%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Impact of Disease on Native Americans http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Impact of Disease on Native Americans</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2574--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2574.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/native-american-medicine-man-sucking-out-disease"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Native-Americans-and-Post-Contact-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=h9ZPFTzx" width="1000" height="664" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/native-american-medicine-man-sucking-out-disease" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Native American medicine man sucking out disease</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Native American medicine man sucking out disease with special hollow bone, Chippewa (Ojibwa).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2575--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2575.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dakota-warrior"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Native%20Americans%20and%20Post%20Contact%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=kz4EaoCa" width="1024" height="1346" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dakota-warrior" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dakota Warrior</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Watercolor on paper: Detail of Dakota Warrior by Karl Bodmer from his travel to the United States 1832-1834.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span 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OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-16T11:12:28-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 16, 2017 - 11:12" class="datetime">Tue, 05/16/2017 - 11:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans" data-a2a-title="Impact of Disease on Native Americans"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fimpact-disease-native-americans&amp;title=Impact%20of%20Disease%20on%20Native%20Americans"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, Africa, and Asia swept what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-overview"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> in the aftermath of Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage. While sparse historical and archaeological records make the effects of the earliest epidemics hard to determine, evidence is better for the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when historians can document episodes of smallpox, cholera, measles, whooping cough, and other diseases.</p> <p>The impact of postcontact diseases is difficult to ascertain before 1700. We know little about Colorado’s inhabitants in these years, but we do know that the peoples of the central and southern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> had a lively trade with New Mexico. Evidence for this comes from Pedro de Castañeda, who accompanied Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to New Mexico and then across the plains in 1540–42. Castañeda observed that nomadic plains-dwellers pursued <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, and took their hides to trade with the Pueblo Indians during the winter. Since commerce and contagion often coexist, this makes it likely that epidemics that reached the Pueblos of New Mexico in the 1500s and 1600s may also have spread to natives who traded with them, including those living in or passing through present-day Colorado.</p> <p>By the 1700s, a richer documentary record makes more accurate speculation possible. The infections that afflicted New Mexico’s Pueblos in these years included smallpox in 1709, 1733, 1780–81, 1799–1800, 1816, and 1840; measles in 1728–29 and 1804–5; and an unidentified fever in 1840. Other periods of high mortality, possibly attributable to contagion or to contagion combined with other causes, occurred in 1736, 1737, 1748, 1785, 1789, 1804, and 1805.</p> <p>Horse-borne transportation may have facilitated the circulation of microbes after 1700, as native and nonnative peoples engaged in new patterns of interaction. The <strong>Comanche</strong>, who traded and raided in New Mexico, held an annual trade fair on the Arkansas River in the general region of today’s Kansas-Colorado border. These gatherings drew Wichita, <strong>Pawnee</strong>, <strong>Jicarilla&nbsp;Apache</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, and Eastern Shoshone, and it is likely that infections spread widely in the resulting encounters. Epidemics may also have reached Colorado from the north and east, carried by trading, warring, or migrating peoples. Likely contagions transmitted in this fashion include measles, whooping cough, cramps, and other intestinal disorders (possibly cholera).</p> <p>Epidemics continued apace in the nineteenth century. Outbreaks of smallpox occurred in 1801 and 1815–16. Another episode in 1839–40 prompted the Kiowa to remember that winter as the “smallpox winter.” The discovery of gold in California brought a continent-wide epidemic of cholera to the plains in 1849, affecting many peoples and prompting a Kiowa war chief to sacrifice a horse to help protect himself, his family, and his people. Similarly, <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold discoveries</strong></a> in Colorado in 1861–62 brought smallpox to Kiowa, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Dakota, leading some to scatter to avoid the disease. An 1877 outbreak of measles killed 219 Cheyenne and Arapaho children. Another episode of measles may have affected Colorado's indigenous populations in 1892.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/fenn-elizabeth" hreflang="und">Fenn, Elizabeth A.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cholera" hreflang="en">cholera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/measles" hreflang="en">measles</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smallpox" hreflang="en">smallpox</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/native-americans" hreflang="en">native americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/native-american-disease" hreflang="en">native american disease</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/disease-history-colorado" hreflang="en">disease history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-indian" hreflang="en">american indian</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Pedro de Castañeda, “Pedro de Castañeda’s Account of the Expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado,” in <em>New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612</em>, ed. David B. Quinn, Alison M. Quinn, and Susan Hillier (New York: Arno Press, 1979).</p> <p>Angélico Chávez, comp., <em>Archives of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe</em> (Washington, DC: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1957).</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, “The Western Comanche Trade Center: Rethinking the Plains Indian Trade System,” <em>Western Historical Quarterly</em> 29 (Winter 1998).</p> <p>Andrew C. Isenberg, <em>The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 </em>(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).</p> <p>Thomas W. Kavanagh, <em>Comanche Political History: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, 1706–1875</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996).</p> <p>James Mooney, <em>Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians</em>, pt. 2, <em>Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</em>, 1895–1896 (Washington, DC.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898).</p> <p>Charles Rosenberg, <em>The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866</em>, repr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).</p> <p>Linea Sundstrom, “Smallpox Used Them Up: References to Epidemic Disease in Plains Winter Counts,” <em>Ethnohistory</em> 44 (Spring 1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Candace S. Greene and Russell Thornton, <em>The Year the Stars Fell: Lakota Winter Counts at the Smithsonian</em> (Washington DC and Lincoln, NE: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, and University of Nebraska Press, 2007).</p> <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html">Cholera</a>.”</p> <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/measles/index.html">Measles</a>.”</p> <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/">Pertussis</a>.”</p> <p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention “<a href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/index.asp">Smallpox</a>.”</p> <p>Jared Diamond, <em>Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of World Societies </em>(New York: W.W. Norton, 1997).</p> <p>Marc Simmons, “New Mexico’s Smallpox Epidemic of 1780–81,” <em>New Mexico Historical Review</em> 41, no. 4 (October 1966).</p> <p>Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives, “<a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/discontinued-website.htm">Lakota Winter Counts</a>.”</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 May 2017 17:12:28 +0000 yongli 2571 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org