%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:38:27-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:38" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society" data-a2a-title="History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory-colorado-colorado-historical-society&amp;title=History%20Colorado%20%28Colorado%20Historical%20Society%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>History Colorado (HC) was founded in 1879 by the <strong>state legislature</strong> as the State Historical and Natural History Society. Later known as the Colorado Historical Society, it assumed its current name in 2009. HC is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit educational institution and also a state entity under the <strong>Department of Higher Education</strong>. Its mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret the history and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walking-colorado-introduction-origins-section"><strong>prehistory</strong></a> of Colorado.</p> <p>Since 1879 HC has grown into a large organization based at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a>. The headquarters houses more than 250,000 artifacts, 22,000 books, 30,000 drawings, 225 different newspapers, 1,000 oral histories, 3,700 maps, 800,000 photographs, and an estimated 7.5 million manuscript pages. HC also runs nine community museums and other historic sites scattered around the state, many of them originally local efforts that later sought the prestige and financial support the State Historical Society could provide. HC’s museums and historic sites include the Center for Colorado Women’s History at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byers-evans-house"><strong>Byers-Evans House</strong></a> (Denver), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo History Museum</strong></a> (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland Museum and Cultural Center</strong></a> (Fort Garland), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> (Platteville), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown-loop"><strong>Georgetown Loop</strong></a> Historic Mining and Railroad Park (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown-Silver Plume</strong></a>), the <strong>Grant-Humphreys Mansion</strong> (Denver), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/healy-house-and-dexter-cabin"><strong>Healy House Museum and Dexter Cabin</strong></a> (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pike%E2%80%99s-stockade"><strong>Pike’s Stockade</strong></a> (Sanford), the Trinidad History Museum (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-corazon-de-trinidad-national-historic-district"><strong>Trinidad</strong></a>), and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum"><strong>Ute Indian Museum and Park</strong></a> (<a href="/article/montrose"><strong>Montrose</strong></a>).</p> <h2>Beginnings</h2> <p>Physician <strong>Frederick J. Bancroft</strong> served as the State Historical Society’s first president, from 1879 to 1896. A Union Army surgeon during the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Bancroft had served as Denver City Physician from 1872 to 1878. He also founded the Denver Medical Society and served as the first president of the <strong>Colorado State Board of Health</strong>. During Bancroft’s tenure at the historical society, there was growing concern about <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> artifacts being taken out of state. In 1889 the society paid $3,000 for the 1,200-item <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill"><strong>Wetherill</strong></a> collection, the largest assemblage of Mesa Verde materials and the highlight of the society’s possessions to this day. After occupying various temporary offices, the organization moved to more spacious quarters in the basement of the still-unfinished <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a> in 1895.</p> <p>In 1896 Bancroft was followed as president by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, Colorado’s premier promoter and founding editor of the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>. That year, newspaperman Will C. Ferril (father of noted Colorado poet laureate <strong>Thomas Hornsby Ferril</strong>) became the society’s curator, its first paid staff position. Ferril and Byers began the systematic collection of Colorado newspapers, giving the society the most complete collection in existence. Ferril also started the society’s library and its educational program. He invited school groups to visit and by 1900 was lecturing to some fifty-four classes a year and annually entertaining more than 110,000 visitors. The society also set up exhibits in the capitol rotunda.</p> <p>Ferril sometimes paid for important acquisitions out of his own pocket, energetically collecting natural history specimens as well as historical materials. The natural history department of the State Historical Society became a separate organization in 1897 and helped form the Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</strong></a>) in 1900. In 1908 it moved to its own neoclassical building overlooking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>. Despite spinning off its natural history materials, the historical society’s growing collections soon filled its eight rooms in the capitol basement. In 1915 the society moved into a grand new home of its own, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a>, just across East Fourteenth Avenue from the State Capitol.</p> <h2>Early Archaeological Work</h2> <p>In 1920 the society established a section on Archaeology and Ethnology. It soon hired its first archaeologist, <strong>Jean A. Jeançon</strong>, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution and an expert on Indigenous Americans. As the society’s Curator of Archaeology and Ethnology, Jeançon mapped and explored much of the state, with a special emphasis on documenting and preserving the many <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> sites in southwestern Colorado not included in Mesa Verde National Park. His major works included a 1923 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>tree-ring</strong></a> study that helped date structures at Mesa Verde and elsewhere. After Jeançon retired in 1927, the society’s archaeological section did not recover until the 1970s.</p> <h2>LeRoy Hafen and the Golden Age</h2> <p><strong>LeRoy Reuben Hafen</strong> became the society’s first professional historian in 1924. He had just completed his PhD at the University of California–Berkeley, where he studied under the Western historian Herbert Eugene Bolton. Bolton recommended Hafen as Colorado’s first state historian and curator of history. Hafen’s work over the next three decades transformed the society.</p> <p>Hafen greatly upgraded the society’s publications. He produced <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, which had launched in 1923, the premier place to publish scholarly work on Colorado. Hafen also worked with James H. Baker, former president of the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, to edit the society’s five-volume <em>History of Colorado</em> (1927). Two decades later, Hafen edited the society’s four-volume <em>History of Colorado and Its People </em>(1948). During his tenure, he also wrote, &nbsp;coauthored, or edited forty other books, and he and his wife, Ann Woodbury Hafen, wrote the leading textbook on Colorado history for elementary and secondary school students.</p> <p>During the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, Hafen’s innovative programs helped save the society when Colorado’s penny-pinching legislature considered abolishing it to tighten the state budget in 1933. The society became the first in the nation to design history programs for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> agencies. This led the Civil Works Administration (CWA) to begin pumping in relief funds for Colorado’s first systematic oral history project. Hafen used CWA funding to hire thirty-two historical researchers to interview old-timers, politicians, historians, and others knowledgeable about local history. The success of the CWA project led the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to accept Hafen’s proposal to hire a small army of architects, artists, draftsmen, and historians to launch a nationally pacesetting dioramas project. Their fifty-one exquisite dioramas remain some of HC’s most popular exhibits. Most notable is the eleven-foot-by-twelve-foot diorama of 1860 Denver, now restored and showcased on the second floor of the current museum.</p> <p>In 1935 the New Deal replaced the CWA and FERA with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which kept federal funding coming. Hafen hired an assistant, the author and journalist <strong>Edgar Carl McMechen</strong>, to help with the society’s New Deal programs. McMechen helped researchers compile lengthy manuscripts on the history of thirty-six Colorado counties. These WPA researchers and writers were instructed to collect “all available folklore” as well as “racial elements,” thus inaugurating the society’s long-standing interest in folk and minority history. Hafen and McMechen also helped direct seventy-five men and women working on the Federal Writers’ Project. In an ambitious effort to broaden Colorado history by including neglected common people, minorities, folkways, and obscure places, they completed manuscripts on topics ranging from “Churches of Colorado” to “Negroes in Colorado” and collected more than 4,000 photos and 1,200 oral history interviews. The WPA also assembled one of the best guidebooks ever undertaken for the state, <em>Colorado: A Guide to the Highest State</em> (1941).</p> <p>Federal history programs ended in 1941 as <strong>World War II</strong> soaked up funding and provided military jobs for the unemployed. The society continued to pursue many initiatives under Hafen’s leadership. He proved to be an aggressive collector of all sorts of material, traveling all over the state to promote the society and solicit donations. Appointed in 1942 as executive director, he extended outreach to include educational radio programs and movies, beginning with his 1946 film <em>The Story of Colorado</em>. He boasted that this was the first movie made by any US historical society.</p> <p>To handle its largest collection, the society launched a newspaper microfilming project in 1944. Microfilming began on the huge piles of Colorado newspapers that filled the State Museum’s subbasement. The Colorado newspaper project, the largest in the nation, has recently placed many papers online through a collaboration with the <strong>Colorado State Library</strong> called the <a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/"><strong>Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection</strong></a>.</p> <p>After taking the society well into the twentieth century, Hafen retired in 1954. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agnes-w-spring"><strong>Agnes Wright Spring</strong></a> followed him as state historian until 1963, the first woman to hold that post.</p> <h2>Historic Preservation</h2> <p><strong>Stephen H. Hart</strong>, who became the society’s president in 1959, took a special interest in <strong>historic preservation</strong> and made it an organizational priority. After the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 offered funding to states setting up an Office of Historic Preservation, Hart helped position that office in the society and became its first director. In an early preservation battle, Hart won a landmark legal victory to save Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-and-fisher-tower"><strong>Daniels and Fisher Tower</strong></a> from demolition. This key decision demonstrated that landmark designation could save endangered structures. Preservation work now falls to the society’s Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP). OAHP has overseen the listing of some 1,300 individual Colorado landmarks and historic districts in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1975 the State Register of Historic Places was created to identify and designate sites of local significance not deemed eligible for the National Register.</p> <p>Colorado’s 1967 Antiquities Act increased protections for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/place/historic-and-archaeological-sites"><strong>archaeological and historical sites</strong></a> on state land. In 1973 the society’s long-moribund archaeology program received a boost with the appointment of a state archaeologist, James Hester. The state archaeologist grants permits to archaeologists and paleontologists working in the state; promotes educational outreach and archaeological programs; and settles conflicts between developers, scientific researchers, and Indigenous nations following the discovery of unmarked human graves. The society’s Archaeology Department, established in 1975, began to inventory, catalog, preserve, and regulate archaeologic sites, an ongoing mission often in partnership with the <strong>Colorado Archaeological Society</strong>.</p> <p>To accommodate growing staff, collections, and exhibits, the society moved in 1977 into much larger quarters at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a>. There the society launched a new publication called <em>Essays and Monographs in Colorado History</em>, an occasional series of articles and books that started in 1983 and continued through 2011. This publication reflected the society’s commitment to publishing local history and original scholarly research.</p> <p>The society also began to administer the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which describes the rights of Native American lineal descendants with respect to the treatment, repatriation, and disposition of Indigenous human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. Qualifying objects and human remains are returned to the tribes for proper disposition and burial. In working with forty-seven different federally recognized tribes with Colorado connections, HC’s practices have become a national model.</p> <p>A huge boost for historic preservation that made Colorado a national leader came with a 1990 statewide vote to authorize gambling in three fading gold mining towns: <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>. Most of the tax revenue from gambling goes to the society’s State Historical Fund (SHF) to distribute to preservation projects throughout the state. More than $300 million has been awarded to some 2,000 projects across the state. In addition, individuals and businesses can qualify for state tax credits for approved restoration of designated landmarks.</p> <h2>History Colorado</h2> <p>The society experienced several major changes in the early twenty-first century. In 2009 it changed its name to History Colorado, part of a nationwide wave of similar rebrandings intended to show historical societies as relevant and dynamic rather than exclusive and old-fashioned. A year later the Colorado History Museum was demolished to make way for the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. In 2012 the society moved into its third major home, the History Colorado Center. One reviewer appreciated the new museum’s mix of “irreverence . . . with Colorado boosterism” but lamented the absence of “a full sense of context.” The museum got its biggest black eye from its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> exhibit, which had to be closed when the Cheyenne and Arapaho nations—who were not consulted during its development—found the display inaccurate and offensive.</p> <p>In the years after the HCC opened, high payments on the $110 million building and complaints about inadequate exhibits took a toll. After a 2014 audit revealed serious financial problems, History Colorado’s leadership resigned, the board was reorganized, and one-fifth of the staff was cut. Steve W. Turner, previously head of OAHP, took over as executive director, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patty Limerick</strong></a> became state historian. Limerick became frustrated by the society’s continued emphasis on what she called “history lite,” or the elevation of entertainment and experience above historical understanding, and was replaced in 2018 by a council of five state historians—Nicki Gonzales, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/thomas-noel"><strong>Tom Noel</strong></a>, Jared Orsi, Duane Vandenbusche, and William Wei—who help lead the organization today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-center" hreflang="en">History Colorado Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado State Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado History Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frederick-bancroft" hreflang="en">Frederick Bancroft</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leroy-hafen" hreflang="en">leroy hafen</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Marie Awad, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/history-colorados-turnaround-has-come-in-fits-and-starts-whats-next/">History Colorado’s Turnaround Has Come in Fits and Starts. What’s Next?</a>” <em>CPR News</em>, July 2, 2018.</p> <p>Maxine Benson, “A Centennial Legacy<em>,” Colorado Magazine</em> (1980).</p> <p><em>The Colorado State Museum: A Guide to Exhibits</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949).</p> <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “History of the State Historical Society of Colorado,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>: “1879–1900” (July 1953), “1900–1925” (October 1953), “1925–1950” (January 1954).</p> <p>Edward Rothstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/history-colorado-center-opens-in-denver.html">A State Looks at Itself in a New Mirror</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 27, 2012.</p> <p>State Historical Society of Colorado, <em>Annual Reports/Review of Accomplishments</em>, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>LeRoy R. Hafen and Anne W. Hafen<em>. The Joyous Journey of LeRoy R. and Ann E. Hafen</em> (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1973).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado’s Historic Places: Sites Supported by the Colorado Historical Society’s State Historical Fund</em> (Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers, 2007).</p> <p>Robin Pogrebin, “These Fusty Names Are History,” <em>New York Times</em>, October 23, 2014.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:38:27 +0000 yongli 3594 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org History Colorado Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> History Colorado Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:34:47-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:34" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center" data-a2a-title=" History Colorado Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory-colorado-center&amp;title=%20History%20Colorado%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The History Colorado Center (1200 Broadway, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 2012 as the headquarters, museum, and research center of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>. Established in 1879 as the State Historical and Natural History Society, History Colorado had outgrown a succession of previous buildings, including the <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a> (1915), and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a> (1977). Its new home, designed by Denver-based <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-owen-tryba"><strong>Tryba Architects</strong></a>, was praised for adding an elegant modern touch to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a>, but its expense and its troubled exhibits led to several years of turmoil and turnover at the organization.</p> <h2>Building</h2> <p>For decades, the Colorado History Museum shared the block south of Lincoln Park with the <strong>Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. In 2005, however, the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> decided that it wanted a newer building that would occupy the whole block in order to bring together scattered Denver-area state judicial offices. History Colorado began to search for a new home. One possibility was on the south side of Civic Center Park as a twin to the <strong>McNichols Building</strong>, a location where the art museum was originally planned a century earlier. Opponents objected to losing more of the park’s green space. Instead, History Colorado found a site at Twelfth Avenue between Lincoln Street and Broadway, a half-block south of its previous location.</p> <p>&nbsp;In 2010 the Colorado History Museum was demolished to make way for the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. The History Colorado Center (HCC) opened to the public in April 2012. Critic Michael Paglia called the building an “architectural triumph” with “something gorgeous everywhere you look.” Designed by Tryba Architects, it is a four-story, 200,000-square-foot structure. A modern building made of glass and limestone, its central feature is a sky-lighted, four-story atrium with a terrazzo floor depicting a forty-foot-by-sixty-foot map of Colorado by artist <strong>Steven Weitzman</strong>. The airy edifice houses the History Colorado administration, the State Historical Fund, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, classrooms, a restaurant, a museum store, an auditorium, large public spaces, and 30,000 square feet of exhibit space. The fourth floor is home to the Stephen H. Hart Research Center, which provides public access to all of History Colorado’s artifacts and library materials.</p> <p>The HCC incorporates many environmentally friendly features as well as recycled and regional materials, including terrazzo flooring made of 20 percent recycled glass and wooden surfaces made of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>beetle-kill</strong></a> pine. The design also promotes water and energy conservation by incorporating native landscaping and by taking advantage of natural light and heat through the skylit atrium. These features helped make the HCC the first history museum in the country to attain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold status.</p> <h2>Exhibits</h2> <p>A new museum meant all-new exhibits had to be completed on a phased schedule between 2012 and 2014. State Historian Bill Convery and Chief Operating Officer Kathryn Hill directed design and installation of the exhibits, including many interactive experiences. Convery planned the exhibits to include, as he put it, “something to do as well as something to see.” Visitors can drive a simulated Model T, descend into a simulated mine shaft, or try out a simulated ski jump. One of the largest exhibits, in the southeast corner of the atrium, is a mock railroad depot for Keota, now a ghost town on the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad’s “Prairie Dog Special.” Inside, artifacts showcase farm life on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, an often-neglected part of Colorado. Interactive features allow visitors to milk a cow, gather eggs, and explore a general store.</p> <p>The second floor contains “Colorado Stories”: exhibits of communities such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>, a mining town in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, a ranching and ski town. Other exhibits showcase the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur-trading</strong></a> post of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, the <strong>World War II</strong>–era Japanese internment camp of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Amache</strong></a>, and the Black summer resort of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-hills"><strong>Lincoln Hills</strong></a>. One reviewer appreciated the museum’s mix of “irreverence . . . with Colorado boosterism” but lamented the absence of “a full sense of context.” Others were dismayed by what they called the “Disneyfication” of the past and wondered why the museum didn’t feature more items from its vast collections. Most damaging to the museum’s reputation was a “Colorado Stories” exhibit on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> that had to be closed after the affected tribes—who were not consulted during the exhibit’s development—found the display inaccurate and offensive.</p> <p>Another core exhibit, “The Living West,” opened in 2014 to tell stories of survival in a dryland geography. Sponsored by <strong>Denver Water</strong>, the exhibit features <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> as well as contemporary Colorado with its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfires</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> shortages. A virtual stay in a wind-blasted, rattling shack brings the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> to life.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>In the years after the HCC opened, high payments on the $110 million building and complaints about the exhibits took a toll. After a 2014 audit revealed serious financial problems, History Colorado’s leadership resigned, the board was reorganized, and one-fifth of the staff was cut. Steve W. Turner, previously director of the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, took over as executive director, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patty Limerick</strong></a>, a distinguished professor of history at the <strong>University of Colorado–Boulder</strong>, became state historian. In 2018 Limerick, frustrated by an ongoing emphasis on exhibits that she called “history lite,” was replaced by a council of five state historians.</p> <p>The new team’s first major exhibit was the installation “Zoom In: Colorado History in 100 Objects.” This 3,700-foot gallery displays some of the museum’s most prized artifacts, including Mesa Verde baskets, <strong>Jack </strong><strong>Swigert</strong>’s Apollo 13 space suit, an 1894 ballot box from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>first Colorado election in which women could vote</strong></a>, and <strong>Molly Brown</strong>’s opera cape. In addition, the beloved old Works Progress Administration diorama depicting Denver in 1860 was retrieved from storage and placed on the second floor.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Accelerated by the 2020 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic, History Colorado has increasingly digitized its work on all fronts. The building itself, with its airy atrium and generous public spaces, proved functional during the pandemic. In June 2020 the museum reopened after a three-month closure with exhibits on <strong>John Denver </strong>and <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>. The HCC also began to offer in-person support for students in remote learning.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-center" hreflang="en">History Colorado Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-tryba" hreflang="en">David Tryba</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Marie Awad, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/history-colorados-turnaround-has-come-in-fits-and-starts-whats-next/">History Colorado’s Turnaround Has Come in Fits and Starts. What’s Next?</a>” <em>CPR News</em>, July 2, 2018.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/a-century-and-a-half-later-the-wounds-of-sand-creek-are-still-fresh-5119582">A Century and a Half Later, the Wounds of Sand Creek Are Still Fresh</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 14, 2013.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/denver-diorama-getting-a-facelift-moving-upstairs-at-history-colorado-11252037">Denver Diorama Comes Up from Underground at History Colorado</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 28, 2019.</p> <p><em>The History Colorado Center</em> (Denver: History Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Michael Paglia, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/the-new-history-colorado-center-is-an-architectural-triumph-5116308">The New History Colorado Center Is an Architectural Triumph</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, April 18, 2012.</p> <p>Edward Rothstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/history-colorado-center-opens-in-denver.html">A State Looks at Itself in a New Mirror</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 27, 2012.</p> <p>Steve W. Turner (History Colorado executive director), various interviews with Tom Noel, 2020.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/">History Colorado</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.trybaarchitects.com/">Tryba Architects</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:34:47 +0000 yongli 3593 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado State Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-08T16:03:56-07:00" title="Monday, February 8, 2021 - 16:03" class="datetime">Mon, 02/08/2021 - 16:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum" data-a2a-title="Colorado State Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-state-museum&amp;title=Colorado%20State%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado State Museum (200 E. Fourteenth Avenue, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 1915 as the first stand-alone home for the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>). The last work of <strong>Frank E. Edbrooke</strong>, Colorado’s best-known architect of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the building has the appearance of a Greek temple. After the Colorado Historical Society moved to new, larger quarters in 1977, the building was converted to legislative offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Finding a Home for the Historical Society</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum ended a long search for a suitable building to house the State Historical and Natural History Society. The society was established in 1879, when Colorado representative William D. Todd introduced House Bill 134 with an appropriation of $500. Governor <strong>Frederick W. Pitkin</strong> and the <strong>state legislature</strong> approved this measure to collect and preserve the human and natural history of Colorado before “the men  who have been the actors, and the material for collections, will be quite beyond our reach.” In 1881 the society found its first home in a room of the Glenarm Hotel at Fifteenth Street and Glenarm Place. Although then serving as the state office building, the hotel also continued to house a bar and billiard room on the first floor. In 1885 the museum moved into the new, more dignified <strong>Arapahoe County Courthouse</strong> on the block between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Streets and Tremont and Court Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A year later the society moved to the new Denver Chamber of Commerce Building at Fourteenth and Lawrence Streets. There it shared the fourth floor with the <strong>Mercantile Library</strong>, a predecessor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>. Librarian Charles R. Dudley also served as secretary of the society’s museum, with which he was not impressed. The museum’s collection, he complained, “became a nuisance, as the generously inclined gave liberally of the things for which they had no use . . . you could find almost anything from a New England meeting house foot stove to a Fiji Islander’s head rest.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dudley no doubt rejoiced in 1895, when the State Historical and Natural History Society moved into eight rooms in the basement of the partially completed <strong>State Capitol Building</strong>. There the society continued to collect items, including pottery, basketry, and prehistoric tools from what would become <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>. The capitol basement filled up with artifacts and the office of the museum’s first paid employee, curator Will C. Ferril. Its holdings included the 1,200-item Wetherill Collection, the most extensive ever gathered from Mesa Verde. Other treasures on display ranged from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a>’s sword to the Clark Gruber Mint machinery, as well as an extensive library of books on Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado State Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the collections expanded, growing tensions rankled those interested in historical collections and those favoring natural history. A separate Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</strong></a>) was formed in 1900, and it moved to its own neoclassical building overlooking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> in 1908. The separation was not entirely amicable; not until 1927 would the Historical Society turn over all of its natural history artifacts and documents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To keep up with the natural historians, the renamed State Historical Society of Colorado began planning its own Colorado State Museum. In 1909 Colorado history supporters pushing for an equally grand building cheered Governor <strong>John Franklin Shafroth</strong> when he persuaded the legislature to approve $100,000 for the Colorado State Museum. The legislature approved an additional $10,000 to purchase the site just across East Fourteenth Avenue from the State Capitol. This key location in Denver’s new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> testified to the prominence and importance of the museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s leading architect, Frank E. Edbrooke, designed the museum building as a neoclassical palace with Greek Revival detail. It faces and complements the State Capitol, another Edbrooke design. Both buildings use the same gray granite from the Aberdeen Quarry near <strong>Gunnison</strong> as their base. For the museum, Colorado Yule Marble from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site"><strong>Marble</strong></a> sheathes the upper three stories as well as the interior. Built entirely of Colorado materials, the building and furnishings ultimately cost $542,940.52. The three-and-a-half-story museum has a flat roof and the shape of a Greek temple. Its entrance portico features four fluted marble columns with Ionic capitals. Exquisite detailing includes brass doorknobs with the state seal. The building originally had a subbasement heating plant that provided steam heat for the State Capitol and other state buildings in the area until 1940, when a new power plant was built.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Opened to the public on September 2, 1915, the building remained home to the Colorado Historical Society and its museum for the next sixty-two years. State representative William D. Todd, who had introduced the bill to create the institution many years earlier, was on hand to help celebrate and was elected the society’s fourth president.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Inside the museum, the subbasement contained the archives and storage vaults, a microfilm room, a workshop, and a boiler. One floor up, the basement held war relics, study galleries, and storage. The first floor had a lobby as well as galleries for prehistoric and historic American Indian life, the fur trade, and a large library room in the sunny southwest corner. This floor later housed the museum’s most popular exhibit, the eleven-by-twelve-foot diorama of Denver in 1860. The second floor featured mining, and the third (top) floor had additional exhibits, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>, cattle, railroading, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Tabor</strong></a> family souvenirs. In addition to offices for the historical society, the museum building also housed a number of other state agencies for many years, including civilian-related <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> activities, Depression-era offices and programs, the <strong>State Bureau of Mines</strong> along with its rocks and minerals collection, and the <strong>Colorado Department of Higher Education</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 the Colorado State Museum became the <strong>State Archives</strong> as well when the Colorado General Assembly declared it should be responsible for the preservation, destruction, or microfilming of all state records. In 1959 the Division of State Archives became a separate department and moved to a different building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum saw a tremendous expansion in activities under the leadership of longtime executive director and first state historian <strong>LeRoy Hafen</strong>. From 1924 to 1954, Hafen led the State Historical Society in overseeing the <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, publishing books, guides, leaflets, bulletins, pamphlets, and maps, and building <strong>historical markers</strong> all across the state. During the mid-1900s, the museum acquired some of its most notable collections, including the Tabor collection with Horace Tabor’s gold watch fob and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-%E2%80%9Cbaby-doe%E2%80%9D-tabor"><strong>Baby Doe Tabor</strong></a>’s wedding dress, 7,000 glass plate negatives of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a>’s photographs, the Thomas McKee and Joseph C. Smith Native American collections, the Woodard textile collection, and the Dwight D. and <strong>Mamie Eisenhower</strong> collection.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legislative Services Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 1923, the State Historical Society had complained of inadequate space in its then eight-year-old building. By the 1960s, the Colorado State Museum was bursting at the seams. Schoolchildren touring the building filled it with joyous but distracting glee. An ever-growing collection had to be largely consigned to offsite storage. Exhibits filled every nook and cranny. William E. Marshall, who became executive director in 1963, made a new building his priority, but not until May 7, 1975, was ground broken on a new building at 1300 Broadway. On November 5, 1977, the <strong>Colorado Heritage Center</strong> opened to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the society and museum moved to the new building, the old Colorado State Museum building was restored by Pahl, Pahl &amp; Pahl Architects of Denver as legislative offices. These architects worked with a light touch, appreciating what historian Richard Brettell had recently written in his 1973 book <em>Historic Denver</em>: “The building is architecturally pure and its imagery exudes a hardened pomp and grandeur. Its memorial, almost funeral [<em>sic</em>] appearance is appropriate because it is a museum—a historical society—and because it was Edbrooke’s self-consciously last building.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now officially known as the Legislative Services Building, it houses the Joint Budget Committee and a variety of other legislative offices and hearing rooms. Remarkably unaltered on the exterior, in 1974 it was included in the Civic Center Historic District, and in 2012 it was included in the Civic Center National Historic Landmark District.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-edbrooke" hreflang="en">Frank Edbrooke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-historical-and-natural-history-society" hreflang="en">State Historical and Natural History Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Maxine Benson, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v57n1-4_Annual1980.pdf">A Centennial Legacy</a>,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 57 (1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard R. Brettell, <em>Historic Denver: The Architects and the Architecture, 1858–1893</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The Colorado State Museum: A Guide to Exhibits</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>The Denver Civic Center: The Heart of the Mile High City</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “History of the State Historical Society of Colorado,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, 3 parts (Summer 1953, Fall 1953, Winter 1954).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Hartmann (longtime Colorado Historical Society employee and director), various interviews by Tom Noel.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Denver Civic Center,” National Historic Landmark Nomination (March 31, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 08 Feb 2021 23:03:56 +0000 yongli 3530 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Agnes W. Spring http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agnes-w-spring <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Agnes W. Spring</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-06T16:07:51-06:00" title="Monday, July 6, 2020 - 16:07" class="datetime">Mon, 07/06/2020 - 16:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agnes-w-spring" data-a2a-title="Agnes W. Spring"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fagnes-w-spring&amp;title=Agnes%20W.%20Spring"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Agnes Wright Spring (1894­–1988) was the first Wyoming state historian (1918–19) and the first female Colorado <strong>state historian</strong> (1950­–51 and 1954–63), making her the only person to serve as state historian of more than one state. She contributed to Wyoming and Colorado history through research, publications, collections management, and educational programming. As Colorado state historian, she advocated for women’s inclusion in historical narratives and women’s involvement in the professional study of history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Agnes Wright was born on January 5, 1894, in <strong>Delta</strong>, Colorado, where her father worked as a wholesale fruit shipper. She was the second of four daughters. In 1903 her family moved to Little Laramie River, Wyoming, where they operated a stagecoach stop at their ten-room log house. Her duties consisted of washing laundry for her family and cutting tobacco into ten-cent pieces to sell to travelers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wright attended Laramie Preparatory School, where she excelled, before continuing to the University of Wyoming in 1909, at the age of fifteen. As a student, she was hired to work in the university library under suffragist Grace Raymond Hebard. This connection helped her get a job as assistant librarian to the Supreme Court of Wyoming after she graduated in 1913.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fighting for Inclusion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After saving money for three years, Wright moved to New York City in 1916 to study at Columbia University’s School of Journalism. As a woman who grew up in Colorado and Wyoming, states where women had been able to vote for decades, Wright understood that she was the legal equal to any man. Yet when she arrived in New York, women there (and in many other states) were still petitioning for their right to vote. While at Columbia, Wright advocated for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> by handing out pamphlets and canvassing neighborhoods, contributing to a state suffrage campaign that succeeded in 1917.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Appalled at the level of social and legal discrimination that women in New York faced, Wright requested permission to take a constitutional law class at Columbia, where women were not usually allowed to study law. When her request was denied, she protested by leaving the journalism school without graduating. Wright’s experiences in the New York suffrage movement were formative, and she carried what she learned about women’s inclusion with her throughout her career.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Wright Person for the Job</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After leaving Columbia, Wright returned to the West and began her career as an author. She spent 1917 as a freelance writer for many magazines and newspapers, including the <em>Wyoming Stockman-Farmer</em> and the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>. In 1918 her connection to the Wyoming Supreme Court Library helped her be named to the new position of state historian. As part of the growth of professional disciplines and government bureaucracy during the Progressive era, states across the country started similar official historian positions. In her joint role as state librarian and state historian, she was responsible for managing the state’s libraries and recording state history. As <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> took its toll, she recorded the names of Wyoming servicemen. Because of her diligent research, she was named director of Library War Services in 1919, while continuing to serve as state librarian and state historian.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 Agnes left her three positions to marry Archer T. Spring and move to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where he took a job at an oil company and she resumed her freelance writing. The couple never had children. They both stayed focused on their careers, with Agnes publishing her first book, <em>Caspar Collins: The Life and Exploits of an Indian Fighter of the Sixties</em>, in 1921<em>. </em>She became a regular contributor of book reviews, historical pieces, and in-person lectures.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When writing opportunities dried up during the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, Agnes Spring proposed comprehensive histories of Colorado and Wyoming to the states’ Works Progress Administration (WPA) offices. In Colorado, Spring’s proposal was rejected despite the support of the state’s Federal Writers’ Project director, <strong>LeRoy Hafen</strong>, because no funding was available. In Wyoming, however, the WPA offered to make Spring the state’s Federal Writers’ Project director if she would adapt her book proposal, which focused on women’s perspectives, to fit the agency’s state-by-state guidebook series. She accepted and moved with her husband to Cheyenne to research women’s histories and pioneer legends from across the state. Going beyond the national guidelines for the project, Spring and her team also collected indigenous and Latino histories that many at the time would not have considered properly “historic.” They were asked for two guidebooks, but the couple collected so much material that by 1941 they had produced three: <em>The WPA Guide to Wyoming</em>; <em>Wyoming: A Guide to Its History, Highways, and People</em>; and <em>Wyoming Folklore</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Returning to Denver after completing the Wyoming project, Spring devoted her time to researching and writing western histories and stories. She published two weekly columns in the <em>Wyoming-Stockman Farmer</em> and monthly articles in several western journals. Her typical subjects were early settler families, who at the time were considered “pioneers” of the West. In story-like fashion, Spring retold their adventures, mishaps, and crimes. Unlike many who focused on “pioneers,” however, Spring also wrote about women, indigenous groups, and African Americans. Her terminology for these groups was rooted in her time, but these groups were not erased from her writing as they were from others’. This is especially true of her works after 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1940s, Spring published three more books while working part-time at the <a href="/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>. By the end of the decade, she was known and respected in historical and literary circles in Colorado and Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado State Historian</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1950, Colorado State Historian LeRoy Hafen temporarily left his position to take a yearlong fellowship in California. The former director of the state’s Federal Writers’ Project, Hafen respected Spring’s hard work and detailed research and asked her to fill in while he was away. As interim state historian, she supervised the Colorado State Museum, edited and published <strong><em>Colorado Magazine</em></strong> (now <em>Colorado Heritage</em>), and helped run the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>). She also designed new educational programs that included more female students and scholars. These efforts included public television programs, rentable films, radio broadcasts, and exhibit tours. She was just getting these new programs started when Hafen returned in 1951.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spring’s work had impressed the board of the Colorado Historical Society, which named her Colorado state historian when Hafen retired in 1954. During her nine-year tenure (1954–63), she worked tirelessly to make history more accessible to the state’s students and residents. Not only did she collect historical artifacts and photographs for the state museum, for example, but she also worked with the Department of Transportation to add bus lanes next to the museum in order to allow schoolchildren to safely unload. Spring continued to advocate for expanding the history curriculum in Colorado schools and oversaw a program called Junior Historians, which encouraged students to write about anything historical they had studied, whether it be a topic in school or an artifact at the museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Spring believed in the power of technology to expand access to and interest in history. As state historian, she helped fund a project that created dozens of filmstrips of Colorado artifacts from the museum. These filmstrips and accompanying lesson plans were available to schools across the state for a small rental fee. This was just one way Spring shared history with students who could not come to the museum in person. She also participated in several educational television programs that took viewers on a special tour of exhibits in the Colorado State Museum, and she was featured in dozens of radio interviews about new exhibits, museum events, and magazine articles. She informed teachers about these broadcasts in the hope that they would assign listening or watching as homework. This was another way that she worked to include more history in the average school’s curriculum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>At a time when history was a predominantly male field, Spring encouraged women to become historians and writers, with her own life serving as proof that it was possible. During her long career, she wrote a total of 22 books while also contributing more than 500 articles to a wide range of literary and historical publications. After retiring from her role as Colorado state historian in 1963, she remained on advisory boards for the Colorado Historical Society. In 1973 she was inducted into the Cowgirl Hall of Fame for her work on the history of the American West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Spring passed away in 1988, the <em>Cheyenne Eagle</em> called her “one of the human landmarks of the Rocky Mountain Region.” Her legacy lives on through the histories she shared, especially of previously neglected groups, her tireless efforts to make history more accessible to the public, and in opening the historical profession to women in the Rocky Mountain west.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/flowers-kaylyn-mercuri" hreflang="und">Flowers, Kaylyn Mercuri</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agnes-wright-spring" hreflang="en">Agnes Wright Spring</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wyoming" hreflang="en">Wyoming</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wyoming-history" hreflang="en">Wyoming history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leroy-hafen" hreflang="en">leroy hafen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-magazine" hreflang="en">Colorado Magazine</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Olga Curtis, “The Beloved Historian,” <em>Empire Magazine </em>(October 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Films and Filmstrips,”<em> Colorado Magazine</em> 50, no. 4 (1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mike Mackey, “Grace Raymond Hebard: Shaping Wyoming's Past,” Wyoming State Historical Society (November 9, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agnes Wright Spring, interview by Carl McWilliams, April 29, 1986, OH 1267 A Side 1, Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne, WY.Agnes Wright Spring, “My Background,” Historical Collection Box 702, Folder H2007-101, Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne, WY.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Agnes Wright Spring: She Made History Herself,” Wyoming State Archives, Cheyenne, WY.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agnes Wright Spring, “Stage Stop on the Little Laramie,” <em>Persimmon Hill</em>, 1974.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agnes Wright Spring Collection, Mss. #2092, Stephen H. Hart Research Center, History Colorado Center, Denver, CO.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agnes Wright Spring Papers, Mss. #115, American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The WPA Guide to Wyoming: The Cowboy State</em> (New York: Hastings House, 1941).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Wyoming: A Guide to Its History, Highways, and People </em>(New York: Hastings House, 1941).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Wyoming Folklore:</em> <em>Reminiscences, Folktales, Beliefs, Customs, and Folk Speech</em> (New York: Hastings House, 1941).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Agnes Wright Spring, <em>Caspar Collins: The Life and Exploits of an Indian Fighter of the Sixties</em> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Agnes Wright Spring, <em>Near the Greats</em> (Frederick, CO: Platte ’N Press, 1981).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Jul 2020 22:07:51 +0000 yongli 3361 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ute Indian Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Indian Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2810--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2810.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=t1xuEc2S" width="1000" height="593" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Museum Dedication</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The first version of the Ute Indian Museum opened to the public in 1956. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2811--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2811.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=_p2Mt0y9" width="1000" height="971" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chief Ouray Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several Ute tribal members pose at the monument honoring Chief Ouray. The obelisk was erected in 1926, on the grounds just north of the Museum. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-05T16:26:14-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 5, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Tue, 12/05/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum" data-a2a-title="Ute Indian Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fute-indian-museum&amp;title=Ute%20Indian%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a>, or as they call themselves, <em>Nuche</em> (The People), are Colorado’s longest continuous residents. Their rich cultural heritage and history is on display at the Ute Indian Museum. Nestled in the heart of traditional Uncompahgre Ute territory in <strong>Montrose</strong>, the Ute Indian Museum is <strong>History Colorado</strong>’s only facility in western Colorado. It is also a State Historic Monument and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ute Indian Museum occupies a little less than nine acres, where the Ute <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Chief Ouray</strong></a> and his wife, <a href="/article/chipeta"><strong>Chipeta</strong></a>, lived.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ute History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Long before white immigrants arrived, Colorado’s mountains and canyon lands belonged to the Utes. The Ute Nation was transformed when the horse became an integral part of its culture in the seventeenth century. Today there are three Ute tribes: the <strong>Southern Utes </strong>and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Utes</strong></a> in southern Colorado and the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-%20reservatio"><strong>Ute Indian Tribe</strong></a> of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ute culture is resourceful and creative, using local plants and animals in sustainable and respectful ways. For hundreds of years Utes thrived in Colorado, living in mountains during the summer and moving to river valleys in the winter. This changed when they encountered a European migration that overtook and displaced them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1849, a year after Mexico’s defeat in the Mexican-American War, the first official <strong>treaty </strong>between the Utes and the United States was negotiated at Abiquiú, New Mexico. The Calhoun Treaty, as it was known, resulted in the establishment of an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agency</strong></a> at Taos, New Mexico. In the decades that followed, a series of treaties and agreements restricted the Utes to increasingly smaller tracts of land until the current reservations were established in the late nineteenth century. The reduction of Ute territory led to multiple violent incidents, such as the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879 and the <a href="/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1885.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The landscape around the Ute Indian Museum has been heavily modified from its original native state. This process began in 1875, when the federal government gave Ouray and Chipeta about 500 acres as a farm and ranch. After Chipeta’s death in 1924, the transformation of a small portion of their farm into the museum grounds began with the construction of Chipeta’s crypt. Then, in 1926 the obelisk commemorating Chief Ouray was erected, and the gravesite of Chief John McCook (Chipeta’s brother) followed in 1937.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The museum opened in 1956 and expanded in the early 1960s to include additional exhibit space and a terrace. Below the road to the museum, the <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Dominguez-Escalante Expedition</strong></a> monument was built as part of the bicentennial celebration in 1976. To the north of this monument, the native gardens and walkway were built in 1988–90. The walkway extends northeast on an elevated boardwalk through wetlands to the southwest bank of the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A newly expanded museum was built in 2017. With the collaboration of the three Ute tribes, traditional stories and oral histories are now tightly woven into the permanent exhibit space. Throughout the exhibits, visitors journey to iconic places across Colorado to learn the story of Ute life, history, and culture. Told in the voices of tribal members, the exhibits include contemporary views of Ute life, including cultural survival, political self-determination, economic opportunity, and the celebration of the <strong>Bear Dance</strong>. There are approximately 200 artifacts on exhibit, including a headdress from <a href="/article/buckskin-charley"><strong>Buckskin Charley</strong></a> (Sapiah), a velvet dress belonging to Chipeta, a robe that belonged to <strong>Ignacio</strong>, and one of Ouray’s shirts. The museum also includes a changing gallery, a gift shop, a patio with stunning views, shady picnic areas, and <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/brafford-cj" hreflang="und">Brafford, C.J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/museums-colorado" hreflang="en">museums in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-mountain-utes" hreflang="en">Ute Mountain Utes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">northern ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chipeta" hreflang="en">Chipeta</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “An Inventory and Test Excavation at the Ute Indian Museum, Montrose County, Colorado,” unpublished technical report (Denver: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, History Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janice Colorow, ed., <em>Ute Mountain Ute Government</em> (Towaoc, CO: Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Facilities Services Division, “Ute Indian Museum, Facility and Program Plan, FY-08-09,” unpublished manuscript (Denver: Office of Facilities Management, History Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Historical Summary of the Ute Indians and the San Juan Mining Region,” <em>Ute Indians</em>, Vol. 2: <em>American Indian Ethnohistory: California and Great Basin-Plateau Indians</em>, comp. and ed. David Agee Horr (New York: Garland, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ernie Rose, <em>Utahs of the Rocky Mountains, 1833–1935</em> (Montrose, CO: Montrose Daily Press, 1968).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.visitmontrose.com/171/museums/">Montrose Museums</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/story/community-museums/2016/02/24/ute-indian-museum">Ute Indian Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Dec 2017 23:26:14 +0000 yongli 2808 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org