%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Mary Lord Pease Carr http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-lord-pease-carr <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mary Lord Pease Carr</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-01T14:58:00-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 1, 2021 - 14:58" class="datetime">Wed, 12/01/2021 - 14:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-lord-pease-carr" data-a2a-title="Mary Lord Pease Carr"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmary-lord-pease-carr&amp;title=Mary%20Lord%20Pease%20Carr"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Mary Carr (1838–1933) was a dedicated philanthropist, cofounder of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>’s first public school and one of its first teachers, charter member of the <strong>National Woman’s Relief Corps</strong>, and an activist for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a> and equality. She helped shape modern Colorado by aiding in the establishment of Longmont and playing an active and early role in many organizations that still exist today such as the Woman’s Relief Corps.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Mary Carr was born Mary Lord Pease on July 6, 1838, in Thorndike, Maine. She was the second of three children born to Lois H. Lord and Eliphalet Pease. Her father was a farmer. She received an education, which historians believe was more schooling than average children at that time received. Little else is known about Mary Pease’s childhood.</p> <h2>Marriage and Family</h2> <p>On October 3, 1867, Pease married <strong>Byron Leander Carr</strong> in Chicago. It is unclear how Pease and Carr became acquainted. Originally from New Hampshire, Carr grew up on his family’s farm and was educated at Newbury Academy in Vermont. In 1861 he enlisted in the Union Army and fought in the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>. He was captured in 1863 and held as a prisoner of war. After being released and reenlisting, he was wounded so severely that his right arm was amputated. He returned to Newbury Academy after the war and, upon finishing his studies, moved to Waukegan, Illinois, where he was appointed principal of the local high school. Soon he was named superintendent of Lake County schools.</p> <p>Mary and Byron Carr had their first child, Susie, in 1868, in Mary’s hometown of Thorndike, Maine, before returning to Illinois. In 1870 Byron Carr was admitted to the bar of Illinois. A year later, he resigned from his position with the school system in Illinois, and the Carr family decided to relocate to Colorado with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a>. Byron Carr made the trip first before Mary and Susie joined him shortly thereafter.</p> <h2>Longmont</h2> <p>The Carrs settled with the Chicago-Colorado Colony in Longmont, where they opened the town’s first public school. Byron taught the upper grades, and Mary taught the primary classes. In 1879 Mary gave birth to the couple’s second child, Gerome.</p> <p>Byron soon started a law firm and became a busy civic leader. He was elected district attorney of the Second Judicial District in 1872, delegate to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>Colorado Constitutional Convention</strong></a> in 1875–76, and attorney general of Colorado in 1894. He also founded, owned, and edited Longmont’s first newspaper, the <em>Longmont Ledger</em>. As Byron’s workload intensified, Mary did everything she could to support him. She entertained business associates and was known as a wonderful hostess and companion.</p> <h2>Women’s Relief Corps</h2> <p>In 1883 Mary Carr became a charter member of the Woman’s Relief Corps auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), the Civil War veterans’ organization. Previously, groups of women had established multiple organizations in different states to support the GAR. The Woman’s Relief Corps, founded in Colorado, unified these smaller organizations into a single national group. Following in the footsteps of former army nurses and emulating their service, the Woman’s Relief Corps promoted patriotism in education, aided the GAR in its large celebration of Memorial Day, and provided aid to Civil War veterans and their families.</p> <p>Carr served as president of the local Longmont corps for two years, as president of the department of Colorado and Wyoming in 1892–93, and as national inspector in 1895. In 1900 the Woman’s Relief Corps of Colorado nominated her for president of the national organization, and she was elected to the position in 1901. After her term as president, she served on the national executive committee. In 1904 she secured Colorado as the next GAR encampment location and sat on a committee that compiled the organization’s laws.</p> <p>Carr was also heavily involved in the Order of the Eastern Star in Colorado, a women’s masonic organization founded as a place for people to discuss new ideas and serve the community. She was a charter member of the Longmont chapter in 1892 and was later elected the right grand worthy matron in 1897.</p> <h2>Women’s Suffrage</h2> <p>Carr played a prominent role in the women’s suffrage movement. After being involved in the successful Colorado suffrage campaign of 1893, she became first vice president of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</strong></a> the following year. In 1894 she became the first woman elected to the Longmont school board as well as the board’s first female president. She served in that position for three years before declining to run for reelection in 1897.</p> <p>After Byron Carr died in 1899, Mary Carr continued to serve the Longmont community. She had an interest in politics and was a member of the Woman’s Democratic Club of Longmont. In 1902 she was elected first vice president of the organization. In 1904 she ran an unsuccessful campaign for state representative.</p> <h2>Later Life and Legacy</h2> <p>By 1910 Carr was living with her daughter, Susie, and her husband in a house across the street from the prior Carr residence. She continued to serve patriotic organizations, though she started to slow down in her later years. In 1924 the National Woman’s Relief Corps and the GAR recognized her for years of dedicated service. In 1925 she was elected vice chairman of the Longmont chapter of the Red Cross. In 1927 the Daughters of the American Revolution honored Mary and Byron Carr with a memorial plaque for their work as Longmont’s first teachers.</p> <p>Mary Lord Pease Carr died on February 27, 1933, at the age of ninety-five. Although relatively few details survive about Carr’s many activities and her name is not well known, her service to national patriotic societies and local philanthropic organizations helped lay the foundation for today’s Colorado, particularly in Longmont, where she and her husband established the first school and played a large role in the city’s early development.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carr-shelby" hreflang="und">Carr, Shelby</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-carr" hreflang="en">Mary Carr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byron-carr" hreflang="en">Byron Carr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage-colorado" hreflang="en">women&#039;s suffrage colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joseph G. Brown, <em>The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado, 1868–1898 </em>(Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p> <p>Seletha Brown, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v40n1_January1963.pdf">Byron Leander Carr: Community and State Builder</a>,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 40, no. 1 (January 1963).</p> <p>Edson Irving Carr, <em>The Carr Family Records </em>(Rockton, IL: Herald Printing House, 1894).</p> <p>“Eastern Star Election: Fourth Annual Session with Exemplification of Floral Work in the Evening,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, June 4, 1896.</p> <p>“Elect Officers,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post, </em>September 1, 1902.</p> <p>Willis D. Engle, <em>A General History of the Order of the Eastern Star </em>(Indianapolis: Willis D. Engle, 1901).</p> <p>“The Equal Suffrage Association,” <em>Rocky Ford Enterprise, </em>July 5, 1894.</p> <p>“Longmont Teachers: Interesting Exercises at the Last Meeting for the Year,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>April 29, 1897.</p> <p>“Longmont Woman to Be Honored by Denver G.A.R. Corps,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post, </em>March 6, 1924.</p> <p>“Mrs. Carr Goes Ahead to Compile Laws of Corps,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, August 12, 1904.</p> <p>“Mrs. Mary L Carr: Candidate for National President, Woman’s Relief Corps Auxiliary to the G.A.R.,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, April 8, 1900.</p> <p>Austin Spencer Pease, A <em>Genealogical and Historical Record of the Descendants of John Pease </em>(Springfield, MA: Samuel Bowles, 1869).</p> <p>“Pioneer Teachers of Longmont Presented Memorial by D.A.R.,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post, </em>May 8, 1927.</p> <p>“Red Cross Elects Officers for Coming Year at Annual Meeting,” <em>Daily Times</em>, December 17, 1925.</p> <p><em>Report of the Special and Second Annual Meetings of the Colorado Bar Association </em>(Denver: Smith-Brooks Printing, 1899).</p> <p>“Twice Honored, Denver Gets Two Plums From the G.A.R Reunion; Great Reunion of Veterans to Be Held Here Next Year; Mrs. Mary L. Carr Selected Commander of Women’s Relief Corps,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 31, 1900.</p> <p>“Widow Former Attorney General Dies at Age 95,” <em>Fort Collins Coloradoan, </em>February 28, 1933.&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Erik Mason, <em>Longmont:</em> <em>The First 150 Years </em>(Virginia Beach: Donning, 2020).</p> <p>Betty Ann Newby, <em>The Longmont Album: History and Folklore of the St. Vrain </em>Valley (Virginia Beach: Donning, 1995).&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 01 Dec 2021 21:58:00 +0000 yongli 3642 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hover Home and Farmstead http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hover-home-and-farmstead <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hover Home and Farmstead</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T15:01:46-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 15:01" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 15:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hover-home-and-farmstead" data-a2a-title="Hover Home and Farmstead"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhover-home-and-farmstead&amp;title=Hover%20Home%20and%20Farmstead"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Hover Home and Farmstead is a historic mansion and agricultural property on the west edge of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Retired pharmacist Charles Hover and his wife, Katherine, bought the farm in 1902 and built the mansion in 1913–14. Over the next several decades, the Hovers ran one of the most successful farms in the area and became leading citizens of Longmont. After her parents died, Beatrice Hover lived at Hover Home until she moved in 1983 and gave the house to the nonprofit that ran the adjacent Hover Manor retirement complex.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1997 the nonprofit sold Hover Home to the St. Vrain Historical Society, which had already begun buying up the Hovers’ old farmland. The society rehabilitated the house and many of the old farm structures and has maintained the property to the present. The Hover Home and Farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Today, the property hosts weddings, corporate gatherings, and other events.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coming to Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles Lewis Hover was born in 1867 in Wisconsin. He studied pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin before entering the wholesale drug business in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. In 1898 he married Katherine Avery. By the early 1900s, the Hovers had grown tired of the city bustle and sought a quieter life along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> established the city of Longmont in March 1871. Colonists, many of whom came from the Midwest, immediately began digging irrigation ditches, planting crops, and building the city’s first businesses and homes. Railroads arrived in 1873 and 1883, and businesses such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kuner-empson-cannery"><strong>Empson Cannery</strong></a> (1889) and the Longmont Sugar Factory (1903) helped make the city into a major agricultural center by the time the Hovers arrived in 1902.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Farm</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The 160-acre farm the Hovers bought had been owned by a succession of early homesteaders. From 1875 to 1902 the farm was owned by the family of Mary Marshall, who expanded it to 1,500 acres. The Marshall family built a simple wood frame farmhouse there in 1893. In 1902 Mary Marshall sold the farm to Joseph Williamson, who quickly sold it to the Hovers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hovers first moved into the farmhouse, but they soon built and moved into a new cottage. The farm had never been very productive, but Charles Hover was determined to change that. He immediately installed an expensive new drainage system that removed crop-killing alkali deposits and planted a third of the farm in alfalfa to restore nutrients to the soil. The alfalfa fed sheep and cows, which Hover relied on for fertilizer. He also used commercial fertilizers and implemented crop rotation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hover’s improvements substantially boosted the farm’s productivity. In 1912 the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> was so impressed with Hover farm’s turnaround that it ran a story about the property with a headline that read “Prairie Farm is Paradise in 10 Years.” Many of the ancillary buildings on the farm are also believed to have been built by Hover in that first decade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1907, while the Hovers were still developing their farm, the couple adopted a nine-year-old girl, Beatrice. With the farm’s productivity restored, in 1913 Charles Hover turned toward building a stately residence for his larger family.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Designed by famous Denver architect <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, the Hover Home is an impressive, 6,000-square-foot brick mansion built in the Tudor Revival style, with steeply pitched rooflines, parapeted gables, and multiple bay windows. Inside, the home features oak flooring and decorative woodwork throughout, as well as a brick-floor conservatory, an eight-foot brick fireplace in the living room, and built-in glass bookcases in Charles Hover’s extensive library.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The grounds of Hover Home reflect Katherine and Beatrice Hover’s affinity for gardening. The western walkway is lined with peony bushes, while yellow rose bushes flourish on the property’s eastern boundary. Irises once grew along the property’s irrigation ditch, but the plants were removed once the ditch was filled in.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Serving the Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once Hover Home was complete, Charles Hover began renting out the farm and shifted his focus to the community and other investments. During <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, he served as treasurer for the local Red Cross chapter. He was also an agricultural advisor for the state’s draft, meaning he helped determine how many young men were to remain on Colorado farms during the war.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 Hover was part of a group of Longmont investors who purchased the Empson Cannery from the retiring John H. Empson. Hover served as president of the cannery until it merged with the Kuner Pickle Company in 1927. Hover also served as vice president of the Boulder County Fair Association, was a member of the Colorado Farm Bureau’s board of directors, and spent twenty-two years as treasurer of St. Stephen’s Episcopal Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katherine also supported the church, hosting annual fundraisers for St. Stephen’s at Hover Home. After her husband died in 1958, Katherine sold the old farmhouse to a cousin, Jack Wilson, who converted the house into apartments. Katherine, meanwhile, began pursuing her dream to build a residential community for the low-income elderly. She sold off family farmland to pay for the retirement community, which was to be built just west of Hover Home. Katherine did not live to see her plans come to fruition—she died in 1971—but Beatrice followed through on her mother’s vision. In 1979 she opened the Hover Manor retirement community, managed by the nonprofit Hover Community, Inc.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Donation and Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1983 Beatrice Hover moved to Hover Manor and deeded Hover Home to Hover Community, Inc., hoping that the mansion could be used as a communal space for the elderly residents. However, the nonprofit found the giant house too costly to maintain, and in 1997 it sold the mansion and grounds to the St. Vrain Historical Society (SVHS) for $500,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Upon her death in 1991, Beatrice willed most of Hover Home’s original furnishings to the SVHS for preservation, so today the home’s interior looks much like it did when the Hovers lived there. In 1994 the SVHS purchased some of the Hovers’ surrounding farmland and began rehabilitating the old farmhouse and other structures. Over the next two years, the society received more than $90,000 in grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> (SHF) to perform restoration work on Hover Home. In 1998 the SHF gave the SVHS another $100,000 to acquire more of the family’s property, and the next year both the Hover Home and farm were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Restoration and rehabilitation work continued throughout the 2000s, with the SVHS receiving more than $387,500 in SHF grants between 2002 and 2013. Among other projects, the society rehabilitated the roof on Hover Home, rebuilt the family barn, and restored the iris bushes along the filled irrigation ditch.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the SVHS rents out Hover Home for weddings, banquets, and other events. The society still rents the old farmhouse apartments to help pay for maintenance at the Hover property. The nonprofit Hover Manor continues to offer affordable living for residents age sixty-two and over, while the rehabilitated farm buildings and the restored Hover Home serve as reminders of the Hovers’ major influence in the Longmont economy and community.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charles-lewis-hover" hreflang="en">charles lewis hover</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/katherine-hover" hreflang="en">katherine hover</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hover-home" hreflang="en">hover home</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hover-manor" hreflang="en">hover manor</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dale S. Bernard, “Hoverhome &amp; Hover Farmstead,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1998.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/historic-hover-farm">Historic Hover Farm</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/hover-home">Hover Home</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ben Fogelberg, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/paradise-ten-years-c-l-hover-and-hoverhome">Paradise in Ten Years: C.L. Hover and Hoverhome</a>,” History Colorado, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado Historic Places </em>(Englewood: Colorado Historical Society, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/">Observations About Longmont, Colorado (blog)</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.stvrainhistoricalsociety.com/">St. Vrain Historical Society</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 21:01:46 +0000 yongli 3413 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org September 2013 Floods http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">September 2013 Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3298--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3298.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=8LMrY2Vk" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">2013 Colorado Floods </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado residents who were evacuated due to flooding arrive at Boulder Municipal Airport in Boulder, September 13, 2013, after being rescued by National Guard and civilian rescue personnel. Colorado and Wyoming National Guard units were activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3300--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3300.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=pv-S2fnN" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jamestown-colorado-cut-2013-colorado-floods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jamestown, Colorado Cut Off by 2013 Colorado Floods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In September 2013, the small mountain town of Jamestown (population 300) was cut off by flooding in Boulder County.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3302--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3302.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/September%202013%20Floods%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=rnpjxY6K" width="1090" height="724" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/national-guard-soldiers" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">National Guard Soldiers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Soldiers with the Colorado National Guard respond to floods in Boulder County on September 12, 2013. The Colorado National Guard was activated to provide assistance to people affected by massive flooding along Colorado's Front Range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-06-09T14:45:08-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 9, 2020 - 14:45" class="datetime">Tue, 06/09/2020 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/september-2013-floods" data-a2a-title="September 2013 Floods"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fseptember-2013-floods&amp;title=September%202013%20Floods"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In September 2013, Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a><strong>, </strong>from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> south to <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, experienced some of the most dramatic and devastating <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flood</strong></a><a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>s</strong> </a>in state history. In the hardest-hit areas, the rainfall beginning September 9 and ending September 16 matched or exceeded annual averages. Across the region, swollen creeks and rivers jumped their banks, destroying houses, bridges, and roads, and stranding individuals and communities. The floods ultimately killed eight people and caused more than $4 billion in damages across seventeen counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Between Mountain and Plain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Along the Front Range, home to a majority of Colorado’s population, destructive flooding is not new. Centuries before the arrival of Anglo-American immigrants, American Indians seasonally hunted, foraged, and grazed horses along the nutrient-rich bottomlands of Colorado’s rivers and creeks. When whites arrived on the Front Range during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> (1858–59), Native peoples warned of the region’s tendency to flood, but the newcomers often ignored these warnings—perhaps because they thought of the area as a “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/%E2%80%9Cgreat-american-desert%E2%80%9D"><strong>Great American Desert</strong></a>.” They sought to overcome the region’s inconsistent rainfall by farming nutrient-rich, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigable</strong></a> floodplains in such places as <a href="/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, and Fort Collins. Heavy snowmelt, powerful cloudbursts, and stalled storms, however, periodically punished such intrusions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The area’s location as a transition zone between the rolling <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the jagged peaks of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> explains the potential for extreme rains. During spring and summer months, moisture-rich air from the Gulf of Mexico comes across the Great Plains and abruptly runs into the Rocky Mountains. As the mountains push the moisture-rich air upward, storm clouds occasionally form and then rupture over the Eastern Slope of the Rockies. These downpours are usually highly localized, short, and intense, dumping inches of rain over a small area in a matter of hours. In the case of most deadly floods on the Front Range, such as the <strong>Big Thompson Flood of 1976</strong> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>Spring Creek Flood of 1997</strong></a>, heavy rainfall drained into creeks and rivers, overwhelming their carrying capacity and flooding cities and surrounding areas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In some ways, the 2013 floods fit into similar Front Range flood patterns. As in 1976 and 1997, west-moving moisture coalesced into storm clouds, fell as rain, and overwhelmed east-running waterways. In other ways, 2013 was unique. The devastating fires of 2012, especially the <a href="/article/high-park-fire"><strong>High Park Fire</strong></a> west of Fort Collins and the <a href="/article/waldo-canyon-fire"><strong>Waldo Canyon Fire</strong></a> near Colorado Springs, cleared the landscape of vegetation that slows and absorbs excess water. Additionally, while cloudbursts were responsible for previous floods, the rainstorms that flooded the Front Range in September 2013 dumped rain not just over a few miles, but from Colorado Spring to Fort Collins, and the storms lasted not hours but days.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Merciful Rain to Raging Rivers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The rain began across eastern Colorado on September 9, 2013, as a slow-moving, low-pressure system settled over the southwest, pulling moist air from the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico toward the Front Range. Rain was initially a welcome respite for the region’s residents, who had seen an unusually warm first week of September, a drought-plagued summer, and a series of recent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>forest fires</strong></a>. However, relief turned to worry as rain continued through September 10 and the low-pressure system stayed put, pulling more moisture toward the Front Range. With no immediate end in sight, the National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer</strong></a> counties on September 11.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the night of September 11, torrential rainfall pounded the fire-scarred, oversaturated foothills. In Boulder, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> began its first wave of evacuations and the city activated sirens along Boulder Creek, urging those in earshot to find higher ground. Throughout the night, rockslides, debris flows, and the surging St. Vrain, <strong>Big Thompson,</strong> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> rivers destroyed sections of US Highway 34, US Highway 36, Colorado Highway 14, and numerous county roads, stranding many mountain and foothill communities. The unrelenting downpour continued through September 12, forcing thousands living along the floodplains from <strong>Estes Park</strong>, Fort Collins, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/downtown-loveland-historic-district"><strong>Loveland</strong></a>, south to <strong>Lyons</strong>, Boulder, and Jamestown, to evacuate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the rain briefly relented on September 13, army, national guard, and private helicopters began evacuating those stranded in mountain communities. After authorizing the use of <strong>Colorado National Guard</strong> helicopters in Boulder County the morning of the September 13, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> signed an executive order declaring a disaster emergency across fourteen Front Range counties, providing resources for search-and-rescue operations and immediate highway repair. Through an emergency declaration on September 12, then a major disaster declaration two days later, President Barack Obama released federal funding to supplement the local and state response.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Overflowing waterways fueled by sustained precipitation also caused destruction east of the foothills. On the plains, floodwater rushing east forced evacuations, damaged agricultural land, overwhelmed wastewater facilities, and flooded oil wells. As in the foothills, swollen tributaries of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong> River</strong></a>—along with the South Platte itself—wiped out bridges, undercut roads, and tore buildings off their foundations. In the early hours of September 13, the Big Thompson River spilled over and temporarily closed <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Just hours later in Weld County, the South Platte and the Cache la Poudre Rivers began to flood low-lying neighborhoods in Evans and Greeley, forcing evacuations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farther east, in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a>, the surging South Platte, usually running two feet high in September, reached thirteen feet high on the evening of September 14, damaging infrastructure and forcing evacuations. By the time the storm finally relented on September 16, the week of rain—totaling twenty inches in Boulder, nine in Estes Park, six in Loveland, and six in Fort Collins—had reshaped natural areas and river channels all the way to the state border, destroying nearly 2,000 houses, damaging 28,000 dwellings, and killing 8 people. Pouring into western Nebraska, the South Platte remained at a moderate flood stage through September 23.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On Monday, September 16, as the storm cleared and helicopters continued to evacuate those stranded, students returned to classes at the University of Colorado. In the following days, grade schools in Larimer County reopened, road crews opened mountain roadways to flood-isolated towns, and response teams restored access to potable water and electricity from Evans to Estes Park. These steps toward recovery highlighted the resiliency of the afflicted communities and the experience and capability of responders, emergency planners, and disaster-relief crews. Decades of increasingly proactive zoning, modernized warning systems, and floodplain management helped minimize loss and streamline emergency response. Still, no town or city along the Front Range and the South Platte was fully prepared for that week of extreme rainfall, as illustrated by the expensive, prolonged recovery, the flooding of uninsured houses, and the tragic loss of life.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After sheriff’s offices accounted for missing persons, relief organizations provided shelter for the displaced, and road crews reached previously stranded communities, efforts shifted to long-term reconstruction. Relying on reimbursements from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Federal Highway Administration, federal block grants, and state disaster funds, the Front Range began multiyear road reconstruction and neighborhood redevelopment projects. Slowed by the complicated contracts and price vetting that came with federal assistance, some of the hardest-hit mountain roadways did not reopen until 2016. US Highway 34—connecting Loveland, Estes Park, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>—did not reopen until 2018. When it did, the reconstructed highway exemplified the region-wide response to the flooding: it reopened within its traditional corridor, the Big Thompson Canyon, but now followed a slightly different path to minimize washouts in the event of another storm.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With future flooding a primary concern, municipalities across the Front Range sought to rebuild in a manner that better prepared them for the next storm. Engineers designed roadways to better deflect and avoid floodwater, and city planners turned hard-hit, low-lying neighborhoods and mobile-home parks into greenspaces, sometimes to the detriment of those who relied on the now-vanished affordable housing. The enormity of the rainfall’s destruction, along with the difficulties that came with government shutdowns, accessing federal funds, congressional alterations to FEMA aid guidelines, and the varied needs of those affected by the floods ensured that the road to recovery was anything but straight.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flooding in the Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Population growth, urban expansion, and increasingly volatile weather patterns associated with climate change mean that flooding will remain a pressing issue on the Front Range in the future. Scientists have not concluded that the abnormal rainfall from September 9 to 16, 2013, was the direct result of climate change, but aspects of the flood’s development—an abundance of moisture-rich air and increased storm volatility, both stemming from warmer temperatures—suggest that instances of heavy rainfall may increase across the region in the coming decades.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/purdy-tristan" hreflang="und">Purdy, Tristan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/september-2013-floods" hreflang="en">september 2013 floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range-floods" hreflang="en">front range floods</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flooding-colorado" hreflang="en">flooding in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flood-history" hreflang="en">flood history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/2013" hreflang="en">2013</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estes-park" hreflang="en">Estes Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John Aguilar, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/09/09/colorado-floods-2013-recovery/">‘We're About to Wake Up’: Victims of Colorado's 2013 Flood Look to End of Recovery</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em>, September 9, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Aguilar and Charlie Brennan, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/21/eight-days-1000-year-rain-100-year-flood/">Eight Days, 1,000-Year Rain, 100-Year Flood</a>,” <em>Daily Camera </em>(Boulder), September 21, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruth M. Alexander, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/167378/2013ColoradoFloodOralHistoryFinalReport.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">2013 Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Project: Final Report</a>” (Fort Collins: Northern Colorado Flood Oral History Collection, Water Resources Archive, Colorado State University Libraries, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathleen A. Brosnan, <em>Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change Along the Front Range</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Terri Cook, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/disaster-strikes-along-colorados-front-range">Disaster Strikes Along Colorado’s Front Range</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine</em>, January 20, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael deYoanna, “<a href="https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2019/09/19/parked-mobile-home-dwellers-left-behind-after-2013-colorado-floods/">Parked: Mobile-Home Dwellers Left Behind After 2013 Colorado Floods</a>,” <em>Colorado Independent, </em>September 19, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nolan J. Doesken, Roger A. Pielke, Sr., and Odilia A. P. Bliss, “<a href="https://climate.colostate.edu/climate_long.html">Climate of Colorado</a>,” Colorado Climate Center (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan England, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2013/09/28/something-wicked-this-way-came-flood-brings-devastation-but-weld-endures/">Something Wicked This Way Came: Flood Brings Devastation but Weld Endures</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, September 28, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Follansbee and Leon R. Sawyer, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0997/report.pdf"><em>Floods in Colorado</em></a>, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 997 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jenni Grubbs, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2013/09/23/morgan-county-roads-bridges-see-damage-from-flood-2/">Morgan County Roads, Bridges See Damage From Flood</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times, </em>September 23, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wallace R. Hansen, John Chronic, and John Matelock, <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf"><em>Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and Vicinity, Colorado</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah Hines, “<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/science-application-integration/docs/science-you-can-use/2014-03.pdf">Our Relationship With a Dynamic Landscape: Understanding the 2013 Northern Colorado Flood</a>,” <em>Science You Can Use Bulletin</em> (March/April 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert A. Kimbrough and Robert R. Holmes, Jr., <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155119"><em>Flooding in the South Platte River and Fountain Creek Basins in Eastern Colorado, September 9–18, 2013</em></a><em>, </em>US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5119 (Virginia, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Danielle Langevin and Tessa Sullivan, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/spring-creek-flood-1997">Spring Creek Flood of 1997</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, last modified October 24, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia N. Limerick and Jason Hanson, <em>A Ditch in Time: The City, the West and Wate</em>r (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jacy Marmaduke, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2019/05/03/big-thompson-flood-fema-hasnt-funded-road-bridge-repairs/3651296002/">6 Years After Big Thompson Flood, FEMA Hasn’t Paid Up: Lack of Reimbursement Has Delayed Road Repairs</a>,” <em>Coloradoan</em> (Fort Collins), May 6, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Weather Service, “<a href="https://www.weather.gov/lbf/southplatte_platte_flooding_2013#NebraskaFlooding">South Platte/Platte River Flooding of 2013</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Office of the Governor, “<a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/archives/governor-hickenlooper-executive-orders">Executive Order D 2013-026 Declaring a Disaster Emergency Due to the Flooding in Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Boulder, Denver, El Paso, Fremont, Jefferson, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Pueblo, Washington, and Weld Counties (Front Range Flooding)</a>,” September 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Geoff Plumlee, “<a href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/when-water-gravity-and-geology-collide-firsthand-observations-impacts-2013-colorado-floods">When Water, Gravity and Geology Collide: Firsthand Observations of the Impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods</a>,” <em>EARTH Magazine, </em>January 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katie Schimel, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/47.17/how-2013s-front-range-floods-changed-the-face-of-the-region">How 2013’s Front Range Floods Changed the Face of the Region</a>,” <em>High Country News, </em>October 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.reporterherald.com/2018/09/08/the-2013-flood-a-timeline/">The 2013 Flood: A Timeline</a>,” <em>Loveland (CO) Reporter-Herald</em>, September 8, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Louis W. Uccellini, <a href="),%20https:/prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/atoms/files/NWS_CO_FSA.pdf"><em>The Record Front Range and Eastern Colorado Floods of September 11–17, 2013</em></a><em>,</em> US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Service Assessment (Silver Spring, MD, June 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/15/fema-continues-support-response-colorado-flooding">FEMA Continues to Support Response to Colorado Flooding</a>,” September 15, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Homeland Security, “<a href="https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/09/12/president-obama-signs-colorado-emergency-declaration">President Obama Signs Colorado Emergency Declaration</a>,” September 12, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Monte Whaley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/13/flood-damaged-colorado-roads-are-getting-a-makeover/">Flood-Damaged Colorado Roads Are Getting a Makeover</a>,” <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post, </em>September 13, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Will Wright, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado">Flooding in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia,</em> last modified October 23, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Wyckoff, <em>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860–1940 </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Crifasi, <em>A Land Made From Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado's Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Darla Sue Dollman, <em>Colorado’s Deadliest Floods </em>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jared Orsi, <em>Hazardous Metropolis: Flooding and Urban Ecology in Los Angele</em>s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ted Steinberg<em>, Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Jun 2020 20:45:08 +0000 yongli 3272 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William H. Dickens http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-h-dickens <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William H. Dickens</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T13:51:06-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 13:51" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 13:51</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-h-dickens" data-a2a-title="William H. Dickens"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-h-dickens&amp;title=William%20H.%20Dickens"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William Henry Dickens (c. 1842–1915) was a <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead">homestead</a></strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>er</strong></a>, farmer, and businessman in the St. Vrain valley. A prominent early citizen of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, Dickens built the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dickens-opera-house"><strong>Dickens Opera House</strong></a>, established Farmers National Bank, and helped organize the Farmers Milling and Elevator Company, among other ventures.</p> <p>In 1915 Dickens was shot and killed in his Longmont home. The high-profile murder drew law enforcement officers from all over the state. Although Dickens’s son Rienzi was initially convicted, he was later freed, and the murder remains unsolved to this day.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>William H. Dickens, a distant relative of the English novelist Charles Dickens, was born during his family’s crossing from England to the United States in the early 1840s. He lived with his family in Canada and Wisconsin, where his father and two sisters died. Dickens’s mother married Alonzo Allen, and hard times in the 1850s convinced Allen to join the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> in 1859.</p> <p>Allen took his seventeen-year-old stepson with him to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, which at that time was a rough-and-tumble mining settlement. The pair had little luck prospecting, so in 1860 they left the mountains and built a cabin near the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks, near the site of present-day Longmont. Allen’s cabin happened to be near a strategic crossing of St. Vrain Creek, and the area soon attracted dozens of other homesteaders.</p> <h2>Burlington</h2> <p>Soon after their cabin was built, Dickens began farming hay while Allen prospected in the mountains. In 1863 Allen’s wife, Mary, and their children arrived, and the family set up a tavern and inn along the stagecoach route between <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Wyoming. By then the area was known as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county"><strong>Burlington</strong></a>. In 1865 Dickens built a stable barn for the family inn, and in 1869 he built Independence Hall, an early drugstore and community center. Sometime between 1865 and 1869, Dickens filed for a 102-acre <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> near his stepfather’s cabin.</p> <h2>Longmont</h2> <p>When the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> established the city of Longmont just north of Burlington in 1871, most of the early homesteaders picked up and moved to the new town. Dickens moved his family’s stable barn and Independence Hall to Longmont. In 1876 he married Ida Kiteley, the daughter of John Kiteley, another early St. Vrain homesteader. The couple had five children: William, Rienzi, John, Mary, and Artalissa.</p> <p>The Dickenses eventually expanded their homestead to 1,280 acres on which they farmed and raised livestock. In 1881 Dickens moved Independence Hall to another lot and built the two-story Dickens Opera House at Third Avenue and Main Street. In 1891 Dickens founded Farmers National Bank, which was headquartered at the opera house until it moved into its own building in the early 1900s. He was also one of the founders of the Farmers Milling and Elevator Company, which in the early twentieth century challenged tycoon <strong>John K. Mullen</strong>’s near monopoly on Colorado’s flour industry.</p> <p>In 1904 Dickens and his family moved into a large house at Third Avenue and Coffman Street, which later became the St. Vrain Hospital and has since been converted into apartments.</p> <h2>Murder</h2> <p>In November 1915, an elderly William Dickens was reading in his home when a rifle bullet burst through the window, killing him. News of the murder traveled quickly along the Front Range, and law enforcement came from as far away as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to help track down the killer. They had little luck, however, until it was found that Dickens’s son Rienzi purchased a rifle and silencer earlier that month. Rienzi Dickens was arrested and initially found guilty of murdering his father in 1915, but his lawyers demanded a retrial. Rienzi was freed by a jury in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> in 1921 and immediately left for California. The crime was never officially solved.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today William Dickens’s legacy lives on in his opera house, which remains a popular venue for food, drink, and entertainment. The Dickens Tavern operates on the first floor, while the second floor continues to host concerts, plays, and other events. Dickens’s Independence Hall building, one of the earliest community structures in the St. Vrain valley, still stands at 329 Third Avenue. As one of Longmont’s earliest and wealthiest citizens, William Dickens played an essential role in the city’s rapid development into one of Colorado’s most important agricultural centers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-henry-dickens" hreflang="en">william henry dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-dickens" hreflang="en">william dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burlington" hreflang="en">burlington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dickens-opera-house" hreflang="en">dickens opera house</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TWC19050215.2.45&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22farmers+mill+and+elevator%22+longmont-------0-">City and Country</a>,” <em>Weekly Courier </em>(Fort Collins), February 15, 1905.</p> <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/dickens-homestead-barn-root-cellar">Dickens Homestead—Barn &amp; Root Cellar</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=WTE19150602.2.18&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-rienzi+dickens+murder-------0-">Dickens Found Guilty</a>,” <em>Wet Mountain Tribune</em>, June 2, 1915.</p> <p>Harrison Fletcher, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/building-for-the-future-5058407">Building for the Future</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, March 5, 1998.</p> <p>Dorothy Large, <em>Old Burlington: First Town on the St. Vrain, 1860–1871 </em>(Longmont, CO: St. Vrain Publishing, 1984).</p> <p>Roger L. Pomainville, “Dickens Opera House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, 1987.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p> <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=SDM18911127-01.2.17&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22farmers+national+bank%22+longmont-------0-">State and General</a>,” <em>Salida Mail</em>, November 27, 1891.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19211014.2.8&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=-10-1921--10-1921--en-20-LML-1--txt-txIN-dickens-------0-">Verdict is ‘not guilty,’</a>” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, October 14, 1921.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Durning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Founding of Longmont </em>(Longmont, CO: Mabel Downer Durning, 1975).</p> <p><a href="https://www.dickenstavern.com/">The Dickens Tavern</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 20:51:06 +0000 yongli 2817 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chicago-Colorado Colony http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chicago-Colorado Colony</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T12:21:54-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 12:21" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 12:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony" data-a2a-title="Chicago-Colorado Colony"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchicago-colorado-colony&amp;title=Chicago-Colorado%20Colony"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. Financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisting mostly of immigrants from the Midwest, the colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources—most importantly, <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <strong>Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built a robust <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> system that allowed Longmont to prosper as a major agricultural hub along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> for nearly a century. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it eventually adopted the idealistic slogan of “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had somewhat less idealistic origins as part of a scheme to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way; the railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony, </strong>established that year in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With Pratt as secretary, the Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. Unitarian minister Robert Collyer served as president, with newspaperman Sidney H. Gay as vice president. Another prominent investor was former Illinois lieutenant governor William Bross. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee consisting of former lumberman Seth Terry and several other colony representatives to what was then <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteader</strong></a> near the small community of <a href="/article/burlington-boulder-county"><strong>Burlington</strong></a>, located along St. Vrain Creek. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune </em>published similar ads. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>Colorado’s climate</strong></a>, said to be a cure for many maladies, already had a sterling reputation in the humid Midwest, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm, and an additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, Terry and some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington, arriving at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. Terry, later elected the colony’s first president, laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the area’s striking view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, leading Terry to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate, but they were undaunted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps more important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches, which allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Initial crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins, and colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was now to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon, and water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into numerous other ditches to water crops and to provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park, named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871—as well as the territory’s first public library, founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson, a philanthropist who lived on the East Coast. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse. Seth Terry’s fourteen-year-old son William attended school there and became the first librarian.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution, and anyone caught with alcohol in the early days had to return their land to the colony. However, residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued, resulting in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the community it founded continued to prosper, the Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The initial work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists—especially the irrigation ditches they built—allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch, for example, has been enlarged six different times since its construction and currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working, pragmatic attitudes of their predecessors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the Union Colony after which it was modeled, the Chicago-Colorado Colony became a manifestation of communitarian ideals in Colorado. But unlike Horace Greeley’s venture, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was founded on equal parts corporate scheming and utopian idealism. As such, the colony serves as an example of how opposing ideologies of communitarianism and capitalism nonetheless combined to build stable communities in the nineteenth-century American West.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nc-pratt" hreflang="en">n.c. pratt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/seth-terry" hreflang="en">seth terry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-byers" hreflang="en">william byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">denver pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-collyer" hreflang="en">robert collyer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bross" hreflang="en">william bross</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-greeley" hreflang="en">Horace Greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colony" hreflang="en">Colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/farming" hreflang="en">farming</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert R. Crifasi, <em>A Land Made from Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado’s Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carah Wertheimer, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2016/09/04/the-rise-and-fall-of-north-longmont-a-century-old-tale-of-saloons-water-rights-and-the-ballot-box/">The rise and fall of North Longmont: A century-old tale of saloons, water rights and the ballot box</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 4, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James F. Willard, ed., <a href="https://archive.org/stream/experimentsincol00jame/experimentsincol00jame_djvu.txt">Experiments in Colorado Colonization 1869–1872</a> (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1926).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Karen Antonacci, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/01/31/happy-144th-birthday-longmont/">Happy 144th birthday, Longmont</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, January 31, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of Longmont. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of people from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major farming community. Many of Longmont’s streets are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was initially part of a plan to sell railroad land. The US government wanted to encourage railroad building. The government gave railroads land on either side of their tracks. The railroads could sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <strong>William Byers</strong> wanted to build a farming colony in this area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee met Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest. They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for their colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres. They secured 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To get new residents, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised good harvests. The<em> Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble getting Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists got a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived in early March 1871. They set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug many small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont</strong>. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of immigrants from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was originally part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West, the US government granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of DP's real estate subsidiary. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed a farming community modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong> in <strong>Greeley</strong> would work.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest.  They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company. They secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised large harvests. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble persuading Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of <strong>Longs Peak </strong>to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others came from the Union Colony.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had begun digging a primary ditch that they called Excelsior. However, the colony ran out of money, and the ditch was never completed. The colonists then formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land. However, saloons were allowed by 1873. The fight over alcohol continued for several years. There were some bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916. In 1916, Colorado passed statewide prohibition. Liquor become legal in Longmont when national prohibition ended in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont </strong>near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. It was financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisted mostly of immigrants from the Midwest. The colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley’s Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it adopted the slogan “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had less idealistic origins. It was part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong>, established that year in present-day <strong>Greeley</strong>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory.</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader </strong>near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many maladies, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington. They arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, colonists to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park. The park was named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land to the colony. Residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued. This resulted in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 19:21:54 +0000 yongli 2816 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Burlington (Boulder County) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Burlington (Boulder County)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T12:19:13-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 12:19" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 12:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county" data-a2a-title="Burlington (Boulder County)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fburlington-boulder-county&amp;title=Burlington%20%28Boulder%20County%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Burlington was a small <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> community along <strong>St. Vrain Creek</strong>, near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Founded in 1860 by prospector Alonzo N. Allen, Burlington was named after Burlington, Iowa. The settlement grew to a population of about 150 before the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> absorbed it in 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The bountiful wheat crop of Burlington homesteader Enoch J. Coffman helped convince the colony to establish Longmont where it is today. Many of Longmont’s influential early citizens came from Burlington, including <a href="/article/william-h-dickens"><strong>William Henry Dickens</strong></a>, founder of the <a href="/article/dickens-opera-house"><strong>Dickens Opera House</strong></a>, Farmers National Bank, and several other local enterprises. Burlington was also the home of Longmont’s first newspaper, the<em> Burlington Free Press</em>, founded in 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Settling the St. Vrain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1859 Wisconsin resident Alonzo N. Allen came west with his stepson, seventeen-year-old William Henry Dickens, to join the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. After prospecting near present-day <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, Allen built a log cabin in 1860 on the south bank of St. Vrain Creek, just west of what is now US Highway 287. Leaving Dickens to work the land, Allen went prospecting again, eventually establishing the small <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> town of <strong>Allenspark</strong> in the foothills to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen may have beaten others to the St. Vrain, but not by much, and there was plenty of land to go around. George and Morse Coffin, Illinois brothers who came to Boulder around the same time as Allen, set up farms near the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks. Led by eighteen-year-old Lawson Beckwith, the Beckwith family arrived from New Hampshire in 1859–60, and Enoch J. Coffman set up a farm in the area in 1861. By the time the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was established in 1861, the St. Vrain valley was dotted with dozens of homesteads—although they would not be legally filed until the first Homestead Act of 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Forming a Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although these homesteaders could call each other neighbors, they did not yet have an official town or a name for their settlement. That could only come with a post office, which the area lacked. From 1859 to 1862, residents of the St. Vrain valley had to travel to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to get their mail. That changed in the fall of 1862, when the Holladay Overland Stage Company—spurred by the official organization of the Colorado Territory the previous year—established a route from Laramie, Wyoming, to Denver. Thanks in part to road planning and other efforts by Fred C. Beckwith, the route passed directly through the St. Vrain settlement, using a crucial ford of the creek near Allen’s cabin. With the arrival of the stage line, a post office was established in the settlement in November 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next year, Allen’s wife, Mary, and their seven children—two from Mary’s previous marriage—joined him along the St. Vrain. With regular stage traffic now passing directly in front of their cabin, the Allens turned their house into a tavern and inn that provided meals and lodging for stagecoach passengers. Mary learned how many people she needed to cook for via a telegraph line that stretched from Denver into her kitchen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1864 Burlington gained a school and organized a militia to defend against potential attacks by Native Americans. By 1865 the community boasted two hotels, a new stage barn built by Dickens, and the Beckwiths’ merchandise and blacksmith shops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1869, with Burlington’s population climbing toward 150, Dickens built the two-story Independence Hall. A prelude to the opera house Dickens would later build in Longmont, Independence Hall featured retail space on the first floor and entertainment space on the second. The building served as Burlington’s drugstore and community center for the next two years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Joining Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although the stage traffic and decent harvests kept Burlington’s hopes high in the 1860s, the community’s location near the St. Vrain bottoms made it especially vulnerable to flooding. Time and again <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>floods</strong></a> inundated residents’ land and homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Then, in 1871, Burlington resident Enoch Coffman was taking a load of wheat to Denver when he met members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony, who were looking for a location to establish their colony. Illinois lumberman Seth Terry and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a> led the search committee. After inspecting Coffman’s wheat and remarking on its quality, the committee visited the Burlington area. Impressed with the St. Vrain valley’s agricultural potential, the colony established the city of Longmont just north of Burlington in March 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Backed with large amounts of eastern capital, the new town grew quickly. It helped that Longmont was farther from the flood-prone creeks. Burlington residents soon realized where their future lay. Dickens moved Independence Hall to Longmont in 1871 and acquired a stake in the colony, as did Coffman, who was elected to the colony’s board of trustees. The Allen family also joined the colony, moving their inn and stage barn to the northwest corner of Third Avenue and Main Street. In the early 1870s, some seventy-five Burlington residents moved to Longmont, taking their houses and businesses with them.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Burlington may have disappeared after its residents moved to Longmont, but its contributions to the city that took its place were many. The Allens and their many descendants remained in Longmont through the twentieth century. Like his father, Alonzo, Charles Allen became an innkeeper in 1894, purchasing the Zweck Hotel—the building that replaced his parents’ inn in 1881–82—at Third and Main. Charles and his wife, Margaret, ran the hotel, which later became known as the Imperial, for some fifty years. Charles’s son, Vern Allen, worked as a local stage driver and rancher and served for many years as the superintendent of Longmont’s parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Beckwiths were another influential Burlington family. Brothers Fred and Elmer established the <em>Burlington Free Press </em>in 1871 and Elmer became Longmont’s first postmaster. In the early 1890s, Elmer established the <em>Daily Times</em>, the newspaper that is now today’s <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coffman, whose bountiful wheat harvest helped draw the Chicago-Colorado Colony to the St. Vrain valley, helped oversee the planting of communal crops in the colony’s first years. Coffman Street, just west of Main Street in Longmont, is named after him. In 1881 William Dickens built the Dickens Opera House across from the Zweck Hotel. The building served as the political and social hub of Longmont for decades and remains a popular entertainment venue today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While Longmont’s rapid development in the late nineteenth century is often attributed to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches and other efforts of the Chicago-Colorado Colony, the previous success of the Burlington homesteaders laid the foundation for a prosperous farming community in the St. Vrain valley.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burlington" hreflang="en">burlington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-vrain-creek" hreflang="en">st. vrain creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-vrain-valley" hreflang="en">st. vrain valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/homestead" hreflang="en">homestead</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-henry-dickens" hreflang="en">william henry dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alonzo-allen" hreflang="en">alonzo allen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/independence-hall" hreflang="en">independence hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dorothy Large, <em>Old Burlington: First Town on the St. Vrain, 1860–1871 </em>(Longmont, CO: St. Vrain Publishing, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/">Observations about Longmont, Colorado (blog)</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.stvrainhistoricalsociety.com/">St. Vrain Historical Society</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 19:19:13 +0000 yongli 2815 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado in World War I http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado in World War I</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-09-13T14:17:05-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 14:17" class="datetime">Wed, 09/13/2017 - 14:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i" data-a2a-title="Colorado in World War I"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-world-war-i&amp;title=Colorado%20in%20World%20War%20I"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>As Europe stumbled into war in late July and early August 1914, Coloradans viewed the conflict with mixed emotions. Some favored the English, French, Italians, Russians, and their allies. Others preferred the Germans and Austrians and their friends. The divisions were predictable. The 1910 federal census showed that approximately 16 percent of Colorado’s 799,024 residents were foreign-born. Among them were more than 28,000 Germans and Austrians, more than 17,000 English and Scottish, and more than 14,000 Italians. At the onset of the war, President Woodrow Wilson asked Americans to embrace neutrality, but that proved difficult for many foreign-born sons and daughters and their families.</p> <p>Some Coloradans hoped the war would spur demand for the state’s cattle, coal, crops, and minerals. Others worked for peace. Detroit automaker Henry Ford invited two Denverites—Ben B. Lindsey, nationally known as the “kid’s judge” for his promotion of juvenile justice, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-ring-robinson"><strong>Helen Ring Robinson</strong></a>, the first woman elected to the Colorado State Senate—to sail to Europe with him and other prominent peace advocates. Their mission failed early in 1916. Ben Salmon, an anti-war activist, stayed home in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where he passed out leaflets supporting Wilson’s pledge to keep America out of war.</p> <p>Wilson changed his position after Germany announced in February 1917 that it would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare—a huge threat to the considerable trade the United States enjoyed with England and France. Americans also grew alarmed when they learned in early March that in the event of war, Germany hoped to make an alliance with Mexico. Prompted by President Wilson, the US Congress declared war on Germany. Two of Colorado’s four congressmen, Benjamin C. Hilliard of Denver and Edward Keating of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, were among the fifty members of the House of Representatives who voted against the declaration on April 6, 1917.</p> <h2>The Home Front</h2> <p>Once the United States entered the conflict, most Coloradans backed the war against Germany or kept their reservations to themselves. <a href="/article/creede\"><strong>Creede</strong></a>, a small mining town, celebrated US entry into WWI with a simulated 21-gun salute using 400 pounds of dynamite. <strong><em>The</em> <em>Denver Post</em></strong> offered 300 free flags to subscribers who persuaded a non-subscriber to take the paper for a month. For some immigrants the war offered an opportunity to prove that they were as “red, white, and blue” as Uncle Sam. On April 27, 1917, the <em>Aspen Democrat Times</em> quoted one local patriot, Irish-born Reverend Patrick McSweeny: “Let no man call me an Irish-American. Just an American is all that I am—all that I care to be.”</p> <p>To turn patriotism into action, Colorado governor <strong>Julius Gunther</strong> ordered a special session of the General Assembly to meet in Denver in early July 1917. It appropriated funds for the National Guard and gave every member of the Guard a ten-dollar bonus. In early August the Guard was put under federal control. To drum up war support, Gunther organized two Councils of Defense: one made up of leading men, the other of prominent women.</p> <p>The defense councils encouraged people to save food and fuel and to lend the federal government money by buying Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps. By late 1918, Coloradans had purchased more than $150 million in bonds and stamps. Coloradans did not face rationing as extensive or enduring as they did in <strong>World War II</strong>, but they saw rising food and fuel prices and limited supplies of sugar and wheat. To curb coal prices, Denver mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert W. Speer</strong></a> created a city-owned coal company in September 1917, and he pondered setting up a municipal bakery to control bread prices. Conscientious citizens planted gardens and saved food by forgoing meat on Tuesday and wheat on Wednesday. Colorado State Agricultural College in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> (now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>) dispatched home economists to teach people how to conserve and preserve food. Men mined molybdenum at Bartlett Mountain north of <strong>Leadville</strong> and tungsten near <strong>Nederland</strong> west of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>; both elements were needed for making high-grade steel for armaments.</p> <p>Women staffed canteens at Denver’s <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a> and at Pueblo, where they supplied travelling soldiers with candy, cigarettes, and stationery. At the Colorado State Hospital for the Insane in Pueblo, women wielded their knitting needles for the Red Cross. Women also filled gaps in the work force, particularly in agriculture. Helen Ring Robinson, a member of the Woman’s Council of Defense, shifted from peace promotion to war work as she tirelessly traveled around the state urging citizens to buy Liberty Bonds. Ben Lindsey went to England and France to talk with the troops. Denver journalist George Creel stoked patriotic fires as Chairman of the Committee on Public Information, the federal government’s propaganda agency.</p> <p>Hyper-patriotism sometimes degenerated into witch hunts. Historian Lyle Dorset tells of Germans and Austrians being threatened with hanging, pressured to buy war bonds, and otherwise harassed. Historian Phil Goodstein reports that a Denver “loyalty squad” attacked Fred Sietz, a German-American who made anti-war remarks and refused to kiss the flag. Putting a rope around his neck, they dragged him behind a truck from Eighteenth Avenue and Pearl Street into the downtown business district. They dumped Sietz “near Sixteenth and Champa streets where he was rushed to the hospital in poor condition.”</p> <p><a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> banned teaching German in school and made a bonfire of German books. High-schoolers in <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> burned their German books, as did grade-schoolers in Fairplay. Denver’s East High School stopped teaching German in early 1918. Peace activists also became targets. Ben Salmon, who said he would not join the Army and kill Germans who were his brothers, was sentenced to twenty-five years in federal prison.</p> <h2>The Military</h2> <p>Some Coloradans were serving in the military before the United States entered the war; as the struggle progressed, around 1,500 others volunteered by May 1918. Federalization of the National Guard probably added around 4,500, but the numbers fell far short of the nation’s needs. Unable to get sufficient volunteers, Uncle Sam resorted to drafting young men. Most served in the US Army, although the state also took pride in its Marines and seamen and the Navy cruisers named for its two principal cities, the U.S.S. <em>Denver</em> and the U.S.S. <em>Pueblo</em>, which protected convoys on their way to Europe.</p> <p>The US Army judged Colorado too cold a place to establish a major training camp, so most of the state’s volunteers and draftees learned to be soldiers at places such as Camp Funston in Kansas, Camp Kearney in San Diego, and Camp Mills at Hempstead, New York. Most Coloradans were mixed in with troops from other states, with many of them serving in the Fortieth and Eighty-ninth Divisions. A few units more or less retained their Colorado identity, including the 157th Infantry, the 341st Field Artillery, the 115th Engineers, and Base Hospital 29. Most of the state’s African American soldiers came from Denver, and most Latino troops hailed from the state’s southern counties. Blacks served in segregated units and in the Colorado National Guard, where some were assigned to protect state reservoirs.</p> <p>Most Colorado troops did not enter serious combat until July and August of 1918, although some fought in the grueling, twenty-six-day battle at Belleau Wood in June. The waning months of the conflict saw Coloradans active in major offensives such as Aisne-Marne (July 18–August 6), St. Mihiel (September 12–16), and Meuse-Argonne (September 26–November 11).</p> <p>Soldiers’ letters published in newspapers gave Coloradans a glimpse of the war. One account in the Fort Collins <em>Weekly Courier</em> of December 27, 1918, described the troops’ reaction to the Armistice that ended the carnage on November 11, 1918: “There was none of the cheering or the excitement, crying, weeping, hugging and slapping of shoulders that you would want to see. It is hard to express our feelings. We were tired.”</p> <p>In 1949 historian LeRoy Hafen wrote that “1,009 [Colorado military personnel] were killed or died in service.” Germans killed some Colorado soldiers; many others died from accidents and disease, particularly <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> or <strong>influenza</strong>. At least two—Clara Orgren and Stella Raithel—were nurses. Ironically, the number of war dead paled compared to the more than 7,500 Coloradans who succumbed to the influenza pandemic that ravaged the state between September 1918 and early 1919.</p> <p>Two Coloradans, Lt. Marcellus Chiles and Cpt. John Hunter Wickersham, posthumously received the Congressional Medal of Honor for their heroism. Two other Congressional Medal recipients, Pvt. Jesse N. Funk and US Navy Quartermaster Frank Upton, survived the war. Also fortunate was Cpt. Jerry C. Vasconcells, an aviator who shot down six German aircraft—including a balloon—to become Colorado’s only World War I flying ace.</p> <p>Many of the dead were initially buried abroad, usually in cemeteries in northern France where their graves remain to this day. Others eventually returned home. Pvt. Leo T. Leyden, a Marine killed in action on June 15, 1918, was the first Denver soldier to fall in the conflict. His body was returned more than three years later in early September 1921. Given the honor of lying in-state at the Colorado Capitol, he was also memorialized by Denver’s first American Legion post, the Leo Leyden Post (organized March 20, 1919). Later it merged with other posts to become today’s Leyden-Chiles-Wickersham Post Number 1.</p> <p>Denver’s black veterans named their Legion post after Wallace Simpson, an African American cabin steward who died when the U.S.S. <em>Jacob Jones</em>, a Navy destroyer, was torpedoed by a German U-Boat on December 6, 1917. Veterans in Fort Collins gave Charles L. Conrey a similar tribute by naming their Veterans of Foreign Wars post for him in July 1921, a few months before his body was returned. Other American Legion posts named for World War I men were established in <strong>Arvada</strong>, <strong>Durango</strong>, <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, <strong>Gunnison</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, <a href="/article/pagosa-springs"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, Salida, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>.</p> <p>At least two Coloradans had major military installations named for them. In the late 1930s Lowry Field (later <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong>) was named for Lt. Francis Brown Lowry of Denver, an aerial photographer who was shot down over France in September 1918. A spin-off from Lowry, originally called Lowry II, became today’s <strong>Buckley Air Force Base</strong> in <strong>Aurora</strong>. It honors Lt. John H. Buckley of Longmont, an aviator killed in France on September 17, 1918.</p> <p>On average, Colorado soldiers participated in fewer than six months of fighting, but many of them had been in the Army or Marines for a year or so before engaging in battle. After the war many remained in Europe until they could be transported back to the United States in mid-1919. On arriving home they found welcomes warm but jobs scarce, as wartime demand for farm products and minerals declined. For some the war had been a great adventure, for others an unwelcome detour in their lives, and for others a nightmare.</p> <h2>Aftermath&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2> <p>Denver and Aurora got a big plum from the war—a large Army hospital intended to treat victims of tuberculosis and poison gas. Named US General Hospital No. 21 in 1918, it was renamed <a href="/article/fitzsimons-general-hospital"><strong>Fitzsimons</strong></a> in 1920 to honor Lt. William T. Fitzsimons, a Kansan who was the first American medical officer to die in the war. For most Denverites the economic benefits provided by Fitzsimons were offset by the inflation fueled by the war. Food and other prices soared, and often wages did not keep pace. That led to <a href="/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920"><strong>strikes against the Denver Tramway</strong></a> in 1919 and 1920, with seven bystanders killed by strikebreakers in 1920. Wartime hyper-patriotism led to the attacks on suspected Communists during the 1919–20 “Red Scare” and to the rise of a powerful <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado">Colorado Ku Klux Klan</a></strong> that trumpeted “100% Americanism.”</p> <p>Some Coloradans turned their wartime experiences into lauded works of literature. Ben Lindsey used his war experience in Europe to produce a book, <em>The Doughboy’s Religion and Other Aspects of Our Day </em>(1920), which he co-authored with Harvey J. O’Higgins. Katherine Anne Porter, destined to become a Pulitzer prize-winning novelist, was a reporter for Denver’s <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> in 1918. Her short novel, <em>Pale Horse, Pale Rider</em> (1939), was shaped by her days in Denver, including her near death from influenza. Screenwriter and novelist Dalton Trumbo (born in <a href="/article/montrose"><strong>Montrose</strong></a> in 1905) drew on the horrors of World War I for his award-winning anti-war novel, <em>Johnny Got His Gun</em> (1939).</p> <p>Political enemies lambasted congressmen Benjamin Hilliard and Edward Keating for voting against the war declaration. Both were defeated when they sought re-election in November 1918. The American Civil Liberties Union and others pressured the government into releasing peace activist Ben Salmon in late 1920. According to biographer Pat Pascoe, when Helen Robinson was dying in 1923, she asked her stepdaughter to tell the newspapers that “it was the overworking of war days that made me an invalid.” Grateful for her service, Colorado allowed her body to rest in-state at the Capitol.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/leonard-stephen-j" hreflang="und">Leonard, Stephen J. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-i" hreflang="en">world war I</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-war-one" hreflang="en">world war one</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wwi-colorado" hreflang="en">wwi colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-world-war-i" hreflang="en">colorado in world war i</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-wwi" hreflang="en">colorado in wwi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wwi-colorado-history" hreflang="en">wwi colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo" hreflang="en">pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/creede" hreflang="en">Creede</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julius-gunther" hreflang="en">julius gunther</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-speer" hreflang="en">robert speer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nederland" hreflang="en">nederland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-station" hreflang="en">Union Station</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/salida" hreflang="en">Salida</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tuberculosis" hreflang="en">tuberculosis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/influenza" hreflang="en">influenza</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lowry-air-force-base" hreflang="en">Lowry Air Force Base</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buckley-air-force-base" hreflang="en">buckley air force base</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aurora" hreflang="en">aurora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stephen-leonard" hreflang="en">stephen leonard</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p> <p>Gail Beaton, <em>Colorado Women, A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Colorado State Adjutant-General’s Office, <em>Roster of Men and Women Who Served in the World War from Colorado, 1917</em>–<em>1918 </em>(Denver: Colorado National Guard, 1941).</p> <p>Philip L. Cook, “Red Scare in Denver,” <em>The Colorado Magazine</em>, fall 1966.</p> <p>Lyle W. Dorsett, “The Ordeal of Colorado’s Germans during World War I,” <em>The Colorado Magazine</em>, fall 1974.</p> <p>George H. English, Jr., <em>History of the 89<sup>th</sup> Division, U.S.A.</em> (Denver: Press of Smith-Brooks, 1918).</p> <p>Torin R.T. Finney, <em>Unsung Hero of the Great War: The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon</em> (New York: Paulist Press, 1989).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>Curtis Park, Five Points, and Beyond: The Heart of Historic East Denver</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2014).</p> <p>Phil Goodstein<em>, Robert Speer’s Denver, 1904-1920: The Mile High City in the Progressive Era</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2004).</p> <p>LeRoy Hafen, ed., <em>Colorado and Its People: A Narrative and Topical History of the Centennial State, Volume I</em> (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1949).</p> <p>Edward Keating, <em>The Gentleman from Colorado: A Memoir</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1964).</p> <p>Leonard Larsen, <em>The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey</em> (Chicago: Quadrangle Press, 1972).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in Denver and Colorado,” <em>Essays and Monographs in Colorado History</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, No. 9, 1989).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: From Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>John H. Nankivell, <em>History of the Military Organizations of the State of Colorado</em> (Denver: W. H. Kistler Stationary, 1935).</p> <p>Pat Pascoe, <em>Helen Ring Robinson: Colorado Senator and Suffragist </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p> <p>Clark Secrest, “Echoes From ‘Over There’,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> magazine, winter 1992.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities, “‘<a href="https://arvadacenter.org/on-stage/world-war-i-centennial">Where Do We Go From Here?’—America in the First World War</a>,” 2017.</p> <p>James K. Jeffrey, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/sites/history/files/Fallen_Heroes_of_World_War_I_from_Denver_Colorado.pdf">Fallen Heroes of World War I</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy Department.</p> <p>William Porter, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2013/05/26/history-colorado-shows-off-world-war-i-vets-trove-of-letters-home/">History Colorado shows off World War I vet’s trove of letters home</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 26, 2013.</p> <p>The United States World War I Centennial Commission, “<a href="https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/colorado-in-wwi-home-page.html">Colorado in World War I</a>,” 2017.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 13 Sep 2017 20:17:05 +0000 yongli 2737 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Longmont Historic Districts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-historic-districts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longmont Historic Districts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-08-25T11:32:50-06:00" title="Friday, August 25, 2017 - 11:32" class="datetime">Fri, 08/25/2017 - 11:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-historic-districts" data-a2a-title="Longmont Historic Districts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flongmont-historic-districts&amp;title=Longmont%20Historic%20Districts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The East and West Side Historic Districts in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> are located east and west of Main Street and south of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> Avenue. They contain many of the city’s earliest homes. The East Side Historic District includes 67 historic houses and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, while the West Side Historic District includes 118 houses and was added to the register in 1987.</p> <p>Most of the houses in the East Side Historic District date to the nineteenth century and were built in the Queen Anne style. The houses in the West Side District mostly date to the early twentieth century and were built in a variety of post-Victorian styles with larger lots. The East Side Historic District represents Longmont’s origins in the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a>, while the West Side District reflects the city’s twentieth-century development as a major agricultural hub on Colorado’s <a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a>.</p> <h2>East Side Historic District</h2> <p>Led by former lumberman Seth Terry, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony established the city of Longmont near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. Modeled after <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <strong>Union Colony</strong>, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was based on agriculture, temperance, and cooperative development of water resources. Its first residents built houses along Main Street between Kimbark and Coffman Streets and Third and Sixth Avenues. That area is the heart of the East Side Historic District, roughly bounded by Sixth and Longs Peak Avenues to the north, Fourth Avenue to the south, Collyer Street to the east, and Emery Street to the west.</p> <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony established its new town near the existing <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> settlement of <strong>Burlington</strong>. Burlington resident <strong><a href="/article/william-h-dickens">William Henry Dickens</a> </strong>built Independence Hall, a community center and drugstore, in 1869. The building was a simple wood-frame structure, built in the vernacular style with a gabled roof over its second story. In 1872 Dickens moved the building to the corner of Third Avenue and Main Street in Longmont, making it the city’s oldest building. Independence Hall moved again in 1880 to make room for the <a href="/article/dickens-opera-house">Dickens Opera House</a>, and in 1903 the building made its final move to 329 Third Avenue, where it stands today.</p> <p>Many of Longmont’s earliest houses were built along Collyer Street, named for Robert Collyer, the first president of the Chicago-Colorado Colony Company. Albert Benson built his house at 444 Collyer Street in 1872, making it one of the earliest residences in the city. Little is known about Benson, but his two-story brick house was built in the Italianate style, with tall, narrow windows and doors. The building housed students from <a href="/article/longmont-college-landmark">Longmont College</a> after the Presbyterian Synod established the school in 1886. S. Dwight Arms, the college’s first professor, also lived on Collyer Street, in a brick cottage built in 1887. Other early homes on Collyer Street included the Edwardian residence of successful merchant George Atwood and the Victorian home of Lorin C. Mead, founder of nearby <strong>Mead</strong>, Colorado, both built in 1883.</p> <p>Houses on Emery Street included the 1883 home of James Parker Warner, owner of the J. M. Warner Furniture store on Main Street and Longmont’s first mortician, and the 1902 residence of James Wiggins, a renowned local craftsman. Wiggins is known for building the <a href="/article/callahan-house">Callahan House</a>, perhaps Longmont’s most famous mansion, on Terry Street west of Main Street in 1892. Warner’s two-story wood-frame home with a truncated gabled roof reflected the vernacular architecture of early Longmont, while the fine detailing on Wiggins’s classic cottage house reflected his skills as a craftsman.</p> <p>Due to their age, many of the houses in the East Side Historic District have undergone alterations since they were built. One prominent example is the Webb House, a single-story brick home built in 1888 at 536 Collyer. The house was enlarged twice, in 1937 and 1980. The owners who conducted the 1980 expansion were careful to keep the design close to the home’s original Victorian style, drawing specific mention and praise in the publication <em>Victorian Home.</em></p> <p>Many of Longmont’s prominent early citizens lived on the city’s East Side until the early 1900s, when the Longmont sugar beet factory opened and the city’s wealth nexus shifted to the West Side. Prominent East Side families, such as the Atwoods and Warners, began moving to the West Side.</p> <h2>West Side Historic District</h2> <p>Longmont’s West Side Historic District is roughly bounded by Fifth Avenue and Carlton Place to the north, Third Avenue to the south, Coffman Street to the east, and Grant Street to the west. The district has a triangular shape due to Third Avenue’s slight northward bend beginning at Terry Street.</p> <p>While many of the West Side Historic District’s residences date to the early twentieth century, the district also includes some of Longmont’s earliest buildings. Library Hall at 335 Pratt Street, for instance, was built in 1871 and served as the first public library in Colorado. One notable early residence, the Atwood-Buckingham-Warner House at 311 Terry Street, was built in 1873. It first served as the home of W. J. Atwood, an early leader of Longmont, in 1874. Later, in 1897, Willis and Della Warner, James Warner’s son and daughter-in-law, moved into the house. The building is notable for its combination of Victorian architectural styles: the house is mostly built in the Queen Anne style, but includes the pointed-arch windows of the Gothic style and the tall, slender windows of the Italianate style.</p> <p>Architecturally, most of the houses in Longmont’s West Side Historic District can be categorized as Edwardian Vernacular (a later version of the Queen Anne design) or American Foursquare (square-planned, two-story residences topped with a hip roof). The home of Jarvis M. Fox, built in 1895 at 920 Third Avenue, is a typical example of the Edwardian Vernacular style. Its rather plain, straightforward exterior is broken up by pairs of slender columns that support the front porch roof. Fox built Longmont’s first flour mill, and his large house is a testament to the wealth that agriculture brought to the city.</p> <p>Another prominent early family provided a typical example of the American Foursquare style. Brothers John, Dennis, and Tim Donovan were all successful businessmen in early Longmont; Dennis and Tim had a lumber business, and Dennis was instrumental in persuading farmers to plant sugar beets for the factory that went up in 1903. John, meanwhile, was elected mayor of Longmont in 1901 and won reelection in 1902, though he retired immediately upon winning.</p> <p>Like other prominent Longmont families, the Donovans initially lived on the East Side but moved across Main Street in the 1890s. Dennis Donovan’s residence at 347 Pratt Street, built in 1900, reflects the simple yet stately American Foursquare style. The two-and-a-half-story brick house features a hip roof punctured by dormers. A decorative white cornice lines the tops of the second story and the front porch.</p> <p>The home of John H. Empson, founder of the <a href="/article/kuner-empson-cannery">Empson Cannery</a>, reflects a bit of the architectural diversity on Longmont’s West Side. The wealthy canner’s house, built in 1907 at 1228 Third Avenue, was constructed in the Bungalow style, using plenty of natural <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lyons-sandstone"><strong>sandstone</strong></a> and tall, broad windows on its western end. The original style was considerably altered by the addition of a long, wood-sided dormer sometime after its completion.</p> <p>Other prominent sites in the West Side Historic District include the home of William H. Dickens at 303 Coffman Street (1904), the Callahan House, a famous local mansion at 312 Terry Street (1892), and Thompson Park. Located at Fifth and Bross Streets, Thompson Park was established on land donated by wealthy East Coast resident Elizabeth Thompson in 1871. Thompson, who owned some twenty shares in the Chicago-Colorado Colony but never lived there, also donated Library Hall.</p> <h2>Preservation</h2> <p>Work to preserve historic sites in Longmont began with the establishment of the Landmark Designation Commission in 1971. The Callahan House, now considered part of the West Side Historic District, was the commission’s first designated landmark in 1973. The East and West Side Historic Districts were officially added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986–87. In 1998 the Historic East Side Neighborhood Association received a $3,450 grant from the <strong>State Historical Fund </strong>to update its survey of historic homes within the East Side Historic District.</p> <p>With the exception of the Callahan House, which is maintained by the city, most of the homes in Longmont’s historic districts are currently privately owned or rented.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-historic-district" hreflang="en">longmont historic district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/east-side-historic-district" hreflang="en">east side historic district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-warner" hreflang="en">james warner</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jarvis-fox" hreflang="en">jarvis fox</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-preservation" hreflang="en">historic preservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-historical-fund" hreflang="en">state historical fund</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-foursquare" hreflang="en">american foursquare</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victorian-architecture" hreflang="en">victorian architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-callahan" hreflang="en">thomas callahan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/callahan-house" hreflang="en">callahan house</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-college" hreflang="en">longmont college</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/presbyterian" hreflang="en">presbyterian</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-side-historic-district" hreflang="en">west side historic district</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-atwood" hreflang="en">george atwood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lorin-c-mead" hreflang="en">lorin c. mead</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/collyer-street" hreflang="en">collyer street</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coffman-street" hreflang="en">coffman street</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/seth-terry" hreflang="en">seth terry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-h-dickens" hreflang="en">william h dickens</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charles Bullard and Sally Vecchio-Martin, <em>Longmont’s History in Architecture, Today </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1986).</p> <p>Ellen T. Ittelson, “East Side Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1986.</p> <p>Ellen T. Ittelson, “West Side Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1987.</p> <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/architectural-styles-of-historic-longmont">Architectural Styles of Historic Longmont</a>.”</p> <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks">Designated Landmarks</a>.”</p> <p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks">Historic Preservation</a>.”</p> <p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 25 Aug 2017 17:32:50 +0000 yongli 2724 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Longmont Carnegie Library http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-carnegie-library <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longmont Carnegie Library</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T12:22:58-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 12:22" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 12:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-carnegie-library" data-a2a-title="Longmont Carnegie Library"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flongmont-carnegie-library&amp;title=Longmont%20Carnegie%20Library"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1913, the Carnegie Library at Fourth and Kimbark Streets in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> served as the city’s public library until 1972, when it was remodeled to house city offices. The Longmont Carnegie Library was one of thousands of similar libraries donated to communities across the United States by steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. In the 1990s, the city considered demolishing the library but met with intense local resistance, and the building was saved and rehabilitated. Today it houses the local public access TV station.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Carnegie’s Gift to Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a>, an agricultural settlement in eastern <a href="/article/boulder-county">Boulder County</a>, established the city of Longmont in 1871. That year the town set up Colorado’s first public library, Library Hall, but most of its 300 books were lost over the following year. The <strong>Women’s Christian Temperance Union</strong> set up another library in the 1880s. Although that one lasted a bit longer, it was continually short on funds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, in the early 1880s, steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie began donating some of his vast fortune to the construction of public libraries in communities across the nation and world. In exchange for building the libraries, Carnegie required that municipalities provide the site and contribute an annual maintenance fee of 10 percent of the building’s cost. The deal was controversial in many communities because it often meant raising taxes to maintain the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont was no exception, even though by the turn of the century its existing library was crowded and running out of shelf space. The <em>Longmont Ledger</em> repeatedly invoked the popularity of the old library and its growing inadequacies to argue for the construction of a Carnegie Library, but the public was not entirely convinced. In the spring of 1905, the City Council held a meeting to gauge public support, and the <em>Ledger </em>reported a split of ten residents for and four against (a storm kept many residents from attending).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It took a couple more years of convincing, but by January 1908, the City Council established a Library Board and informed Carnegie that Longmont would accept a library. Carnegie sent the city $12,500 for the building; the next controversy came over where to put it. It came down to either Thompson Park, at Fifth Avenue and Bross Street, or City Hall, between Third and Fourth Avenues and Kimbark. The <em>Ledger</em> opined that the City Hall site would be more practical, but Thompson Park would be more attractive. Eventually, the City Hall site was chosen, but in 1908 Longmont voters refused to impose a tax to acquire the land. Thanks to efforts by the Library Board and a few wealthy residents, by 1912 the city finally acquired the site and construction began. Longmont’s Carnegie Library opened to the public in January 1913.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Longmont’s Library, 1913–1972</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Longmont Carnegie Library is a single-story, rectangular structure built in the Renaissance Revival style, with a sandstone foundation and walls of light yellow fired brick. Its north-facing entrance is covered by a portico and flanked by simple rectangular windows. The library began with a collection of 4,600 books.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>True to the <em>Ledger</em>’s 1905 prediction, the new library was immensely popular with residents. In 1916 it began a story hour for children, and the following year it raised $601 in a “books for soldiers” drive. By the 1930s, the number of books in its collection had nearly quadrupled, at around 16,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The library kept adding to its collections over the years, but not its space. By the 1960s, its collection was literally overflowing, with some 22,000 books, as well as vinyl records, magazines, and other media filling up odd spaces such as the coal bin, furnace room, and the tops of radiators.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Finally, after the city approved plans for a new library next door, the Carnegie Library closed on August 7, 1972. The new library opened a little more than a week later, right next door.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Longmont Carnegie Library served as the home of several city departments until 1991, when a bond measure for a new library was approved, casting doubt over the building’s future. Designers of the new library proposed an adjacent park at the current site of the Carnegie Library, and the City Council considered relocating or demolishing the building. But residents jammed City Council meetings in protest, and the library building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. After a protracted fight, in 1994 the City Council voted 4-3 to preserve the Carnegie Library building. From 1994 to 1996, the city used $183,173 in grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> to repair and restore the building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the building was rehabilitated, the Longmont Channel, Longmont’s public access TV station, moved in as tenants. The station still operates out of the Carnegie building today.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carnegie-library" hreflang="en">carnegie library</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/andrew-carnegie" hreflang="en">andrew carnegie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/library-hall" hreflang="en">library hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-historic-buildings" hreflang="en">longmont historic buildings</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19050428.2.1&amp;srpos=6&amp;e=-------en-20-LML%2cTLP%2cTLT-1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22carnegie+library%22+longmont-------0-">A Carnegie Library</a>,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, April 28, 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19080130.2.45&amp;srpos=16&amp;e=-------en-20-LML%2cTLP%2cTLT-1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22carnegie+library%22+longmont-------0-">The Carnegie Library</a>,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, January 30, 1908.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado Historic Places </em>(Englewood, CO: Westcliffe, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19070927.2.3&amp;srpos=30&amp;e=-------en-20-LML%2cTLP%2cTLT-21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22carnegie+library%22-------0-">Our Public Library</a>,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, September 27, 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Scott Rochat, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2013/01/26/longmonts-carnegie-library-reaches-100-years/">Longmont’s Carnegie Library Reaches 100 years</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, January 26, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Glenn V. Sherwood, “Longmont Carnegie Library,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1992.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19050602.2.2&amp;srpos=25&amp;e=-------en-20-LML%2cTLP%2cTLT-21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22carnegie+library%22-------0-">That Carnegie Library</a>,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, June 2, 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> “<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19080221.2.2&amp;srpos=17&amp;e=-------en-20-LML%2cTLP%2cTLT-1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22carnegie+library%22+longmont-------0-">The Library Site</a>,” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, February 21, 1908.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert Nyboer, <em>Longmont Public Library: 1907–2007, A Centennial History </em>(Longmont, CO: City of Longmont, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter Schow, “<a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/2008/01/solved-mystery-of-1926-longmont.html">Solved: Mystery of 1926 Longmont Librarian, Genevieve Dorsett</a>,” Observations about Longmont, Colorado (blog), January 1, 2008.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:22:58 +0000 yongli 2702 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kuner-Empson Cannery http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kuner-empson-cannery <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kuner-Empson Cannery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T12:17:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 12:17" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 12:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kuner-empson-cannery" data-a2a-title="Kuner-Empson Cannery"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkuner-empson-cannery&amp;title=Kuner-Empson%20Cannery"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Kuner-Empson Cannery at Third and Martin Streets in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> canned vegetables from farms on the northern <a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a> from 1892 to 1970. Originally built by industrialist John H. Empson in 1889, the cannery was one of the first major industrial sites in Longmont and was for a time the city’s largest employers, helping to establish it as a major agricultural hub along the Front Range. In the 1980s, the cannery’s warehouse buildings were redeveloped into apartments and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Kuner and Empson</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Kuner-Empson Company had its roots in two <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> business families. In 1864 John Kuner opened a “kitchen cannery” in Denver, canning pickles and peas. Sometime in the 1880s, John sold the company to his brother Max, who had recently arrived from St. Louis. Max changed the name to the Kuner Pickle Company and developed it into one of Colorado’s premier industrial enterprises. In 1889 he opened another pickling plant in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, in 1883 Cincinnati confectioner John Howard Empson moved to Colorado to improve his poor health—likely he suffered from <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado">tuberculosis</a>. He opened a candy store in Denver, but Empson saw a greater opportunity in canning vegetables from Colorado’s many farms and orchards. In 1886 he moved to Longmont, but his health was still poor, so he spent a year in <strong>Estes Park</strong>. <a href="/article/enos-mills">Enos Mills</a>, who would become one of the founders of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, helped Empson recover enough of his health so the budding industrialist could return to Longmont. In 1889, with a $1,000 investment from local residents, Empson opened a cannery at Third Avenue and Martin Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By that time, the Longmont area had developed a reputation for its produce, thanks in large part to a robust irrigation network built by the town’s founders. Empson did brisk business canning local peas, beans, corn, pumpkins, and other vegetables. The cannery immediately became one of Longmont’s most important businesses, providing hundreds of jobs and contributing to the local community. Empson, for instance, canned many of the area’s famously large pumpkins; in 1899 he helped sponsor Longmont’s inaugural Pumpkin Pie Day, providing money for floats and postcards, and passing out samples of his canned pumpkin pie filling.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Empson’s Empire</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Empson’s first cannery burned down in 1891, but by then his business was a mainstay of the community, so the citizens of Longmont helped him rebuild. In addition to the rebuilt cannery, Empson’s new complex featured a massive warehouse consisting of three red brick buildings completed between 1907 and 1912. Altogether the warehouse buildings provided some 60,000 square feet of storage space.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fire turned out to be just a small hiccup in Empson’s business career, as he spent most of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries expanding his canning business into a small empire on the Front Range. Having already purchased the nearby <strong>Fort Lupton</strong> cannery in 1889, Empson began buying up local vegetable farms, acquiring 350 acres by 1891. Around the same time, he developed a sweeter, smaller version of his peas, his primary crop. In 1895 he received a patent for a pea-sheller machine, and in 1897 he patented a machine called a “viner,” which separated peas from pods and vines. By 1903 Empson’s Longmont cannery employed 400 people and processed vegetables from more than 2,500 company acres. In 1907 he opened canneries in Greeley and <strong>Fort Collins</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Kuner-Empson Merger</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1920 Empson sold the Empson Packing Company, by then valued at $1 million, to a group of Longmont investors. At the time, the elderly Empson stated that the deal was the largest business transaction in Colorado history. Empson died in 1926, and a year later the Kuner Pickle Company bought the Empson Packing Company, creating the Kuner-Empson Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The newly merged company was run by Karl Kuner Mayer, grandson of Max Kuner. At the time of the merger, the company had canneries in <strong>Brighton</strong>, Fort Lupton, Greeley, <strong>Loveland</strong>, and Longmont. The company also operated packing plants across the state, even as far as <a href="/article/grand-junction">Grand Junction</a> on the <a href="/article/western-slope">Western Slope</a>. Thomas Potter, a manager at the former Empson Company, stayed on as superintendent of the Greeley, Loveland, and Longmont plants. The merger freed up capital to make improvements at the company’s canneries, including new canning and pea-hulling machinery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Kuner-Empson Company operated the Longmont cannery for the next several decades, until old equipment and an outdated sewer system forced its closure in 1970. The cannery was condemned and demolished in 1983, but the warehouse buildings remained. In the 1980s, a partnership led by Longmont developer Roger Pomainville acquired the property and renovated the old brick warehouse buildings into apartments. The buildings were remodeled in a similar style as the old brick warehouses in Denver’s <a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver">LoDo</a> neighborhood, many of which were being redone at the same time. Renovators left some of the artifacts of the old cannery, such as a bronze pea-crushing cauldron, in the hallways. In 1983 the buildings were designated a Longmont Landmark, and a year later they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the Kuner-Empson Cannery warehouse buildings are home to apartments managed by the Thistle Company, an affordable housing company based in <a href="/article/boulder">Boulder</a>. The apartments’ income cap, designed to offer working-class individuals and families affordable housing in <a href="/article/boulder-county">Boulder County</a>, continues the cannery’s tradition of providing for Longmont’s working class.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-empson" hreflang="en">john empson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/empson-cannery-longmont" hreflang="en">empson cannery longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kuner-pickle-company" hreflang="en">kuner pickle company</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William Columbus Ferril, ed., <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yylRAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=sketches+of+colorado+ebook&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjkjcvUhKDTAhVn4IMKHUvaA9cQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Sketches of Colorado: Being an Analytical Summary and Biographical History of the State of Colorado, Vol. 1</a> (Denver: Western Press Bureau, 1911).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vera Gehlert, <em>Longmont Architectural Heritage </em>(Denver: Self-published, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=TDT19270430-01.2.20&amp;srpos=15&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-kuner%252Dempson-------0-">Kuner-Empson Company s Planning Great Expansion</a>,” <em>Daily Times </em>(Longmont), April 30, 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom LaRocque, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2007/03/23/apartments-spring-from-former-cannery/">Apartments Spring From Former Cannery</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, updated May 7, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Letter from Roger Pomainville to Gloria Mills, Colorado Historical Society, June 27, 1983.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Museum, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URB06F27YMg">Empson Cannery</a>,” The Longmont Channel (YouTube), September 9, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Museum, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-n-z/planning-and-development-services/historic-preservation/designated-landmarks/kuner-empson-cannery">Kuner-Empson Cannery</a>,” City of Longmont, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roger L. Pomainville, “Empson Cannery,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1983.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.thistlecommunityhousing.org/property/cannery-apartments">Cannery Apartments</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:17:03 +0000 yongli 2701 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Callahan House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/callahan-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Callahan House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T12:07:39-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 12:07" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 12:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/callahan-house" data-a2a-title="Callahan House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcallahan-house&amp;title=Callahan%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1892 by local businessman James K. Sweeny, the Victorian mansion at Third and Terry Streets in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0">Longmont</a> </strong>was acquired by Thomas and Alice Callahan, two of the city’s leading residents, in 1896. The Callahans conducted extensive renovations and additions to the home before donating it to the city of Longmont in 1938.</p> <p>As the Callahans had done, the city continued to host meetings of local women’s groups at the house through the 1990s, when the building became available to rent for other events such as weddings, piano recitals, and professional meetings. The Callahan House, as it is locally known, was declared a Longmont Landmark in 1973 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p> <h2>The Callahans Arrive</h2> <p>Thomas M. Callahan was born in Chillicothe, Illinois, to Irish immigrants in the late 1850s. He worked as a photographer and merchant in Illinois, and married Alice E. Barnett in 1886. Searching for business opportunity in the west, the Callahans moved to Longmont in 1887 and opened a dry goods store, the Golden Rule, on Main Street.</p> <p>When the Callahans arrived, Longmont was already a bustling agricultural hub on Colorado’s <a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a>. The arrival of the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad in 1883 and the construction of the <a href="/article/kuner-empson-cannery"><strong>Empson Cannery</strong></a> in 1889 furthered the area’s economic growth. The Callahans’ Golden Rule store prospered in the booming economy, helped by its owners’ insistence on only dealing in cash and stocking large amounts of in-demand goods.</p> <p>The Golden Rule soon became one of Colorado’s earliest chain stores, with locations along the Front Range and Wyoming. Callahan sent one of his ambitious young clerks, James Cash Penney, to run one of his Wyoming stores. Penney went on to create the mercantile giant J. C. Penney.</p> <h2>Trading Lumber for a Mansion</h2> <p>In 1892 James K. Sweeny, the cashier at the local Farmers National Bank, built a Queen Anne–style mansion at the corner of Third and Terry Streets, a few blocks west of Main Street. Sweeny used <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lyons-sandstone"><strong>sandstone</strong></a> from nearby <strong>Lyons</strong> to frame the foundation and windows of the red brick house. Having established a veritable retail empire and welcomed a son, Raymond, in 1894, the Callahans were in the market for a new home. In 1896 Thomas Callahan sent seventeen rail cars of white pine lumber to Sweeney in exchange for his house.</p> <p>The Callahans immediately began renovating their new home, installing a hot-water system, central heating, and electric lights, and adding new paint and wallpaper. In 1897 the Callahans moved in, and another set of renovations began in 1904. This time, the family added a veranda on the west and south side with special concrete facade that gave it a Victorian appearance to match the rest of the house. Work on a two-story addition, also designed to match the rest of the structure, began in 1906. Late that year, Alice Callahan bought an additional thirty feet of land, increasing the property’s frontage to 224 feet. With that purchase, the Callahan House became the largest private lot in the city at the time.</p> <p>When the two-story addition was finished, the family upgraded the entire interior, adding floral-themed decor to each of the three bedrooms, ceiling paintings, oak woodwork, and Louis XIV wall treatments in the living room. They hung large brass chandeliers in the dining room and parlor. The house also featured a grand central staircase made of intricately carved oak, walnut, and cherry. Outside, the lawn was plowed up to allow for walkways, driveways, trees, and shrubs. Cement benches and a fountain were installed in the garden, which was enclosed by a wrought-iron fence and gate.</p> <h2>The Callahan Era</h2> <p>As prominent and wealthy citizens of Longmont, the Callahans often found themselves the target of theft. The house was robbed three times between 1900 and 1907; jewelry taken in the third robbery was subsequently mailed back to Alice Callahan, and the thief was never caught.</p> <p>In 1902 the Callahans bought the first automobile in Longmont, and in 1904 they added a garage to their property at Third and Terry. The garage featured a built-in turnstile that allowed a car to drive in forward, rotate 180 degrees, and drive out forward.</p> <p>Alice Callahan began hosting women’s and children’s parties at the house around 1900. She soon began hosting meetings for the many women’s clubs she belonged to, including the Mutual Improvement Club—an informal ladies’ education group formed in 1892—the Tuesday Afternoon Bridge Club, the Kensington Club (another bridge club), and the Fortnightly Club, a literature review group. Alice’s favorite club, however, was the PEO. One of only a handful of secret women’s organizations in the United States at the time, the PEO was dedicated to improving the education and lives of women. The letters “PEO” ostensibly stood for “Philanthropic Educational Organization,” but the true meaning of the acronym was kept secret by its members. Longmont’s Chapter M of the PEO was established in 1907, and as an officer in both the local and statewide organizations, Alice Callahan hosted meetings and parties at her home.</p> <p>Aside from Alice Callahan’s meetings and parties, the Callahans were rarely in Longmont to enjoy their stately home. They traveled widely for business, but they became more reclusive after their daughter-in-law Mildred died in 1936. Alice and Thomas made frequent trips to California to visit Raymond, and eventually decided to relocate to Reno, Nevada. They left Longmont in 1938 and donated their house to the city of Longmont. The property was valued at $25,000.</p> <h2>City of Longmont Era</h2> <p>Once acquired by the city of Longmont, the Callahan House continued to serve as an important community center. The city added a small kitchenette on the main floor and converted bedrooms to meeting rooms that could accommodate both small and large groups. Women’s clubs continued to hold meetings at the house, even making rules that forbade both alcohol—except on certain occasions—and men. In 1969 twenty-four groups used the house on a monthly basis.</p> <p>In the 1970s the carriage house served as headquarters for the Longmont Chapter of the American Red Cross. In 1973 the Callahan House was one of the first two properties to be designated as a Landmark by the city’s Landmark Designation Commission. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p> <p>By 1990, only thirteen groups used the house on a regular basis. Over the next decade, the city obtained more than $90,000 in grants from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> to restore the Callahan House’s interior and grounds.</p> <p>Today, the house and grounds are managed by the City of Longmont’s Community Services Department. Instead of hosting club meetings, the current manager is responsible for coordinating, planning, and supervising events. Filled with intricate woodwork—including mahogany, golden oak, and Antwerp oak—and featuring original chandeliers and an 1893 Steinway walnut piano, the Callahan House is one of Longmont’s most popular historic structures. Having dropped its traditional restrictions on nonwomen’s events, the Callahan House is currently available to rent for weddings, teas, piano recitals, professional meetings, and other events.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-callahan" hreflang="en">thomas callahan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/callahan-house" hreflang="en">callahan house</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jc-penney" hreflang="en">jc penney</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden-rule-store" hreflang="en">golden rule store</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-historic-buildings" hreflang="en">longmont historic buildings</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>City of Longmont, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-a-d/community-services-department/callahan-house/history">Callahan House About the Property</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Rosslyn and Lee Scamehorn, <em>The Callahan’s of Longmont, Colorado: The Family and the House </em>(Longmont, CO: HL&amp;RS, 2001).</p> <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Glen V. Sherwood, “Sweeney/Callahan House,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1985.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 18:07:39 +0000 yongli 2700 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Dickens Opera House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dickens-opera-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dickens Opera House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-28T13:36:30-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 28, 2017 - 13:36" class="datetime">Wed, 06/28/2017 - 13:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dickens-opera-house" data-a2a-title="Dickens Opera House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdickens-opera-house&amp;title=Dickens%20Opera%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In 1881–82 rancher and businessman <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-h-dickens">William Henry Dickens</a> </strong>built the Dickens Opera House at the corner of Third and Main Streets in downtown <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. The two-story opera house, with Dickens’s Farmers National Bank on the first floor and an auditorium on the second, served as an important community hub in Longmont from the late nineteenth century through the 1920s.</p> <p>After continued use throughout the twentieth century, the Dickens Opera House was abandoned in 1978. It stood vacant until 1986, when it reopened with a restaurant on the first floor and a remodeled auditorium on the second. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. Today, the locally owned and operated Dickens Tavern occupies the first floor, while the second-story auditorium continues to host live entertainment.</p> <h2>William Dickens in Longmont</h2> <p>Born at sea in the early 1840s while his family was emigrating from England, William Henry Dickens came to Colorado in 1860, at age seventeen. He filed for a 160-acre <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead">homestead</a> near the small community of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county"><strong>Burlington</strong></a>, on the south side of St. Vrain Creek. In 1871 Seth Terry, a representative of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> Company, came to the area looking for potential town sites. A few months later, the colony platted the town of Longmont around the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks. Thanks to successful <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado">irrigation</a> development, Longmont quickly developed into an agricultural center along the <a href="/article/front-range">Front Range</a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, Dickens had enlarged his homestead and prepared to make a series of investments in the new town. In 1873 he purchased the site for his opera house, but construction did not begin until 1881. Dickens himself hauled many of the opera house’s first bricks, and the building was completed in early 1882. The two-story building was designed in the nineteenth-century commercial style, with an exterior cornice that breaks into a peak on its Main Street facade.</p> <p>The first floor, with its row of street-level storefront windows, held Dickens’s Farmers National Bank, as well as offices for the <em>Longmont Ledger</em>. The opera house’s opening performance, on February 2, 1882, was a play called <em>The Greek Twins</em>, written by local author Will Holland. Its first opera, “Penelope,” debuted on February 12. The Dickens’s long tenure as Longmont’s cultural hub also began that year, as the local McPherson Post of the Grand Army of the Republic made the building its headquarters.</p> <h2>Early Years at the Dickens</h2> <p>In the 1880s and 1890s, the Dickens Opera House hosted such plays as <em>Uncle Tom’s Cabin</em> and <em>Ten Nights in a Bar-room</em>, as well as concerts, political rallies, and meetings of local organizations, such as the Longmont Christian Temperance Union. The first stage sets came from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver">Denver</a>’s Sixteenth Street Theatre. The opera house also hosted spelling bees, vaudeville acts, minstrel shows, and boxing and wrestling matches. The McPherson Post drew beyond-capacity crowds for its monthly campfire festivities, evenings of dinner and dancing that went on until the early morning. In September 1898, during the Spanish-American War, the Denver Soldiers’ Aid Society hosted a benefit at the Dickens, with proceeds going toward the group’s work caring for about fifty families of soldiers fighting overseas.</p> <p>The opera house also received its first major renovations in these early years. In 1884 two dressing rooms were built in the auditorium, and the building received indoor plumbing.</p> <p>After surviving a fire in 1905 that destroyed the adjacent Masonic Temple, the Dickens Opera House continued to put on operas, plays, and other performances. In 1916 it hosted D.W. Griffith’s white nationalist film <em>Birth of a Nation</em>. Around that time the Farmers National Bank moved to a new location on Fourth and Main Streets.</p> <p>By then, however, events at the opera house were overshadowed by one of early Longmont’s worst tragedies. In 1915 an elderly William Dickens was reading in his home when a rifle bullet burst through the window, killing him. Although Dickens’s son Rienzi was initially found guilty of murdering his father in 1916, he was freed by a jury in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> in 1921, and the crime was never solved.</p> <h2>Post-Dickens Era</h2> <p>After Dickens’s death, the opera house building passed to the John H. Dickens Trust, and then eventually was owned and managed by William Dickens’s grandson, Jack, and his sister, Ida Marie Stark.</p> <p>In 1957 Alcoholics Anonymous began holding regular meetings at the opera house, and in the 1960s several new businesses moved into the first floor, including George’s Third Avenue Barber Shop and the Red Door Tavern.</p> <p>In 1975 local theater producer Richard Sharp leased the Dickens Opera House auditorium. During Sharp’s three years as operator, the opera house put on thirty-eight performances, twenty-four of which were directed by Sharp. In 1978 Jack Dickens and Ida Stark sold the Dickens Opera House to Boulder residents Albert Fettig and Thomas Suitts for $150,000.</p> <p>Fettig and Suitts apparently had plans to remodel the Dickens, but nothing came of them. Shortly thereafter, the property was acquired by developer Roger Pomainville, who spent about $1.5 million remodeling the first floor, which he converted into a restaurant, and the second-story auditorium. Looking to maintain the building’s Victorian atmosphere, Pomainville restored the first floor’s original porcelain floors and iron bar railings and crafted a large mahogany bar in the late nineteenth-century style. He also converted the old bank vault into a wine cellar.</p> <p>In 1986 local restaurateurs Mike Shea and Fred Johnston leased the building’s first floor and opened the Dickens Restaurant. The restaurant continued the building’s long social tradition, hosting events such as the 1986 Mayor’s Conference, in which local business owners were invited to discuss various concerns with city officials. Meanwhile, the auditorium was leased by the nonprofit Dickens Opera House Association, which continued to book performances throughout the 1980s and 1990s.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 2009 Sean and Lynn Owens leased the opera house building and opened the Dickens Tavern on the first floor. Among other renovations, the Owenses scraped off the building’s popcorn ceiling to expose the original wood, installed a marble bar top, and added etched glass doors. The couple continues to book performances for the remodeled upstairs auditorium.</p> <p>The Dickens, one of only several nineteenth-century opera houses remaining in Colorado, may also be holding on to more of its past than many expect. The Owenses, as well as patrons and employees, have reported numerous paranormal experiences, including the sighting of a young girl dubbed the “Dickens Darling.”</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dickens-opera-house" hreflang="en">dickens opera house</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dickens-tavern" hreflang="en">dickens tavern</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-h-dickens" hreflang="en">william h dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Russ Arensman and John Fryar, “Mayor’s Conference to Seek Input From Public, Business,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 28, 1986.</p> <p>BizWest Staff, “<a href="https://bizwest.com/2009/06/12/great-expectations-for-dickens-tavern-in-longmont/">Great Expectations for Dickens Tavern in Longmont</a>,” <em>BizWest</em>, June 12, 2009.</p> <p>Jackie Campbell, “Longmont Dinner-Theater to Close,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, August 14, 1978.</p> <p>John Fryar, “Plans Unveiled for Dickens Building,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, January 29, 1986.</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=FCC18860225.2.35&amp;srpos=6&amp;e=--1881---1900--en-20--1--txt-txIN-dickens+opera+house-------0-">Fort Collins Courier</a>, February 25, 1886.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.dickenstavern.com/ghost-stories/">Ghost Stories</a>,” The Dickens Tavern (blog).</p> <p>Pat Jorgenson, “Story on Closing of Dickens Denied,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, August 14, 1978.</p> <p>David L. Larson, “The Early History of the Dickens Opera House, 1881–1900,” Senior Thesis, University of Colorado, 1983.</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML18980902.2.38&amp;srpos=12&amp;e=--1881---1900--en-20--1--txt-txIN-dickens+opera+house-------0-">Longmont Ledger</a>, September 2, 1898.</p> <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p> <p>Susan McCann, “The Dickens Opens,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, October 8, 1986.</p> <p>Susan McCann, “Being the Host,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, October 12, 1987.</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p> <p>Jeff Thomas, “Shea: Restaurant, Opera House Not Linked,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, April 25, 1987.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=LML19211014.2.8&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=-10-1921--10-1921--en-20-LML-1--txt-txIN-dickens-------0-">Verdict Is ‘Not Guilty,’</a>” <em>Longmont Ledger</em>, October 14, 1921.</p> <p>Kim Ziebell, “Remodeling Viewed for Dickens Building,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, June 13, 1978.</p> <div> <div> <div id="_com_1">&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Durning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Founding of Longmont </em>(Longmont, CO: Mabel Downer Durning, 1975).</p> <p><a href="https://www.dickenstavern.com/">The Dickens Tavern</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 28 Jun 2017 19:36:30 +0000 yongli 2678 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Boulder County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1112--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1112.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/boulder-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BoulderCounty.svg__0.png?itok=WvvlfA8X" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/boulder-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Boulder County, in north central Colorado, encompasses 740 square miles of diverse geography, including mountains, plains, and foothills. It is home to nearly 300,000 Coloradans.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T15:47:34-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 15:47" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 15:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county" data-a2a-title="Boulder County "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fboulder-county&amp;title=Boulder%20County%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Boulder County encompasses 740 square miles of the western plains and <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in north central Colorado. The county straddles three unique geographic zones: mountains in the west, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> in the east, and a natural trough that runs between the plains and foothills. Its western boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a>, follows a jagged line of peaks in the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> of the Rocky Mountains. The northwest corner of the county holds the southern reaches of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, including <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>. Its eastern boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld</strong></a> and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties, runs along the plains on the eastern edge of the city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Boulder County borders <a href="/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a>, <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties to the south and shares its northern boundary with <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county supports a population of 294,567, with much of it concentrated in the county seat of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Nestled against the foothills, the city of Boulder is home to the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, the flagship campus of the University of Colorado system. The county is known for being the site of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>. It was created in 1861, two years after prospectors discovered gold about a dozen miles up Boulder Canyon. Before the discovery of gold, the Boulder County area was frequented by several Native American groups, mainly the Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> roamed the mountains of the Boulder County area as early as 7,000 BC. These people likely followed seasonal migration patterns and employed hunting strategies established by older groups of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong>Clovis</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom</strong></a> hunter-gatherers: they used creeks and streams to follow game to higher elevations during the summer, and when the first snows came, they retreated back down those same waterways to the natural sanctuary of the foothills. Near the mountain peaks, Paleo-Indians built huge stone corridors where they funneled and cornered large game; they also built stone blinds where they waited, bait in hand, to pick feathers from swooping eagles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute peoples</strong></a> had occupied the whole of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly a century. Several distinct Ute bands roamed the Front Range in what would become Boulder County: the Parianuche, or “Elk People,” the Tabeguache, or “People of Sun Mountain (<a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>)<strong>,</strong>” and Muaches, or “Cedar Bark People.” Expert hunters, Ute subsisted on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca root, and wild berries. In the summer, they followed elk and <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> into high mountain parks, such as Allen’s Park (8,500 feet). In the winter, they followed the game back to the sanctuary of lower elevations in the foothills and river valleys (5,000–7,000 feet). After the 1640s, when the Ute obtained horses from the Spanish, river bottoms became important wintering grounds, as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> twigs and roots provided food for ponies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century, the Ute found their hunting and wintering grounds contested by the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, a group of Plains Indians that had been forced out of a sedentary life in the upper Midwest by the powerful Lakota. Unlike the Ute, who rarely left their mountain homeland, the Arapaho ranged across all three ecological zones in present-day Boulder County. In the spring and early summer, they hunted buffalo on the plains; in late summer, they followed the herds into cooler, higher elevations, camping and hunting as far as the Continental Divide; in winter, they returned to the natural shelter of the trough along the foothills, where milder weather prevailed. For most of the year, Arapaho and Ute occupied the same territory, and this put them in a near-constant state of warfare.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, another equestrian group of buffalo hunters, joined the Arapaho on the western plains north of the Platte River in the early 1820s. The two groups formed an alliance and fought the Ute not only for rights to hunting and wintering grounds, but also for access to the growing French and Anglo trade networks along the Front Range and western plains. But exposure to white trade goods came with a price—exposure to European <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>diseases</strong></a>, such as smallpox. These diseases, against which no American Indian had immunity, decimated populations of all three prominent native groups in the Boulder County area. For example, in 1800 one group of Arapaho numbered some 10,000; by 1858, when <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a>, or Left Hand, led the group, disease had brought their numbers down to fewer than 3,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot attended the signing of the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> in 1851, which preserved Arapaho rights to the Boulder Creek area. The treaty was brokered by his niece’s white husband, Thomas Fitzpatrick, who died in 1854. After gold was found along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>, few whites felt obligated to obey the treaty. As they moved into the foothills, they chopped down cottonwood trees and killed game, adding lack of shelter and starvation to the growing list of threats to all native groups in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the fall of 1858, Chief Niwot encountered Thomas Aikins and his group of <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold prospectors</strong></a> camped near the mouth of Boulder Creek. Niwot had learned English from his brother-in-law, a Kentuckian who traded at <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> on the upper Arkansas, and put it to use. Aware of the Americans’ intentions but preferring diplomacy to warfare, the Arapaho leader told the Aikins group in English to leave his people’s territory immediately. The prospectors told Niwot they had only come for the winter and promised to leave in the spring. Against the wishes of some of his people, Niwot relented and let the prospectors stay.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That decision would prove invaluable to the prospectors and devastating to Niwot’s Arapaho. On January 16, 1859, while prospecting at a site along a Boulder Creek fork, Aikins’s son James and several others found gold. News of their discovery brought David Horsfal to the area, and he found an even larger deposit, the Horsfal Lode. A year later, the Boulder Creek deposits had already yielded a combined $100,000 in gold. <a href="/article/gold-hill"><strong>Gold Hill</strong></a>, as the area of discovery came to be known, soon attracted not just gold seekers but also miners of clay—used to make brick—limestone, coal, and granite.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On February 10, 1859, not even a month after his son’s discovery, Aikins founded the Boulder City Town Company. The city of Boulder was then platted on a two-mile stretch near the mouth of Boulder Canyon. In 1861, the new <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was established, and Boulder County became one of its original seventeen counties. The same year, Arapaho leaders Niwot and <strong>Little Raven</strong> were forced to negotiate another treaty, the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Fort Wise Treaty</strong></a>, which surrendered the Front Range to the whites and carved out a small reservation for the Arapaho and Cheyenne in southeast Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot did not sign this new treaty. Unwilling to simply abandon their once-plentiful land, Niwot’s and Little Raven’s people spent two more lean and violent years in the Boulder Creek area before they moved to the Sand Creek camp, near Fort Lyon in present-day <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>. Whites consistently assured the Arapaho and Cheyenne that they were safe near the fort; the near-starving Indians, for their part, also assured whites that they wished to camp peacefully and trade for supplies. But in 1864 Colonel John M. Chivington’s 550 volunteers smashed into the Cheyenne-Arapaho camp at Sand Creek, slaughtering between 150 and 200 women, children, and elders and scalping and disfiguring the bodies. Niwot was shot down as he held up his hands and called out in English for the troops to stop. He later died at an Indian camp on the Smoky Hill River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The southern Arapaho under Little Raven were removed to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) after the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. In 1875 the founders of a railroad town northeast of Boulder named their new community Niwot after the fallen Arapaho leader.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flood of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On May 30, 1894, heavy rain caused Boulder Creek to <a href="/article/boulder-flood-1894"><strong>rise out of its banks</strong></a>. The water tore through the canyon, laying waste to mines, railroad bridges, and settlements. By dawn the next day, the floodwaters crashed out of the canyon, inundating the city of Boulder. Rail and road bridges, as well as telegraph lines and many houses, were swept away, and farmland and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches were destroyed. The city's Red Light District and other poor neighborhoods bore the brunt of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, while surrounding towns, including Jamestown, Crisman, Glendale, and Springdale, also sustained severe damage. Many of those towns never recovered, as the deluge brought the county's three main industries--coal, metal mining, and agriculture--to a standstill. It took several years for the city of Boulder to fully recover.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Caribou, Nederland, and Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the devastating flood, by 1900 Boulder County's population had grown to more than 21,500; the mining communities of <strong>Caribou </strong>and <strong> Nederland</strong>, as well as the agricultural settlement of Longmont, were an essential part of that growth. In the mountains west of Boulder City, Nederland was founded in 1871 as Middle Boulder, serving as a mill and supply town for the nearby mining community of Caribou; that same year, on the plains some sixteen miles northeast of Boulder, the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> founded Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ohioan prospector Sam Conger organized the town of Caribou around his silver strike in 1870. The multiple blizzards that pounded the area during the long winter made life in early Caribou famously harsh; in addition to bracing their buildings to withstand the destructive winds, snowbound residents often had to exit their homes through second-story windows. The same year his town was organized, Conger sold his mine to Abel Breed, another Ohio investor, for $50,000. An influx of British miners skilled in ore extraction made the mine exceptionally profitable in its early years, and in 1873 Breed sold the Caribou mine to the Nederland Mining Company for the enormous sum of $3 million. As part of the purchase the Dutch group also obtained Middle Boulder, which they renamed Nederland after their home country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While multiple fires and the crash in silver prices in 1893 doomed the town of Caribou over the next two decades, Nederland blossomed as a tourist town, offering picturesque views of the nearby mountains and Boulder Canyon. Then, in the early 1900s, Nederland again became a hotbed of mining activity as the fortunate Conger again struck a precious metal—this time it was tungsten, a hard metal used to make incandescent light bulbs and strengthen steel. Conger’s tungsten mines hummed until demand fell off with the end of <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> in 1918. Tourism again took over as the town’s economic backbone.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont, named for its view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, began as an agricultural colony on land granted to the Denver Pacific Railroad. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a>,<em> Rocky Mountain News </em>founder and agent for the railway’s land company, brokered a deal for some 23,000 acres near St. Vrain, Left Hand, and Boulder Creeks with Seth Terry, a representative from the Chicago-Colorado Colony. The colony bought an additional 37,000 acres in the area from the federal government and other parties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In contrast to saloon-ridden mining towns like Boulder and Caribou, Longmont’s founders envisioned their town as a sober agricultural community. Deeds to land in the colony originally forbade the consumption or sale of alcohol on the property. By June 1871, three months after its initial settlers arrived, Longmont had twenty-three miles of irrigation ditches and seventy-five buildings, including Boulder County’s first library. After the turn of the century, Longmont farmers were producing profitable crops of wheat, pumpkins, peas, and sugar beets. Longmont was also one of the first Colorado settler towns to plot out parks, including Lake Park—subsequently renamed Roosevelt Park—the site of the <strong>Boulder County Fair</strong> from 1891 to 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coal Strikes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the metal mining around Boulder, Caribou, and Nederland, coal mining became an important part of the Boulder County economy, especially in the early twentieth century. By that time, however, exploited coal miners began to organize in unions such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers of America</strong></a> to lobby for better pay and working conditions. This led to a series of ugly strikes in Boulder County’s coal mining towns in 1903, 1910–14, and 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First, coal miners in Louisville won an eight-hour day, a 15 percent raise, and safer working conditions in 1903. Then, from 1910–14, some 2,700 Boulder County miners struck, with violence between strikers, guards, and scabs curtailed by the appearance of state and federal troops. At the end of this strike, miners won a 20 percent wage increase and more improvements in mine safety. During yet another strike, in 1927, blood was spilled when company guards at the Columbine Mine fired on strikers, killing six and wounding twenty. Again, federal troops intervened to quell the violence. Ownership of the Columbine Mine passed to <a href="/article/josephine-roche"><strong>Josephine Roche</strong></a>, the previous owner’s daughter, who raised wages, improved mine safety, and championed workers’ rights as the state’s first female gubernatorial candidate in 1934. Later in the twentieth century, the Boulder County economy shifted from mining to education and agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>University of Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Founded in 1861, the University of Colorado­–Boulder (CU) is the state’s flagship university. To build the initial campus, the Territorial Legislature gave the town $15,000 on the condition that Boulder residents match that amount themselves. The residents matched the appropriation and by 1876 had finished construction on Old Main, CU’s first building. Its first president, Dr. Joseph Sewall, and his family lived in the building, which also hosted the first classes. In the spring of 1882, CU graduated its first, all-male, class of six.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1980, CU-Boulder’s student population had reached 20,000 and faculty members worked with many prominent research institutes, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Today, the University of Colorado has campuses throughout the state, including the <strong>University of Colorado–<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>, <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, and the Health Sciences Center in Denver. With a combined enrollment of 44,500, the University of Colorado system remains a prestigious and nationally respected academic institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County remains culturally and economically diverse. A liberal pocket in an otherwise conservative state, the so-called "People’s Republic of Boulder" has evolved into an active, wealthy suburban community that also prioritizes conservation; the city maintains 145 miles of hiking trails and attracts hundreds of outdoor enthusiasts each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Giant tech companies such as IBM and Ball Corp., an aerospace company, are headquartered in Longmont. The town has reaped the benefits of being near a major university, as it recruits many CU graduates for its burgeoning biotech, aerospace, and software and IT industries. In 2015 CU Health, citing a lack of access to emergency care across the state, began construction on a $160 million hospital at County Line Road and Ken Pratt Boulevard in Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hay and other forage crops are the county’s primary agricultural products by a wide margin; in 2012 hay and forage crops covered 23,397 acres, while the next-most plentiful crop, wheat, covered only 1,764. Boulder County is also among the top-ten poultry-and-egg-producing counties in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it has yet to endure a catastrophe like that of the 1894 flood, Boulder County remains vulnerable to flood events. After several days of heavy rain beginning on September 9, 2013, Boulder County was one of fourteen Colorado counties to experience historically destructive <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>. Within Boulder County alone, floodwaters damaged more than 1,200 homes; took down ten bridges; washed out dozens of miles of roads, power lines, and open space trails; and killed three people, stranded over 100 more, and forced 1,600 to evacuate the flood zone. Immediately after the floods, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> declared a state of emergency and funneled $6 million in state funds to pay for flood response and recovery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Total repair costs from the flood are estimated at $217 million over a five-year period. Of that total, $56 million will be the responsibility of Boulder County; the rest will be reimbursed by state and federal agencies. As of September 2014, Boulder County workers, volunteers, and residents had removed 4,870 truckloads of debris, rebuilt five of the ten bridges destroyed during the storm, and repaired twenty-two miles of open space trails. In the wake of the floods, a coalition of state and local politicians, community leaders, and church leaders formed the Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County. The group’s website also provides links to mental health agencies, support groups, and financial resources to help flood victims who continue to struggle in the aftermath of the floods.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-boulder" hreflang="en">university of colorado boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-flood" hreflang="en">boulder county flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-aikins" hreflang="en">thomas aikins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nederland" hreflang="en">nederland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Anticipated Costs for Unincorporated Boulder County,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Boulder County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County Open Space and Mountain Parks, “<a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/locations/trail/search/trail">Basic Trail Information</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank H. Gille, ed., <em>Indians of Colorado: Past and Present </em>(St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Celinda Reynolds Kaelin, “Tava: A Ute Cultural History,” <em>A Sense of Place in the Pikes Peak Region</em>, Colorado College (Colorado Springs, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mona Lambrecht, “‘Good Baptist Weather’: Boulder County and the Flood of 1894,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 20, no. 4 (2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Area Economic Council, “<a href="http://longmont.org/Existing-Industries.aspx">Existing Longmont Industries</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suzanne M. Marilley, <em>Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://niwot.com/discover-niwot/">Niwot History</a>,” Town of Niwot.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“One Year Later: Moving Forward—Recovery and Repairs,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blair Shiff, “Boulder County: Number of Missing Drops to 4,” <em>9 News</em>, September 18, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Boulder County, Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alicia Wallace,  “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/08/boulder-and-broomfield-counties-top-50-employers-ibm-still-largest-local-company/">Boulder and Broomfield counties’ Top 50 employers: IBM still largest local company</a>,” <em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, September 6, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vince Winkel, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/09/10/new-er-construction-underway-in-north-longmont/">New ER construction underway in North Longmont</a>,”<em> Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 10, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.bouldercounty.org/">Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/">City of Boulder</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/">City of Longmont</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bocofloodrecovery.org/">Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erik Mason, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-e-m/museum/collections/history-of-longmont">History of Longmont</a>,” City of Longmont, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 22:47:34 +0000 yongli 1062 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org