%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Grand Junction http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2215--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2215.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=tUk9b81l" width="1000" height="566" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With a population of more than 60,000, Grand Junction is the largest city on Colorado's Western Slope. This photo looks northwest over the city, with the Colorado River hidden behind a strip of trees in the foreground. St. Mary's Hospital, one of the largest employers in the region, is the tall rectangular building at center, while the southern slopes of the Roan Plateau spread across the background.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2216--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2216.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/grand-junction-1920s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=IZgXNsB6" width="1000" height="557" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/grand-junction-1920s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction, 1920s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By the time this photo of a busy downtown Grand Junction was taken - sometime between 1919 and 1926 - the city was already the commercial hub of the Western Slope, drawing produce from the surrounding farmland and hundreds of tourists who came to see Colorado National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2217--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2217.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/holly-sugar-factory-grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=cdTwyqYh" width="1000" height="662" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/holly-sugar-factory-grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Holly Sugar Factory, Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1899, the Holly Sugar Factory in Grand Junction was the first such factory built in Colorado. It processed beets into sugar. The factory was shuttered during the Great Depression but reopened in the 1950s as a processing plant for uranium mined elsewhere on the Western Slope.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-24T16:26:14-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 24, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Tue, 01/24/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction" data-a2a-title="Grand Junction"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgrand-junction&amp;title=Grand%20Junction"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>With a population of nearly 60,000, Grand Junction is the largest city on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. The city takes its name from its location at the junction of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> (formerly the Grand) Rivers, in the heart of the <strong>Grand Valley</strong>. Grand Junction lies near some of the state’s iconic natural features, including <a href="/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>, and the <strong>Book Cliffs</strong>. It is the county seat of <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a>.</p><p>Since its establishment in 1881, the city and its surrounding land have been the site of railroads, factories, orchards, highways, and vineyards. Grand Junction’s rapid early growth was due in large part to the agricultural productivity of surrounding communities, such as <strong>Palisade</strong> and <strong>Fruita</strong>, as well as major <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> projects funded by the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a>. In the mid-twentieth century, the city also served as the processing hub for the Western Slope’s <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> mines. Today, tourism and agriculture are the main drivers of the Grand Junction economy as thousands of outdoor recreation enthusiasts visit the city each year to hike, bike, camp, and raft in the area, as well as tour the Grand Valley’s fruit orchards and <strong>wineries</strong>.</p><h2>Early Inhabitants</h2><p>The climate and landscape of the Grand Valley shaped the history of those who lived there, from <a href="/article/paleo-indian-people"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> and <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people to the earliest white settlers and today’s mixed-ancestry population. The valley has historically hosted large populations of game and is generally warmer than the surrounding plateaus and mountains, making it a prime hunting and wintering area for both humans and animals.</p><p>By 1400 or so the Grand Valley became the homeland of the Ute, who remained the dominant group until their <strong>removal</strong> by the US government in 1880. Although many white Coloradans called for their removal from the state after the <strong>Meeker Massacre</strong> of 1879, the Utes were initially offered a reservation in the Grand Valley that included the present site of Grand Junction. But <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a>, a road builder on the Western Slope who got along well with the Utes and went with a Ute delegation to survey the valley, wanted white settlers to move there instead. Foreseeing a profitable future of road and farm development, Mears convinced the Utes to reject the land as unsuitable for agriculture, and later in 1880 the Utes were forcibly removed to a reservation in Utah. White settlers quickly moved into the valley, eager to take up the Indians’ former lands under the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>. Perhaps sooner than he expected, Mears’s vision for the area would become reality.</p><h2>Early Development</h2><p>On September 26, 1881, not even a month after the Utes had left the area, Civil War veteran and experienced town builder <strong>George W. Crawford</strong>—along with William McGinley, J. Clayton Nichols, and four other unidentified men—established the City of Grand Junction. As president of the Grand Junction Town Company, Crawford helped design and build the town’s irrigation ditches, the first of many <a href="/article/grand-valley-irrigation"><strong>irrigation projects in the valley</strong></a>. Three ditches were finished in the city’s first year, kick-starting the local farm and ranch economy.</p><p>The town developed quickly, as hunters, merchants, and developers followed the ranchers and farmers. By January of 1882, Grand Junction had a church, a general store, several local social groups, a newspaper, and a deal to bring the<strong> Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>(D&amp;RG) into town. The Randall House, a community building that was likely the town’s first brick structure, went up on the corner of Fifth and Main Streets later that year along with the two-story Mandel Opera House. The first D&amp;RG train arrived in November 1882. Crawford and other founders laid out plans for parks, schools, and local government. The town’s first schoolteacher was Nannie Blain, who moved from <strong>Cañon City</strong> in the early 1880s. By 1886, Grand Junction had several hundred residents. The societal structure was similar to Denver at the time, with many more men than women and most residents in their twenties and thirties. A Colorado business directory listed fifty-nine businesses in Grand Junction in 1883.</p><p>Farmer <strong>Elam Blain</strong> harvested the Grand Valley’s first fruit crop in 1884, taking advantage of the area’s mild winters and long growing season. Soon, the valley was home to dozens of apple, pear, apricot, cherry, and peach orchards. By 1900 the <strong>fruit industry</strong> was booming, using Grand Junction as a shipping hub to send its produce to far-off metropolises such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Ranchers, too, shipped their cattle from the city’s railroad <a href="/article/grand-junction-depot"><strong>depot</strong></a>. Less than two decades after its establishment, Grand Junction had grown to a population of 3,503 residents and 181 businesses.</p><h2>Social Life</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_0.jpg?itok=8LxlBaFT">&nbsp; </a><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/stranges-grocery-today"><img class="image-large" style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_1.jpg" alt="Stranges Grocery Today " width="480" height="320"></a> Early Grand Junction was home to people of many professions and backgrounds. Hunting clubs and women’s groups were among the earliest social organizations, and residents could enjoy opera, plays, and musical performances, such as those by the Grand Junction Coronet Band. Italian railroad workers and their families established a thriving community in the southwest downtown district during the 1880s; one of Little Italy’s most prominent businesses was <a href="/image/stranges-grocery-today"><strong>Stranges Grocery</strong></a>, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><p>In 1885 <a href="/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry M. Teller</strong></a>, US senator from Colorado, secured federal funds to build an off-reservation Indian boarding school in Grand Junction. The city’s local school expanded into a brick building in 1887, while the region’s first Fruit Fair took place in 1890. That year Barney Kennedy oversaw the installment of a narrow-gauge, horse-drawn trolley rail system that ran along Main Street from First to Seventh Streets. Meanwhile, stagecoaches and passenger trains took people to and from outlying communities such as <strong>Palisade</strong>, <strong>De Beque</strong>, and <strong>Parachute</strong>. One of the most popular early lodging places was the <strong>Brunswick Hotel</strong>, which was built in 1886 and hosted social and political events in addition to travelers.</p><h2>Agricultural Expansion</h2><p>Farming and ranching powered Grand Junction’s early boom days, but by the turn of the twentieth century town officials were ready to take their agricultural economy to the next level. In 1899 Charles Mitchell, <strong>Charles Boettcher</strong>, Charles Cox, and John Campion brought the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> to Colorado when they created the Colorado Sugar Manufacturing Company and built the state’s first beet-processing factory in Grand Junction. Cox, a resident of Mesa County, was instrumental in securing the city’s support for the factory.</p><p>While the factory was being built, Mesa County Immigration Commissioner A. A. Miller published a promotional booklet designed to entice sugar beet farmers to the area, calling Grand Junction “Queen City of the Western Slope.” Miller assured would-be settlers that an annual beet crop was certain and that the crop would sell at “a fixed price.” Miller had simple, urgent advice for potential immigrants: “Secure your land at once and start the plow.” As Miller and other city officials expected, sugar beets become one of the foundational crops propelling growth in Grand Junction, and the city’s population jumped from 3,503 in 1900 to 7,754 by 1910.</p><p>The new sugar beet crop as well as the fruit industry benefited greatly from the Highline Canal, a federally sponsored irrigation project completed in the early twentieth century. In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt created the Bureau of Reclamation, a federal agency responsible for engineering <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> allocation projects in the American west. To the relief of Grand Valley farmers, the bureau soon lent its support to the struggling canal project, and the first irrigation water was delivered in 1915. The project would eventually irrigate more than 40,000 acres, expanding the fruit industry and enabling farmers to grow greater variety of crops, including corn and wheat.</p><h2>A Monumental Boost</h2><p>As its agricultural economy diversified after the turn of the century, Grand Junction also gained one of the state’s most iconic natural attractions with the creation of Colorado National Monument in 1911. The movement to create the monument began with quirky outdoorsman <strong>John Otto</strong>, who came to the Grand Valley in 1906 and fell in love with the red-tinged landscape of canyons, mesas, and sandstone spires west of Grand Junction. On his own with two burros, Otto built a network of trails through the scenic country and began lobbying for its preservation as a national park.</p><p>Otto soon gained the support of Grand Junction officials and newspapers, and local lobbying efforts culminated with President William Taft’s declaration of the national monument on May 24, 1911. Thanks to Otto’s diligent trail-building, visitors could immediately begin exploring the new monument, and Grand Junction suddenly had a world-class tourism attraction to augment its robust agricultural economy.</p><h2>Depression and Recovery</h2><p>Although it was established in Grand Junction, the center of Colorado’s sugar beet industry soon shifted to the Eastern Slope, where vast beet fields watered by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and Arkansas Rivers outproduced Grand Valley farmers. The price of sugar dropped, and the Grand Junction beet factory was eventually forced to close during the Great Depression, though moisture from surrounding mountains helped insulate the rest of the valley’s agricultural industry from the hardship that many other farming communities faced.</p><p>In addition to abundant water, federal relief agencies played a critical role in helping Grand Junction through the Great Depression. In fact, the <strong>Resettlement Administration</strong>, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, had an office in Grand Junction and brought unemployed families to the area to make a new start in farming. Other New Deal programs provided additional relief. The <strong>Works Progress Administration</strong> and <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> provided jobs improving local irrigation infrastructure and building <a href="/article/rim-rock-drive"><strong>Rim Rock Drive</strong></a>, a twenty-three-mile scenic road that cuts through Colorado National Monument.</p><p>During and immediately following World War II, the federal government continued to fuel Grand Junction’s economic growth. In 1943 the US War Department bought a fifty-four-acre site in Grand Junction and built a refinery that produced uranium oxide for the government’s nuclear weapons program. After the war, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) coordinated uranium mining in western Colorado through its offices in Grand Junction, and profits from the uranium industry propelled personal incomes in Grand Junction above the national average. In 1950 the Climax Uranium Company converted the old sugar beet factory into a processing plant for uranium ores mined in the <strong>Paradox Valley</strong>. By 1954 Grand Junction had fifteen uranium companies and dozens of mining and mine supply companies. The Climax plant operated until 1970, when the price of uranium dropped and the industry became unviable.</p><h2>Education and Tourism</h2><p>While Grand Junction struggled during the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the uranium bust of the 1970s, the city continued to develop both culturally and economically. Adding to the city’s rich cultural tradition was the establishment of the Lowell School, a junior college, in 1925. In 1937 the school was renamed Mesa College and had expanded its educational offerings. Groups such as the Rotary Club, Women’s Club, Fortnightly Club, and the Lions Club contributed books to the college’s library at Houston Hall, and the campus was also the site of social and political activism. The college added a bachelor’s program in 1974 and master’s program in 1988. Today it enrolls more than 10,500 students as <strong>Colorado Mesa University</strong> (CMU).</p><p>As CMU developed into one of the premier educational institutions on the Western Slope, tourism became one of Grand Junction’s most profitable industries. Using the city as a base, visitors explored Colorado National Monument, Grand Mesa, and other natural attractions. In promotional literature during the 1930s, the Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce touted the scenic views of Rim Rock Drive, claimed that the Grand Valley had “more sunshine than in the Florida resort area,” and extolled the beauty of Grand Mesa, a “majestic playground” that “is incomparable in mountain scenery.”</p><p>To augment tourism and attract new residents, Grand Junction restructured its downtown area in 1962. Main Street was adjusted to have larger sidewalks, potted plants, and more foliage. The pedestrian mall encouraged people to walk, shop, and spend time downtown. The Grand Junction Commission on Arts and Culture was formed in 1990 to support the area’s artistic resources and cultural activities. Renovations and renewed support for the arts added to the city’s charm, attracting visitors as well as new residents—some 30,000 people called Grand Junction home by 1993.</p><h2>Today</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/grand-junction-downtown"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_1.jpg" alt="Grand Junction Downtown" width="480" height="320"></a> Today, Grand Junction remains a tourism hotspot, as thousands come to the Grand Valley each year to hike, camp, bike, raft the Colorado River, rock climb, and tour local orchards and wineries. The city’s downtown district includes a variety of shops, restaurants, and cultural events. Tourism revenue reached an all-time high in the city during the summer of 2015, when taxes from lodging receipts totaled $159,366. In addition to the lodging, food, and retail industries, many of Grand Junction’s major employers are in education and healthcare, including Mesa County Valley School District 51, St. Mary’s Hospital, CMU, and the Grand Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center.</p><p>Grand Junction’s diverse economy depends as much on the local environment as it does on individual businesses and industries, and that environment faces major challenges from climate change in the coming years. According to local water officials, the Colorado River’s overall flow levels are threatened by rising temperatures, and the water is already over-appropriated to downstream states as a result of decades-old interstate agreements. Institutions such as the Ruth Powell Hutchins Water Center at CMU and initiatives such as the Grand Valley Regional Water Conservation Plan—an agreement between the Grand Junction, Clifton, and Ute water districts—reflect residents’ efforts to maintain their natural resources. Additionally, the Mesa Land Trust, a nonprofit conservation group, helps protect riparian environments along the river by securing conservation easements.</p><p>As its population of more than 60,000 prepares to meet the challenges of the future, today’s Grand Junction has certainly lived up to its founders’ vision of a town that would become—and remain—the commercial and cultural hub of the Western Slope.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/johnson-nick" hreflang="und">Johnson, Nick</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/herritz-claire" hreflang="und">Herritz, Claire</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-mesa" hreflang="en">grand mesa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-monument" hreflang="en">Colorado National Monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fruita" hreflang="en">Fruita</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-rio-grande-railroad" hreflang="en">denver &amp; rio grande railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-crawford" hreflang="en">george crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/peaches" hreflang="en">peaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brunswick-hotel" hreflang="en">brunswick hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-otto" hreflang="en">John Otto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mesa-university" hreflang="en">colorado mesa university</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado,</em> <em>A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p><p>Colorado Mesa University, “<a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/about/history.html">History of CMU</a>,” 2016.</p><p>James Andrew Crutchfield, <em>It Happened in Colorado</em> (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2003).</p><p>Laurena Mayne Davis, <em>125 People, 125 Years: Grand Junction’s Story</em> (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of Western Colorado, 2007).</p><p>Downtown Grand Junction and Museum of Western Colorado, “The History of Downtown Grand Junction,” walking tour, 2011.</p><p>Dave Fishell, <em>The Grand Heritage: A Photographic History of Grand Junction, Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Virginia Beach: Donning, 1994).</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://gjchamber.org/area-info/employment">Employment</a>,” updated 2016.</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, <em>The Valley of the Grand: The Place for You</em> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Press, 1906).</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, “Western Colorado, Scenic &amp; Recreational Wonderland,” c. 1939.</p><p>Grand Junction Visitor &amp; Convention Bureau, “<a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/areas/wine-country/">Wine Country</a>,” 2016.</p><p>Alan Kania, <em>Grand Junction</em> (Mt. Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010).</p><p>Steven F. Mehls, <em>The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p><p>A. A. Miller, “Statement of the Resources and Progress of Mesa County, Colorado,” Board of Commissioners of Mesa County and the Board of the Aldermen of the City of Grand Junction, August 1, 1899.</p><p>Tish Minear and Janet Limon, <em>Discover Native America: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah</em> (New York: Hippocrene Books, 2009).</p><p>Thomas J. Noel and Duane A. Smith, <em>Colorado: The Highest State</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p><p>Old Spanish Trail Association, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/about-osta/">About OSTA</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Rachel Parris, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5ME4147.pdf">Stranges Grocery</a>,” National Park Service form 10-900 (Denver: Colorado Preservation, Inc., 2012).</p><p>Caitlin Row, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/the-history-of-grand-junctions-whitman-park/">The History of Grand Junction’s Whitman Park</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), December 12, 2013.</p><p>Caitlin Row, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/tourism-numbers-up-in-grand-junction-colorado/">Tourism Numbers up in Grand Junction, Colorado</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), July 20, 2015.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=PLT19090501-01.2.29&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=--1909---1909--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-John+Otto-------0-Mesa">Scenic Wonder of Grand Valley</a>,” <em>Palisade Tribune</em>, May 1, 1909.</p><p>Lisa Scoch-Roberts, <a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/colm/roads.pdf"><em>A Classic Western Quarrel: A History of the Road Controversy at Colorado National Monument</em></a>, Cultural Resources Selections no. 10 (Denver: National Park Service, Intermountain Region, 1997).</p><p>Duane A. Smith and Duane Vandenbusche, <em>A Land Alone: Colorado’s Western Slope</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1981).</p><p>Ryan Summerlin, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/colorado-river-faces-flood-of-challenges/">Colorado River Faces Flood of Challenges</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), September 16, 2016.</p><p>Kathleen Hill Underwood, <em>Town Building on the Frontier: Grand Junction, Colorado, 1880–1900</em> (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982).</p><p>US Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Grand+Valley+Project#Group485145">Grand Valley Project</a>,” updated May 10, 2011.</p><p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://www.lm.doe.gov/Grand_Junction/Fact_Sheet_GJO.pdf">Grand Junction, Colorado, Disposal and Processing Sites</a>,” Legacy Management Fact Sheet, December 10, 2015.</p><p>“Valley of the Grand—Its Extent, Character and Agricultural Possibilities under Irrigation,” <em>Tribune </em>(possibly <em>Denver Tribune</em>), 1883.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jodi Buchan, <em>Western Colorado Fruit &amp; Wine: A Bountiful History </em>(Charleston, SC: American Palate, 2015).</p><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm">Colorado National Monument</a></p><p>Laurena Mayne Davis, ed., <em>Monumental Majesty: 100 Years of Colorado National Monument </em>(Grand Junction, CO: Grand Junction Media, 2011).</p><p><a href="https://downtowngj.org/">Downtown Grand Junction</a></p><p><a href="http://www.gjcity.org/">Grand Junction</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjarts.org/">Grand Junction Commission on Arts &amp; Culture</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/">Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</a></p><p><a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/">Grand Junction Tourism</a></p><p>Gary Harmon, “<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/articles/tipton-wants-to-extend-life-of-radioactivewaste-di/">Tipton Wants to Extend Life of Radioactive-Waste Disposal Site</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, September 16, 2016.</p><p>&nbsp;“<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/special_sections/articles/little_italy_a_lively_place_in/">Little Italy a Lively Place in Southwest Downtown</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, August 18, 2011.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/articles/local-climate-change/">Local Climate Change?</a>” editorial, <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, March 17, 2016.</p><p><a href="http://www.mesadwellers.org/">Mesa County Genealogical Society</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjarts.org/local-artists-groups-galleries/cultural-organization/?organization=mesa-county-historical-society-ebe49">Mesa County Historical Society</a></p><p><a href="https://cowestlandtrust.org">Mesa Land Trust</a></p><p><a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/">Museums of Western Colorado</a></p><p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365012749/">"Fly Girl,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, May 16, 2013.</p><p>Ruth Powell Hutchins Water Center, “<a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/water-center/documents/WC_AnnualReport_1415_web.pdf">Annual Report 2014/2015</a>,” Colorado Mesa University, 2015.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 24 Jan 2017 23:26:14 +0000 yongli 2214 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org De Beque House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/de-beque-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">De Beque House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2153--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2153.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/de-beque-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Wallace%20de%20Beque%20Media%201.jpg?itok=l0XBa_SR" width="1024" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/de-beque-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">De Beque House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1889 Wallace de Beque built the de Beque House at the south end of the new town of DeBeque, which had been organized and named for him the previous year. One of de Beque's sons lived in the house until 1998, and it remains largely unchanged since de Beque's death in 1930.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-20T14:05:12-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 20, 2016 - 14:05" class="datetime">Tue, 12/20/2016 - 14:05</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/de-beque-house" data-a2a-title="De Beque House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fde-beque-house&amp;title=De%20Beque%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The De Beque House was built in 1889 at 233 Denver Street in the town of <strong>De Beque, </strong><a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a><strong>. </strong>It was the home of <strong>Wallace A.E. de Beque</strong>, one of the town’s founders. The wood-frame house has remained mostly unchanged since de Beque’s death in 1930 and is the last surviving property that demonstrates his contributions to the community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p> <p>Born in New Brunswick, Canada, in 1841, Wallace de Beque studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania before coming to Colorado in 1875 because of persistent asthma and lung issues. By the early 1880s he was one of the only doctors in the newly established city of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. His practice was not thriving—he was paid primarily in goods and services instead of cash—so he decided to start a ranch.</p> <p>In 1884 de Beque explored the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> (then known as the Grand River) with a few friends and claimed a thirty-acre parcel of land along the river about thirty miles northeast of Grand Junction. He called his new ranch Ravensbeque and operated it with his brother, Robert. De Beque and others also started the Grand River Toll Road Company, which constructed a toll road linking Grand Junction and <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>. Completed in December 1885, the road facilitated increased settlement in the <strong>Grand Valley</strong>.</p> <p>In January 1888, settlers near Ravensbeque organized a town and named it after Wallace de Beque. The new town of De Beque was platted that year on a town site just east of Ravensbeque. Wallace de Beque and his family soon moved to town, leaving his brother in charge of the ranch. De Beque’s wife, Marie, became the town’s postmaster, while de Beque constructed a log building to serve as his doctor’s office and drug store. (That building was torn down in 1936.)</p> <p>In 1889 de Beque designed and oversaw the construction of a one-and-a-half-story wood-frame house at the south end of town. It may have been the first house in De Beque with running water. When his wife died in 1890, he was left to care for their son, Wallace de Beque Jr. Despite this, he threw himself into civic activities in the early 1890s, serving as postmaster and briefly as a newspaper editor in addition to his other roles as doctor, drug store owner, and rancher.</p> <p>In 1899 de Beque started a new job as a medical inspector in Mexico for New York Life Insurance. He lived in Mexico City for much of the next decade. His brother moved into the De Beque House, and his nephew ran the drug store. De Beque continued to visit the town frequently and moved back permanently after he retired from New York Life in 1911. When he returned, he brought a new wife, Marie Louise de Lavillette, with whom he had two sons, Armand (1912) and Roland (1915).</p> <p>De Beque’s growing family led him to enlarge his house twice over the next decade. In 1918 he expanded the house by twelve feet to the rear, allowing him to add a new kitchen and dining room. Four years later, he added another ten feet to the rear of the house. During these years he saw patients at home and also made some house calls.</p> <p>Wallace de Beque died in 1930, and Marie Louise de Lavillette de Beque died in 1944. Their son Armand lived in the De Beque House until his death in 1998. At that point the house passed out of the de Beque family. It has remained largely unchanged since Wallace de Beque’s death and continues to serve as a private residence.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/debeque" hreflang="en">DeBeque</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wallace-de-beque" hreflang="en">Wallace de Beque</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Mesa County, Colorado: A 100 Year History (1883–1983)</em> (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of Western Colorado Press, 1986).</p> <p>Juanita Moston and Kristen Ashbeck, “de Beque House,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 20 Dec 2016 21:05:12 +0000 yongli 2154 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Wayne Aspinall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wayne-aspinall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wayne Aspinall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-01T14:56:01-06:00" title="Monday, August 1, 2016 - 14:56" class="datetime">Mon, 08/01/2016 - 14:56</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wayne-aspinall" data-a2a-title="Wayne Aspinall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwayne-aspinall&amp;title=Wayne%20Aspinall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>At the memorial service for long-time congressman Wayne Aspinall in 1983, Colorado Governor <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> said, “you can’t take a drink of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> in Colorado without remembering Wayne Aspinall.”</p> <p>Wayne Norviel Aspinall (1896–1983) was born in Ohio and moved with his family to <strong>Palisade</strong>, Colorado, in 1904. Within a few years, the Aspinalls were enmeshed in a profitable fruit-growing business. This experience gave young Wayne direct experience with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>—lessons that he would never forget.</p> <p>After earning an undergraduate degree at the University of Denver and enlisting in the army during <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, Aspinall came home to the <strong>Grand Valley</strong>, taught school, and returned to<strong> <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a></strong> for a law degree. Moving back to Palisade, he became enmeshed in local Democratic politics, following the leadership of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> <em>Daily Sentinel</em> editor Walter Walker and legendary Colorado Fourth District congressman <strong>Edward T. Taylor</strong>. Aspinall was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and the State Senate, serving as both minority and majority leaders of the latter body on and off in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1948 Aspinall challenged incumbent Robert Rockwell for the congressional seat he had won in 1941 following Edward Taylor’s death. Running on a campaign promoting greater federal involvement in promoting water resources, Aspinall defeated Rockwell. He would represent Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> until 1973.</p> <p>Aspinall joined the House Interior Committee and became an expert on public land and reclamation issues. After the Democrats regained control of Congress in 1955, he chaired the Committee’s Irrigation and Reclamation Subcommittee. By 1959 Aspinall became the Chair of the House Interior Committee, a post he would retain until he left Congress. As chair, Aspinall shaped and influenced legislation directly benefiting the American West in general and his Fourth Congressional District constituents in particular. All mining, public land, reclamation, and Native American legislation had to pass through the House Interior Committee.</p> <p>Aspinall played a direct role in shaping the monumental <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river">Colorado River</a> Storage Project</strong> of 1956, which authorized Flaming Gorge, Curecanti, Navajo, and Glen Canyon Dams and Reservoirs. In 1964 he allowed the Wilderness Act to pass his committee, but not before building in safeguards to protect the interests of traditional users of western lands. In 1968 he helped write the Colorado River Basin Project Act that authorized the Central Arizona Project and numerous other water projects, including five for Aspinall’s home district.</p> <p>By the mid-1960s Aspinall’s strict adherence to a multiple-use natural resource philosophy made him an easy target for environmentalists. His vigorous resistance to early forms of a Wilderness Bill and support for dams in the Grand Canyon to power the Central Arizona Project are just two stances that earned him the enmity of the environmentalist community. In 1972 Sierra Club leader David Brower remarked that the environmental movement had seen “dream after dream dashed on the stony continents of Wayne Aspinall.”</p> <p>Aspinall’s lengthy congressional career came to an end during the 1972 Colorado Democratic Primary when he lost to Denver University law professor Alan Merson, a strong environmentalist. Aspinall’s Fourth Congressional District had been redrawn to include more constituents, with many from more urban areas north of Denver. Merson had been aided by money and publicity from national conservation organizations that had targeted Aspinall for defeat. Remaining true to his values and resource-use philosophy to the end, Aspinall had a difficult time reconciling the new environmental sensitivity of the 1960s and 1970s with the region he had done so much to shape.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schulte-steven-c" hreflang="und">Schulte, Steven C. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wayne-aspinall" hreflang="en">wayne aspinall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspinall-project" hreflang="en">aspinall project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation" hreflang="en">irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/richard-lamm" hreflang="en">Richard Lamm</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-county" hreflang="en">mesa county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-water-history" hreflang="en">colorado water history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Steven C. Schulte, <em>Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West</em>. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002).</p> <p>Steven C. Schulte, “Wayne Aspinall and the Wilderness Act,” <em>Entrada</em> no. 2 (2014).</p> <p>Carol Edmunds, <em>Wayne Aspinall: Mr. Chairman</em> (Lakewood, CO: Crown Point. 1980).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/archives/collections/AspinallCollection.htm">Wayne Aspinall Papers</a>, University of Colorado-Boulder Archives.</p> <p><a href="http://digital.library.du.edu/findingaids/view?docId=ead/m008.xml">Wayne Aspinall Papers</a>, University of Denver Archives.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Wayne Norviel Aspinall (1896–1983) was a long-time Colorado congressman. He born in Ohio. He moved with his family to Palisade, Colorado in 1904. Within a few years, the Aspinalls had a profitable fruit-growing business. Young Wayne had experience with irrigation.</p> <p>Aspinall earned a degree. He enlisted in the army during World War I. After the war, Aspinall came home to the Grand Valley. He taught school and returned to Denver for a law degree. Moving back to Palisade, he became involved in politics.</p> <p>Aspinall was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and the State Senate. In 1948 Aspinall challenged incumbent Robert Rockwell for his congressional seat. Aspinall defeated Rockwell. He would represent Colorado’s Western Slope until 1973.</p> <p>Aspinall joined the House Interior Committee. He became an expert on public land issues. By 1959 Aspinall became the Chair of the House Interior Committee. It was a post he would fill until he left Congress. As chair, Aspinall shaped laws benefiting the American West.</p> <p>Aspinall played a role in the Colorado River Storage Project of 1956. The project authorized dams and reservoirs. In 1964 he allowed the Wilderness Act to pass his committee. He built in safeguards to protect traditional users of western lands.</p> <p>Aspinall’s multiple-use natural resource philosophy made him a target for environmentalists.</p> <p>Aspinall’s political career came to an end during the 1972 Colorado Democratic Primary. He lost to Alan Merson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Wayne Norviel Aspinall (1896–1983) was a long-time Colorado congressman. He born in Ohio. He moved with his family to Palisade, Colorado in 1904. Within a few years, the Aspinalls had a profitable fruit-growing business. Young Wayne had experience with irrigation.</p> <p>Aspinall earned a degree at the University of Denver. He enlisted in the army during World War I. After the war, Aspinall came home to the Grand Valley. He taught school and returned to Denver for a law degree. Moving back to Palisade, he became involved in politics. Aspinall was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and the State Senate. In 1948 Aspinall challenged incumbent Robert Rockwell for his congressional seat. Aspinall defeated Rockwell. He would represent Colorado’s Western Slope until 1973.</p> <p>Aspinall joined the House Interior Committee. He became an expert on public land issues. By 1959 Aspinall became the Chair of the House Interior Committee. It was a post he would fill until he left Congress. As chair, Aspinall shaped laws benefiting the American West.</p> <p>Aspinall played a role in the Colorado River Storage Project of 1956. The project authorized dams and reservoirs. In 1964 he allowed the Wilderness Act to pass his committee. He built in safeguards to protect traditional users of western lands. In 1968, he helped write the Colorado River Basin Project Act. The legislation authorized numerous water projects.</p> <p>Aspinall’s multiple-use natural resource philosophy made him a target for environmentalists.</p> <p>Aspinall’s congressional career came to an end during the 1972 Colorado Democratic Primary. He lost to Alan Merson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Wayne Norviel Aspinall (1896–1983) was a long-time Colorado congressman. He born in Ohio. He moved with his family to Palisade, Colorado in 1904. Within a few years, the Aspinalls had a profitable fruit-growing business. This experience gave young Wayne direct experience with irrigation.</p> <p>At Apinall's 1983 memorial service, Colorado Governor Richard Lamm said, “you can’t take a drink of water in Colorado without remembering Wayne Aspinall.”</p> <p>Aspinall earned a degree at the University of Denver. Afterward, he enlisted in the army during World War I. Aspinall then came home to the Grand Valley. He taught school and returned to Denver for a law degree. Moving back to Palisade, he became involved in politics. Aspinall was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives and the State Senate. He served as both minority and majority leaders of the Senate in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1948 Aspinall challenged incumbent Robert Rockwell for his congressional seat. He ran on a campaign promoting greater federal involvement in water resources. Aspinall defeated Rockwell. He would represent Colorado’s Western Slope until 1973.</p> <p>Aspinall joined the House Interior Committee. He became an expert on public land issues. By 1959 Aspinall became the Chair of the House Interior Committee. It was a post he would retain until he left Congress. As chair, Aspinall shaped legislation benefiting the American West.</p> <p>Aspinall played a role in the Colorado River Storage Project of 1956. The project authorized the Flaming Gorge, Curecanti, Navajo, and Glen Canyon Dams and Reservoirs. In 1964 he allowed the Wilderness Act to pass his committee. However, he built in safeguards to protect traditional users of western lands. In 1968 he helped write the Colorado River Basin Project Act. The legislation authorized the Central Arizona Project and numerous other water projects.</p> <p>By the mid-1960s Aspinall’s multiple-use natural resource philosophy made him a target for environmentalists.</p> <p>Aspinall’s congressional career came to an end during the 1972 Colorado Democratic Primary. He lost to Denver University law professor Alan Merson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Aug 2016 20:56:01 +0000 yongli 1548 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Mesa County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mesa County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2466--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2466.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/monoliths-colorado-national-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado_National_Monument_20170415_2%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UfstZNrF" width="1000" height="1500" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/monoliths-colorado-national-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Monoliths in Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The dramatic scenery at Colorado National Monument, including the vertical cliffs and monoliths are composed of the Triassic Wingate Sandstone which is overlain by the resistant, silica-cemented Kayenta Formation. (<a href="https://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/education/Foos/colm.pdf">Source: National Park Services: Geology of Colorado National Monument</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1521--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1521.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mesa-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/MesaCounty_0.jpg?itok=eYLXxEJX" width="640" height="463" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mesa-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mesa County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mesa County, named for the many flattop mountains within its borders, was established in 1883.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2467--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2467.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/union-state-grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Union_Station_Grand_Junction_20170416-2.jpeg?itok=tbrzYjA8" width="1000" height="505" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/union-state-grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Union State in Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> arrived in March 1883. Along with the irrigation ditches, the railroad’s arrival in Grand Junction was a crucial part of the rapid takeoff in Mesa County agriculture that occurred between 1890 and 1910.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-27T15:11:16-06:00" title="Monday, June 27, 2016 - 15:11" class="datetime">Mon, 06/27/2016 - 15:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-county" data-a2a-title="Mesa County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmesa-county&amp;title=Mesa%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Mesa County is situated on 3,341 square miles of the eastern <strong>Colorado Plateau</strong> in western Colorado. The county is named for the wide, flat-topped mountains within its borders. The Spanish called such mountains <em>mesas</em>—meaning “tables.” The county’s largest mesa, <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>, rises more than 11,000 feet and sprawls 500 square miles over the county’s eastern reaches. The county is bordered by <a href="/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a> to the north; <a href="/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin</strong></a> and <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> Counties to the east; <a href="/article/delta-county"><strong>Delta</strong></a> and <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose</strong></a> Counties to the south; and Grand County, Utah, to the west.</p><p>Mesa County is famous for its fruit orchards, located in the sunny western portion of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> valley (also known as the Grand Valley) along with <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, the county seat and largest city on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. The county has a population of 146,723, most of which is concentrated in and around Grand Junction. The city is home to 59,899 residents, more than a third of the Mesa County population. The remainder is mostly spread across neighboring Clifton (19,889), Redlands (8,685), Fruitvale (7,675), and Orchard Mesa (6,836), and nearby <strong>Fruita </strong>(12,646) and <strong>Palisade </strong>(2,692). Smaller towns include Loma, Mesa, and Whitewater. The county’s two major roadways, <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> and US Route 50, parallel its two major rivers: the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>, which flows into the county from the southeast, and the Colorado, which enters the county from the northeast. Both rivers and both highways converge in Grand Junction. The Grand Mesa Scenic Byway (State Highway 65) bisects the county’s northeastern section.</p><p>Beyond the Grand Valley in the northwest, Mesa County is sparsely populated and dominated by public lands, such as the <a href="/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>, the <strong>Dominguez and Escalante National Conservation Area</strong>, the McInnis Canyon National Conservation Area, and the Uncompahgre and Grand Mesa<strong> </strong><a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>National Forests</strong></a>. In addition to Grand Mesa, prominent geological features include Piñon Mesa, the <strong>Uncompahgre Plateau</strong>, Horse and Bald Mountains, and Glade Park.</p><h2>Native Americans</h2><p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> lived in the Mesa County area as early as 11,000 BC. Between AD 700 and 1200 the area was home to members of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont culture</strong></a>, a semisedentary people who grew crops such as maize and squash in addition to hunting and gathering. By 1300 the area became the homeland of the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> Indians, who would remain the dominant group until their removal by the US government in the 1880s.</p><p>The Mesa County area was home to two distinct bands of Utes: the Parianuche, or “Elk People,” and the Tabeguache, or “the people of Sun Mountain.” The Parianuche spent their summers hunting game in the high country, including Grand Mesa, and wintered in the Grand Valley. The Tabeguache roamed the Uncompahgre Plateau and wintered along the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> between present-day Grand Junction and Montrose. The Utes were skilled hunters, subsisting on large game such as elk and <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, and they also gathered an assortment of berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root. By the late seventeenth century, horses acquired from the Spanish helped the Utes travel faster and farther.</p><h2>Spanish Exploration</h2><p>A treaty in 1750 between the Utes and the Spanish, helped along by decades of trade, guaranteed safe passage for the Spanish through Ute lands. In 1776 the Spanish friars <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Francisco Domínguez and Silvestre Velez de Escalante</strong></a> were the first Europeans to enter the Mesa County area. Their expedition sought to establish a trade route through southwest Colorado that would link Santa Fé with Spanish missions in California. Although the friars failed to reach California, they gathered information on the terrain, resources, and people of what would become southwest Colorado. This information proved invaluable to New Mexicans and eventually Americans. The northern section of what nineteenth-century Americans would call the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong>Old Spanish Trail</strong></a> followed Domínguez and Escalante’s route through the Mesa County area.</p><h2>Fur Trade</h2><p>American trappers and traders began appearing in the Mesa County area after 1821, when Mexico won its independence from Spain and opened trade with the United States. In 1828 the Mexican government granted trapper <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong> license to establish <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a> on the Gunnison River, near the present-day Mesa-Delta County line. The fort became the hub of a bustling regional <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, serving as a base for as many as twenty trappers—<a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> among them—and featuring one of only two general stores west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. The fort never managed to offer full protection from Native Americans, and the fur trade had already declined significantly when the Utes burned the post down in 1844.</p><h2>Exploration and Conflict</h2><p>In 1853 Captain <a href="/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John W. Gunnison</strong></a> led the first American exploration party through present-day Mesa County. Like Domínguez and Escalante nearly eighty years before, Gunnison’s expedition sought to establish a crucial commercial route to California—this time it was for a transcontinental railroad that would link California and the west with the rest of the United States. And like the Spaniards, he failed—the party made it to eastern Utah before it was ambushed by Paiute Indians, who killed Gunnison and all but four members of his expedition.</p><p>Subsequent events brought far more than explorers into Ute country. The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of white Americans—miners, farmers, ranchers, and businessmen—into the Colorado Rockies. The gold rush led to the organization of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. A treaty with the Utes in 1863 gave the United States the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and <strong>Middle Park</strong> in exchange for annual payments and the retention of Ute sovereignty over the western third of the territory.</p><p>But white ranchers and prospectors kept pushing west. Another <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>treaty in 1868</strong></a> sent the Utes to a reservation on Colorado’s Western Slope. In 1879 Utes near the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Indian Agency</strong></a> in present-day <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> revolted against <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian Agent</strong></a> <a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, killing Meeker and ten others. The event provided the final impetus for driving the Utes off the Western Slope entirely; by 1882 most Utes in the area of present-day Mesa County, including the Parianuche and <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>’s Tabeguache, were forced to live on reservations in Utah, ending their centuries-long reign over the Colorado Rockies.</p><h2>County Development</h2><p>The Utes were still leaving when the first permanent white settlers arrived in present-day Mesa County. O. D. Russell, J. Clayton Nichols, and William McGinley followed the Gunnison River to its confluence with the Colorado in September 1881, taking care to avoid the remaining Utes, and staked claims. The Mesa County area was then part of Gunnison County, and back in the county seat of Gunnison, George A. Crawford—a former town builder and governor-elect of Kansas—planned to exploit the situation created with the evacuation of Indians. He set out for the camp established by Russell, and on September 26, 1881, he chose a townsite. Grand Junction, named for the confluence of the Colorado (then known as the “Grand River”) and Gunnison Rivers, was founded that year and incorporated the next. Mesa County, along with Delta and Montrose Counties, was cut from Gunnison County on February 14, 1883.</p><p>In its first year, Grand Junction was supplied by wagons from Gunnison or Fort Crawford, near present-day Montrose. But the town had its first store by December 1881, first hotel—William Green’s Grand Junction House—by January 1882, and its first school later that year. Also in 1882, a number of sawmills—including the Rice Brothers’ on Piñon Mesa and A. M. Sawyer’s on Roan Creek—helped supply the young town with lumber, and water from the Grand River began flowing through the first <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditch.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/union-station-grand-junction"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Union_Station_Grand_Junction_20170416.jpeg" alt="Union State in Grand Junction" width="480" height="320"></a> The <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> arrived in March 1883. Crawford had sold half of the town company’s stock to the railroad in exchange for its promise to build a <a href="/article/grand-junction-depot"><strong>depot</strong></a> and servicing stations. Along with the irrigation ditches, the railroad’s arrival in Grand Junction was a crucial part of the rapid takeoff in Mesa County agriculture that occurred between 1890 and 1910; the fruit crops of the Grand Valley could now be shipped to hungry miners in the mountains and elsewhere.</p><p>In 1899, with Grand Valley farmers already harvesting bountiful crops of peaches and apples, Mesa County boosters successfully lobbied for the construction of Colorado’s first sugar beet factory in Grand Junction. The factory remained in operation until 1929, as the nexus of <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet cultivation</strong></a> had by then shifted to the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> valleys.</p><h2>Fruit Industry</h2><p>In the early 1880s—at the same time the Utes were being removed from the Gunnison, Colorado, and Uncompahgre River valleys—Anglo-American horticulturalists and prospective farmers noticed the growth of wild berries and other fruit-bearing flora in the region. <strong>William E. Pabor</strong> and others opined that the dry, sunny <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> of the Western Slope valleys would, with sufficient irrigation from the rivers, be ideal for growing fruit. In 1883 Pabor and Elam Blain planted the first fruit trees in the valley, including peaches, cherries, plums, and apples. The development of irrigation, the appetites of miners in mountain towns, and the arrival of the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad in 1883 set the stage for an agricultural boom in the Grand Valley.</p><p>By 1910 more than a million trees stood on 20,000 acres of fruit orchards in the valley, watered by massive <a href="/article/grand-valley-irrigation"><strong>irrigation projects</strong></a> such as the Grand Valley Project and Orchard Mesa Canals. The Highline Project was another ambitious canal project involving a series of dams and ditches designed to irrigate some 50,000 acres at the base of the Book Cliffs north of Grand Junction; it was completed in 1918. By spreading the wealth of river water, these projects augmented the development of small towns such as Fruita, Orchard Mesa, Palisade, Clifton, and Loma. While each of those towns has a history of fruit production, perhaps no two towns represent the promises and pitfalls of the Mesa County fruit industry better than Fruita and Palisade.</p><p>Homesteaders began settling the area of Fruita around 1882, but the town was not organized until the fruit-farming proponent William Pabor organized the Fruita Town and Land Company in May 1884. Pabor was a veteran of another agricultural venture, the <strong>Union Colony</strong> on the plains north of Denver, and envisioned a similar community several miles downstream from Grand Junction.</p><p>Apple and pear orchards were planted around the turn of the century, and the Chamber of Commerce promoted the industry by working to have Fruita’s produce on display at fairs across the country. After two decades of booming fruit production, a lethal combination of seasonal frosts, codling moths, grower ineptitude, and salty soil caused by overuse of irrigation water destroyed the apple and pear orchards. By the mid-1920s, peach trees, which were not affected by the codling moth, were planted in East Orchard Mesa and Palisade to replace the lost apple and pear trees. Fruita’s agricultural base shifted from fruit to potatoes, sugar beets, and wheat.</p><p>The fertility of the soil in the Palisade area was first tested in 1882 by John P. Harlow, who grew vegetables for his wife’s restaurant in Grand Junction. The cliffs to the north and east of the area blocked winds and helped keep Palisade several degrees warmer than other surrounding areas; this did not go unnoticed by the area’s first orchardists. Before irrigation ditches were dug near the turn of the century, J. L. Oliver and William and Frank Berger had to haul barrels of Colorado River water to their orchards. Palisade, named for the towering cliffs that protected its orchards, was founded in 1895 and incorporated in 1904.</p><p>Local inventions throughout the early twentieth century, including a bottom-opening picking sack, an oil-burning "smudge pot" that protected fruit from frost, and de-fuzzers, propelled Palisade to the pinnacle of peach production. By 1945 the orchards around Palisade held 852,566 trees, and growers shipped about a million bushels of peaches annually from 1940 to 1961. The United Fruit Growers, a marketing group formed by George Bowman in 1923, still serves Palisade peach farmers today.</p><h2>Ranching</h2><p>Large-scale herders—including the Kimball Brothers, the YT outfit, and the Smith brothers—introduced the first cattle herds to the county in 1882. They quickly realized that Grand Mesa offered some of the best grazing land in the country. After the railroad arrived, livestock raising became big business in Mesa County; stockyards developed in Appleton, De Beque, Grand Junction, and Whitewater, and by 1920, more than 50,000 cattle grazed on upward of 44,000 acres of alfalfa and hay. The Mogensen Slaughter House near Fruita operated from 1920 to 1945.</p><p>The cattle wranglers were followed by sheepherders in the 1890s, but before herds of either animal could freely graze the Grand Mesa area, predators such as wolves, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lions</strong></a>, and bears had to be eradicated. Wolves were wiped out first, their destruction aided by the rapid decline in elk and deer that came with the county’s initial settlement. Resourceful mountain lions hung on, preying not only on cattle and sheep but also horses. As proof of the threat they posed to the livestock industry, the first large tourist attraction in Western Colorado was likely the De Beque Lion Hunt, in which participants helped fund and accompanied parties that hunted the animals. Government bounties on lions, bears, and other predators also helped expedite their destruction.</p><p>After Grand Mesa’s predator populations were cut down, stockmen set their sights on each other. As was common throughout Colorado’s Western Slope at that time, Mesa County’s sheepherders and cattlemen squared off in ugly <strong>range wars</strong>. Jealous cattleman drove herds of hundreds or thousands of sheep off cliffs and harassed or shot shepherds; the lack of witnesses and the remote setting of these crimes meant that many went unpunished. These conflicts ceased only after the Forest Service acquired Grand Mesa in 1924 and after the <strong>Taylor Grazing Act</strong> of 1934 required ranchers to buy permits that limited both the number of animals they could raise and the amount of land they could graze on.</p><h2>Hub of the Western Slope</h2><p>Over the course of the twentieth century, the success of surrounding farmers and ranchers turned Grand Junction into a hub of commerce and culture, and the city’s population grew each decade. The Durham Stockyard was already operating for six years by 1900. By 1920 the city’s population had grown to 8,665, and over the next decade Grand Junction gained another 1,500 residents in addition to a new courthouse, the Avalon Theatre, and an extension campus of the University of Colorado that eventually became <strong>Colorado Mesa University</strong>.</p><p>City Market opened the first large supermarket on the Western Slope in 1939. Canneries, the first of which was built in 1911, kicked into high gear in the 1940s to supply Mesa County fruit and vegetables to soldiers during <strong>World War II</strong>. Major airline service began in 1946 with Monarch Airlines, which later became Frontier. By the 1950s, a number of wholesale firms, including Biggs-Kurtz Hardware and the Independent Lumber Company, centered their regional operations in the city. The regional <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a><strong> </strong>boom also brought hundreds of jobs, and the city hosted a secret uranium refinery that operated from 1943-45.</p><p>In the 1960s, the city’s rich balance of business and culture was enhanced by the expansion of downtown shopping districts and infrastructure, and <em>Look </em>magazine recognized Grand Junction with one of its “All America City” awards. The <strong>Museum of Western Colorado</strong> became the twenty-eighth museum to be accredited by the American Association of Museums in 1971, and in the 1970s a short-lived <strong>oil shale</strong> boom brought additional prosperity. In the 1980s, grape growing in neighboring Palisade gave rise to a new industry—wine tourism—and today Grand Junction advertises itself as “Colorado Wine Country.”</p><h2>Farm Labor</h2><p>After the turn of the century, most of the people in Mesa County had come from Kansas, Arkansas, and especially Iowa. Indeed, so many Iowans came to Mesa County and Grand Junction and Palisade that the two cities held an annual festival called “Iowa Days.” But over the years Mesa County acquired many different hands, most of whom came to raise the county’s profitable orchards and farm fields.</p><p>The <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> brought many new arrivals to the county. At first, children between the ages of eleven and fifteen were hired to do the backbreaking work of harvesting beets. But then, as in other parts of Colorado, German Russian immigrants—who had experience cultivating beets overseas—supplied the bulk of Mesa County’s beet field labor during the early twentieth century. In 1916 the Holly Sugar Company—the third owner of the beet factory in seventeen years—began contracting with Mexican laborers to work the Grand Valley beet fields. The Grand Junction plant closed in 1929, but many of the Mexican immigrants who came to work in beet fields became permanent residents; some likely found work in the fruit orchards.</p><p>At the beginning of the twentieth century, labor for the burgeoning fruit industry was supplied locally. The industry kept the Mesa County economy stable during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when families came from as far away as Missouri to pick peaches. The labor shortage of <strong>World War II</strong> was remedied by German and Austrian prisoners of war, who had to meet individual quotas of seventy bushels of peaches per day. These immigrant groups were always augmented by young people from the surrounding community, and by the 1980s many of the fruit pickers were migrant Mexican laborers. Ultimately, the demand for agricultural labor produced by the sugar beet and fruit industries in the twentieth century brought a number of different cultures and individuals through the upper Grand Valley, resulting in more diverse communities.</p><h2>Natural Treasures</h2><p>Grand Mesa, the largest flat-top mountain in the world, was formed when ancient lava flows hardened over a core of older rock, forming a layer of basalt hundreds of feet thick that protected it from the erosion that wore down the surrounding area. For hundreds of years, the Utes climbed to the top to hunt elk and deer and gather all kinds of useful plants. After the Utes were removed from the area, ranchers coveted the mesa for its fertile grazing grounds, and hunters for its abundance of large predatory game. Of all the big-game hunters who trekked up Grand Mesa, Teddy Roosevelt was the most famous; the newly elected president bagged three bears on a hunting trip in 1905.</p><p>To the loud protests of county residents who wanted to continue their unrestrained usage of its resources, Grand Mesa was included in the Battlement Mesa Reserve, formed in December 1892. Under Theodore Roosevelt’s administration in 1908, the Battlement Mesa Reserve became the Battlement National Forest. In 1924 the forest was renamed Grand Mesa National Forest, and today it is administered—along with the Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests—by a regional supervisor’s office in Delta.</p><p>Another federal initiative during this period was the establishment of Colorado National Monument in 1911. The monument encompasses thirty-two square miles of towering, red-rocked cliffs and canyons southwest of Grand Junction. The spectacular landscape was carved by millions of years of water and wind erosion; thus, its rock formations are vertical geologic timelines, with rocks at the foundations dating from nearly 1.7 billion years ago. The monument’s creation can be mostly credited to <strong>John Otto</strong>, the trailblazer who moved to Grand Junction from Missouri in 1906 and fell in love with the landscape to the southwest. He began carving his own trails and scaling the sheer and imposing formations, which he called “monuments.” Many tourists who climb and hike in the monument today follow trails that Otto carved mostly by himself.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>Thanks to its productive orchards and vineyards, sunny climate, and an abundance of public land, Mesa County has developed a robust tourism industry. Each year, thousands of outdoor enthusiasts use the Grand Junction area as a base as they hike, mountain bike, rock-climb, fish, raft, and camp on nearby public lands. Thousands more tourists pick peaches on the county’s 1,800 acres of peach orchards and sample wine at its twenty-two vineyards.</p><p>The 2012 Census of Agriculture ranked Mesa County as the top fruit-producing county in the state and within the top 5 percent of all fruit-producing counties in the nation. Mesa County also ranks third in the state in production of eggs and poultry.</p><p>Although agriculture has in the past provided some degree of insulation for the Grand Junction economy during broader regional downswings, the recent crash in natural gas prices has hurt the city’s efforts to replace nearly 3,000 jobs lost in the economic downturn of 2008. The growing tourism industry—bolstered by the highly touted orchards and vineyards—may provide some relief, as the city collected more tax revenue from lodging in May 2014 than it did in any year since 2008.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-county" hreflang="en">mesa county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fruita" hreflang="en">Fruita</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fruit-industry" hreflang="en">fruit industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/peaches" hreflang="en">peaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wine" hreflang="en">wine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope-irrigation" hreflang="en">western slope irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-grand-valley" hreflang="en">irrigation in grand valley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charles Abbott, Stephen Leonard, and Dave McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State, </em>3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1995).</p><p>Laurena Mayne Davis, ed., <em>Monumental Majesty: 100 Years of Colorado National Monument </em>(Grand Junction, CO: Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, 2011).</p><p>Ben Markus, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/grand-junction-natural-gas-crash-still-reverberates-through-struggling-economy">In Grand Junction, Natural Gas Crash Still Reverberates Through Struggling Economy,”</a> <em>Colorado Public Radio</em>, August 26, 2014.</p><p>Muriel Marshall, <em>Island in the Sky: The Story of Grand Mesa </em>(Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1999).</p><p>Emma McCreanor, “Mesa County, Colorado: A 100 Year History” (Grand Junction: Museum of Western Colorado Press, 1986).</p><p>Steven F. Mehls, <em>The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado</em> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p><p>Museums of Western Colorado, “<a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/learn/grand-valley-geo-and-paleo/">Geology of the Grand Valley</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Museums of Western Colorado, “<a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/learn/virtual-exhibits/history-of-grand-valley/grand-junction-history/">Grand Junction History</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Joyce Sexton, “<a href="https://aes.colostate.edu/wcrc/stations/orchard-mesa/history-of-the-fruit-industry-in-mesa-county/">History of the Fruit Industry in Mesa County</a>,” Western Colorado Research Center (Colorado State University, 2013).</p><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p><p>Kendall Slee, “<a href="http://kendallslee.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LTA_FRPP_Final_9-231.pdf">The Power of Leveraging Local and Federal Dollars to Strengthen Agricultural Land Easement Investments</a>,” (Washington, DC: Land Trust Alliance, 2012).</p><p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/forest/colorado-nf/inventory3.htm">Administering the National Forests of Colorado: An Assessment of the Architectural and Cultural Significance of Historical Administrative Properties</a>,” updated 2008.</p><p>William Wyckoff, <em>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860–1940 </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.gjcity.org/">City of Grand Junction</a></p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-dinosaur-diamond">Colorado Scenic Byway: Dinosaur Diamond</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-grand-mesa">Colorado Scenic Byway: Grand Mesa</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm">Colorado National Monument</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/">Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</a></p><p><a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/">Grand Junction Vacation, Tourism, and Travel Information</a></p><p><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/gmug">Grand Mesa and Uncompahgre National Forests</a></p><p><a href="https://www.mesacounty.us/">Mesa County</a></p><p><a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/">Museum of Western Colorado</a></p><p><a href="https://palisade.colorado.gov/">Town of Palisade</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 27 Jun 2016 21:11:16 +0000 yongli 1520 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org