%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Avalanche http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/avalanche <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Avalanche</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3771--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3771.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/avalanche-path"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Avalanche_SilentBob_0.jpg?itok=3UBTiH1t" width="1090" height="520" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/avalanche-path" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Avalanche Path</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This photo shows the path of an avalanche that occurred near Frisco, Colorado in March 2019.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3772--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3772.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beacon-checkpoint"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Vail_Pass_Beacon_Checkpoint_20220325_0.jpg?itok=oadCDzvn" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beacon-checkpoint" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beacon Checkpoint</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A beacon checkpoint on Vail Pass, a backcountry area that sees lots of traffic in the winter. As&nbsp;the backcountry community is expanding in Colorado,&nbsp;the presence of beacon checkpoints serves as a reminder to all that a properly working beacon is always recommended in the backcountry.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-24T13:20:15-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2022 - 13:20" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2022 - 13:20</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/avalanche" data-a2a-title="Avalanche"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Favalanche&amp;title=Avalanche"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Avalanches are quite common in Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. They can occur anywhere there is a sizeable amount of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> and steep slopes, meaning most of Colorado’s High Country (from 10,000 to 13,000 feet) is prone to avalanches. The massive snow slides are extremely dangerous; between 1859 and 2006, avalanches killed at least 700 people in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although education and forecasting have greatly reduced the death rate in recent decades, avalanches remain a danger. The winter of 2020–21 tied for the deadliest avalanche season in the United States, with twelve of the year’s thirty-seven fatalities occurring in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Avalanche research and forecasting in the state began with the rise of Colorado’s downhill <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski industry</strong></a> and the construction of public ski areas on <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>National Forests</strong></a> along the <a href="file://users/williamwei/Desktop/Wei_LatestEdits%20/coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> in the 1930s. From its origin, avalanche research evolved from a niche field conducted primarily by US Forest Service staff to a state-funded, full-time avalanche forecasting center that helps us better understand the phenomena and plan accordingly.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Causes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On steep, snowy slopes, a variety of natural conditions, including temperature and type of snowpack, can create avalanche scenarios. Once the conditions are right, all that is needed is a trigger, which is usually a person or vehicle. Intense snowstorms with high winds can blow excessive amounts of snow from one side of a mountain to the other, creating a huge snowpack susceptible to gravity. Or, a layer of snow freezes and accumulates fresh snow on top that can easily be released.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Signs of avalanche conditions include cracks in the top layer of snow and snow that settles suddenly when walked upon, usually making a “whumpf” sound. Areas where avalanches have recently occurred are prone to more avalanches, as are areas that have recently received a lot of snow and then experienced rapidly warming temperatures.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More than 90 percent of fatal avalanches are triggered by the victim or someone in the victim’s party. Avalanches can be triggered by a person walking or skiing on unstable snow, or by vibrations from vehicles such as snowmobiles and ATVs. Survival odds for those trapped in an avalanche plummet after about fifteen minutes. For this reason, experts recommend that backcountry-goers have a transceiver, shovel, and probe with them in case they need to find someone and dig them out or signal for help themselves.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Nuche (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a>), who lived in the mountains of Colorado for centuries before the arrival of whites, were familiar with avalanches and referred to them as “yogöchaykw(a)” (yo-go-CHAI-ka). Generations of experience taught them how to avoid areas prone to destructive slides.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By contrast, most white miners who flooded the Colorado High Country in the mid-nineteenth century had no experience with avalanches. That changed quickly. The first recorded avalanche fatality in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> occurred on March 6, 1861, about twenty miles southwest of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown</strong></a><strong>. </strong>The following year, a man was killed when an avalanche hit his party near <strong>Cochetopa Pass</strong>. Between 1880 and 1890, when <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>silver</strong></a> strikes drew thousands of people to the Colorado Rockies, avalanches killed more than 140 people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The heavy mining era between 1860 and 1900 was the deadliest avalanche period in Colorado history, with 442 recorded deaths. One of the worst instances occurred near Silver Plume in February 1899, when an avalanche bulldozed a group of miners’ cabins. Ten people were killed, including two children. Colorado’s deadliest avalanche season came in 1915-16, when twenty people were killed statewide.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>There were some close calls as well. In mid-May 1874, a miner named Charles Roach was carried some 1,300 feet down McClellan Mountain south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Silver Plume</strong></a> by what the <em>Golden Weekly Globe </em>described as “an avalanche of snow, sixty feet wide[and] twenty feet deep.” Miraculously, he survived. So did Frank Ryan, a miner who, in January 1906, made the poor decision to cut across some deep snow above a mine on Bull Hill, west of <strong>Twin Lakes</strong>. According to the <em>Twin Lakes Miner</em>, Ryan triggered an avalanche that flung him down 600 feet and over several cliffs before embedding him in a snowbank, where he was rescued.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Avalanches not only killed people but were also industrial saboteurs, obliterating infrastructure and bringing all-important railroad traffic to a halt. In April 1885, a train carrying sixty workers on the <strong>Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> sped through a snow bank and triggered an avalanche that buried the train, killing at least one person aboard. Avalanches routinely delayed freight and passenger service in the winter; in February 1899, the <em>Eagle County Examiner </em>apologized for not getting issues to its readers on time, owing to “tremendous snowslides” that had blocked trains and killed workers across the High Country railways.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While avalanches were considered a routine hazard of mountain mining and transportation, the growing popularity of skiing and other mountain-based activities in the twentieth century prompted state and federal authorities to do more to keep people safe in avalanche country.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Avalanche Research in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the winter of 1937–38, during the construction of a ski lift in Alta, Utah, the US Forest Service funded an observer to monitor weather, snowfall, and avalanches. The field expanded to Colorado in 1949, when a survey by Swiss mountaineer and scientist <strong>Andr</strong><strong>é</strong><strong> Roch</strong> changed how the Forest Service researched avalanches in the American West. In his report, Roch found that the West has three different winter climate zones that produce different snowpacks and avalanche characteristics. Roch outlined how the Colorado High Country, ranging from 10,000 to 13,000 feet in elevation, reflected a distinct and more volatile avalanche environment than the mountains in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Realizing it needed avalanche stations in Colorado, the Forest Service established a weather observation station at <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong>, along the Front Range between <strong>Empire</strong> and <strong>Winter Park.</strong> Dick Stillman, a USFS Snow Ranger, and Whitney Borland, hydrologist and member of the National Ski Patrol, set up the station to monitor weather and climate patterns. Instruments recorded wind direction and speed, temperature, hourly and daily snowfall, the water content of snow, snow settlement, and depth of the snowpack. The researchers themselves recorded sky conditions, avalanche occurrence, and the size of avalanches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The rangers at Berthoud Pass documented the occurrence of “deep slab” and “delayed release” avalanches, which are characteristic of Colorado’s High-Alpine climate zone. In other states, excess weight from snowfall causes avalanches to occur sooner after a storm. But Colorado’s drier, less dense snowfall doesn’t often overpower a weak layer within the snowpack until multiple storms bring enough weight—or a winter recreationist ventures onto the slope. This means that in Colorado, the avalanche threat remains high even after a storm.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The researchers at Berthoud Pass sent their findings to the Alta Avalanche Study Center, which was the hub for Forest Service avalanche research from the 1940s through the 1960s. After losing funding, however, the Alta station shifted to more of an administrative center that distributed information about avalanches to the public. In the early 1970s, the Rocky Mountain Research Station in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> became the new hub of avalanche research. A growing cadre of snow rangers and scientists developed new ways of recording and broadcasting avalanche conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Advances in Avalanche Research</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From 1971 onward, avalanche research in Colorado looked characteristically different than the early snow ranger years. Ski patrollers largely took over avalanche mitigation in ski areas and resorts, so Forest Service staff and university researchers shifted their focus to protecting resort infrastructure and communicating avalanche hazards to protect recreationists. They did this through two major projects: the Forest Service’s Alpine Snow and Avalanche Research Project, and the San Juan Avalanche Project, run by the<strong> University of Colorado</strong>’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar"><strong>Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These projects created a concentration of avalanche experts in Colorado. The Alpine Snow and Avalanche Research Project, headed by veteran researcher Mario “Pete” Martinelli, expanded the network of weather stations in Colorado and recorded information with the help of longtime snow rangers, observers, and scientists like Ron Perla, Arthur Judson, Don Bachman, and Richard Sommerfeld.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Juan Avalanche Project, headed by former Alta Snow Ranger Ed LaChapelle, employed Bachman’s expertise in monitoring avalanche conditions to observe the effects of increased snowfall on roadways and wildlife. These researchers also ushered in the next generation of avalanche experts: Knox Williams, a newly graduated meteorologist, joined Arthur Judson in Fort Collins, and Betsy and Richard Armstrong, students of LaChapelle, moved to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a> to participate in the San Juans project. By placing young and old researchers in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, a range notorious for avalanches, INSTAAR concentrated experts in a rich living laboratory that produced knowledge about a range of topics surrounding the hazard.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In conjunction with avalanche research in other western states, these projects helped facilitate the growth of a small but crucial scientific community studying avalanches. Eventually, there was enough data to design a forecasting system.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Forecasting Avalanches</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s, snow ranger and Fort Collins avalanche specialist Arthur Judson envisioned using databases, statistics, and weather observations to create a state-specific avalanche forecasting center. Judson created a database called “The Westwide Network,” which stored past weather and avalanche data recorded at forty-two weather stations across Colorado and the West. This provided a baseline hub for mountain weather and climate data.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Judson understood that avalanche forecasting was a practice in statistics and probabilities. Collecting as much data as possible, he established the Colorado Avalanche Warning Program in 1973. This program monitored the same data as early snow rangers, but it was bolstered by a trove of new resources, such as the Westwide Network, field observers, National Weather Service (NWS) staff, industry stakeholders, and officials with the Colorado Highway Department (now the <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation</strong>).  </p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado Avalanche Warning Program broadcasted warnings through the NWS communication network, reaching radio stations, newspapers, and television channels. The forecasts listed a time, location, projected end time, and a brief explanation of the warning’s nature. Judson’s statistical forecasting laid the foundation for future western avalanche forecasting centers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Colorado Avalanche Information Center</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Due to budget cuts and shifting priorities in the Forest Service in the early 1980s, the agency cut funding to the Colorado Avalanche Warning Program and the project dissolved in 1983. Later that year, however, Knox Williams, Betsy Armstrong, and Barbara Welles secured office space and grant funding to establish the <strong>Colorado Avalanche Information Center</strong> (CAIC), the nation’s first independent, state-specific avalanche forecasting center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Taking theories developed by Judson and his peers, the CAIC expanded the avalanche research community’s ability to reach Colorado’s public. It maintained ties with industry, recreation stakeholders, and state and federal agencies. Through publicly broadcasted forecasts, literature, and outreach efforts to increase avalanche awareness, the CAIC established itself as an essential entity for public safety. This importance was reiterated in 1992 when CDOT snowplow driver Eddie Imel was killed in an avalanche on <strong>US Highway 550</strong> in the San Juans. The following year, CDOT partnered with the CAIC to keep its drivers in the know.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today’s avalanche forecasts break up the state’s mountain ranges into three elevations: “below treeline,” “near treeline,” and “above treeline,” and highlight distinct hazards in all directions within these elevations, referred to as “avalanche problems.” Through this work, the CAIC has brought Judson’s vision of a Colorado-specific avalanche forecasting center into the present.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Effects of Research and Forecasting</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Avalanche research and forecasting over the course of the twentieth century has undoubtedly made Colorado’s winter backcountry much safer. Technology, such as personal transceivers that can help locate people trapped under the snow, has also given recreators and rescuers more tools to mitigate the avalanche threat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Avalanche fatalities have never returned to their mining-era peak, even though they spiked again during backcountry visitation booms in the 1980s and 1990s (at least 110 people were killed in that span). Annual avalanche fatalities dropped back down in the 2000s, reflecting the effectiveness of past research and modern education campaigns. Today, avalanches only kill around six people per year in Colorado and about two dozen nationwide.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The history of avalanches in Colorado illustrates the uncontrollable and deadly nature of these events and the power of applied scientific research to make them less deadly over time. Even though there are far more people plying Colorado’s winter backcountry today than in 1860, the threat of death by an avalanche is much lower today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, as the deadly 2020–21 season shows, people still trigger and die in avalanches in Colorado, often in the same ways they did in the past. No matter how much experience someone has, winter travelers to the High Country should always proceed with extreme caution.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/miler-alex" hreflang="und">Miler, Alex</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avalanche" hreflang="en">avalanche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avalanches-colorado" hreflang="en">avalanches in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/deadly-colorado-avalanches" hreflang="en">deadly colorado avalanches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/deadliest-avalanche-season-colorado" hreflang="en">deadliest avalanche season in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-disasters" hreflang="en">mining disasters</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroads" hreflang="en">railroads</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmental-history" hreflang="en">environmental history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/backcountry-skiing" hreflang="en">backcountry skiing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cross-country-skiing" hreflang="en">cross country skiing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-industry" hreflang="en">ski industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-resorts" hreflang="en">ski resorts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snow-rangers" hreflang="en">snow rangers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snow" hreflang="en">snow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snowpack" hreflang="en">snowpack</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avalanche-research" hreflang="en">avalanche research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avalanche-forecasting" hreflang="en">avalanche forecasting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-judson" hreflang="en">arthur judson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/avalanche-science" hreflang="en">avalanche science</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=SEM18850425-01.2.19&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22avalanche%22+%22train%22-------0------">A Fatal Snow Slide</a>,” <em>St. Elmo Mountaineer</em>, April 25, 1885.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>B.R. Armstrong, R.L. Armstrong et al., “<a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1571/chapter/1">Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States</a>” (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dale Atkins, “<a href="https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-2006-287-297.pdf">A History of Colorado Avalanche Accidents, 1859-2006</a>,” Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, CO, 2006.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montgomery M. Atwater and Felix C. Koziol, “<a href="https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=15380">Avalanche Handbook</a>” (Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, 1953).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jason Blevins, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2021/10/27/colorado-avalanche-backcountry-fatalities-caic/">Colorado’s 2020-21 avalanche season was tied for the deadliest. It’s helping forecasters hone warnings and outreach</a>,” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, October 27, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Miles Blumhardt, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2022/01/21/why-colorado-avalanche-deaths-persist-despite-improved-avalanche-forecasting-education/6531643001/">White Death: Avalanche deaths persist in Colorado, across US despite improved forecasting</a>,” <em>The Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins, CO), January 21, 2022.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur Judson, “A Pilot Study of Weather, Snow, and Avalanche Reporting for Western United States” (Calgary, AB: October 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur Judson, “A typical sequence leading to issuance of an avalanche warning in Colorado,” paper presented at an avalanche warning workshop, Fort Collins, CO, October 8-10, 1974.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur Judson, “<a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/U_S_D_A_Forest_Service_Research_Note_RM/brcmAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Arthur+Judson,+%E2%80%9CAvalanche+Warnings:+Content+and+Dissemination,%E2%80%9D&amp;pg=RA24-PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover">Avalanche Warnings: Content and Dissemination</a>,” US Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Research Note RM-291 (Fort Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, June 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur Judson, “<a href="https://westernsnowconference.org/sites/westernsnowconference.org/PDFs/1977Judson.pdf">The Avalanche Warning Program in Colorado</a>,” presented at the 45th Western Snow Conference, Albuquerque, NM, April 1977).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=TLM19060127.2.1&amp;srpos=18&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22miners%22+%22avalanche%22-------0------">Miraculous Escape</a>,” <em>Twin Lakes Miner</em>, January 27, 1906.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Weather Service, “<a href="https://www.weather.gov/safety/winter-avalanche">Avalanche Safety</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=GWG18740516-01.2.7&amp;srpos=14&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22miners%22+%2b+%22avalanche%22-------0------">New News</a>,” <em>Golden Weekly Globe, </em>May 16, 1874.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ron Perla, “Remembering Arthur Judson: November 5, 1933-July 11, 2020,” <em>The Avalanche Review</em> 39, no. 1 (October 2020).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://apnews.com/article/eb2b59c111667c36c458b0cd758225ac">Snowplow Driver Lauded as Hero After Dramatic Escape</a>,” <em>Associated Press, </em>March 6, 1992.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADV18990216.2.36&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22miners%22+%22avalanche%22-------0------">Ten Bodies Found. Victims of Two Avalanches</a>,” <em>The Julesburg Advocate</em>, February 16, 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ECE18990211-01.2.14&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22avalanche%22+%22train%22-------0------">The Storm</a>,” <em>Eagle County Examiner</em>, February 11, 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Knox Williams, “A Concise History of the Colorado Avalanche Information Center,” attachment on the email message to author, March 28, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Knox Williams, “A Short Talk on the History of the Colorado Avalanche Information Center,” attachment on the email message to author, March 28, 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dale Atkins, “<a href="https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-2000-046-051.pdf">Human Factors in Avalanche Accidents</a>,” Colorado Avalanche Information Center (Boulder, CO), 2000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://avalanche.state.co.us/">Colorado Avalanche Information Center</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Department of Transportation, “<a href="https://www.codot.gov/travel/winter-driving/AvControl.html">Avalanche Control</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Geological Survey, “<a href="https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/hazards/avalanche/">Avalanche</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alexander Miller, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/232518/Miller_colostate_0053N_16526.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">Spent a Little Time On The Mountain: Backcountry Ski Touring in Utah and Colorado</a>,” master’s thesis, Colorado State University, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country </em>(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2022 19:20:15 +0000 yongli 3773 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Public Lands History Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Lands History Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3736--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3736.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/TileyHouse_GoogleMaps_0.jpg?itok=BW9Y4w5g" width="932" height="542" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tiley House, Colorado State University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a faculty and student-run research center at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Projects include partnerships with the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and trips to public lands across the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:36:18-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:36" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center" data-a2a-title="Public Lands History Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpublic-lands-history-center&amp;title=Public%20Lands%20History%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a special unit of the History Department at <strong>Colorado State University </strong>in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. Since 2007 it has partnered with students, communities, and land management agencies of all types to document the history of the nation’s public lands. While the PLHC’s work reaches beyond the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> West, its efforts within Colorado are also noteworthy, including collaborations with <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a>, and city governments.</p> <h2>Founding</h2> <p>In 2007, with seed funding from the College of Liberal Arts, CSU historians Mark Fiege, Janet Ore, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/alexander-ruth-m"><strong>Ruth Alexander</strong></a>, Gregory Smoak, and archaeologist <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/labelle-jason-m"><strong>Jason LaBelle</strong></a> founded the Center for Public Lands History and Archaeology. Linked by a shared appreciation for histories of public lands, the scholars envisioned an intellectual community that provided students with practical and applied opportunities for professional development. Their goal was “to improve current park managers’ and the general public’s historical knowledge about specific national parks and the regions they inhabit.” Committed to developing a culture of collaboration, the founders pooled resources for the benefit of the center’s participants, especially students.</p> <p>Initially, the center had no full-time staff, but the founders soon saw a clear need for at least one staff member. In 2007 it hired a permanent Program Manager, CSU History alumna Maren Bzdek. Bzdek developed much of the PLHC’s administrative framework and was the lead researcher on some of its more ambitious projects, including the restoration of the Johnson Space Center’s Apollo Mission Control Room, completed in 2019.</p> <p>In 2008 Fiege won the William E. Morgan Chair of Liberal Arts position, giving much of his award to support the center’s work. The PLHC flourished with this newest infusion, and in Spring 2010, the center was reborn as the Public Lands History Center. The reconfigured name reflected a research emphasis on history. Over the next several years, additional CSU history faculty, including Adrian Howkins, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/orsi-jared"><strong>Jared Orsi</strong></a>, and Sarah Payne, joined the PLHC.</p> <h2>Early Accomplishments</h2> <p>In 2011 the PLHC held “National Parks Beyond the Nation,” which brought together scholars from every continent to discuss public lands history and management in a global context. The meeting resulted in a published anthology edited by PLHC council members, <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea</em>.<em>’ </em>The book was the first of several works published in the PLHC’s Public Lands History book series with the University of Oklahoma Press, launched in 2015.</p> <p>In collaboration with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive"><strong>CSU Water Resources Archive</strong></a>’s “Water Tables” event, the PLHC also co-sponsored “Coping with Extremes,” a western water symposium held in conjunction with the archive’s annual Water Tables event. Four noted historians of the American West, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patricia Limerick</strong></a>, Louis Warren, Jay Taylor, and Donald Jackson, gathered for a public conversation about how water shaped histories in the West, ranging from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ghost-dance"><strong>Ghost Dances</strong></a> of the 1890s to the collapse of a Los Angeles dam in the 1920s.</p> <p>The PLHC’s work was attracting national attention, but new challenges loomed on the horizon. Business was booming. By 2012 the Center had drawn in more than $800,000 in funded projects. These projects mostly came from National Park Service (NPS) units in the American West. The Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units (CESU) National Network recognized Fiege, Ore, Alexander, Orsi, and Bzdek for the PLHC’s outstanding contributions to ecosystems studies. But the PLHC stared down a sustainability crisis brought by the end of Fiege’s Morgan Chair funding in 2012.</p> <h2>Seeking Sustainability</h2> <p>After 2012, the PLHC adapted to weather a less certain financial future. It changed its leadership structure and sought competitive internal and external funding opportunities. It also continued its work with the National Park Service and partnered with Fort Collins Utilities, local irrigation companies, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. In 2013 Alexander took on the role of the PLHC Council Chair, marking a new era in the Center’s leadership model. The changeover coincided with a revised mission statement emphasizing collaborative values: “shared authority, reciprocity, public engagement, and a non-hierarchical approach to knowledge production.”</p> <p>Reflecting its updated mission, the PLHC launched two public engagement programs. One was Parks as Portals to Learning (PPL). Fiege and two resource managers at Rocky Mountain National Park, Ben Baldwin and Ben Bowbowski, developed the field workshop together. The program immersed students in the realities of resource management at Rocky Mountain National Park and provided an unvarnished look at the rewards and challenges of working there. The other initiative was reimagining the American West Program (AWP). Begun in the 1970s as a summer series of interdisciplinary lectures, films, and other intellectual events, the program had been derelict since 2004. In 2014 the PLHC revived AWP as a forum for scholars and land managers to discuss and share stories related to the West’s public lands with the public.</p> <p>In 2016 the PLHC was recognized as one of CSU’s Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE), owing to its “standard for excellence in research, teaching and service.” Through the PRSE designation, the PLHC won competitive internal university funding and rebuilt its programming and staff, developing a research fellowship program and reinstating the program manager position. After a national search, the Council selected Dr. Brenda Todd. Dr. Todd helped stabilize the Center’s operations in preparation for its next chapter. She departed the PLHC in winter 2018.</p> <p>In 2019 the PLHC appointed Ariel Schnee as interim Program Manager and later hired her permanently. Under Schnee, the PLHC continued its research agenda and expanded its programming and public engagement. In 2019 CSU history faculty Liesl Carr Childers and Michael Childers joined the PLHC Council and created new partnerships with the US Forest Service and the Office of Engagement and Extension. That same year the PLHC also welcomed Adam Thomas, teaching faculty member and founder of Historitecture, a Colorado-based historic preservation consultancy, to the council.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>As of 2022, the PLHC has executed well over $2,000,000 in funded projects, making lasting contributions to public lands scholarship and management. It provided training to a new generation of professionals within the National Park Service, the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, and the US Forest Service, as well as opportunities for historic preservationists and planners working in local and state governments and non-profit entities, cultural resource managers, and academic historians. Thousands have attended its American West Program events, and the Parks as Portals to Learning field workshop is entering its tenth year.</p> <p>In 2019 grant funding from the Henry B. Luce Foundation resulted in an innovative, integrated research and public outreach program that partners the PLHC with communities to assist them in telling under-represented public lands histories. While the PLHC has evolved according to changing conditions, it has maintained a belief in the power of public lands histories to inform and connect people.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schnee-ariel" hreflang="und">Schnee, Ariel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-history-center" hreflang="en">public lands history center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-park-service" hreflang="en">national park service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-research" hreflang="en">public lands research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-colorado" hreflang="en">public lands in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmental-studies" hreflang="en">environmental studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-orsi" hreflang="en">Jared Orsi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ruth-alexander" hreflang="en">ruth alexander</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jason-labelle" hreflang="en">jason labelle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-fiege" hreflang="en">mark fiege</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adrian-howkins" hreflang="en">adrian howkins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-faculty" hreflang="en">csu history faculty</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-department" hreflang="en">csu history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-department" hreflang="en">colorado state history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-grad-program" hreflang="en">colorado state history grad program</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grad-students-csu" hreflang="en">grad students csu</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-graduate-studies" hreflang="en">colorado state graduate studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-5-Summer-2014.pdf">Message from the Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 5.1 (Summer 2014).</p> <p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/PLHC-Volume-4-Summer-2013_11.pdf">Messages from the PLHC Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 4.1 (Summer 2013).</p> <p>Maren Thompson Bzdek, “<a href="https://gazette.com/news/apollo-mission-control-a-place-for-preservation/article_cb0d5b1e-a40a-11e9-9050-af873f5e09ee.html">Apollo Mission Control: A place for preservation</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, July 13, 2019.</p> <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://www.research.colostate.edu/prse/">Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE)</a>.”</p> <p>Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units National Network, “<a href="http://www.cesu.psu.edu/materials/CESU_NatAwards.htm">CESU National Award Recipients 2012</a>.”</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-3-Spring-20121.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em> 3, no. 1 (Summer 2012).</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-1-Spring-20101.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail:</em> <em>The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, 1, no. 1 (Spring 2010).</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-lands-book-series/">Public Lands History Book Series</a>,” 2015.</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-programs/western-water-symposium/">Western Water History Symposium</a>.</p> <p>The Henry B. Luce Foundation, “<a href="https://www.hluce.org/grants/grants/telling-the-untold-stories-of-public-lands-a-community-engaged-public-history-program/">To support the public history initiatives of the Public Lands History Center</a>,” Grants, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Michael M. Geary, <em>Sea of Sand: A History of Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Adrian Howkins, Jared Orsi, and Mark Fiege, eds., <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea’ </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Cori Knudten and Maren Bzdek, <em>Crossroads of Change: The People and the Land of Pecos </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020).</p> <p><a href="https://organpipehistory.com/">National Border, National Park: A History of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument</a></p> <p>James E. Sherow, <em>The Chisholm Trail: Joseph McCoy’s Great Gamble </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:36:18 +0000 yongli 3735 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kaplan-Hoover Bison Kill Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kaplan-hoover-bison-kill-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kaplan-Hoover Bison Kill Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-31T14:42:40-06:00" title="Friday, July 31, 2020 - 14:42" class="datetime">Fri, 07/31/2020 - 14:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kaplan-hoover-bison-kill-site" data-a2a-title="Kaplan-Hoover Bison Kill Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkaplan-hoover-bison-kill-site&amp;title=Kaplan-Hoover%20Bison%20Kill%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Kaplan-Hoover Bison Kill Site west of <strong>Windsor</strong> preserves one of the largest single-event <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> arroyo kills ever found. Discovered in 1997 during construction of a housing development, the site was excavated by a <strong>Colorado State University</strong> (CSU) team led by Lawrence C. Todd. Because of the site’s proximity to <a href="/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> and CSU, it was used for many field schools and teaching classes as well as tours and workshops designed to expose the public to archaeological research.</p> <p>The Kaplan-Hoover Site is located in an old arroyo near the <a href="/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre River</strong></a>. It was found in 1997 when construction and landscaping work at a nearby housing development removed more than ten feet of soil, revealing a bed of bison bones. Construction and landscaping continued—the site was even reseeded—but eventually the Department of Anthropology at CSU found out about the bones and started excavations in May 1998. Excavations continued into the early 2000s, with much of the work done by CSU’s summer field school.</p> <p>The site’s main feature is the extensive bone bed, which measures about fifteen feet wide and at least three feet deep. Excavations revealed more than 4,000 identifiable <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> bones from about 200 individual bison. Tooth wear indicates that the bison died in early fall, probably in a single large kill. The Native Americans responsible for the kill probably drove the bison either into or over the edge of an arroyo with steep banks, where the animals were trapped and slaughtered. The kill has been dated to approximately 835 BCE, which places it in the Late Archaic period (1250 BCE–100 CE), though it contains six or seven times as many animals as most other Late Archaic kills.</p> <p>The bison bones at the site are mostly in excellent condition, indicating that they were buried soon after the animals died. In contrast to other bison kill sites, such as the much older <strong>Jones-Miller</strong> and <strong>Olsen-Chubbuck</strong> kills, the Kaplan-Hoover Site shows limited evidence of butchering. Few marrow bones were fractured or removed, and marks on the bones indicate light butchery focused on high-yield cuts of meat. This style of butchery is rare in a northern plains site and is more commonly found in kills on the southern plains, where food was more plentiful throughout the winter. It is possible that the timing of the kill in early fall, when temperatures would have been warm, meant that the carcasses had to be processed quickly before they spoiled. As a result of the light butchery, the bones show more carnivore damage than any other plains bison kill site.</p> <p>The excavations helped excite the public about archaeological research. Many students at CSU did research or attended lectures there, and several thousand elementary, middle, and high school students received tours of the site and laboratory. In May 2000 an open house organized by the <strong>Colorado Archaeological Society</strong> attracted nearly 1,500 visitors.</p> <p>After excavations were completed in the early 2000s, the site was backfilled and stabilized. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic-period" hreflang="en">archaic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-hunters" hreflang="en">bison hunters</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lawrence-c-todd" hreflang="en">Lawrence C. Todd</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cache-la-poudre-river" hreflang="en">cache la poudre river</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeffrey L. Eighmy and Lawrence C. Todd, “Kaplan-Hoover Site [5LR3953],” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 2002).</p> <p>Lawrence C. Todd et al., “Late Archaic Bison Hunters in Northern Colorado: 1997–1999 Excavations at the Kaplan-Hoover Bison Bonebed (5LR3953),” <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 46, no. 176 (2001).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Douglas B. Bamforth, “Origin Stories, Archaeological Evidence, and Post-Clovis Bison Hunting on the Great Plains,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 76, no. 1 (2011).</p> <p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Jul 2020 20:42:40 +0000 yongli 3397 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Theodosia Ammons http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/theodosia-ammons <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Theodosia Ammons</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3749--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3749.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/theodosia-ammons"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Theodosia%20Ammons_0.jpg?itok=dBloMN07" width="500" height="683" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/theodosia-ammons" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Theodosia Ammons</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This portrait of Theodosia Ammons was taken in 1906 while she was Dean of Women and Professor of Domestic Economy at Colorado State University.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3750--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3750.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chronology-early-women-fort-collins-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/UHPCSNP_6601-CSUArchive_0.jpg?itok=5x2CJ5jX" width="1080" height="608" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chronology-early-women-fort-collins-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chronology of Early Women in Fort Collins, Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A timeline showing a glimpse of Theodosia Ammons's suffrage activities in relation to other historically important women and dates from the progression of women's rights in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-15T12:42:08-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 15, 2020 - 12:42" class="datetime">Wed, 01/15/2020 - 12:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/theodosia-ammons" data-a2a-title="Theodosia Ammons"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftheodosia-ammons&amp;title=Theodosia%20Ammons"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Theodosia Ammons (1862–1907) worked extensively throughout her life to advance the cause of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>. She became president of the <strong>Colorado Equal Suffrage Association</strong> and was cofounder of the department of domestic economy at Colorado Agricultural College (now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>), where Ammons served as the school’s first female faculty member and first female dean.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Grace Ammons was born in Macon, North Carolina, in 1862. Her father, Jehu Richard Ammons, was a minister at a local Baptist church and involved her in church-related activities from an early age. Ammons’s brother <strong>Elias </strong>later served as the nineteenth governor of Colorado from 1913 to 1915, while her nephew <strong>Teller</strong> served as the state’s twenty-eighth governor from 1937 to 1939.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871, when Theodosia was nine years old, Ammons’s father moved the family to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> for job opportunities in the expanding mining and timber industries. She graduated from <strong>Denver High School</strong> in 1883 but did not attend college, for financial reasons. Instead, like many women at the time, she went into teaching, in her case at the same high school from which she had just graduated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Ammons consistently worked to advance women’s suffrage in Colorado. With the help of fellow suffragist <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eliza-pickrell-routt"><strong>Eliza Routt</strong></a>, she developed a related interest in women’s education and began the promotion of domestic science in Colorado schools. In 1895 Ammons and Routt cofounded the department of domestic economy at Colorado Agricultural College in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. The college was among the first co-ed universities in the state. Ammons became the university’s first female faculty member, providing young women with a well-rounded education that included practical skills and liberal arts courses. The curricula offered academic courses such as architecture and chemistry as well as applied arts courses such as cooking, sewing, and decorating. Ammons helped many new graduates find jobs as nurses or teachers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Work in Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Ammons became dean of woman’s work at Colorado Agricultural College, making her the first female dean in the school’s history. In doing so, one of her first actions as dean was to change the name from the Department of Domestic Economy to the Department of Domestic Science. Ammons’s focus turned to the scientific methods for cooking, hygiene, and architecture in homes. The name change came as another attempt to make the college more supportive of women’s education.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Ammons continued her work on behalf of women’s suffrage. In 1902 she was elected president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association and was also nominated to represent Colorado at the 1902 National Convention of Delegates of Woman Suffrage in Washington, DC. At the convention, she spoke about the importance of equal suffrage and its outcomes in Colorado. In her speech, Ammons argued that women voting would improve American politics by making it more equitable. She finished by mentioning the positive results of the recently held Suffrage Day at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-chautauqua"><strong>Colorado Chautauqua</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ammons would later serve as principal of the Chautauqua School of Domestic Economy in Chautauqua Park, where she built a model cottage for summer living named the <strong>Gwenthean Cottage</strong>. As president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association, Ammons again represented Colorado at the Thirty-Fifth Annual National Suffrage Convention in New Orleans in 1903.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Ammons suffered from an unknown illness for years before her death on July 17, 1907, in Denver at the age of forty-five. She is remembered for the dual distinction of being the first female faculty member and first female dean at Colorado State. The university’s Special Collections Department includes Ammons’s writings on her activities at the school and in the broader suffrage movement. In addition, the school’s Home Economics building features a stained-glass window in Ammons’s honor that ties into the Zonta CIub of Fort Collins's exhibit of accomplished local women.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In fall 2018, Ammons was among the suffragists and civic leaders included in a public art project in Fort Collins called <em>Her Legacy: Women of Fort Collins</em>, with her portrait appearing on the outer wall of CooperSmith’s Poolside Restaurant downtown.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mungai-matthew-s" hreflang="und">Mungai, Matthew S. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodosia-ammons" hreflang="en">theodosia ammons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ammons" hreflang="en">ammons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ammons-hall" hreflang="en">ammons hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-agricultural-college" hreflang="en">colorado agricultural college</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin Duggan, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/03/25/fort-collins-art-project-honors-notable-women/453214002/">Opinion: Fort Collins Art Project Honors Notable Women</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), March 25, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://art.colostate.edu/about/">History of the Department</a>,” Department of Art and Art History, Colorado State University, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colleen M. McCorkell, “<a href="https://archives.colostate.edu/">Guide to the Papers of Theodosia G. Ammons</a>,” Colorado State University Libraries, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11361789/death_of_theodosia_ammons_1907/">Miss Ammons Is Dead</a>,” <em>Deadwood Daily Pioneer-Times</em>, July 18, 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Mathilda Joslyn Gage, <em>History of Woman Suffrage</em>, <em>1900–1920</em> (New York: Arno Press, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Harriet Taylor Upton, “Minutes of the Suffrage Convention,” in <em>Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association</em> (Warren, OH: NAWSA, 1903).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://fortcollinshistoricalsociety.org/2017/06/20/2017-6-20-chronology-of-early-women-in-fort-collins/">Chronology of Early Women in Fort Collins</a>,” Fort Collins Historical Society.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Zonta Club of Fort Collins, "<a href="https://www.livingherlegacy.org/">Living Her Legacy</a>."</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Theodosia Ammons (1862–1907) worked for the <strong>women’s suffrage </strong>cause. She was president of the <strong>Colorado Equal Suffrage Association</strong> and cofounder of the department of domestic economy at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Ammons was the school’s first female teacher and dean.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Grace Ammons was born in Macon, North Carolina, in 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 the family moved to <strong>Denver</strong>. She graduated from <strong>Denver High School</strong> in 1883 and then was a teacher at the same school.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Ammons and <strong>Eliza Routt</strong> cofounded the department of domestic economy at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. Ammons became the university’s first female teacher. Ammons helped many new graduates find jobs as nurses or teachers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Work in Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Ammons became dean of woman’s work at Colorado Agricultural College.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 she was elected president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Ammons died on July 17, 1907. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Theodosia Ammons (1862–1907) worked for the <strong>women’s suffrage </strong>cause. She was president of the <strong>Colorado Equal Suffrage Association</strong> and cofounder of the department of domestic economy at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Ammons served as the school’s first female faculty member and first female dean.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Grace Ammons was born in Macon, North Carolina, in 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871 the family moved to <strong>Denver</strong>. She graduated from <strong>Denver High School</strong> in 1883 and began teaching there soon after graduating.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1895 Ammons and <strong>Eliza Routt</strong> cofounded the department of domestic economy at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. Ammons became the university’s first female faculty member. Ammons helped many new graduates find jobs as nurses or teachers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Work in Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Ammons became dean of woman’s work at Colorado Agricultural College, making her the first female dean in the school’s history. She changed the name of the Department of Domestic Economy to the Department of Domestic Science.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 she was elected president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Ammons died on July 17, 1907. She is remembered for being the first female faculty member and first female dean at Colorado State. The school’s Home Economics building features a stained-glass window in her honor.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Theodosia Ammons (1862–1907) worked to advance the cause of <strong>women’s suffrage</strong>. She became president of the <strong>Colorado Equal Suffrage Association</strong> and was cofounder of the department of domestic economy at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. There she served as the school’s first female faculty member and first female dean.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Theodosia Grace Ammons was born in Macon, North Carolina, in 1862. Her father, Jehu Richard Ammons was a minister and involved her in church activities from an early age. Her brother <strong>Elias</strong> later served as governor of Colorado from 1913 to 1915. Her nephew, <strong>Teller Ammons</strong> served as governor from 1937 to 1939.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1871, when Theodosia was nine years old, the family moved to <strong>Denver</strong>. She graduated from <strong>Denver High School</strong> in 1883 but did not attend college. Instead, she taught at the same high school from which she had just graduated.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Ammons worked to advance women’s suffrage in Colorado, especially in women’s education. In 1895 Ammons and <strong>Eliza Routt</strong> cofounded the department of domestic economy at Colorado Agricultural College in <strong>Fort Collins </strong>(now Colorado State University). Ammons became the university’s first female faculty member. She provided young women with a well-rounded education that included practical skills and liberal arts courses. She helped many new graduates find jobs as nurses or teachers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Work in Women’s Suffrage</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 Ammons became dean of woman’s work at Colorado Agricultural College. She was the first female dean in the school’s history. She changed the name of the Department of Domestic Economy to the Department of Domestic Science. The name change was an attempt to make the college more supportive of women’s education.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 she was elected president of the Colorado Equal Suffrage Association. As president, Ammons represented Colorado in 1902 at the National Convention of Delegates of Woman Suffrage in Washington DC. She gave a speech in which she argued that women voting would improve American politics.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 17, 1907 Theodosia Ammons died in Denver at the age of forty-five. She is remembered for being the first female faculty member and first female dean at CSU. The school’s Home Economics building features a stained-glass window in her honor that ties into the Zonta Club of Fort Collins’s exhibit of talented local women..</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2018, Ammons was among the suffragists and civic leaders included in a public art project in Fort Collins. called <em>Her Legacy: Women of Fort Collins</em>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jan 2020 19:42:08 +0000 yongli 3109 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Collins http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Collins</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2741--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2741.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-collins-1865"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CO_Fort_Collins_1865_0.jpg?itok=AhxSKtDc" width="1090" height="614" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-collins-1865" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Collins, 1865</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Drawing of Camp Collins along the Cache la Poudre River (foreground), c. 1865. The camp was named after Lt. William O. Collins, an Ohio cavalry officer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-09-13T14:46:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 14:46" class="datetime">Wed, 09/13/2017 - 14:46</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins" data-a2a-title="Fort Collins"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-collins&amp;title=Fort%20Collins"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Fort Collins, the fourth-most populous city in Colorado, lies along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre River</strong></a> near the foothills of the northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. The seat of <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, Fort Collins was founded as an Army camp in 1864 and has since developed into a regional hub for education, business, culture, and recreation. The city currently has a population of 161,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Collins, nicknamed “Choice City,” is the home of <strong>Colorado State University</strong>, Colorado’s first land-grant college, as well as a host of popular craft beer breweries and several major technology companies. Cycling, craft beer, and music are all elements of the local culture, and the town lies close to a number of natural attractions, including the Cache la Poudre River and the Poudre Canyon, <strong>Horsetooth Mountain </strong>and<strong> <a href="/article/horsetooth-reservoir">Horsetooth Reservoir</a></strong>, and <strong>Estes Park</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Council Tree</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to the arrival of white settlers in the mid-nineteenth century, the Cache la Poudre valley was the home of the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> people. In 1820 Major <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long"><strong>Stephen H. Long</strong></a> led the first official US expedition through the valley. In the ensuing decades he was followed by fur trappers, emigrants, and homesteaders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>Cottonwood trees</strong></a> grow in the hundreds in the river bottoms along the Cache la Poudre River. However, one tree several miles east of present-day Fort Collins towered over the rest. At more than 100 feet tall and with a trunk reportedly 16 feet wide, this ancient cottonwood had been adopted by the Arapaho people as a council tree—a communal place to camp, fish, and hold council over important issues.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In May 1860 rancher Robert Strauss arrived near present-day Fort Collins and established his home on land that held the council tree. Strauss had an amiable relationship with a local Arapaho leader known to English speakers as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teenokuhu-friday"><strong>Friday</strong></a> (his Arapaho name translates to “The Man Who Sits Thinking”). Even though Strauss considered himself owner of the land, he did not dispute the Arapaho presence on it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Arapaho continued to convene at the council tree without much trouble until 1861, when the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> attempted to remove several groups of Cheyenne and Arapaho to a small area in southeastern Colorado. A handful of Arapaho leaders signed the treaty, though they later said they did not fully understand its terms and did not agree to cede tribal lands. Friday continued to camp near the council tree.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the first <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>, opening a new era of westward expansion and conquest in American history. Between 1862 and 1864 more than 1 million homesteads were granted to settlers who traveled west on the <a href="/article/overland-trail"><strong>Overland Trail</strong></a> and other wagon routes. Those migrating across the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and beyond came into direct and sometimes violent competition with Native Americans for land, food, fuel, and other resources, which gave way to numerous conflicts throughout the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Camp to Fort</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>To protect goods and people moving along the Overland Trail, the US government dispatched cavalry units in strategic locations. Camp Collins, on the Cache la Poudre River near <strong>LaPorte</strong>, was one of these locations. It was named after Lt. Col.<strong> William O. Collins</strong> of the Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. In its first location,  the camp was vulnerable to seasonal <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>. On June 12, 1864, the camp flooded, and a majority of its equipment was lost. To meet the needs of the cavalry, a new encampment had to be built at a different site. On August 20, 1864, Collins wrote out a special order calling for a permanent post to be built on the Cache la Poudre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In late October 1864, the Fort Collins Military Post was established on what is now the northeast edge of the city’s Old Town district. It was given the name “Fort Collins” to distinguish it from the earlier camp. The small fort was surrounded by a military reservation of more than 6,000 acres and housed many different military units.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In November 1864, US cavalry slaughtered more than 150 peaceful Arapaho and Cheyenne camped near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a>, igniting wide-open conflict between the United States and the two Native American nations. Amidst these growing hostilities, Friday fled the Fort Collins area, rejoining his Northern Arapaho people in Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Collins was only garrisoned for another two-and-a-half years before local conflicts with Native Americans subsided, expiring its purpose. The fort was decommissioned in March 1867 by order of General William T. Sherman.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Fort to City</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the fort’s brief tenure as a cavalry garrison, a small community was commissioned around the post shortly after it was opened. Lewis Stone and his wife, the colorful Elizabeth “Auntie” Stone, received permission to build a cabin on the grounds of the fort. Finished in 1864, their two-story cabin at the present corner of Mountain Avenue and Jefferson Street was the first permanent, private dwelling in Fort Collins. “Auntie Stone’s Cabin,” as it came to be known, also operated as the city’s first hotel, initially for military officers and then for the public in 1867.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Stone family continued efforts to develop Fort Collins from a frontier settlement to a full-fledged community. For example, Elizabeth Stone’s philanthropy included the founding of the Fort Collins <strong>Women’s Christian Temperance Union</strong>. But the Stones were not the only enterprising settlers to capitalize on the military personnel stationed along the Overland Trail.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To provide basic goods for soldiers and travelers, Joseph Mason, another early Fort Collins resident, built the first permanent storefront at the corner of Jefferson and Linden Streets in 1865. By 1866 the town had both a church and a schoolhouse. In 1867, following the closing of the military post, Fort Collins was surveyed and platted. In 1870 it was chosen as the site of Colorado’s first and only land grant college—<strong>Colorado Agricultural College</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado Agricultural College</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the country recovered from the <strong>Civil War</strong>, the small community of Fort Collins faced a situation similar to that of most other newly established western communities: it lacked the necessary transportation and institutional infrastructure necessary to support large-scale agriculture. Without capital investments and access to a railroad, Fort Collins would wither. Harris Stratton, who came to Fort Collins in 1865, sought to address this problem. Stratton served in the territorial legislature during 1868–69, and he was intrigued by the prospects of the 1862 <strong>Morrill Act</strong>, which provided land for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges. Recognizing that a land-grant college would benefit Fort Collins, Stratton and fellow Fort Collins legislator Mathew S. Taylor, introduced the bill in 1870 that established the <strong>Agricultural College of Colorado</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1874 the Larimer County Land Improvement Company built an agricultural colony near LaPorte to complement the founding of Colorado Agricultural College. The colony provided 3,000 acres of land for farm plots to encourage experimental high-desert farming. It was not long before Fort Collins earned a reputation as the agricultural hub of northern Colorado. The position of the city as the preeminent agricultural community in northern Colorado was only elevated after its integration into the growing network of western railroads.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroads and Sugar Beets</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The first railroad to reach Fort Collins was <a href="/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>William A.H. Loveland</strong></a>’s <strong>Colorado Central</strong> <strong>Railroad</strong> in 1877, followed by the Greeley, Salt Lake &amp; Pacific (GSL&amp;P) in 1882. The arrival of railroads allowed farmers in the Cache la Poudre valley to ship their produce to regional and national markets, connected Fort Collins to larger economic centers such as <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, and allowed the importation of building materials from the East.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The declining economy of the United States during the 1890s—highlighted by the <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a>—resulted in part from the decline in the western mining industry and unexpected agricultural setbacks. One enterprise, however, held promise for the Fort Collins agricultural community—the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar industry</strong></a>. The environmental conditions of the Front Range were suitable for the widespread cultivation of sugar beets, and the plant itself was ideally suited for the region’s unpredictable <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agricultural reformers enticed northern Colorado farmers to plant sugar beets and declared that the practice would not only provide income for farmers but would also create jobs for laborers and industrial workers, as well as provide an avenue for capitalist investment and city growth. In 1901 the Denver magnates<strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher">Charles Boettcher</a></strong>, <strong>J. J. Brown</strong>, and <strong>John F. Campion</strong> founded the Great Western Sugar Company, and in 1903 the company built a beet processing factory in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> flooded Fort Collins with wealth, and the city attracted a diverse population of agriculturalists, laborers, and capitalists. Many new residences and businesses were established during the prosperous first decade of the twentieth century, including a library, theaters, schools, recreational facilities, parks, and churches.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1920 Fort Collins had become a popular destination for Hollywood actors such as John Wayne, Olivia DeHavilland, and Vincent Price, who were drawn by the fine amenities of the iconic <strong>Northern Hotel</strong> and the rugged backdrop of the Front Range. Then Vice-Presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt, who romanticized Fort Collins as an emblematic western city, even campaigned from the steps of the Fort Collins courthouse during his 1920 bid for the White House. Three years later, students at Colorado Agricultural College climbed a hogback overlooking the western edge of town and painted a white letter “A” for “Aggies,” the school’s mascot. The white “A” has been a signature landmark in Fort Collins ever since, maintained by successive generations of students.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Just west of that hogback in 1949, the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> built Horsetooth Reservoir as part of the massive <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong></a>. The reservoir continues to serve as both the city’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> source and a hub for outdoor recreation, while the surrounding hills are popular grounds for hiking, camping, and cycling.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1935 Colorado Agricultural College was renamed Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (Colorado A&amp;M). During <strong>World War II,</strong> American soldiers were sent to Colorado A&amp;M to undergo officer training before being sent overseas. In 1957 Colorado A&amp;M was renamed Colorado State University (CSU), and its mascot changed from “Aggies” to “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>Rams</strong></a>.” CSU remains one of the cornerstones of the city’s economy and culture. Craft beer is another, in part because of the high quality and availability of local water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A dry city until 1969, Fort Collins is today nationally known for its breweries. Anheuser-Busch was the first beer company to set up shop in Fort Collins, opening a brewery in 1988. But Fort Collins’s now-legendary craft beer industry began in 1989, when Scott Smith founded <strong>CooperSmith’s</strong> brewpub in the city’s Old Town district. That same year, West Coast brewers Doug and Wynne O’Dell set up <strong>O’Dell</strong> brewery in an old grain elevator on the outskirts of town. Then, inspired by the quality of small-scale beer brewers as he bicycled through Belgian towns, Fort Collins resident Jeff Lebesch founded <strong>New Belgium Brewing</strong> in 1991. The company quickly moved out of Lebesch’s basement and into its own brewery at 500 Linden Street. Today, New Belgium ships beer all across the country, while O’Dell retains a smaller-scale distribution network. CooperSmith’s is one of the nation’s most successful brewpubs, selling more than 2,000 barrels of beer each year. Committed to its founder’s love for cycling, New Belgium promotes both its beer and cycling through the annual <strong>Tour de Fat</strong>, a festival that combines beer, costumes, and bicycles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Craft brewing has since been a mainstay of the local culture and economy in Fort Collins. The Fort Collins Brewery opened in 2003, followed by Funkwerks in 2007, and the city has since added a number of smaller breweries and brewpubs, including Pateros Creek (2008), Equinox (2010), Black Bottle (2012), and several others.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though the present site of the city was considered safer than the original Camp Collins, Fort Collins has remained vulnerable to flooding. The city has endured eleven flood events since 1864, with the worst being the <a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>Spring Creek Flood</strong></a> of 1997. The flood inundated much of western Fort Collins, including the CSU campus, killing five people and causing about $200 million in damage. Afterward, the city spent $5 million on recovery and an advanced flood warning system. Regional <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods"><strong>flooding in September 2013</strong></a> narrowly missed the main part of the city, serving as another reminder to residents that living in such a scenic place does not come without risks.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Fort Collins remains one of the fastest-growing and most popular cities in Colorado. The well-preserved <strong>Old Town Historic District</strong> serves as a hub for shopping, restaurants, and nightlife, as well as a reminder of the city’s agricultural and frontier history. The city continues to attract a multitude of tourists annually, and Colorado State University is recognized as one of the nation’s preeminent research institutions. Several technology companies, including Hewlett Packard, Intel, and AMD, maintain large facilities in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To help improve transportation between the expanding residential developments south of downtown and the old heart of the city, Fort Collins established the MAX Bus system in 2014. As it grows, Fort Collins will continue to face challenges related to water availability, flood control, and transportation, but its status as one of the premier cities along Colorado’s Front Range is unlikely to change anytime soon.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-fort-collins" hreflang="en">history of fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county-history" hreflang="en">larimer county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins-history" hreflang="en">fort collins history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-belgium-brewing" hreflang="en">new belgium brewing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/odell-brewing" hreflang="en">o&#039;dell brewing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/craft-beer" hreflang="en">craft beer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anheuser-busch" hreflang="en">anheuser-busch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horsetooth" hreflang="en">horsetooth</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/old-town-fort-collins" hreflang="en">old town fort collins</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin Duggan, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2016/05/17/fort-collins-celebrate-max-anniversary/84507750/">Fort Collins to celebrate MAX anniversary</a>,” <em>The Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), May 18, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barbara Fleming, “A Walk Through History: Council tree, Strauss cabin long gone,” <em>The Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins)<em>, </em>March 2, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Collins Community Service Collaborative, “The Railroad Era, Colorado Agricultural College, and the Growth of the City, 1877–1900,” <em>Fort Collins History Connection: An Online Collaboration of the Fort Collins Museum and the Poudre River Public Library District</em>, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Fort Collins - A Growing Town in a Growing Country” <em>Fort Collins Courier</em>, November 16, 1878.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Fort Collins Agricultural Colony of Colorado” <em>Fort Collins Standard</em>, March 25, 1874.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Teresa Funke, “Elizabeth Stone: Chronology of the ‘Founding Mother of Fort Collins,” brochure, Fort Collins Museum, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adrian D. Garcia and Pat Ferrier, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/money/2015/12/18/fort-collins-largest-primary-employers/77496904/">9K work at Fort Collins’ 25 largest companies</a>,” <em>Fort Collins Coloradoan</em>, December 18, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth Jessen, “<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2016/04/14/historic-strauss-cabin-destroyed-by-arsonists/">Historic Strauss cabin destroyed by arsonists</a>,” <em>Reporter-Herald </em>(Loveland), April 16, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kristin Mastre, “<a href="https://www.julieknows.com/1345/equinox-brewing">Equinox Brewing</a>,” Feasting Fort Collins (blog), May 10, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>New Belgium Brewing, “<a href="https://www.newbelgium.com/Brewery/company/history">History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>O’Dell Brewing, “<a href="https://www.odellbrewing.com/our-story/">Our Story</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dean Shamblen, “<a href="http://www.arapaholegends.com/friday-the-arapaho-interpreter/">Friday, the Arapaho Interpreter</a>,” Arapaho Legends (blog), March 3, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wayne C. Sundberg, “City Celebrates Rich Heritage,” <em>The Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), August 19, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wayne C. Sundberg, <em>Fort Collins at 150: A Sesquicentennial History, </em>(San Antonio, TX: HPN Books, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Torres, “<a href="https://kdvr.com/news/unique-2-colorado/budweisers-big-claim-to-small-colorado-town/">Budweiser’s big claim to Fort Collins</a>,” <em>Fox 31 Denver</em>, October 31, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Twitty, <em>Silver Wedge: The Sugar Beet Industry in Fort Collins</em> (Fort Collins, CO: SWCA Environmental Consultants, 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kevin Duggan, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2016/08/29/arapaho-tribal-history-honored-fort-collins-site/89550934/">Arapaho tribal history honored at Fort Collins site</a>,” <em>The Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), August 29, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Evadene Burris Swanson, <em>Fort Collins Yesterdays </em>(Fort Collins, CO: George and Hildegarde Morgan, 1976, 1993).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 13 Sep 2017 20:46:43 +0000 yongli 2739 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Water Institute http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-water-institute <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Water Institute</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-04-03T16:10:09-06:00" title="Monday, April 3, 2017 - 16:10" class="datetime">Mon, 04/03/2017 - 16:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-water-institute" data-a2a-title="Colorado Water Institute"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-water-institute&amp;title=Colorado%20Water%20Institute"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Water Institute (CWI), an affiliate of Colorado State University (CSU) since 1965, exists for the express purpose of focusing the expertise of higher education on evolving <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> concerns and problems in the Centennial State.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Formerly known as the Colorado Water Resources Research Institute (CWRRI), CWI is part of a national network of fifty-four water institutes—one in each US state, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. The water institutes have a unique mission, positioned between academic scholarship and the world of water management and politics. The 1964 federal Water Resources Research Act sought to create long-term linkages between universities and state and federal agencies for the solution of the nation’s water problems. A national network of water institutes could focus locally on state problems, identifying research needs that could be filled at nearby universities. The national program is administered by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and provides an annual grant to each institute for research, coordination, outreach, and training. The CWI also has authorization from the Colorado legislature, which had changed the name from CWRRI to CWI in 2008. Additional research funds provided annually by the Colorado Water Conservation Board help fund faculty and student work on high-priority water issues at all of Colorado’s public universities.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Collaborations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The CWI has a long history of fostering collaboration between academia and public and private entities. One such collaboration with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1980 involved a brochure and educational film on the treatment of lands as a method of filtering municipal water supplies. Other significant partners have included the US <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> and the Colorado Department of Local Affairs. In 2012 Colorado House Bill 12-1278 tasked CWI with studying reports of high groundwater levels in the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> basin with the hope of better administering the region’s groundwater. The institute reported its findings to the legislature in late 2013, prompting several bills to address the problem. In 2015 CWI convened a think tank of twenty experts that published a document to help water users and administrators better understand how water conservation practices are protected under current law and administration.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>CWI Leaders</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the last fifty years, the institute’s five directors—Stephen C. Smith (1965–67), Norman A. Evans (1967–88), Neil S. Grigg (1988–91), Robert C. Ward (1991–2006, and Reagan M. Waskom (2006–present)—collected a vast array of water-related documents and materials. In the early 1990s, Robert Ward initiated successful efforts to create a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive"><strong>Water Resources Archive</strong> </a>at CSU’s Morgan Library. The Water Resources Archive is a joint effort of CSU Libraries and the CWI and consists of collections from individuals and organizations that have been instrumental in the development of water resources in Colorado and the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the roles of the CWI is to foster the development of the next generation of water scientists, managers, and educators. To help increase the number of well-educated future water managers, CWI funds student research projects and works with the USGS and other water agencies to create opportunities for student internships.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fifty Years of Success</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The success of the CWI is attributable to the work of water faculty and their students over the past fifty years. Faculty at CSU, CSU–Pueblo, <strong>University of Colorado</strong> <strong>Boulder</strong>, <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>, <strong>Colorado Mesa University</strong>, <strong>University of Northern Colorado</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State University of Denver</strong>, <strong>Western State University</strong>, and other public universities have collaborated with water managers in Colorado to identify and tackle the broad spectrum of contemporary water problems, including drought, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, groundwater, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>, drinking water, reservoir management, invasive species, water reuse and conservation, and many others. Over that span, CWI has produced more than 400 research studies and reports, all of which are available on its website.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 2016 legislative session, CWI provided the results of a stormwater modeling evaluation to help the legislature assess the impact of a new bill permitting rainwater harvesting. The information provided helped the legislature move forward on this bill, passing it into law during the session. CWI followed up with information for homeowners interested in harvesting rainwater, available online via CSU <a href="/article/agricultural-extension-service"><strong>Extension</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/waskom-reagan" hreflang="und">Waskom, Reagan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-water-institute" hreflang="en">colorado water institute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-colorado" hreflang="en">water in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-education-colorado" hreflang="en">water education colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-resources-archive" hreflang="en">water resources archive</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>P. E. Cabot, C. C. Olson, Reagan Waskom, and K. G. Rein, “<a href="https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/natural-resources/rainwater-collection-colorado-6-707/">Rainwater Collection in Colorado</a>,” Colorado State University Agricultural Extension, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.leg.state.co.us/clics/clics2008a/csl.nsf/fsbillcont/CBD7F54AB18C414187257393007FCEB3?Open&amp;file=1026_enr.pdf">Concerning the Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, and in Connection Therewith, Changing the Name of the Institute to the Colorado Water Institute, Expanding the Duties of the Institute, and Authorizing the Institute as a Contracting Entity for Water Research</a>,” House Bill 08-1026, Colorado State Legislature, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Reagan Waskom, Kevin Rein, Dick Wolfe, MaryLou Smith, “<a href="https://watercenter.colostate.edu">How Diversion and Beneficial Use of Water Affect the Value and Measure of a Water Right: Is ‘Use it or Lose It’ an Absolute</a>?” Colorado Water Institute Special Report No. 25 (February 2016).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/archives/water/">Colorado State University Water Resources Archive</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://watercenter.colostate.edu">Colorado Water Institute</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 03 Apr 2017 22:10:09 +0000 yongli 2460 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Water Resources Archive http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Water Resources Archive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2311--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2311.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/water-resources-archive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/WRA-logos_URL_6in_0.jpg?itok=q0qOmF8i" width="1000" height="383" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/water-resources-archive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Water Resources Archive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Logo of the Water Resources Archive at Colorado State University in Fort Collins.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T11:15:58-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 11:15" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 11:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive" data-a2a-title="Water Resources Archive"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwater-resources-archive&amp;title=Water%20Resources%20Archive"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The only repository of its kind in the state, the Water Resources Archive at Colorado State University (CSU) focuses on preserving the documentation of Colorado’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> heritage. Issues and solutions surrounding water form a significant part of the semiarid state’s history. Colorado was the site of many important legal, scientific, and administrative advances related to water, and those innovations have spread across the American West and the world. Preserving the original documentation of the people and groups involved gives a glimpse into both the successes and failures of the past, which can assist in making water-related decisions for an increasingly complex future.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Part of the Archives &amp; Special Collections Department at CSU Libraries, the Water Resources Archive began in 2001 at the college’s Morgan Library in partnership with the <a href="/article/colorado-water-institute"><strong>Colorado Water Institute</strong></a>. Knowing that the documentation of Colorado water history was at risk of disappearing, the institute’s director worked with the libraries and the History Department to create a repository to save those materials. The archive’s initial funding came from insurance money distributed to campus following the <a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>1997 Spring Creek flood</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive’s mission is to preserve, make available, and promote historically important documentation of Colorado water resources involving individuals and organizations both in and outside the state. Because Colorado streams and aquifers cross state borders, western water issues tie states and their histories closely together. Additionally, many Colorado water experts travel widely to share their expertise, expanding the reach of Colorado’s water knowledge, which results in collections that extend across the United States and around the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive is one of only two archives in the nation focused specifically on collecting historical water documentation. It is also a founding contributor to the Western Waters Digital Library, which brings together water-related information from universities across the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Collections</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of 2015, the Water Resources Archive had received more than 100 collections. With a few exceptions, each collection documents specific people (such as water lawyers, utility managers, engineers, and economists) or organizations (including <strong>ditch companies</strong>, grassroots organizations, and government agencies).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The collections also document water sources and uses across the state. Sources include surface water, groundwater, and precipitation used for agricultural, municipal, recreational, and environmental needs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collections cover a variety of subject areas; strengths are in water management, engineering, and agriculture, but subjects such as law, science, the environment, and conservation are featured as well.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive frequently receives new collections, often from important water professionals or their heirs. Each collection undergoes any necessary preservation to remove mold, dust, or dirt, its contents are organized and described to make it accessible, and then a finding aid is added to the Water Resources Archive’s website. The finding aid includes a brief biography of a person or history of an organization as well as an inventory of the boxes in the collection.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collections contain many one-of-a-kind materials, such as meeting minutes, correspondence, data, reports, diaries, photographs, maps, films, and audiotapes, making them attractive to researchers doing in-depth studies. Patrons with more straightforward needs can request reproductions. Most of the collections are paper-based, but the archive actively digitizes selections from its collections and posts them online. Archive staff is on hand at CSU’s Morgan Library to assist researchers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role in Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Researchers use the Water Resources Archive for a variety of reasons: to write books or make documentaries, to gather research for lawsuits or family genealogies, and to find facts or images for presentations. Through such activities, knowledge of western water history informs important future decisions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The archive holds two annual events: Water Tables in the winter and the Western Water Symposium &amp; Barbecue in the summer. These not only raise funds but also teach attendees about water history. The Water Resources Archive conducts outreach across the state at a number of conferences and publishes an electronic newsletter. It also hosts classes and tours by request and welcomes all visitors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rettig-patricia-j" hreflang="und">Rettig, Patricia J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-resource-archive" hreflang="en">water resource archive</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-resources" hreflang="en">water resources</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-law" hreflang="en">water law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/archives/water/">Water Resources Archive</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://westernwaters.org/">Western Waters Digital Library</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 18:15:58 +0000 yongli 2309 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Guggenheim Hall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2125--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2125.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=cD2c1N3j" width="1000" height="786" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall was designed by James Murdock in the neoclassical style. The north facade features a two-story entry portico with four Corinthian columns.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2126--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2126.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/inga-allison"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=XspGUIqM" width="1000" height="1231" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/inga-allison" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Inga Allison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Inga Allison became permanent head of the home economics program in 1911, she expanded the program beyond the domestic sciences. She is known for her high-altitude cooking experiments.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2127--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2127.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-south-facade"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=SS6Ds-Wy" width="1000" height="782" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-south-facade" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall, South Facade</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The south side of Guggenheim Hall faces the Oval. In 1948 the arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2128--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2128.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=LO4ateiZ" width="1000" height="1507" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Guggenheim Hall is now home to the Department of Construction Management, which in 2003 restored the building's interior and added efficient lighting and plumbing systems.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:32:02-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:32" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall" data-a2a-title="Guggenheim Hall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fguggenheim-hall&amp;title=Guggenheim%20Hall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is located on the northeast side of the Oval on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University </strong>(CSU) in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. As the headquarters of the school’s home economics program in the early twentieth century, the neoclassical building is significant for its role in the history of women’s education at the college. Today Guggenheim Hall is home to the Department of Construction Management, which restored the building’s interior in 2003.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall was made possible by a gift from US Senator <strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>, a politician and philanthropist who also made large donations to the <strong>University of Colorado–<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder">Boulder</a></strong> and <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>. Designed by architect James Murdock, the two-and-a-half-story building had a symmetrical neoclassical exterior made of buff-colored brick. The north façade faced West Laurel Street, linking campus with the city across the street, and featured a large entry portico with four Corinthian columns. The south façade had an arcade and patio. Today the building remains one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>Originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts, the building was intended to house the school’s home economics program. Essentially, home economics functioned as the women’s section of the college; at the time, many people involved in American higher education believed that women’s education should be designed to assist them in their roles as wives and mothers.</p> <p>Just as the home economics program received a new building, it also got a new orientation thanks to Inga M.K. Allison, who became acting program head in 1910 and took over permanently in 1911. By focusing on research projects such as determining the effect of altitude on cooking recipes, she grounded home economics in the physical, biological, and social sciences. This shift made it possible to extend women’s education beyond domestic concerns. Under Allison’s leadership, home economics became an independent department in 1917 and started to train women for careers beyond housewifery. By the early 1930s the department offered women training in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>A variety of changes altered Guggenheim Hall’s appearance during the twentieth century. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s College of Professional Studies, Department of Industrial Sciences, and Industrial-Construction Management program (now the Department of Construction Management). Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building, and a skyway was extended from the elevator enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remains.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later it narrowly escaped damage when a massive <a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a> on July 28, 1997, wreaking havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus. The flood waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall at a spot that is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a restoration of Guggenheim Hall that rolled back decades of ad hoc remodeling. Students in the department analyzed the building and used archival records and photographs to figure out what the building looked like in 1910, then used donations from construction companies to restore the interior. Meanwhile, they also upgraded the building’s lighting and plumbing to efficient modern standards. In 2006 the restored building received the US Green Building Council’s LEED for Commercial Interiors Silver Certification for sustainability, making Guggenheim Hall the first university building in the country with that designation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/simon-guggenheim" hreflang="en">Simon Guggenheim</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-murdock" hreflang="en">James Murdock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/home-economics" hreflang="en">home economics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-education" hreflang="en">women&#039;s education</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/inga-allison" hreflang="en">Inga Allison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/department-construction-management" hreflang="en">Department of Construction Management</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Craig P. Anderson, Tracey L. Stecklein, and Daniela A. Caro, “Guggenheim Hall,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (June 17, 1994).</p> <p><a href="http://www.news.colostate.edu/Release/Print/4255">“Green Classrooms at Guggenheim Hall the First University Remodel Recognized by the U.S. Green Building Council,”</a> CSU News Service, December 4, 2006.</p> <p>Christiana Nelson, <a href="http://archives.collegian.com/2003/11/02/guggenheim_hall_returns_to_1910/">“Guggenheim Hall Returns to 1910,”</a> <em>Rocky Mountain Collegian</em>, November 2, 2003.</p> <p>Sarah Zaske, “Guggenheim Hall—Colorado Agricultural College,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (June 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University</strong> (CSU) in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. It was built in 1910. The hall is on CSU’s Oval lawn. It housed the home economics program. Most women’s education took place there in the early 1900s. Now the building is home to the Department of Construction Management. In 2003 the department restored the interior.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>US Senator&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong> provided money for the hall. Architect James Murdock designed it. He used buff-colored brick. The building is two-and-a-half-stories and faces West. Laurel Street is to the north. This linked the campus with the city. The style is neoclassical. The entry has four tall columns. The south side had a passage with arches, known as an arcade. The hall is one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>At first, the building was called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts. Women studied there. Many people thought that education should help women as wives and mothers. Inga M.K. Allison became department head in 1910. Household Arts had a new building. Now it had a new focus. Allison did research. She studied how altitude affects cooking. This allowed women to learn science. Now they could study things besides housework. They learned other careers. By the early 1930s, there were classes in food and teaching. There were also classes in art and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>The hall’s appearance changed over time. In 1948 the arcade and patio were closed in. This provided more office space. In 1977 the Department of Construction Management moved in. An elevator and enclosed stairs were added to the east side of the building.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall is historic. In 1995 it was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later, a&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a><strong>. </strong>The flood destroyed many buildings. But flood waters stopped just south of the hall. The spot now has a plaque.</p> <p>In 2003 the Department of Construction Management renovated the hall. Students used old records and photographs. They found out what it looked like in 1910. They fixed years of bad remodeling. Lighting and plumbing were modernized. In 2005 the building got an award. It was the LEED Silver Certification. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. This is given by the US Green Building Council. Guggenheim Hall was the first university building in the country with this award.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of&nbsp;<strong>Colorado State University&nbsp;</strong>(CSU) in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. The hall is on the northeast side of the Oval, the lawn at the heart of the campus. The hall was headquarters of the home economics program. It played a major role in women’s education at CSU. Today the building is home to the Department of Construction Management. In 2003 the department restored the building’s interior.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>The money for the hall was a gift from US Senator and philanthropist&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>. Architect James Murdock designed the building. Built of buff-colored brick, it is two-and-a-half-stories with a symmetrical neoclassical exterior. The north façade faces West Laurel Street, linking campus with the city. Four Corinthian columns graced the entry portico. The south façade had an arcade and patio. The building is one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in the city.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>The building was originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts. It was intended for the home economics program. Home economics was thought of as the women’s section of the college. At the time, many people believed that education should help women as wives and mothers.</p> <p>Inga M.K. Allison became acting program head of Household Arts in 1910. She took over permanently in 1911. The department had both a new building and a new orientation. Allison focused on research. She studied the effects of altitude on cooking. By doing so, she grounded home economics in science. This extended women’s education beyond household duties. Home economics became an independent department in 1917. It started training women for other careers. By the early 1930s, the department offered classes in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall’s appearance changed over time. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed. This provided extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s Department of Construction Management. Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building. A skyway was extended from the enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remain.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later a massive&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a><strong>.</strong> The flood wreaked havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus, but the waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall. The spot is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a renovation of Guggenheim Hall. Students analyzed the building, using old records and photographs to determine what it looked like in 1910. Donations from construction companies helped restore the interior. The students corrected decades of poor remodeling. The building’s lighting and plumbing were brought up to modern standards. In 2005 the renovated building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Certification for Commercial Interiors from the US Green Building Council. Guggenheim Hall was the first university building in the country with this designation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of&nbsp;<strong>Colorado State University&nbsp;</strong>(CSU) in&nbsp;<strong>Fort Collins</strong>. It is on the northeast side of the campus’s Oval. The hall was the headquarters of the school’s home economics program in the early twentieth century. It is significant for its role in the history of women’s education at CSU. Today Guggenheim Hall is home to the Department of Construction Management, which restored the building’s interior in 2003.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall was made possible by a gift from US Senator and philanthropist&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>. Guggenheim also made large donations to the&nbsp;<strong>University of Colorado–Boulder</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>. Architect James Murdock designed the building. Built of buff-colored brick, it is two-and-a-half-stories. The building has a symmetrical neoclassical exterior. The north façade faced West Laurel Street, linking the campus with the city. It featured a large entry portico with four Corinthian columns. The south façade had an arcade and patio. Today the building remains one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>The building was originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts and housed the school’s home economics program. Essentially, home economics functioned as the women’s section of the college. At the time, many people believed that women’s education should assist them in their roles as wives and mothers.</p> <p>While the building was being constructed, the department had new leadership. Inga M.K. Allison became acting program head of Household Arts in 1910 and took over permanently in 1911. Allison gave the department a new orientation. She focused on research projects such as determining the effect of altitude on cooking recipes. By doing so, she grounded home economics in the sciences. This shift made it possible to extend women’s education beyond domestic concerns. Home economics became an independent department in 1917. It started to train women for careers beyond housewifery. By the early 1930s, the department offered women training in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>A variety of changes altered Guggenheim Hall’s appearance during the twentieth century. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s Department of Construction Management. Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building. A skyway was extended from the elevator enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remains.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later it narrowly escaped damage when a massive&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a>&nbsp;on July 28, 1997, wreaking havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus. The flood waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall at a spot that is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a renovation of Guggenheim Hall. This renovation corrected decades of ad hoc remodeling. Students in the department analyzed the building using archival records and photographs to figure out what the building looked like in 1910. Then they used donations from construction companies to restore the interior. They also upgraded the building’s lighting and plumbing to modern standards. In 2006 the renovated building received the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Certification for sustainability. This made Guggenheim Hall the first university building in the country with that designation.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:32:02 +0000 yongli 2124 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ammons Hall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ammons-hall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ammons Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2113--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2113.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ammons-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ammons-Hall-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=KQR8f6DP" width="1000" height="299" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ammons-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ammons Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1921–22, Ammons Hall was designed by Denver architect Eugene Groves. It served as a social center and athletic facility for women at Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T12:50:41-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 12:50" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 12:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ammons-hall" data-a2a-title="Ammons Hall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fammons-hall&amp;title=Ammons%20Hall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located on the northwest corner of the Oval on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, Ammons Hall opened in 1922 as a women’s gymnasium and social center. Designed by Denver architect <strong>Eugene Groves</strong>, the Italian Renaissance Revival building signaled that the college recognized women as a central part of the institution and that it aspired to grow from an agricultural college into a true university. In 1978 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and today it houses the University Welcome Center and Office of Admissions.</p> <h2>Women’s Club Building</h2> <p>In 1921–22, when Ammons Hall was constructed, Colorado State was still known as Colorado Agricultural College, offering programs primarily in departments such as agriculture, mechanic arts, veterinary medicine, and home economics. But under President <strong>Charles Lory</strong>, who had led the college since 1909, it was starting to expand its horizons to include new kinds of students and new types of study. By the early 1920s more than one-quarter of Colorado Agricultural College’s students were women.</p> <p>Under the leadership of former governor <strong>Elias M. Ammons</strong>, who served as vice president of the State Board of Agriculture, Colorado Agricultural College secured state funding to add a new social and athletic facility for its women students. Denver architect Eugene Groves designed the two-story Italian Renaissance Revival building, which featured Tuscan columns, round-arched windows, a red-tile roof with a large central skylight, and ceramic tile decorations. Inside, it had an auditorium, a gymnasium, the first swimming pool on campus, and a locker and shower room in addition to offices, guest rooms, a living room, and a dining area.</p> <p>Originally known as the Women’s Club Building, the multipurpose facility cost about $155,000 and was completed in late 1921. At the time, it was one of the only college buildings in the country intended specifically as a women’s gymnasium and social center; only Ida Noyes Hall at the University of Chicago served a similar function. In February 1922 the Women’s Club Building was officially dedicated in a four-day ceremony that included a pageant on women’s progress, a conference on women’s education, and a dedication address by Ammons. In 1925 the building was named for Ammons upon his death.</p> <p>In its early years Ammons Hall provided a vital home for women’s social and athletic activities at the college. Women’s athletic activities were supervised by Elizabeth Forbes, who established the Women’s Athletic Association to get women interested in intramural sports and other athletic activities. Community women’s groups used the building for meetings and conventions. In addition, it served as an unofficial student center, hosting alumni functions, faculty receptions, and music department concerts. President Lory described it as the “hearthstone of the campus.”</p> <h2>Welcome Center and Office of Admissions</h2> <p>The function of Ammons Hall shifted over the years as Colorado State expanded its campus and more fully integrated men’s and women’s activities. In the 1930s Johnson Hall opened as the home of the Student Union, taking over some meetings and events previously held at Ammons Hall. In 1959 Ammons Hall became part of the college’s Physical Education Department, but the building’s importance as an athletic facility had been usurped by newer and larger gyms. In 1978 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the 1980s the pool was closed. In the 1990s the building housed the university’s dance program.</p> <p>In 1997 Colorado State renovated and restored Ammons Hall with the assistance of a grant from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>. The pool was removed and the interior redone to accommodate offices and meeting spaces for the school’s Career Center. Otherwise the building’s distinctive architecture and design were preserved. A decade later, the building became home to the University Welcome Center and Office of Admissions. Today Ammons Hall is the starting point for daily campus tours and helps introduce thousands of parents and prospective students to Colorado State.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eugene-groves" hreflang="en">Eugene Groves</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elias-ammons" hreflang="en">Elias Ammons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-education" hreflang="en">women&#039;s education</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Patricia Richter, “Ammons Hall,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (April 8, 1977).</p> <p>Tracey L. Stecklein and Daniela A. Caro, “Ammons Hall,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (June 17, 1994).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 19:50:41 +0000 yongli 2112 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Spring Creek Flood of 1997 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spring Creek Flood of 1997</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--907--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--907.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/video-spring-creek-flood-1997"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flooding_1977_0.jpg?itok=zbkvXVgr" width="577" height="391" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/video-spring-creek-flood-1997" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">VIDEO: Spring Creek Flood of 1997</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Video portrays the destruction of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--700--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--700.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-1"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_boxes%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=kg4y-Keu" width="450" height="297" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-1" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 1</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--702--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--702.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-2"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_hoses%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=03gnP56x" width="447" height="392" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-2" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 2</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--703--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--703.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-3"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_masks%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=Pyev4a81" width="398" height="445" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-3" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 3</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--704--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--704.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-4"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_mudslope%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=_ilNAYo3" width="450" height="299" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-4" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 4</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--705--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--705.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-5"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_piles%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=k_LrO_UC" width="450" height="302" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-5" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 5</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--706--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--706.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-6"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_piles2%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=SnLbaNUb" width="450" height="301" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-6" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 6</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--707--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--707.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-7"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_shelfs%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=2wr2XF96" width="450" height="300" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-7" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 7</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--708--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--708.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-8"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_sprawl%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=g8qHainD" width="263" height="402" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-8" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 8</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--709--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--709.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-9"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/flood_wetbooks%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=G8izNuS0" width="210" height="325" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/destruction-flood-image-9" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Destruction of the Flood: Image 9</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Collection of photos portraying the damage, of the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, on the CSU campus and surrounding Fort Collins areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-22T13:14:59-06:00" title="Thursday, October 22, 2015 - 13:14" class="datetime">Thu, 10/22/2015 - 13:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997" data-a2a-title="Spring Creek Flood of 1997"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fspring-creek-flood-1997&amp;title=Spring%20Creek%20Flood%20of%201997"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On July 28, 1997, the city of <a href="/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> was inundated with the heaviest rains ever recorded in a Colorado urban area. During the peak of the storm, about six inches fell in an hour and a half. This caused Spring Creek, a tributary of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre River</strong></a>, to rise thirty feet beyond its banks and flood nearby areas, including the <strong>Colorado State University</strong> campus and western Fort Collins. In the months following the disaster, Fort Collins spent about $5 million on recovery and improving its flood warning system.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Collins Geography and Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Collins, a city with a population of nearly 108,000 in July of 1997, is nestled against the foothills of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> along the <strong>Interstate 25</strong> corridor. The region is considered semiarid, a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> characterized by light annual rainfall, which undoubtedly lulled some residents into complacency regarding the threat of floods. Fort Collins’ major river is the Cache la Poudre, which runs east from <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> through the city, across the plains, and into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The founders of the Camp Collins military post in 1862 did not possess enough knowledge about the Poudre River and the surrounding geography to anticipate the consequences of locating their community near the floodplain. Just two years later, the Cache la Poudre River overflowed, destroying cabins, tents, and ammunition. Although no lives were lost, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a> devastated the camp, and the soldiers living in the area recognized the necessity to move their operations to higher ground. Three months later, the settlement was relocated slightly north and officially renamed Fort Collins. Over the next century and a half, the area would experience eleven significant floods. As the city’s population grew, parking lots, roads, and other impermeable surfaces replaced the rock, dirt, and vegetation, limiting the landscape’s ability to absorb runoff.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Spring Creek Overflows</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the summer of 1997, Fort Collins had experienced a six-week period of hot and dry weather. On July 27, the first rainfall came. Over the next thirty hours, an estimated 10 to 14.5 inches of rain fell across the city, causing Spring Creek to overflow, washing out homes, damaging infrastructure, and claiming multiple lives. Steve Fleming, captain of the Poudre Fire Authority, was one of the first responders to the flood. Fleming told the Fort Collins <em>Coloradoan</em>, “We had campers and propane cylinders; there was a trailer on fire, explosions at the laundromat, train derailment, people yelling for help, oil in the water, electricity shocking me in houses, water up within one foot of the ceilings, and all of it happened within 30 minutes.” The flood killed five people. Four of the fatalities happened in a mobile home park on College Avenue just south of Prospect Road, and the fifth occurred in a residential area just downstream. In addition to the deaths, the flood caused over $200 million in property damage, destroyed 200 homes, and injured 54 people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At Moby Arena on the west side of campus, 3,500 high school students attending a spiritual program had intended to move to the Lory Student Center for activities that evening. The program at Moby, however, lasted longer than expected and did not finish until after the serious flooding had started. At about 10 pm, while the students were still at Moby, the basement of the Lory Student Center quickly filled with water. Had the students not been held up in Moby Arena, the storm could have produced hundreds of fatalities instead of five.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The flood also had a dramatic effect on the rest of the Colorado State University campus. More than forty buildings were damaged, many of which housed employee offices and classrooms containing personal and professional belongings. In several cases a lifetime of research materials were lost. At the library, about 425,000 books stored in the basement for a summer renovation project were damaged. The total fiscal damage to the campus surpassed $100 million. Despite the devastation to the campus in late summer, the university community pulled together and started the new semester—on time—in August.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Response to the Flood</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Collins, having experienced many floods during the past century, had put various safeguards in place to lessen their effects in the future. After the Spring Creek Flood of 1997, additional improvements were made. New infrastructure—including channels, floodwater retention basins, and retaining walls—were installed. The city also implemented a flood warning system funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This system, which includes a series of rainfall gauges, provides information to FEMA, which can then help guide community responses before, during, and after a flash flood. By 1999, the city and university had improved flood awareness and communication with the implementation of both a warning system and a community weather-watching program. This program, called the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS), was developed by the Colorado Climate Center at CSU a year after the flood and facilitates quick communication during disasters. It has since been replicated nationally.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spring Creek Flood of 1997 was the most significant natural disaster to ever strike the Fort Collins community. A sudden downpour and a lack of preparation led to millions of dollars in damage and lost lives. The city of Fort Collins used this experience to better prepare for future floods.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/langevin-danielle" hreflang="und">Langevin, Danielle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sullivan-tessa" hreflang="und">Sullivan, Tessa</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins-flood" hreflang="en">fort collins flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spring-creek-flood" hreflang="en">spring creek flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flooding" hreflang="en">flooding</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-floods" hreflang="en">colorado floods</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Nolan J. Doesken, “<a href="http://www.wecsa.com/FCClimate/ClimHist.pdf">The Recorded Climatic History of Fort Collins, Colorado</a>,” Colorado Climate Center (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kevin Duggan, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/errors/404/">Storm Swept Through Fort Collins, Leaving Devastation in its Wake</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins, CO), July 22, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.poudre-fire.org/emergency-preparedness/preparations-risks/flood">Flood</a>,” Fort Collins Poudre Fire Authority.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Neil Grigg et al., “Fort Collins Flood 1997: Comprehensive View of an Extreme Event,” <em>Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management</em> 125 (September–October 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Hansen II, “<a href="https://source.colostate.edu/">Downpour Turns into Nightmare</a>,” Colorado State University, July 1, 2007, from James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s University: A History of Colorado State University 1970–2003 </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matthew Kelsch, “<a href="https://governmentshutdown.noaa.gov/">The Fort Collins Flood: Atypical Rainfall and Urban Runoff Complexities</a>.” Forecast Systems Laboratory Forum, March 1, 1998.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/utilities/what-we-do/stormwater/flooding/safety/">Safety and Preparedness</a>,” City of Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/errors/404/">Spring Creek Flood 10 Years Later</a>,” <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), January 1, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charlene Tresner, “<a href="https://history.poudrelibraries.org/archive/cityhistory.php">Fort Collins—Its History in a Nutshell</a>,” Fort Collins History Connection, Fort Collins Museum of Discovery, January 1, 1981.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erin Udell, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/life/2014/04/19/fort-collins-firefighter-retires-reflects-career/7923365/">Fort Collins Firefighter Retires, Reflects on Career</a>,” <em>Coloradoan </em>(Fort Collins), April 19, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/utilities/what-we-do/stormwater/flooding/warning-system">Warning System</a>,” City of Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Weaver et al., “Two Floods in Fort Collins, Colorado: Learning from a Natural Disaster,” <em>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</em> 81, no. 10 (2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s University: A History of Colorado State University, 1970–2003 </em>(Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 22 Oct 2015 19:14:59 +0000 yongli 697 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org