%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Petticrew Stage Stop http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/petticrew-stage-stop <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Petticrew Stage Stop</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-21T14:43:46-06:00" title="Monday, May 21, 2018 - 14:43" class="datetime">Mon, 05/21/2018 - 14:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/petticrew-stage-stop" data-a2a-title="Petticrew Stage Stop"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpetticrew-stage-stop&amp;title=Petticrew%20Stage%20Stop"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Surrounded by prairie grass and juniper, the Petticrew Stage Stop stands approximately twenty-five miles south of <strong>Lamar</strong> in <a href="/article/prowers-county"><strong>Prowers County</strong></a>. Built in the early 1890s by John L. Petticrew, the building served as a stop between Lamar and <strong>Springfield</strong>, providing travelers with a place to eat and receive fresh horses. Today, the stage stop’s sandstone house and barn are part of Cedar Cliff Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ranch Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1892 John L. Petticrew and his wife, Olive, purchased a 160-acre ranch from Horace C. Abbott and began making improvements to the property. Petticrew also expanded the ranch, acquiring an additional 320 acres by 1895 and another 160 acres by 1907. Lacking timber and finding the cost of importing more traditional building materials too steep, Petticrew chose instead to use a more readily available resource to build his ranch. He used sandstone quarried from a local site for his house, barn, and walls. Although the quality of the construction varies around the property, the Petticrew Ranch is the most intact example of owner-built, stone dwellings in southeastern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Petticrew family successfully raised cattle and sheep on their land. According to Petticrew’s daughter, Rose Schuler, the family lived in the barn when they first homesteaded the land. The house was constructed in sections, starting with the dining room and west bedroom. Two other bedrooms, a living room, and a parlor were added later. Based on the large size of stones used in constructions and the horse-powered transportation available in the late 1890s and early 1900s, construction must have taken place over several years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The barn was built to accommodate the feeding of horses for stagecoaches and freight wagons. It is a rare example of stone bank barn design, meaning it is accessible at ground level from two separate levels because it is perched on a slight hill. The three-level barn has seven stalls, a blacksmith area, and tack and feed rooms. The Petticrew property also included a smokehouse, a privy, and a wooden windmill complete with a concrete water storage tank.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Stage Stop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting in the late 1880s, wagon freighters, stagecoach lines, and the Santa Fe Railroad all operated out of Lamar, making it a regional economic hub. Travelers coming through the area that would later become the Petticrew holdings frequented a nearby hotel. But after it burned to the ground, folks on the trail found themselves without a place to sleep and refuel. Capitalizing on his location twenty-five miles south of Lamar, Petticrew realized that he had an opportunity to supplement his income by accommodating travelers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Petticrew house became the headquarters for the family’s stage stop. Petticrew raised Percheron horses and Olive cooked meals for weary travelers. The family even offered overnight lodging. Serving both local stage and freight routes between Lamar and Springfield, Petticrew operated the stage stop and ran a mail route, making himself an important node on the long overland journey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cedar Cliff Ranch</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1925 Petticrew lost his ranch after a cattle deal went sour. Later that year, Clark and Naomi Fowler purchased the Petticrew holdings from the Lamar National Bank for $6 an acre. John and Olive Petticrew continued to live on the property in a small stone house north of ranch headquarters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Fowlers incorporated the Petticrew holdings into their own property, known as Cedar Cliff Ranch. What was once the Petticrew property is still run and operated by the Fowler family, who have maintained and repaired the ranch’s original sandstone structures over the years. The buildings remain functional, which is a testament to the quality of Petticrew’s masonry. The smokehouse, for example, is still used to smoke and cure meats. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. In 2015 the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> issued the property a $9,500 grant for a historic structure assessment.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bowley-nicoli" hreflang="und">Bowley, Nicoli</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/petticrew-stage-stop" hreflang="en">petticrew stage stop</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lamar" hreflang="en">Lamar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county-history" hreflang="en">prowers county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-l-petticrew" hreflang="en">john l petticrew</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ranch" hreflang="en">Ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cedar-cliff-ranch" hreflang="en">cedar cliff ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southeast-colorado" hreflang="en">southeast colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p class="Normal1" style="line-height:200%;tab-stops:13.5pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Charles Fowler, “Petticrew Stage Stop,” Colorado State Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (November 22, 1999).<p></p></span></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="Normal1" style="line-height:200%;tab-stops:13.5pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Charles Fowler, “Petticrew Stage Stop,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 20, 2000).<p></p></span></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ava A. Betz, <em>A Prowers County History</em> (Lamar, CO: Prowers County Historical Society, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hal O. Kesler,<em> Lamar, Colorado—Its first hundred years, 1886–1986</em> (Shawnee Mission, KS, 1986).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 May 2018 20:43:46 +0000 yongli 2887 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Wiley Rock Schoolhouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wiley-rock-schoolhouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wiley Rock Schoolhouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2729--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2729.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/wiley-rock-schoolhouse"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Wiley_Rock_Schoolhouse.jpeg?itok=789rggh3" width="800" height="405" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/wiley-rock-schoolhouse" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Wiley Rock Schoolhouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Wiley Rock Schoolhouse, located at 603 Main Street in Wiley, Colorado. The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It&nbsp;is made of reused concrete blocks with a local sandstone slab veneer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-08-25T13:38:18-06:00" title="Friday, August 25, 2017 - 13:38" class="datetime">Fri, 08/25/2017 - 13:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wiley-rock-schoolhouse" data-a2a-title="Wiley Rock Schoolhouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwiley-rock-schoolhouse&amp;title=Wiley%20Rock%20Schoolhouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Wiley Rock Schoolhouse, built by the Works Progress Administration in 1938, is located on Main Street in the <a href="/article/prowers-county"><strong>Prowers County</strong></a> town of Wiley (603 Main Street in Wiley, Colorado). Originally built as an annex for the adjacent Wiley High School, Wiley Rock Schoolhouse is made of reused concrete blocks with a local sandstone slab veneer. The schoolhouse served as additional classroom space until Wiley built a new schools complex in 1982. The rock schoolhouse was preserved by local residents and is now used for community meetings and private events.</p> <h2>Building the Rock Schoolhouse</h2> <p>In the 1880s and 1890s, settlement started on the north side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> around what is now Wiley, but the town was not officially incorporated until 1907. That year Wiley’s first substantial buildings were constructed, and the first post office and school opened. Over the next few decades, the Wiley School District absorbed several one-room rural schools, leaving Wiley as the only high school in the area.</p> <p>To accommodate the growing number of students attending Wiley High School, in 1938 the school district constructed a high school annex to provide additional space for classes in subjects such as band, orchestra, agriculture, and blacksmithing. The project was funded largely by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> agency designed to combat the <strong>Great Depression</strong> by providing jobs to unemployed workers while also building civic, recreational, and cultural infrastructure. School buildings were a major area of focus for the WPA, especially in rural communities where the existing facilities were inadequate. In the eight years of its existence, the WPA built or repaired nearly 500 schools in Colorado.</p> <p>Following its usual practices, the WPA hired local laborers and used local materials to construct the Wiley Rock Schoolhouse. Many of the workers who built the schoolhouse came from nearby farming families. The building’s walls were made of concrete blocks reused from the former Equity Building in downtown Wiley, while its facade and front curb along Main Street used uncoursed sandstone slabs quarried from near the Arkansas River.</p> <p>The finished one-story schoolhouse faced east onto Main Street. The primary entrance stood in the center of the facade and was flanked by symmetrical sets of two windows to each side. Inside, the building had a central hallway that provided access to four large classrooms, including a blacksmith shop and a soundproof band room. The rooms had wood floors and slate chalkboards.</p> <h2>Recent History</h2> <p>After World War II, the Wiley School District expanded the rock schoolhouse by moving barracks from a nearby military base and using them as classrooms. One of the barracks was attached to the rear of the rock schoolhouse until it was removed when Wiley built a large new school and gymnasium complex just west of the rock schoolhouse in 1982. After the new school complex opened, the rock schoolhouse briefly became a senior center and museum operated by the local Lions Club. The school district later reclaimed the rock schoolhouse for use as a temporary preschool facility but considered demolishing the building after a permanent preschool opened. Locals protested the proposed demolition and saved the schoolhouse, which is now used for community meetings, summer school programs, and private events.</p> <p>The rock schoolhouse is now the oldest school building still standing in Wiley. It is owned by the Wiley School District but is leased to Prowers County, which maintains the building. In 2004 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the late 2000s the Prowers County Historical Society used grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> to rehabilitate the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wiley" hreflang="en">Wiley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-schools" hreflang="en">historic schools</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/works-progress-administration" hreflang="en">Works Progress Administration</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> Fri, 25 Aug 2017 19:38:18 +0000 yongli 2730 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Prowers County Welfare Housing http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county-welfare-housing <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Prowers County Welfare Housing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2648--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2648.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/welfare-housing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Prowers_County_Welfare_Housing_20170529_05_0.jpg?itok=hRHSxCR_" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/welfare-housing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Welfare Housing </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2009 the Prowers County Welfare Housing complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which helped spark new interest in the buildings. In 2011 Lamar Community College received a State Historical Fund grant to rehabilitate the complex as a mixed-use center for business offices, studios, and student housing.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T16:26:14-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county-welfare-housing" data-a2a-title="Prowers County Welfare Housing"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fprowers-county-welfare-housing&amp;title=Prowers%20County%20Welfare%20Housing"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The five-building Prowers County Welfare Housing complex on the north side of <strong>Lamar</strong> was built in 1938–41 as a series of Works Progress Administration (WPA) projects. The one-story sandstone buildings were the only <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado">New Deal</a> public housing complex constructed in eastern Colorado. In 2009 the complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (700-1160 E Maple St, Lamar, CO 81052).</p> <h2>Public Housing for Prowers County</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/dust-bowl">Dust Bowl</a> and the Great Depression hit Colorado’s eastern plains especially hard in the 1930s. New Deal construction projects were able to provide jobs for unemployed workers while also building civic, recreational, and cultural infrastructure in rural towns.</p> <p>Uniquely in eastern Colorado, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county">Prowers County</a> also used New Deal projects to provide public housing for needy residents. In the mid-1930s the county was paying to house thirty to forty-five people at a cost of roughly $300–400 per person per month. It hoped to save money and provide better accommodations by building a four-building housing complex—three dormitories and one building with toilets, showers, and laundry facilities—on the northeast side of Lamar.</p> <p>Because the cost of the housing complex exceeded the typical WPA funding limit, Prowers County had to split the project into four separate applications. The first application was submitted in late December 1937, the second in May 1938, and the last two in the first half of 1939. At some point in early 1939, the plan for the complex expanded from four buildings to five.</p> <p>Meanwhile, construction on the first building started in October 1938 and was completed in April 1939. Workers immediately started the second building, which was completed in June 1940. By December 1941 the full five-building complex—featuring three apartment buildings, one commodities building, and one building with toilets, showers, and laundry facilities—was finished. The total cost for the complex was almost $60,000, with the WPA providing about $48,500 and Prowers County contributing more than $11,000.</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/welfare-housing-0"><img alt="Welfare Housing" src="/sites/default/files/Prowers_County_Welfare_Housing_20170529_01.jpg" style="height:227px; margin-bottom:15px; margin-top:15px; width:1000px"></a></p> <p>Located on the south side of East Maple Street, the complex was arranged in the shape of an “H.” Four long rectangular buildings—the three apartments and the commodities building—were the legs of the H, and the smaller toilets and showers facility sat in the center. In keeping with the WPA’s practice of minimizing the cost of materials and maximizing wages, the one-story buildings were made of local sandstone using simple construction techniques. The three apartment buildings each had sixteen rooms configured in a mix of one- and two-room apartments, while the commodities building had two offices and several storage rooms to hold food from the Federal Surplus Commodities division and clothing from WPA sewing projects.</p> <p>Residents started to move into the Prowers County Welfare Housing complex in September 1939, when only one building was finished. Residents had to use temporary toilet facilities until March 1940, when the building with toilets and showers was completed. In addition, the county soon decided that the apartments were too small for families with children, so the complex ended up housing mostly older residents who had no pensions or other means of support. Nevertheless, the county was able to provide these people with better housing while also saving $100 per person per month on rent. Single people occupied the one-room apartments, and couples stayed in the two-room apartments.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/welfare-housing-today"><img alt="Welfare Housing Today" src="/sites/default/files/Prowers_County_Welfare_Housing_20170529_02.jpg" style="float:left; height:320px; margin:15px; width:480px"></a>The Prowers County Welfare Housing complex was probably used for less than a decade, although its exact dates of occupation are unknown. In the 1960s it became part of the Prowers County Department of Social Services, and it was later used by Head Start, the Junior Chamber, and a day care center. In 1994 it was leased to a local bus manufacturing company called Neoplan, which reconfigured unit 2 as temporary worker housing. After Neoplan shut down in 2006, the complex stood vacant.</p> <p>In 2009 the Prowers County Welfare Housing complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which helped spark new interest in the buildings. In 2011 Lamar Community College received a <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> grant to rehabilitate the complex as a mixed-use center for business offices, studios, and student housing, but the project stalled because of the prohibitively high cost of making the buildings suitable for current use while also preserving their historical integrity.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lamar" hreflang="en">Lamar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/works-progress-administration" hreflang="en">Works Progress Administration</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/housing-projects" hreflang="en">housing projects</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abigail D. Christman, <em>The Legacy of the New Deal on Colorado’s Eastern Plains</em> (Denver: Colorado Preservation, 2008).</p> <p><a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/projects/cultural-resource-surveys/new-deal-survey-2/new-deal-resources-on-the-national-register/prowers-county-welfare-housing/">“Prowers County Welfare Housing,”</a> New Deal Resources on the National Register, Colorado Preservation.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ava Betz, <em>A Prowers County History</em> (Lamar, CO: Prowers County Historical Society, 1986).</p> <p>Colorado Preservation Inc., <em>Drought, Depression, and Dust: The New Deal in Eastern Colorado, Phase I Survey Report</em> (2005).</p> <p>James F. Wickens, <em>Colorado in the Great Depression</em> (New York: Garland, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 22:26:14 +0000 yongli 2602 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hartman Gymnasium http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hartman-gymnasium <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hartman Gymnasium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2263--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2263.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hartman-gymnasium"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hartman%20Gymnasium%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=8r1DrHne" width="300" height="223" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hartman-gymnasium" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hartman Gymnasium</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Hartman Gymnasium was originally built into an existing U-shaped brick school building on the site. The school was demolished in the 1980s, but the line between brick and limestone on the gym's exterior shows where the school surrounded the east end of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-31T15:37:00-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 31, 2017 - 15:37" class="datetime">Tue, 01/31/2017 - 15:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hartman-gymnasium" data-a2a-title="Hartman Gymnasium"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhartman-gymnasium&amp;title=Hartman%20Gymnasium"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Hartman Gymnasium was built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in about 1938–39 and quickly became an important center for athletic events and community gatherings. The school to which the gymnasium was originally attached was demolished in the early 1980s, leaving the two-story limestone and brick building standing alone just south of town. In 1996 the gym was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties, and it continues to serve as a community center.</p> <h2>New Deal, New Gym</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> and the Great Depression hit <a href="/article/prowers-county"><strong>Prowers County</strong></a> and the rest of Colorado’s eastern <a href="/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> especially hard in the 1930s. <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> construction projects provided jobs for unemployed workers while also building civic, recreational, and cultural infrastructure in rural towns. Gymnasiums were particularly popular New Deal projects on the eastern plains, where many rural towns had no gym at all or a gym too small to hold a regulation basketball court. Large new gyms allowed school districts to improve physical education instruction and host regional basketball games. In addition, the gyms often included a stage at one end so they could double as a performance and event space for the community.</p> <p>In the early 1930s the town of Hartman replaced its original two-room wooden schoolhouse with a new U-shaped brick school building just south of town. Later that decade—probably in 1938—Hartman applied for a WPA project to build a gymnasium and auditorium next to the brick school. The facility was probably completed in 1939 at a cost of roughly $26,000 in local and federal funds.</p> <p>The gymnasium and auditorium were built into the existing U-shaped school building. The new stage was set inside the brick walls of the U, and the rest of the gymnasium extended out to the west. The exterior of the two-story building was made of ashlar limestone from a nearby quarry. The main entrance was on the west side. Inside was a full-size court, with bleachers and balconies lining the north and south walls. The stage occupied the east end of the building.</p> <p>Because the gymnasium was the only large public building in Hartman, it hosted many community gatherings and events. It has hosted holiday celebrations, church conventions, funeral services, and elections. In 1946 receptions for servicemen returning from World War II were held in the gymnasium, and in June 1965 the building served as a shelter for about 700 people from <strong>Lamar</strong>, <strong>Granada</strong>, and <strong>Holly</strong> who were fleeing a massive <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1921-pueblo-flood"><strong>flood of the Arkansas River</strong></a>.</p> <p>In 1947 the Hartman school complex received another addition when a barracks building from the <a href="/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Camp Amache relocation center </strong></a>was moved to a site just east of the school. The Annex, as the building was called, was renovated to house a kitchen and restrooms.</p> <p>In 1959 Hartman High School graduated its last class of students. After that, the area’s students traveled to Holly for high school. The school building attached to the Hartman Gymnasium continued to serve as an elementary school until 1969, when those grades were also consolidated in Holly. In 1970 the Holly School District gave the school building, gymnasium, and surrounding land to the town of Hartman. In the 1980s the vacant school building was torn down, but the gymnasium and Annex were retained because of their continuing role in the community.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today the line between brick and limestone on the exterior of the gymnasium shows clearly where the U-shaped school used to surround the east end of the gym.</p> <p>Aside from the demolition of the adjacent school, the Hartman Gymnasium has remained largely unaltered since its construction. It is the only building constructed by the WPA in Hartman. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hartman secured several <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> grants to replace the gymnasium’s roof and restore its interior and exterior. The gym continues to be used for local athletic events, an annual potluck in May, and other community gatherings.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-deal" hreflang="en">New Deal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/works-progress-administration" hreflang="en">Works Progress Administration</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hartman" hreflang="en">Hartman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river-flood-1965" hreflang="en">Arkansas River Flood of 1965</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abigail D. Christman, <em>The Legacy of the New Deal on Colorado’s Eastern Plains</em> (Denver: Colorado Preservation, 2008).</p> <p>Jennie Marston, “Hartman Gymnasium,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (November 13, 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ava Betz, <em>A Prowers County History</em> (Lamar, CO: Prowers County Historical Society, 1986).</p> <p>Colorado Preservation Inc., <em>Drought, Depression, and Dust: The New Deal in Eastern Colorado, Phase I Survey Report</em> (2005).</p> <p>James F. Wickens, <em>Colorado in the Great Depression</em> (New York: Garland, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 31 Jan 2017 22:37:00 +0000 yongli 2261 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Prowers County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Prowers County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2052--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2052.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/prowers-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Prowers_County_0.png?itok=vBp1nSCW" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/prowers-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Prowers County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Prowers County, named for one of Colorado's prominent early ranchers, is located along the Arkansas River in southeast Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2674--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2674.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/prowers-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Prowers_County_Google_Map_0.jpg?itok=ubPmMEzf" width="1000" height="1068" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/prowers-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Prowers County Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family:roboto,arial,sans-serif">Prowers County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,551. The county seat is Lamar.</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-15T08:57:22-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 15, 2016 - 08:57" class="datetime">Tue, 11/15/2016 - 08:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county" data-a2a-title="Prowers County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fprowers-county&amp;title=Prowers%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Prowers County covers 1,644 square miles of the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> valley in southeastern Colorado. The rectangular county is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>, to the east by the state of Kansas, to the south by <a href="/article/baca-county"><strong>Baca County</strong></a>, and to the west by <a href="/search/google/bent%20county"><strong>Bent County</strong></a>. Prowers County has a population of 11,954. More than 7,800 live in the county seat of <strong>Lamar</strong>, in western Prowers County on the south bank of the Arkansas, at the intersection of US Highways 50 and 385. Other communities include <strong>Holly</strong> (pop. 1,048), <strong>Granada</strong> (640), <strong>Wiley</strong> (405), and <strong>Hartman</strong> (110), as well as the smaller unincorporated communities of Bristol, Carlton, and Kornman. In eastern Prowers County, US Highways 50, 400, and 385 converge in Granada, while State Highway 89 runs south from Holly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prowers County was formed in 1889 and named after <strong>John W. Prowers</strong>, an early rancher in the area. Once the hunting and wintering grounds of many nomadic indigenous peoples, the Prowers County area officially became part of the United States in 1803. In the late nineteenth century, the arrival of railroads led to the development of agriculture and towns. In the twentieth century the county became an important center of the<strong> <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry">sugar beet industry</a></strong>, centered on the factory in Holly. During World War II the county was the site of Granada Relocation Center, also known as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Amache</strong></a>, one of ten internment camps that held Japanese American citizens for the duration of the war. Today, Prowers County is one of the most productive agricultural counties in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s lower Arkansas River valley has a long history of human occupation. The river became the aquatic anchor for nomadic <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a>, <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a>-period peoples who followed the massive <strong>bison</strong> herds across the plains. Limited agriculture along the river began during the Formative period (1000 BC–AD 1450) and continued through the arrival of the <strong>Jicarilla Apache</strong> in the seventeenth century. The Jicarilla, or Plains Apache, were a semi-sedentary people who cultivated gardens of corn, beans, and squash along the river banks. <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-southeastern-colorado-1590%E2%80%931790"><strong>Spanish explorers</strong></a> trekked into what is now southeastern Colorado in the sixteenth century, but they only made it as far as the Purgatoire River, an Arkansas tributary that meets the main river west of Prowers County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1720s the <strong>Comanche</strong> used the power of the horse to drive the semi-sedentary Plains Apache from the Arkansas River valley. At this time the Prowers County area was in the heart of an expanding Comanche territory that ran north and south between the Arkansas and <strong>Cimarron</strong> Rivers, and stretched from the <strong>Sangre de Cristo Mountains</strong> in the west to what is today south-central Kansas in the east. The Comanche built their empire, known as <em>Comanchería</em>, on the backs of massive horse herds. They hunted bison and raided or traded with other Indian peoples and the Spanish for grains, weapons, and other supplies. In 1739 two French <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur traders</strong></a>, the brothers Pierre and Paul Mallet, camped in the dense <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> stand near present-day Lamar known as <strong>Big Timbers</strong>. The brothers did some trading with Indians (possibly Jicarilla Apache or Comanche) and spent several days in the area before moving on toward Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Comanche occasionally clashed with the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, another nomadic plains people who arrived north of the Arkansas in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Other native peoples in the Prowers County area by the nineteenth century included the <strong>Kiowa </strong>and <strong>Cheyenne</strong>. In 1803, while still under Comanche control, the area was claimed by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early American Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1806 the American explorer <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> traversed the Prowers County area as he followed the Arkansas River to the site of modern-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>. After 1821 the area was part of the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, a trade route that linked New Mexico and Missouri. In 1833 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> established a fur–<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> along the trail, about fifty miles west of the current Prowers County line. <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, as the post was known, turned the Arkansas Valley into the hub of the nineteenth-century <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. At Bent’s Fort, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and later Comanche Indians swapped bison hides for weapons and other supplies. The regional fur trade prospered until the mid-1840s, when epidemics and droughts wracked native communities and the buffalo herds began to dwindle. William Bent demolished his fort in 1849 and moved it farther down the Arkansas, where he hoped to continue trading with Native Americans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of white Americans to the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, leading to the development of supply towns such as <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and <strong>Old</strong> <strong>Colorado City</strong>. In 1861 the US government established the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, in which the current area of Prowers County was included as part of a larger <a href="/article/huerfano-county"><strong>Huerfano County</strong></a>. That same year the government also brokered the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a>, which sought to confine the Cheyenne and Arapaho to a small reservation in eastern Colorado. The reservation included parts of present-day Prowers County. In 1862 the <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> offered the Indians’ land to white settlers, who began setting up farms and ranches near the territory’s young cities and along the stagecoach lines that guided immigrants across the plains. In 1867 the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge</strong> <strong>Treaty</strong></a> led to the removal of the Cheyenne and Arapaho to present-day Oklahoma.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1868 John Prowers, a former employee of William Bent, set up a farm in <a href="/article/boggsville"><strong>Boggsville</strong></a>, in present-day Bent County. Prowers went on to serve in the territorial legislature and, after Colorado became a state in 1876, the state legislature. Owing to his commitment to breeding quality cattle stock, Prowers became one of the most successful ranchers in southeast Colorado. In 1861 Prowers married <strong>Amache</strong>, the daughter of the Cheyenne chief <strong>Ochinee</strong>. He began acquiring cattle in 1862, and by 1881 his herd numbered more than 10,000. Prowers expanded his ranch by buying prime grazing land along the Arkansas from the half-Indian children of prominent local whites; the children were awarded the land after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong> </a>in 1864. Prowers died in 1884, but his son, John Jr., continued the family’s ranching business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prowers was far from the only cattleman in the area. <strong>Hiram S. Holly</strong>, owner of several quartz mills in the Rocky Mountains, bought 1,300 cattle and set up his ranch in what is now eastern Prowers County in 1871. To get around the Homestead Act’s 160-acre limit, Holly made deals with cowboys to file for claims on the surrounding land and turn them over to him. By 1881 Holly had thirty miles of waterfront land on the Arkansas and 15,000 head of cattle. The Holly Ranch became a headquarters for employees and local trading, and a community developed around it that would eventually become the town of Holly.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Settlement and Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1873—as the herds of Prowers, Holly, and other ranchers roamed the Arkansas Valley—the <strong>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fé Railroad </strong>(AT&amp;SF) arrived in what is now Prowers County. That year the railroad established Granada, east of the town’s current site, and after a few weeks its population had grown to nearly 375.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the railroad brought an end to the days of the cattle drive, as cattle could now be freighted across the country. By the mid-1880s the Arkansas Valley Land Company had acquired the Holly Ranch and expanded it to 2.5 million acres. But huge cattle losses during intense blizzards in the winters of 1885–86 and 1886–87 nearly wiped out the entire cattle industry in southeast Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the railroad had initiated a land rush in the Arkansas Valley, as homesteaders and town builders sought to carve out their piece of what was expected to be a highly productive area. The AT&amp;SF had hoped that Granada would host a land office for the boom, but when Granada’s developers rejected their proposal, the railroad and its partners turned to successful Kansas real estate promoter I. R. Holmes. In 1885 Holmes identified a site for a new land office on the south bank of the Arkansas River, along the AT&amp;SF tracks and between the sprawling Prowers Ranch and the A. R. Black Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Holmes named the site Lamar, after then-Secretary of the Interior L.Q.C. Lamar. The site’s only problem was that the nearest train station was located on Amos R. Black’s ranch four miles away, and Black would neither allow the station to be moved nor sell the land around it. Holmes and his partners remedied this by tricking Black into boarding a train to Pueblo on the afternoon of May 22, 1886. While Black was gone, a work crew arrived at his station overnight, detached the building from its foundation stones, hauled it back to Lamar, and reinstalled it there. When Black returned, his train stopped at the newly relocated station, and the infuriated rancher had to make his own way home.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of its first week of development, Lamar had a general store and lumber yard, as well as several saloons and land offices. After two months it had more than 100 residences, a restaurant, and a newspaper, the <em>Bent County Register </em>(later renamed the <em>Lamar Register </em>in 1889).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The year 1886 was a busy one for what would become Prowers County. As Lamar developed, the towns of Carlton and New Granada—on the site of present Granada—were founded, and the Wild Horse Creek community, a group of homesteads, was established near present-day Holly. The small community of Bristol built up on a homestead established by George Stabe in 1887. Families also began to develop the land around Lamar. The Wiley area, for example, began as a collection of homesteads north of Lamar in the late 1880s and grew consistently throughout the 1890s. The post office there went through several names, including Martynia and Empire Valley, before it became Wiley in 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the development of Lamar and other towns in southeastern Colorado, it soon became necessary to break up Bent County into smaller counties. In 1889 the state legislature shrank Bent County to its current size, dividing the rest of the land into Prowers, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otero-county"><strong>Otero</strong></a>, and Kiowa Counties, as well as parts of present <a href="/article/cheyenne-county"><strong>Cheyenne</strong></a> and <a href="/article/lincoln-county"><strong>Lincoln</strong></a> Counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Lamar Board of Trade sought to ease any concerns about farming in the county in its 1892 pamphlet “Prowers County, Colorado: Its Advantages and Attractions.” Like other booster literature of the day, the pamphlet described its subject in Edenic terms, calling Prowers County’s segment of the Arkansas “the most fertile valley in America” and “the great American garden.” For any reader anxious about finding quality land without adequate water, the pamphlet reassuringly stated that “in this country nearly all the lands have water rights attached.” It also provided a brief overview of the county’s many <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches, including Lamar’s Bed Rock canal, the Amity canal, and others.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It is not known whether Salvation Army officials read the Lamar Board of Trade’s pamphlet, but the organization nevertheless had a similarly rosy outlook for Prowers County. As part of its plan to fight poverty by organizing farm colonies for the urban poor, the Salvation Army established Fort Amity, six miles west of Holly, in 1898. Between thirty and thirty-five families made up the colony’s initial residents, and the population expanded over the next decade to include Mexican, Japanese, and Mormon families, as well as several dozen orphans brought from New Jersey in 1901. Eventually, however, the small size of its family farms, along with salty soil caused by improper drainage, brought an end to the colony in 1910.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the Holly Sugar Corporation was formed in 1905 and built a beet processing factory on the west end of Holly later that year. The Holly factory, one of several built along the Arkansas in the early twentieth century, helped catapult the valley into the booming <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry">sugar beet industry</a>. Holly’s factory got off to a bit of a rough start, as disgruntled Japanese workers dynamited the building in 1906 a day after they were fired; surprisingly, no injuries were reported, and the company quickly repaired the factory and resumed operation. Initially, Japanese and German-Russian laborers worked the beet fields. As those workers transitioned into farm owners, beet farmers began employing migrant Mexican workers, some of whom made permanent homes in the county.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1910 Prowers County had grown to a population of more than 9,500, and local farmers and ranchers had erased any doubts about the county’s agricultural promise. Nearly 1,000 farms covered more than a million acres, including 5,520 acres of sugar beets, the area’s newest cash crop. The county’s farm property had a cumulative value of more than $13 million. While war and economic troubles loomed ahead, Prowers County residents had built a solid foundation that they hoped would endure throughout the next century and beyond.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth-Century Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For most people in eastern Colorado, the 1920s was a prosperous decade, a bountiful run-up to the hardship of the market crash in 1929 and the ensuing <strong>Great Depression</strong>. But for many in southeastern Colorado, the hard times began with a cloudburst in early June 1921. Inundated by heavy rains in the Pueblo area from June 2–5, the Arkansas River surged out of its banks in one of the most devastating <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>floods</strong></a> in Colorado history. While the city of Pueblo bore the brunt of the flood, the deluge continued downriver. The river in Lamar began to rise about 4 am on June 5, destroying buildings, bridges, and farmland. Altogether, the flood killed hundreds of people and caused more than $25 million in damage from Pueblo to the Kansas state line. Rebuilding began almost immediately; by July 1, workers had already repaired the railroad bridge at Lamar, and crews were busy rebuilding the town’s other bridges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The flood devastated agriculture in the county, as the number of farms dropped from 1,469 in 1920 to 1,194 in 1925. Then, Prowers County was hit hard by the Great Depression and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> of the 1930s. The number of farms reporting crop failure skyrocketed from just 178 in 1929 to 1,133 in 1934. As banks and farms failed, many residents left to make a new start elsewhere. More than 2,400 people left the county between 1930 and 1940, most of them looking to make a new start elsewhere.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US government began relocating Japanese Americans, especially those on the West Coast, to inland concentration camps. One of these facilities, the <a href="/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Granada Relocation Center</strong></a>, was built just southwest of Granada in June 1942. The 10,500-acre facility held a peak population of more than 7,500 Japanese American citizens. Initially, detainees’ mail arrived through the Granada post office, but there was so much mail that the center had to create its own post office and name. It was named Amache, after John Prowers’s Cheyenne wife.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Amache residents lived in military-style barracks with rudimentary furnishings and ate together in cafeterias. The camp featured a hospital, schools, churches, men’s and women’s clubs, a movie theater, and other amenities, and detainees were allowed to run their own cooperative businesses that served the camp as well as residents from local communities. In January 1945 the detainment order expired, and most detainees left the facility by October. Amache officially closed on January 27, 1946, after its buildings were auctioned off. The Amache site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 18, 1994. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 10, 2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the internment of loyal Japanese American citizens demonstrated an ugly side of the World War II era, the revived demand for agricultural products allowed the Prowers County economy to rebound after two dismal decades. The value of all crops grown in the county rose from just over $1 million in 1940 to more than $5.3 million by 1945, and the county population reached an all-time high of 14,836 by 1950.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The decades following World War II saw innovations in agriculture, including machinery and chemicals that allowed for larger yields. Combines, fertilizers, pesticides, and other new farm inputs allowed for larger farms, but they also encouraged the consolidation of farmland by those who could afford those inputs. This trend is reflected in Prowers County, where between 1950 and 1970 the number of farms dropped from 1,126 to 669, and the average farm size increased from 887 acres to 1,379 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Economics and politics were not the only forces to re-shape the Prowers County landscape after World War II. On June 18, 1965, the Arkansas flooded again; this time, instead of Pueblo County, Prowers County was the hardest hit, as the deluge killed 6 people, injured 150, and damaged more than 1,300 structures. The National Guard was called in to help rebuild and relieve dislocated families. Afterward, the towns of Holly, Grenada, and Lamar worked with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to upgrade levees on the Arkansas, in hopes of avoiding a similar catastrophe.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 2015 the Prowers County Historical Society hosted a Fiftieth Anniversary observance of the 1965 flood, in which survivors shared memories of waking up to torrents of water in homes, crowding into surviving buildings, and watching the currents carry away cars, propane tanks, feed bunkers, and other elements of their livelihood.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Prowers County remains one of Colorado’s most productive agricultural counties. Its herd of more than 102,500 cattle is the sixth-largest out of all counties in the state, and the county is one of the top ten producers of sorghum, poultry and eggs, hogs and pigs, and vegetables (including melons and potatoes). The agricultural trends that began after World War II are still unfolding in Prowers County, as the average farm size increased by 200 acres between 2007 and 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county also remains prone to natural disasters, including floods, droughts, and damaging storms. The most destructive weather event in recent decades came in March 2007, when a tornado ripped a two-mile swath of destruction through Holly. The storm killed two people, injured eight, and leveled forty-eight buildings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it is the most important industry, agriculture is not the only job provider in Prowers County. The healthcare and social assistance industry, anchored by Prowers Medical Center in Lamar, provides more than 800 jobs, and the county’s retail industry adds another 650–700.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county-history" hreflang="en">prowers county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lamar" hreflang="en">Lamar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southeastern-colorado" hreflang="en">southeastern colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/holly" hreflang="en">Holly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/granada" hreflang="en">granada</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/amache" hreflang="en">amache</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-w-prowers-0" hreflang="en">john w prowers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hiram-holly" hreflang="en">hiram holly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://amache.org/amache-preservation-society/">Amache Preservation Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Russ Baldwin, “<a href="https://archives.theprowersjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/BOW-and-Yard-Sale-Combined-7-1-15.pdf">Survivors Recap 1965 Flood at Historical Society Meeting</a>,” <em>The Prowers Journal</em> 5, no. 20 (July 1, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ava Betz, <em>A Prowers County History </em>(Lamar, CO: Big Timbers Museum, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles W. Bowman, “<a href="http://www.coloradoplains.com/otero/history/bent1881_bio39.htm">Hon. John W. Prowers</a>,” Otero County Genealogy and History, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, “<a href="https://www.dhsem.state.co.us:443/sites/default/files/After%20Action%20Report%20Holly%20Tornado%20March%202007.pdf">After Action Report, Holly Tornado</a>,” 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Data USA, “<a href="https://datausa.io/profile/geo/prowers-county-co/">Prowers County, CO</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Follansbee and Edward E. Jones, “<a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0487/report.pdf">The Arkansas River Flood of June 3-5, 1921</a>,” US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire </em>(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lamar Board of Trade, “Prowers County, Colorado: Its Advantages and Attractions” (Lamar, CO: Lamar Board of Trade, 1892).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tommy Schemp, “<a href="https://digarch.unco.edu/islandora/object/cogru%3A1334">Fort Amity: An Experiment in Domiculture</a>” (Master’s thesis, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Prowers County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/censusParts.do?year=1890">Colorado, Contd.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture (1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Reports by states with statistics for counties California – D.C.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 6, Part 1 (1910).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1925&amp;part_id=827&amp;number=41&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41 (1925).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41 (1934).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41 (1945).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Statistics for the State &amp; Statistics for Counties-Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 29: Wyoming and Colorado (1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 41, Chapter 2 (1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=KCP19210701.2.6&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=--1921---1923--en-20--1--txt-txIN-lamar+flood-------0-">Working on River Bridge at Lamar</a>,” <em>Kiowa County Press</em>, July 1, 1921.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Frederic J. Athearn, <em>Land of Contrast: A History of Southeast Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365030024/">"Amache 1-Hour Special,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, June 20, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=YPI19021219.2.41">The Salvation Army in Southeastern Colorado</a>,” <em>Yuma Pioneer</em>, December 19, 1902.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Nov 2016 15:57:22 +0000 yongli 2053 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Dust Bowl http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Dust Bowl</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1348--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1348.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plow-broke-plains"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/MCC-882_0.jpg?itok=qV2EYZN7" width="1000" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plow-broke-plains" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Plow that Broke the Plains</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A steam-powered tractor pulls a harrow on the open plains of Colorado. The mechanization of farming contributed significantly to the environmental catastrophe of the dust bowl in the mid-1930s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1349--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1349.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fury-dust"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-7371_0.jpg?itok=PVjxkvkz" width="1000" height="668" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fury-dust" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Fury of Dust</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A dust storm bears down on the town of Burlington in Kit Carson, County, enveloping everything in its path.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-09T10:53:44-06:00" title="Monday, May 9, 2016 - 10:53" class="datetime">Mon, 05/09/2016 - 10:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl" data-a2a-title="The Dust Bowl"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdust-bowl&amp;title=The%20Dust%20Bowl"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the 1930s, eastern Colorado experienced the worst ecological disaster in the state’s history. Unsustainable farming practices and widespread drought transformed the once fertile <strong><a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains">Great Plains</a> </strong>into a barren landscape, inhospitable to both humans and animals. The experience of the Dust Bowl provides Coloradans a prism through which to view humanity’s historic, and often troubled, relationship with the sensitive ecosystems of the Great Plains.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862 allowed American citizens to claim parcels of 160 acres in the arid West. The promise of free land and above-average rainfall in the 1870s encouraged the rapid settlement of the Great Plains. After setbacks in the dry 1890s, the development of mechanized farming in the 1910s proved to be the final ingredient necessary to turn what was known as the "<strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/%E2%80%9Cgreat-american-desert%E2%80%9D">Great American Desert</a>"</strong> into America’s breadbasket. Steam-driven tractors transformed thousands of acres of native prairie grasses into undulating fields of wheat, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a>, and other crops. This exponentially increased the productivity and profitability of farming in southeastern Colorado, but it also removed the dense network of grass roots that held down the topsoil, making Colorado’s prairies vulnerable to ecological crisis.</p> <p>Throughout the 1930s, southeastern Colorado and the Great Plains experienced extreme droughts. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/baca-county"><strong>Baca</strong></a><strong>,</strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas</strong></a>, and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prowers-county">Prowers</a> </strong>Counties were among those areas hit hardest by drought. The region received a meager 126 total inches of moisture between 1930 and 1939, 205 fewer inches than the previous decade. Annual precipitation fell below the eighteen inches needed to grow wheat, which had a devastating effect on the region’s wheat crop. For instance, in 1930 Baca County had 237,000 acres in wheat production; by 1936 that number had fallen to 150 acres. The lack of precipitation meant hundreds of thousands of acres no longer had plants to anchor the soil to the ground.</p> <h2>From Drought to Dust</h2> <p>Dust was not uncommon in the semiarid regions of Colorado when the prairie winds blew, so it was no surprise when a few “dusters”—large dust clouds—appeared in 1931. In 1932 the dusters returned with greater intensity. By 1933&nbsp;the frequency and intensity of dust storms endangered the health of livestock and people alike.&nbsp;The destructive storms earned the decade the moniker the “dirty thirties.”&nbsp;The storms destroyed millions of farmland acres and induced mental and physical anguish among residents.&nbsp;Towns had to turn on their streetlights during the day and the ubiquitous dust forced people to put wet sheets over doors and windows.&nbsp;Colorado’s farmers ate meals under tablecloths and wore goggles and masks of wet towels when they dared venture outdoors. Cases of dust pneumonia reached epidemic proportions in animals and humans.</p> <h2>Black Sunday</h2> <p>On April 14, 1935, a “black duster” overtook Robert E. Geiger, a reporter for the <em>Washington (DC) Evening Star</em>, and photographer Harry G. Eisenhard six miles from Boise City, Oklahoma. Geiger coined the term <em>Dust Bowl</em> when he used it in a subsequent article for the <em>Lubbock (TX) Evening Journal</em>. The Dust Bowl encompassed the entire Great Plains, stretching from southwestern Kansas into southeastern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico, and the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. Although Baca County experienced the brunt of the Dust Bowl, dust storms occurred as far north as <strong>Burlington</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson-county"><strong>Kit Carson County</strong></a> and <strong>Julesburg</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sedgwick-county"><strong>Sedgwick County</strong></a>. Las Animas and Prowers counties were especially hard hit. Dust covered roads and made them impassable, suffocated livestock, destroyed crops, and laid ruin to the livelihoods of thousands of eastern Coloradans.</p> <p>During the Dust Bowl, Colorado’s plains also suffered from grasshopper infestations. Grasshoppers thrived in the desiccated prairie soils and first descended upon Colorado in 1934. In 1937 and 1938, swarms of the insects almost blacked out the sun as they consumed entire fields of barley, wheat, and alfalfa. The federal government sent employees from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong> </a>and the <strong>Soil Conservation Service</strong> (SCS) to eradicate the pests by poisoning them. Although some families endured, many residents found it impossible to support themselves and ended up migrating to places like California and Oregon. Baca County, for example, lost 4,363 residents during the 1930s.</p> <h2>The New Deal</h2> <p>Several <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> programs provided direct relief to Colorado residents in the form of provisions and clothing, while others assisted in long-term economic recovery.&nbsp;New Deal programs provided loans to struggling farmers and businesses, while&nbsp;direct relief to families came in the form of cash payments and food allotments.&nbsp;Relief figures indicate that almost all of Baca County’s residents benefited from New Deal programs. In 1936 more than 50 percent of Baca County residents were on the relief rolls.</p> <p>The <strong>Works Progress Administration </strong>(<strong>WPA</strong>), created by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 8, 1935, aimed to provide both direct and long-term relief. At its peak in 1938 the WPA provided employment for more than 3 million unemployed men and women. The federal government allocated $1,064,021 to the WPA for public construction projects in Baca County, including the improvement or construction of roads, bridges, schools, and other public and municipal buildings.</p> <h2>Toward an Ethic of Land Use</h2> <p>In 1935 agricultural experts met in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> to discuss how human interaction with Great Plains environments had caused the Dust Bowl. The group estimated that the prairie winds had blown 850 million tons of topsoil off the southern plains in 1935 alone. New Deal programs were designed to combat erosion immediately and educate current and future generations of farmers in appropriate soil conservation techniques to prevent a repeat of the disaster. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Resettlement Administration (later the Farm Security Administration), and the SCS all addressed the environmental crisis of the Dust Bowl.</p> <h2>Rehabilitating the Land&nbsp;</h2> <p>The <strong>Taylor Grazing Act </strong>ended the homestead movement when it passed Congress in 1934. The act authorized the <strong>US</strong> <strong>Department of the Interior</strong> to establish grazing districts and manage a grazing permit system aimed at curbing destructive grazing practices.</p> <p>Established in 1934, the <strong>Land Utilization Program</strong> (<strong>LUP</strong>) sought to alleviate rural poverty and restore the economic vitality of agriculture. The LUP purchased submarginal and eroded lands, restored them, and converted them to grazing, forestry, wildlife, or recreation areas. According to President Roosevelt, “Many million acres of such land must be returned to grass or trees if we are to prevent a new and man-made Sahara.”</p> <p>Under the LUP, the federal government purchased more than 4.7 million acres of submarginal farmland in Baca<strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otero-county">Otero</a>, </strong>and Las Animas counties in Colorado and throughout the West. In 1953 the SCS transferred management of those lands to the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service (USFS)</strong></a>. On June 20, 1960, the USFS established the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/comanche-national-grassland"><strong>Comanche National Grasslands</strong></a> in what are now Baca<strong>, </strong>Otero<strong>, </strong>and Las Animas counties. Many of the lands purchased from bankrupt farmers during the Dust Bowl had been rehabilitated into the public domain to be enjoyed for their natural splendor.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Cindy Nasky, “<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/crsurvey/rural/baca/sites/baca_resources_depression.html">Depression and the Dust Bowl</a>,” Colorado Preservation, Inc., n.d.</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dust-bowl" hreflang="en">dust bowl</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dust-bowl-colorado-0" hreflang="en">dust bowl in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/baca-county" hreflang="en">baca county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otero-county" hreflang="en">otero county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prowers-county" hreflang="en">prowers county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-county" hreflang="en">Cheyenne County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kiowa-county" hreflang="en">kiowa county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson-county" hreflang="en">kit carson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julesburg" hreflang="en">julesburg</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-plains" hreflang="en">colorado plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dust-bowl-history-colorado" hreflang="en">dust bowl history colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, “<a href="https://www.weather.gov/oun/">The ‘Black Sunday’ Dust Storm of 14 April 1935</a>,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, last modified February 12, 2015.</p> <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/news-room/eighty-years-ago-week-dust-bowl-storm-wreaks-havoc-colorado-plains">Eighty Years Ago This Week Dust Bowl Storm Wreaks Havoc on Colorado Plains</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>R. Douglas Hurt, “<a href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.pe.022.xml">Dust Bowl</a>,” <em>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</em>, ed. David J. Wishart, 2011.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p> <p>Richard N. Ellis and Duane A. Smith, eds., <em>Colorado: A History in Photographs</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p> <p>Brad D. Lookingbill, <em>Dust Bowl, USA: Depression America and the Ecological Imagination, 1929–1941</em> (Athens: Ohio State University Press, 2001).</p> <p>Carter Revard, <em>Winning the Dust Bowl</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001).</p> <p>Dave Showalter, <em>Prairie Thunder: The Nature of Colorado’s Great Plains</em> (Pueblo, CO: Skyline Press, 2007).</p> <p>Donald Worster, <em>Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).</p> <p>John R. Wunder, Frances W. Kaye, and Vernon Carstensen, eds., <em>Americans View Their Dust Bowl Experience</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 09 May 2016 16:53:44 +0000 yongli 1347 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org