%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Wildfire in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wildfire in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1510--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1510.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beaver-creek-fire-2016"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/beavercreekfire_0.jpg?itok=QavKgkQB" width="780" height="585" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beaver-creek-fire-2016" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beaver Creek Fire, 2016</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Beaver Creek Fire burns in the Routt National Forest in northwestern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson County</strong></a> in late June 2016.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3433--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3433.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-burned-area"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2020_10_03-BAERphoto1_0.jpeg?itok=pXJLHs6x" width="620" height="465" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-burned-area" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire Burned Area</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Burned landscape in the foothills west of Fort Collins after the 2020 Cameron Peak Fire, the largest wildfire in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3434--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3434.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-smoke-plume"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2020_10_14-15.00.10.962-CDT_0.jpeg?itok=isCn9v_y" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cameron-peak-fire-smoke-plume" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cameron Peak Fire Smoke Plume</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>On October 14, 2020, high winds pushed the Cameron Peak Fire some 20,000 acres eastward toward <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>. Smoke plumes towered over the city, which dealt with dark skies, raining ash, and extremely poor air quality.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-09T15:25:30-06:00" title="Monday, May 9, 2016 - 15:25" class="datetime">Mon, 05/09/2016 - 15:25</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado" data-a2a-title="Wildfire in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwildfire-colorado&amp;title=Wildfire%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Coloradans have coevolved with fire. From early indigenous people to Euro-American colonizers, to modern government agents, humans have influenced the direction of fire as much as fire has influenced the course of people. The fire-adapted landscapes we see in Colorado today, as well as the rash of huge blazes, are the direct result of these historical precedents.</p> <h2>Indigenous Peoples</h2> <p>Indigenous people first used fire in what is now Colorado in a variety of ways. Oral traditions from <strong><a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation">Utes</a></strong>, for instance, indicate that their ancestors lit blazes in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> from earliest times up until 1920. They used conflagrations as a tool for clearing understory vegetation, which eliminated cover for competing predators such as wolves and fleeing prey like <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>. The Plains Nations&nbsp;of eastern Colorado, including the <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, also set frequent low-intensity burns to promote the growth of tender grass shoots favored by the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> they hunted. As indigenous populations and climatic conditions established historic fire regimes, neighboring flora and fauna adapted to these blazes. For example, many conifer forests depend on wildfire burns to regenerate in montane ecosystems. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers#Ponderosa-Pine"><strong>Ponderosa pine</strong></a> trees (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em>), which cover about 2 million acres in Colorado today, developed over millennia with low-intensity ground fires. These conflagrations produce ideal conditions for pine germination by eliminating rival foliage. In addition, the flames’ penetrating heat causes pinecones to release their seeds. Both Colorado’s people and environment came to depend upon fire.</p> <h2>Colonization</h2> <p>Fire suppression, however, has inhibited these evolutionary processes. Following Euro-American settlement initiated by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="whites" data-grammar-rule="WSC_15159615172284435663" data-wsc-id="ljfx0q4tz9gc4iezx" data-wsc-lang="en_US">whites</span> worried about dwindling timber resources in Colorado due to mining, logging, and railroads. The government solution was to conserve timber stands through scientific management. In 1885 Colorado established a state forestry commission in order to protect trees until they reached market, which often involved the exclusion of fire from landscapes. Similarly, in 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt began to designate vast sections of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Colorado Rockies</strong></a> as national reserves under the newly organized <strong><a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado">US Forest Service</a></strong> (USFS). These included the Arapaho, Gunnison, and Pike National Forests.</p> <p>After the 1910 Big Blowup, a massive wildfire that consumed approximately 3 million acres in Washington, Idaho, and Montana, suppression became the dominant national fire policy in the American West. The USFS reinforced this notion in 1935 with its so-called 10 a.m. policy. The strategy stipulated that any wildfire must be under control by 10 a.m. the day after a fire was reported. In sum, a variety of factors combined to produce a federal policy meant to curtail all wildfires and minimize damage to Colorado’s fire-prone landscapes. This belief became institutionalized by the USFS in 1944 with the cultural symbol of Smokey Bear and his famous “only you can prevent wildfires” message.</p> <h2>From Fire Science to Firewise</h2> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, fire ecology studies rediscovered that wildfires were beneficial to many environments. The National Park Service’s 1963 Leopold Report, for instance, argued in favor of periodic burnings within park units in order to rehabilitate dilapidated forests. Three master’s theses from <strong>Colorado State University</strong> published between 1975 and 1979 followed the Leopold Report’s path by suggesting the potential advantages of a reestablished fire regime for habitats within <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> and other forested areas. As a result of new scientific research, the USFS changed its policy to permit certain wildland fires, and the agency even promoted some prescribed burns.</p> <p>Despite the altered views of the USFS, many Coloradans continued to desire all-out fire control and suppression. A desire to live close to nature, combined with post–World War II affluence and automobility, permitted development to encroach on fire-adapted landscapes such as forests and grasslands. One example of this type of residential growth is the Burland Ranchettes subdivision west of Denver. By 2000, almost one-quarter of all Coloradans dwelled in the forests of the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Although science has shown the benefits of wildland fire, the public has remained slow to catch on.</p> <p>Fire seasons in the 1980s turned out to be catalysts for policy action. In 1985 wildfires burned down nearly 1,400 homes across the United States, and in 1989 fire burned 47 houses in Colorado. The US Department of the Interior, the USFS, and the National Fire Protection Association teamed up to address problems associated with WUI and wildfire. The three entities created an outreach program called <strong>Firewise Communities</strong> to educate homeowners on wildfire issues. The Firewise program, implemented by the State of Colorado in the early 1990s, placed the initial burden of fire prevention on homeowners themselves. The program educated residential landholders about the risks associated with living in fire-prone landscapes and promoted the establishment of “defensible space.” This latter goal entailed property management practices that safeguard against fire. In <a href="/article/summit-county"><strong>Summit County</strong></a>, for example, the local government mandated that anyone building houses in forested areas must use fire-retardant materials, install protective sprinklers, remove nearby trees, and keep enough water to douse out-of-control blazes. These precautionary measures formed perimeters for firefighters attempting to save houses. From these initial efforts, Colorado has now founded more than 100 Firewise Communities.</p> <h2>Climate Change</h2> <p>Global warming threatens&nbsp;future&nbsp;development in the Wildland-Urban Interface, as wildfires become more frequent and severe. Human-induced climate change, initiated from the burning of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution, has upset historic precipitation and temperature patterns across Colorado, the United States, and the world. In addition, forest growth accumulated during&nbsp;a 100-year policy of fire exclusion&nbsp;has primed Colorado's&nbsp;forests for the rash of huge fires seen in the twenty-first century. The ten largest fires in state history have all occurred since 2000, with three record-breaking blazes in 2020 alone. Scientists are beginning to understand that, under current climate conditions and trends,&nbsp;the forests burned in these large, recent fires may never recover, and their charred remains will instead foster completely different landscapes.</p> <h2><strong>Largest Fires in Colorado&nbsp;History</strong></h2> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:470px"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="rtecenter" style="width:450px"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:464px"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Fire</strong></span></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Year</strong></span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Size (acres)</strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Location</strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>Cause</strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cameron-peak-fire"><strong>Cameron Peak</strong></a></span></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2020</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">208,913</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Human</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/article/east-troublesome-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>East Troublesome Fire</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2020</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">193,812</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Human</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/article/pine-gulch-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Pine Gulch</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2020</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">139,007</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Lightning</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="/article/hayman-fire"><strong>Hayman</strong></a></span></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2002</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">137,760</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county"><strong>Teller County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Human</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/west-fork-complex-fires"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>West Fork Complex</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2013</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">109,049</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hinsdale-county"><strong>Hinsdale County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Lightning</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Spring Creek</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2018</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">108,045</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/costilla-county">Costilla</a>, <a href="/article/huerfano-county">Huerfano </a></strong>Counties</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Human</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><strong><a href="/article/high-park-fire">High Park</a>&nbsp;</strong></span></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2012</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">87,250</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Larimer County</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Lightning</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/missionary-ridge-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Missionary Ridge</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2002</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">71,739</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Unknown</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/416-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>416</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2018</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">52,778</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">La Plata County</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Railroad</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bridger-fire"><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>Bridger</strong></span></a></td> <td style="width:46px"><span style="font-size:14px">2008</span></td> <td style="width:62px"><span style="font-size:14px">46,612</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas County</strong></a></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:14px">Lightning</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>From the ashes of each of these major fires, a major question arises: How can opposing viewpoints about wildfire—between ecological necessity and recent suppression—be reconciled?</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wright-will" hreflang="und">Wright, Will</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildfire-colorado" hreflang="en">wildfire in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fire-colorado" hreflang="en">fire in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildfire" hreflang="en">wildfire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fire" hreflang="en">fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/forest-fire" hreflang="en">forest fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/forest-fire-colorado" hreflang="en">forest fire in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-forest-fire" hreflang="en">history of forest fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-park-fire" hreflang="en">high park fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/waldo-canyon-fire" hreflang="en">waldo canyon fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Martin E. Alexander, “Fuels Description in Lodgepole Pine Stands of the Colorado Front Range” (master’s thesis, Colorado State University, 1979).</p> <p>William L. Baker, “Indians and Fire in the Rocky Mountains,” in <em>Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape</em>, ed. Thomas R. Vale (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002).</p> <p>Lincoln Bramwell, <em>Wilderburbs: Communities on Nature’s Edge</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014).</p> <p>Karl Brauneis, “Fire Use during the Great Sioux War,” <em>Forest Management Today </em>64 (Summer 2004).</p> <p>Harry B. Clagg, “Fire Ecology in High-Elevation Forests in Colorado” (master’s thesis, Colorado State University, 1975).</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://static.colostate.edu/client-files/csfs/pdfs/wholenotebook.pdf">Are you Firewise?</a>” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/wildfire-mitigation/colorado-firewise-communities/">Colorado Firewise Communities</a>,” 2016.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://static.colostate.edu/client-files/csfs/pdfs/ColoradoFireEcologyOverview101712.pdf">Fire Ecology in Colorado</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://static.colostate.edu/client-files/csfs/documents/Redzone_11x17_flat.pdf">Interface Areas of High Wildfire Risk in Colorado</a>,” September 2004.</p> <p>Colorado State Forest Service, “<a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/wildfire-mitigation/wildfire-history/">Wildfire History</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Joseph A. Donnegan, Thomas T. Veblen, and Jason S. Sibold, “Climatic and Human Influences on Fire History in Pike National Forest, Central Colorado,” <em>Canadian Journal of Forest Research </em>31 (2001).</p> <p>Firewise Communities, “<a href="https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Fire-causes-and-risks/Wildfire/Firewise-USA">Firewise at NFPA: A brief history</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Kevin Hamm, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/06/07/colorado-wildfires-major-fires-from-1971-2013-interactive-graphic/">Colorado wildfires, major fires from 1971–2013: Interactive graphic</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, June 7, 2014.</p> <p>Robin Wall Kimmerer and Frank Kanawha Lake, “The Role of Indigenous Burning in Land Management,” <em>Journal of Forestry </em>99 (November 2001).</p> <p>A. S. Leopold, S. A. Cain, C. M. Cottam, I. N. Gabrielson, and T. L. Kimball, “<a href="https://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/leopold-report/complete.htm">Wildlife Management in the National Parks: The Leopold Report</a>,” Crater Lake Institute, March 4, 1963.</p> <p>Stephen J. Pyne, “Consumed by Either Fire or Fire: A Review of the Environmental Consequences of Anthropogenic Fire,” in <em>Global Environmental History: An Introductory Reader</em>, eds. J. R. McNeill and Alan Roe (New York: Routledge, 2013).</p> <p>Thomas Michael Power, “Avoiding a New ‘Conspiracy of Optimism,’” in <em>The Wildfire Reader: A Century of Failed Forest Policy</em>, ed. George Wuerthner (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006).</p> <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982).</p> <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: Nature and Culture </em>(London: Reaktion Books, 2012).</p> <p>Stephen J. Pyne, “Green Fire Meets Red Fire,” in <em>After Preservation: Saving American Nature in the Age of Humans</em>, eds. Ben A. Minteer and Stephen J. Pyne (Chicago: University Press of Chicago, 2015).</p> <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Tending Fire: Coping with America’s Wildland Fires</em> (Washington DC: Island Press, 2004).</p> <p>V. C. Radeloff, R. C. Hammer, S. I. Stewart, J. S. Fried, S. S. Holcomb, and J. F. McKeefry, “The Wildland-Urban Interface in the United States,” <em>Ecological Applications </em>15 (2005).</p> <p>Kevin C. Ryan, “Forest Fire Hazard and Risk in Colorado” (master’s thesis, Colorado State University, 1976).</p> <p>Will Steffen, Jacques Grinevald, Paul Crutzen, and John McNeill, “<a href="https://www.royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2010.0327">The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives</a>,” <em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</em> 369 (January 2011).</p> <p>Sam Tabachnik&nbsp;and Kieran Nicholson, "<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/08/12/pine-gulch-fire-update-august-12/">Pine Gulch fire update: Wildfire near Grand Junction pushes past&nbsp;58,000 acres</a>,"&nbsp;<em>The Denver Post</em>, August 12, 2020.</p> <p>United States Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/arp/about-forest">Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>United States Forest Service, “<a href="https://foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/2/colorado/sec2.htm">The National Forests of Colorado</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Gerald W. Williams, “American Indian Fire Use in the Arid West,” <em>Forest Management Today</em> 64 (Summer 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://csfs.colostate.edu/">Colorado State Forest Service</a>.</p> <p>Michael Kodas,&nbsp;<em>Megafire: The Race to Extinguish a Deadly Epidemic of Flame&nbsp;</em>(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2017).</p> <p>Thomas R. Vale, ed., <em>Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape</em> (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002).</p> <p>George Wuerthner, ed., <em>The Wildfire Reader: A Century of Failed Forest Policy</em> (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 09 May 2016 21:25:30 +0000 yongli 1356 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org