabs of Red Rocks. Weathering released oxidizing minerals such as iron, giving the rocks its reddish hue. In the late nineteenth century, bones of dinosaurs that roamed the area in the Cretaceous period were found at <a href="/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a>, just northeast of Red Rocks.</p><p>Human occupation of the Red Rocks site dates back thousands of years, to the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a>. Euro-Americans who moved to the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 found that <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>people&nbsp;used Red Rocks as a sacred site and a gathering spot for music.</p><h2>Ownership</h2><p>In 1872 Marion Burts became the first recorded owner of Red Rocks, which he named “Garden of the Angels.” He sold it to Leonard H. Eicholtz, a railroad construction engineer from Pennsylvania who developed Red Rocks into a park in 1878. Eicholtz added roads, trails, picnic grounds, steps, and ladders so visitors could explore the park. He later sold Red Rocks to <strong>John Brisben Walker</strong> in 1905 for $5,000. Walker renamed the park “Garden of the Titans” and began further developing the park and amphitheater to attract tourists. He constructed a wooden stage at the base of the naturally acoustic bowl framed by Creation and Ship Rocks.</p><p>Walker had to sell off portions of his land due to financial problems. He sold the central portion to the park of the Red Rocks Corporation, an enterprise run by John Ross. Ross donated 530 acres of Red Rocks to the City and County of Denver in 1927, and the city acquired 110 additional acres in 1928. By 1932, the Denver Department of Parks and Recreation had purchased nearly 690 acres in Red Rocks Park and along Bear Creek for $50,000. In 1941 the Denver Mountain Park system included 13,000 acres, most of which was outside the city limits.</p><h2>Construction</h2><p>In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress created a set of programs designed to lift the nation out of the Great Depression. Known as the <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, the federal programs provided work relief, mainly to young, unemployed men. One of these programs, the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> (CCC), enlisted young men to help conserve the nation’s natural resources. <strong>George Cranmer</strong>, the manager for Denver Parks, saw an opportunity to use the CCC to implement his grand plan to convert the Red Rocks Park into a formal outdoor theater. In 1935, after the project was approved for federal funding, 200 men arrived from <strong>Durango</strong> and began working on roadways and bank side sloping.</p><p>Part of George Cranmer’s vision required an architect skilled enough to incorporate the natural acoustics of Red Rocks within formal theater elements. Once the amphitheater project was approved, the city and county of Denver appointed <strong>Burnham F. Hoyt</strong> as the head architect. Hoyt, a native of Denver, had already attained national recognition prior to designing the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. He designed continental seating, in which no center aisle exists; instead, there is enough space between each row to allow audience members easy access to their seats. During the same year CCC enrollees materialized, Hoyt gained an assistant, <strong>Stanley Morse</strong>.</p><p>Construction of the Red Rocks Amphitheatre did not commence until 1936, when US secretary of the interior Harold Ickes approved the project. The Red Rocks Amphitheatre proved to be one of the most complex structures the CCC built. Work began with leveling the floor between Ship Rock and Creation Rock. Because the floor sloped away from the stage, Hoyt had to create a grading plan. Work crews would use a considerable amount of dynamite to reverse the angled slope, and Denver’s city council and newspapers criticized George Cranmer for proposing such a noisy undertaking. Cranmer decided to have the CCC do all the detonations in one day to accommodate the sound concerns. The rock formations’ natural acoustics worked well with musical performances, but not with the booming sounds of construction and demolition.</p><h2>Opening and Musical Performances</h2><p>On the afternoon of June 8, 1941, Red Rocks held a soft opening for local officials, including Chief John F. Healy of the Fire Department, who enjoyed the Junior Orchestra of the Denver Symphony Society. On June 15, 1941, Red Rocks’ new amphitheater officially opened to the public with a performance featuring Helen Jepson of New York’s Metropolitan Opera singing “Ave Maria.”</p><p>Since the grand opening, Red Rocks has become a premiere concert venue. Great performers have stood on the Red Rocks stage such as Nat King Cole, Louis Armstrong, Harry Belafonte, Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, the Eagles, Santana, Willie Nelson, Journey, Grateful Dead, Tears for Fears, Kiss, Bon Jovi, Sting, Stevie Nicks, B. B. King, Nora Jones, Duran Duran, and DeVotchKa. Perhaps the most famous musicians to grace the stage were the Beatles, who played there on August 26, 1964. Besides concerts, Red Rocks hosts movie nights, yoga, and the annual Easter sunrise service as well as special events including weddings and graduations.</p><h2>Preservation</h2><p>Thanks to the efforts of Friends of Red Rocks (FoRR), Red Rocks Park obtained National Historic Landmark status on July 21, 2015. Starting in 1999, the nonprofit organization spent fourteen years working with Denver to implement preservation recommendations that would prevent the commercialization of Red Rocks. FoRR continues to preserve the park’s natural beauty by conducting regular cleanups and contributing to the Open Space initiative, a joint effort by the city of Denver and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> to acquire private land around Red Rocks in order to preserve the natural setting.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre has a way of bringing people together. Generations old and new gather to make memories, further adding to the legacy of the park. Dinosaurs, ancient tribes, settlers, industrial businessmen, government officials, nonprofit organizations, architects, preservationists, historians, and music enthusiasts have all come to experience the wondrous venue and explore the breathtaking landscape around it. It took millions of years of geologic forces, a labor force from the Civilian Conservation Corps, the vision of Burnham Hoyt and Stanley Morse, the city and county of Denver, and the driving force of George Cranmer to complete the beautiful amphitheater. With the continued support of the park’s Denver-area stewards and visitors from around the world, Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre will likely remain a local and national landmark well into the future.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/jones-kelly" hreflang="und">Jones, Kelly</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheater" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheater</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-history" hreflang="en">red rocks history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-morrison" hreflang="en">red rocks morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatles" hreflang="en">the beatles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sandstone" hreflang="en">sandstone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ship-rock" hreflang="en">ship rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creation-rock" hreflang="en">creation rock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/laramide-orogeny" hreflang="en">laramide orogeny</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-brisben-walker" hreflang="en">John Brisben Walker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/marion-burts" hreflang="en">marion burts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louis-armstrong" hreflang="en">louis armstrong</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ray-charles" hreflang="en">ray charles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stevie-nicks" hreflang="en">stevie nicks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eagles" hreflang="en">the eagles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/friends-red-rocks" hreflang="en">friends of red rocks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corp" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corp</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corps" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“A Labyrinth of Charm,” <em>Happy Home Chats</em> vol.1, no. 16 (June 22, 1936).</p><p>Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy, “<a href="https://ccclegacy.org/CCC_Brief_History.html">CCC Brief History</a>,” 2015.</p><p>Denver Department of Parks, “Data on Red Rocks Park,” 1932.</p><p>Friends of Red Rocks, “<a href="https://www.friendsofredrocks.org/">Who We Are</a>,” 2016.</p><p>Letter, Manager to Chief John F. Healy, June 2, 1941, Denver Department of Parks papers.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/co/CO.pdf">National Historic Landmarks Program</a>,” National Park Service, 2015.</p><p>Tom Noel, <em>Sacred Stones: Colorado’s Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</em> (Denver: Division of Theatres and Arenas, 2004).</p><p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, “<a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/concerts-events/listing/archive">Concert Archive: Previous Shows</a>,” 2014.</p><p>Sally L. White, “<a href="https://historicjeffco.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/2005histjeffcov18-26.pdf">John Brisben Walker, the Man and Mt. Morrison</a>,” <em>Historically Jeffco</em> 18, no. 26 (2005).</p><p>Deon Wolfenbarger, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/news/LC/fall2014/RedRocksPark.pdf">Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp: Draft Nomination</a>,” National Historic Landmarks Program (National Park Service), June 28, 2013.</p><p>Helen Worden, “Steel Gives Nature a Lift,” <em>The World</em> (1941).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://catalog.denverlibrary.org/search/title.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&amp;pos=1">Burnham Hoyt Architectural Records</a> (Denver Public Library)</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/best-red-rocks-shows-all-time">Best Red Rocks Shows of All Time</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/red-rocks-amphitheatre-6-things-see-do">Red Rocks Amphitheatre: 5 Things to See &amp; Do</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Day Hikes Near Denver, “<a href="https://dayhikesneardenver.com/red-rocks-trail-red-rocks-park/">Red Rocks Trail at Red Rocks Park</a>.”</p><p><a href="http://www.theredrocksamphitheater.com/">Red Rocks Amphitheatre Fansite</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 18:13:28 +0000 yongli 2195 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org LoDaisKa Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodaiska-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">LoDaisKa Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-25T13:52:44-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 25, 2016 - 13:52" class="datetime">Wed, 05/25/2016 - 13:52</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodaiska-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="LoDaisKa Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flodaiska-archaeological-site&amp;title=LoDaisKa%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>First excavated in 1956–57, the LoDaisKa Archaeological Site south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a> is a rockshelter that contains evidence of about 7,500 years of human occupation, from the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong> period</a> (before 6000 BCE) to the <strong>Early Ceramic</strong> (150–1150 CE). The site is especially significant for three main reasons: it was one of the first sites in the Rocky Mountain foothills to be professionally excavated, it helped establish the cultural chronology of the foothills region, and it launched the careers of the important Colorado archaeologists <strong>Henry</strong> and<strong> Cynthia Irwin</strong>.</p> <h2>Early Foothills Archaeology</h2> <p>The Rocky Mountain foothills region west of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> received little professional archaeological attention before the 1950s. In 1931–32 the University of Denver archaeologist <strong>Etienne B. Renaud</strong> performed a reconnaissance of the region and found evidence of several prehistoric sites, but other than that the area was explored mainly by local amateurs.</p> <h2><strong>Irwin Excavations</strong></h2> <p>The most extensive amateur investigations in the foothills were performed by LoDaisKa Bethel. She noted a promising prehistoric rockshelter at the base of a large Fountain sandstone formation on Otto Sanger’s ranch, about a mile south of Morrison in the valley between the hogback and the foothills, and guided the young siblings Henry and Cynthia Irwin to the site. Denver natives trained in archaeology and attending college at Harvard, the Irwins performed a test excavation at the site in 1956. The next summer they followed up with a full excavation.</p> <p>The main rockshelter at the LoDaisKa site measures fifty feet long, thirteen feet deep, and thirteen feet high. The Irwins dug down more than seven feet deep and found more than a thousand artifacts representing multiple short-term occupations. The artifacts included stone projectile points, scrapers, and knives as well as pottery fragments and worked bone. The Irwins also detected twelve hearths and three storage cists.</p> <p><a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>Radiocarbon dating</strong></a> showed clear evidence of human activity at the LoDaisKa site from about 2880 BCE, in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Middle Archaic period</strong></a>, until 990 CE, in the Early Ceramic period. In addition, a <strong>Plano</strong> projectile point found nearly nine feet below the surface in conjunction with charcoal, ash, and burnt bone indicated at least one earlier occupation around 7000–6000 BCE, in the Paleo-Indian period.</p> <p>The most puzzling discovery at the site was a group of several corn cob fragments and corn kernels in the layer dating to 2880 BCE. The corn was probably intrusive, meaning that it actually belonged to a more recent occupation than the layer in which it was found, but if not, these Archaic corn remnants would be among the earliest identified in the Southwest.</p> <p>Working without the benefit of other foothills excavations for comparison, the Irwins attempted to situate the LoDaisKa site within a framework of alternating occupations by <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Plains</strong></a> and Great Basin cultures. Recent research has suggested that the foothills experienced its own cultural development that was related to but not entirely dependent on that of nearby regions. The LoDaisKa site was probably used by small groups of hunter-gatherers who practiced limited agriculture during some periods. Extended family groups may have frequented the site during seasonal migrations between the mountains and the plains. Beads, pendants, and gaming pieces suggest that ceremonial and leisure activities took place at the site.</p> <h2>Influence</h2> <p>In 1959 the Irwins published a lengthy report about the site. A few years later they used the questions that emerged from their LoDaisKa excavation to help guide their work at the <a href="/article/magic-mountain-archaeological-site"><strong>Magic Mountain</strong></a> site near <a href="/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>. The Irwins’ excavations at LoDaisKa and Magic Mountain helped establish a cultural and chronological framework for foothills archaeology that has been the basis for all later work in the region.</p> <p>The LoDaisKa site was backfilled after the 1957 excavation. Today it is still on the Sanger family ranch, which has changed little in the decades since the rockshelter was excavated. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodaiska" hreflang="en">LoDaisKa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rock-shelter" hreflang="en">rock shelter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-irwin" hreflang="en">Henry Irwin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cynthia-irwin" hreflang="en">Cynthia Irwin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/magic-mountain" hreflang="en">Magic Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/foothills-archaeology" hreflang="en">foothills archaeology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>H. J. and C. C. Irwin, <em>Excavations at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado, Area</em>, Proceedings 8 (Denver: Denver Museum of Natural History, 1959).</p> <p>Henry J. Irwin and Cynthia C. Irwin, “Radiocarbon Dates from the Lodaiska Site, Colorado,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 27, no.1 (June 1961).</p> <p>Meg Van Ness, “5JF.142: LoDaiska Site,” memo, June 25, 2000, Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation.</p> <p>Margaret A. Van Ness, “LoDaisKa Site [5JF.142],” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 28, 2003).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> <p>Sarah M. Nelson et al., <em>Denver: An Archaeological History</em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 May 2016 19:52:44 +0000 yongli 1431 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org