%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Columbine Mine Massacre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/columbine-mine-massacre-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Columbine Mine Massacre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-16T13:13:08-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 16, 2021 - 13:13" class="datetime">Tue, 02/16/2021 - 13:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/columbine-mine-massacre-0" data-a2a-title="Columbine Mine Massacre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolumbine-mine-massacre-0&amp;title=Columbine%20Mine%20Massacre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On November 21, 1927, members of a Colorado militia fired into a crowd of hundreds of striking miners in the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a> town of <strong>Serene</strong>, killing six and wounding twenty. The Columbine Massacre showed that little had changed in Colorado in terms of relations between workers and companies, as well as between labor and the state, in the thirteen years since the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a>, the deadliest labor conflict in state history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coal Mining in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Mining in Colorado is often associated with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>precious metals</strong></a> such as gold and silver, but by the late nineteenth century, coal had become the state’s most important commodity. It underwrote the entire industrial economy, from gold mining and smelting to construction and railroads. Coal also heated hundreds of homes in cities such as <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Unlike coal operations in the eastern United States, coal mining in Colorado was dominated by only a handful of large companies, with the two most prominent being <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron</strong></a> and the <strong>Rocky Mountain Fuel Company</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Working in coal mines was dirty and dangerous. Even in the 1920s, after decades of labor activism had resulted in some gains for workers, coal miners still worked up to twelve hours a day, six days a week. They inhaled coal dust all day long, which led to the devastating respiratory disease known as black lung. Mine shafts could collapse or flood. Rock slides and fires were also common. Flammable methane gas released from coal beds often built up in the mines, and each morning an inspector had to check the air quality before work could begin. If this was not done properly, explosions could occur, such as when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jokerville-mine-explosion"><strong>Jokerville Mine exploded</strong></a> near <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a> in 1884 or when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/vulcan-mine-explosions"><strong>Vulcan Mine</strong></a> in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield County</strong></a> blew up three times between 1896 and 1918.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rise of the Colorado Wobblies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Given the slew of accidents, injuries, and deaths at the state’s coal mines, it is no wonder that many miners turned to unions to advocate for better working conditions in the early twentieth century. At Ludlow in 1914, workers were represented by the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america">United Mine Workers of America</a></strong> (UMWA). The UMWA largely withdrew from Colorado by the 1920s after its lack of success in the previous decade. In its place came a more radical union, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/industrial-workers-world"><strong>Industrial Workers of the World</strong></a> (IWW), whose members were known as “Wobblies” and explicitly embraced Communism. This position made the union a major target of local newspapers and state officials during the late 1910s and 1920s, when anti-Communist sentiment ran rampant across the country. In 1919, for instance, famous IWW leader <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-dudley-haywood">William “Big Bill” Haywood</a></strong> was jailed along with several other union leaders; these actions, however, only resulted in other members stepping into the leadership void.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1927</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1927 the catalyst for union activity in Colorado actually came from far beyond the state’s borders. On August 23, two Italian immigrants and anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were wrongfully executed for murder in Massachusetts. In response, the IWW—made up of immigrant workers from dozens of nations—urged coal miners in Colorado to go on a strike in solidarity with Sacco and Vanzetti. Some 10,000 responded in a daylong walkout, indicating that conditions were ripe for further union activity in the state. Mine owners and state officials retaliated by firing some of the solidarity strikers and closing common meeting grounds for miners, such as pool halls.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite those measures, in early September IWW leaders met in Aguilar, in southern Colorado, to finalize demands for a strike. They wanted wages upped from about $6 to $7.50 per day, employment of union check weigh men (who verified each miner’s tonnage, which figured into how much they were paid), and the recognition of pit committees (groups of employer and worker representatives who dealt with labor problems at mines).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike officially got under way in October, with some 8,400 workers leaving mines across the state. Governor <strong>William H. “Billy” Adams</strong> refused to recognize the IWW and declared the strike illegal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conflict at the Columbine Mine</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While the bulk of the state’s coal industry was crippled by the walkouts, the Columbine Mine near Lafayette was able to remain in operation by hiring 150 strikebreakers. Opened by the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company in 1919, the Columbine had quickly become one of the largest and most productive coal mines in the state, employing hundreds and leading Colorado in tonnage by 1923. Such production came at a price, however: by 1927 workers had experienced dozens of accidents there, many of them fatal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the strike, conditions at the Columbine quickly grew tense. To protect the strikebreakers and keep out union agitators, armed company guards converted the Columbine Mine town of Serene into “an armed camp,” complete with barbed-wire fencing and gates. Meanwhile, to recruit more workers to its cause, the IWW sent out carloads of singing agitators from Lafayette who made the rounds of the state’s coalfields, belting out the union’s anthem, “Solidarity Forever.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the morning of November 14, the quiet of Serene was broken by a demonstration of, according to the Longmont <em>Daily Times</em>, “four hundred striking miners, led by their wives, who waved flags and sang patriotic airs.” They then piled into fifty cars and drove around the coalfields of Boulder County in a show of solidarity. With no end to the strike in sight and a diminishing coal supply as winter approached, the Longmont <em>Daily Times </em>gravely noted that “the situation is getting serious, to say the least.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Massacre</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The disputed events of the next week would prove the <em>Daily Times </em>tragically correct. On the morning of November 21, a crowd of about 500 striking miners and their wives marched to the gates of Serene, intending to go on to the Columbine Mine to prevent strikebreakers from working. They were met by armed mine guards, and, at mine owners’ request, members of the Colorado Rangers—also known then as the Colorado State Police—a volunteer law enforcement group modeled after the Texas Rangers and ordered to Serene by Governor Adams.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When Colorado Rangers leader Louis Scherf ordered the crowd to halt, IWW leader Adam Bell went to the gate and asked it to be unlocked. Instead, he was taunted and struck with a club, and a sixteen-year-old boy next to him had an American flag ripped out of his hand. The strikers surged forward, with some climbing over the gate, and Rangers launched tear gas canisters into the crowd, striking one woman in the back. A bloody brawl ensued, with strikers wielding rocks, fists, and knives and Rangers swinging clubs and firing tear gas. The state police then fell back and opened fire on the crowd, which had intentionally left its firearms behind. Miners claimed a mounted machine gun also created a crossfire. Two men were killed instantly, while four more later died of their wounds and some twenty additional men and women were injured. Several guards and state policemen were also hurt.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The slain miners were John Eastenes, Nick Spanudakhis, Rene Jacques, Frank Kovich, Mike Vidovich, and Jerry Davis. The last names reflect the varied nationalities and backgrounds of the miners, all of whom pledged solidarity to one another under an American flag that was now, as one 1989 account of the massacre put it, “riddled with bullets and stained with blood.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The massacre prompted Governor Adams to organize the National Guard in preparation for a statewide battle, similar to the aftermath of Ludlow. However, the guard never left Denver; somewhat surprisingly, there were no reprisal attacks in the northern or southern coalfields, suggesting strikers had tired of violence. Thereafter, the strike lost momentum, as workers and other unions distanced themselves from the IWW and resumed negotiations with the state’s industrial board. The board had refused to recognize the IWW but otherwise recognized miners’ right to petition. After several more outbursts of violence between the state police and IWW strikers across Colorado’s southern coalfields, the strike finally ended in May 1928. New Rocky Mountain Fuel owner <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/josephine-roche"><strong>Josephine Roche</strong></a> was a prominent union sympathizer, and she instituted a $7 wage and recognized the UMWA as the company’s official union.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike that led to the Columbine Massacre shows that coal miners’ working conditions had changed little despite decades of organizing, while the massacre itself indicates that state officials’ contempt for organized labor had not dissipated in the roughly fourteen years since Ludlow. The events of 1927–28 were in many ways a reprise of Ludlow, except without much retaliatory aggression by miners. Still, no Rangers or mine guards were held responsible for their actions on November 21. The massacre also sounded the death knell for the IWW in Colorado, as workers came to realize that the union did not have the political sway to get them what they needed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, a sign at a rest area east of Lafayette off State Highway 7 pays tribute to the events of November 21, 1927. In 1989 local historical societies and labor organizations dedicated a memorial to the massacre victims at the Lafayette Cemetery. Left out of most Colorado history books, the Columbine Mine Massacre nonetheless remains one of the most tragic events in the state’s long and brutal struggle between workers and their corporate exploiters.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/columbine-mine" hreflang="en">columbine mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/columbine-mine-massacre" hreflang="en">columbine mine massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-history-colorado" hreflang="en">labor history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal-mining" hreflang="en">coal mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal-miners" hreflang="en">coal miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/serene" hreflang="en">serene</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lafayette" hreflang="en">Lafayette</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louisville" hreflang="en">louisville</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Feb 2021 20:13:08 +0000 yongli 3537 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Carol Taylor http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carol-taylor <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Carol Taylor</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3056--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3056.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/carol-taylor"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/carol-taylor_0.jpg?itok=NKKPqSJT" width="426" height="640" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/carol-taylor" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Carol Taylor</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/greg-vogl" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">admin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2019-08-01T11:57:13-06:00" title="Thursday, August 1, 2019 - 11:57" class="datetime">Thu, 08/01/2019 - 11:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carol-taylor" data-a2a-title="Carol Taylor"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcarol-taylor&amp;title=Carol%20Taylor"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Carol Taylor is a local historian and researcher with expertise creating compelling public programs and interpretive writing for historical exhibits. She has worked with partners such as the Native American Rights Fund, National Park Service, Colorado Music Hall of Fame, Boedecker Theater at The Dairy Center for the Arts, Colorado Chautauqua and others, to demonstrate history’s relevance to the present. Her interests include social justice, architecture, historic sites, women, artists and Boulder’s University Hill. She writes a monthly Boulder County history column for the Boulder Daily Camera newspaper. Follow her on Instagram @signsofboulderhistory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Selected Columns</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Editor’s note: These newspaper columns have been republished in their original form. The opinions expressed in them are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>.</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Solar-Heated Home</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Nation’s first solar-heated home was in Boulder"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, August 10, 2008</h4>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1970s Boulder experienced a flurry of solar activity in response to the OPEC oil embargo and resulting gas shortage. There were solar talks at the library, solar workshops and conferences at the University of Colorado, solar homes and solar open houses. But the history of solar energy in Boulder began 30 years earlier in a cottage at 1719 Mariposa Ave. Dr. George Lof, an Aspen native who earned an undergraduate degree at the University of Denver and a graduate degree at MIT, was a chemical engineering professor at CU when he started a solar heating project.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The university received funds during World War II from the War Production Board’s Office of Scientific Research and Development. Officials were concerned about what might happen to the country’s fuel supply during another prolonged conflict. So, in 1943, Lof built a small one-story wood-framed house with an experimental solar heating system and lived there with his young family. After the war, the American Window Glass Company financed the project for an additional two years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The nation’s first solar home used a greenhouse-like solar heat collector of rooftop glass plates that were warmed by the sun and then heated the air, which then passed into the house. Lof boasted that the setup saved 20 percent on the heating bill of the home and he predicted a savings of 60 percent with technical improvements. He said he could keep his home at an even 70 degrees even in sub-zero weather as long as the sun was shining. In cloudy weather, at night or when snow covered the collector, a conventional furnace was substituted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The research was so advanced that the home and CU received national publicity. Lof’s residence was featured in Business Week (March 15, 1947), the Christian Science Monitor (Aug. 14, 1947), the New York Herald Tribune, Architectural Forum and other national publications.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After leaving the CU faculty, Professor Lof dismantled the solar apparatus when Realtors found they couldn’t sell the house with its unconventional glass panels. He continued his research by building another solar house for his family of six in Cherry Hills, designed by Boulder architect James Hunter. The home was completed in 1957 and is reportedly the oldest known solar residence. Dr. Lof went on to chair the chemical engineering department at the University of Denver, create Solaron Corporation and win top honors in the field of solar energy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1974, Lof spoke at Boulder’s Rotary Club and predicted that the year would bring many more solar houses and said that moderately priced solar heating and cooling systems would be developed soon. In a 1983 story written by Paul Danish, Lof declared, “I’m bullish on solar heat.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The solar pioneer is 94 years old now, retired and still living in the home that he built in 1957 at 6 Parkway Drive in Cherry Hills. He remembers enjoying his time in Boulder in the small house, while his children were young. And yes, he’s still bullish on solar energy.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Mary Frances Berry</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Mary Frances Berry: CU’s First black chancellor"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, October 19, 2008</h4>&#13; &#13; <p>After the recent presidential debate, you might have heard commentary on CNN and NPR by former chair of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Mary Frances Berry. But did you know that Berry achieved a groundbreaking pair of firsts for the University of Colorado at Boulder?</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1976, after an eight-month search, CU President Roland Rautenstraus recommended that regents offer Berry the job of chancellor of the Boulder campus. CU lured the rising star from a provost position at the University of Maryland. Berry accepted the offer and began her appointment July 1 of that year, becoming the first African-American and first woman in that office.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With a Ph.D. in history as well as a law degree, Berry was only 38 when she assumed chancellor duties. Before she even arrived in Boulder, Berry told a Daily Camera reporter that she was “bothered by the lack of minorities and women in the administration and faculty” at CU. She would later be criticized for granting amnesty to a group of minority students who staged at sit-in on campus at the Hellems building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Berry was just getting started when President-elect Jimmy Carter’s administration began wooing her for an assistant secretary post at the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (now Health and Human Services). Berry negotiated a year’s leave of absence from CU and accepted the HEW position in January 1977. Berry told the regents that she would not stay longer than a year and had every intention of returning to the Boulder campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two months later, the Denver Post reported that Berry told a Senate confirmation committee that she intended to serve at the HEW for all four years of the Carter administration. Berry denied the report. The statement, given under oath, that she would stay at the HEW as long as President Carter wanted, grew into a controversy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>She resigned from her CU job in May 1977, after less than a year in the position. President Rautenstraus announced her resignation with a deep sense of loss.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Berry was later appointed to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights under President Carter in 1979. She was fired from that post by President Ronald Reagan and appealed her dismissal. The six-member commission was expanded to eight-member, and she regained her seat. Berry served as chair of the commission under President Bill Clinton.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since leaving CU for Washington, D.C., this powerhouse has earned more than 30 honorary doctorate degrees, published seven books and won countless awards. Now 70, Berry’s close-cropped hair is gray after a long and distinguished career in activism, law, writing, public service and Ivy League academics at the University of Pennsylvania.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thirty years after her appointment, she remains the first and only woman or person of color in the chancellor post at CU Boulder.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For a more detailed account of Berry’s tenure at CU, see “Glory Colorado! Volume II: A History of the University of Colorado, 1963-2000” by William E. Davis.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Los Seis de Boulder</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"'Los Seis de Boulder' died in '74 car bombings"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, May 17, 2009</h4>&#13; &#13; <p>At the end of May 1974, two car bombings rocked the city of Boulder, killing six young activists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of the victims were politically involved in the struggle to improve conditions for minority students at the University of Colorado. They were working to achieve parity — a percentage of Chicanos enrolled at CU equal to the percentage of the state population. There was a 19-day sit-in in progress by the United Mexican-American Students at Temporary Building No. 1 (the old hospital on the Boulder campus). Tensions were high on campus as students and supporters sought changes in the faculty of the UMAS/ Equal Opportunity Program.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The blast on May 27, at Chautauqua Park, was heard all over Boulder. The three who died in the bombed car were Alamosa attorney and CU law school graduate Reyes Martinez, 26; Ignacio high school homecoming queen and CU junior Neva Romero, 21; and CU double major graduate Una Jaakola, 24, Martinez’s girlfriend.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Then, on May 29, another bomb went off in a car in the Burger King parking lot on 28th Street, killing Florencio Granado, 31, who once attended CU; former CU student Heriberto Teran, 24; and Francisco Dougherty, 20, a pre-med student from Texas. One survivor, who was outside of the car at the time, lost a leg and suffered severe burns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hundreds participated in mourning ceremonies for the victims — known as “Los Seis de Boulder” in the days following the bombings. On July 4, 400 joined a memorial march from Crossroads Mall to Chautauqua Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicano community was fearful and angry after the bombings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver activist Corky Gonzales spoke at a demonstration at the Federal Courthouse in Denver in July. Chicanos were protesting the harassment by a federal grand jury of families and friends of “Los Seis.” Chicano leaders felt strongly that “Los Seis” were murdered as part of a conspiracy against the Chicano activists and they claimed evidence to prove it. The grand jury investigation was deemed racist.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Police believe that those who died were political militants who were working on bombs and were preparing to set off more explosions. They theorized that Neva Romero was holding the homemade bomb in her lap when it detonated. However, District Attorney Alex Hunter decided not to prosecute bombing survivor Antonio Alcantar, saying the evidence was not sufficient to support criminal charges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The bombings left Boulder residents jittery. There were several more bomb scares in the city that year, sending Boulder’s newly formed bomb squad out on false alarms.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Artist Pedro Romero painted a mural of “Los Seis de Boulder” for the office of the United Mexican-American Students in the University Memorial Center at CU in 1987. That mural was removed during the recent UMC renovation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A Colorado Historical Society memorial plaque for “Los Seis,” about one mile up Boulder Canyon, was dedicated in 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Clovis Artifacts</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Rare Clovis artifacts document Boulder's prehistory"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, September 11, 2011</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/boulder-artifacts"><img alt="Boulder Artifacts" src="/sites/default/files/Boulder-artifacts_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 199px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>Thirteen thousand years ago, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong>Clovis</strong></a> people roamed The Hill, and there are 83 stone age tools to prove it. Archaeologists now believe the prehistoric people may have had an ice age megafauna butchering station along the banks of Gregory Creek, where the tools were discovered.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In May of 2008, landowner and biotechnology entrepreneur Patrick Mahaffy hired landscapers to excavate part of his yard to create a pond. When one of the crew members heard an unusual chink, he stopped to investigate. They had stumbled upon a collection of 83 stone implements.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mahaffy was curious about the implements, which he thought might be Native American and possibly a few hundred years old. He telephoned the University of Colorado’s anthropology department. Luckily, he reached Dr. Douglas Bamforth, an expert on ancient people and their use of stone tools. Bamforth walked over to take a look.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>He was astounded at what Mahaffy had discovered. Experts at the Laboratory of Archaeological Science at California State University, Bakersfield were consulted. Analysis to determine the age of the implements would be costly, but Mahaffy gladly paid out of his own pocket.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After some months, the unprecedented results of the protein residue analysis were made public. The results were international news. The tools contained the blood of prehistoric mammals including camel, bear, horse and sheep, the megafauna that roamed over North America 13,000 years ago during the Pleistocene.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was the first analysis to identify protein residue from an extinct camel on North American stone tools and only the second to identify horse protein on Clovis-age tools, according to Bamforth. The rare find, which was officially named the Mahaffy Cache, is one of only a few Clovis artifact group discoveries in North America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Clovis people mysteriously disappeared from the earth about the same time as the ice-age mammals also became extinct.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One scientific theory is that a group of comets exploded over North America, creating massive heat that caused the extinction of ice age mammals, and perhaps the Clovis people, too. Clovis people were once thought to be the first human inhabitants of the New World, but new archaeological discoveries have called that belief into question.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 83 tools of the Mahaffy Cache themselves are made of Kremmling chert, rock material found on Colorado’s Western Slope. They are not hunting tools, but were probably used for butchering the animals for food.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mahaffy described the tools as perfectly ergonomic, fitting beautifully into a human hand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009, Patrick Mahaffy was recognized with a special project award, given by the Boulder Heritage Roundtable, for his dedication to preservation of the ancient historic materials.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shortly after the discovery, the biopharmaceutical entrepreneur named his new company Clovis Oncology.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although Mahaffy intended for most of the tools to be on exhibit for the public, they have not yet been made available.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Boulder Fluoridation</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"This Boulder controversy had some teeth"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, November 4, 2012</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/boulder-fluoridation"><img alt="Boulder fluoridation" src="/sites/default/files/Boulder-fluoridation_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 217px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>The U.S. Center for Disease Control cites fluoridation of drinking water among the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It took three elections to get fluoridation approved in Boulder. At one point there were so many letters to the editor, both for and against, that the Daily Camera called for a moratorium.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Groups in favor thought Boulder should join other progressive cities in fluoridating the water supply to prevent tooth decay. Opponents rejected chemical additives to their pure glacier water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interest in the topic was piqued after results of studies reported in the Daily Camera in 1952 revealed a high rate of tooth decay in Boulder, reportedly the result of a lack of the element fluorine in the city’s water supply. The National Institute of Dental Research conducted one study in Boulder and Colorado Springs and found Colorado Springs residents superior to Boulder’s in terms of dental health.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The variation was related to the amount of fluorine in each city’s water supply. Boulder’s natural water supply contained practically no fluorine, which was why the city was chosen for the study. Colorado Springs’ water supply had averaged 2.5 parts per million for many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Upon the recommendation of dentists and public health officials, the Boulder city council passed an ordinance for water fluoridation in April 1954.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Not so fast, opponents said. A referendum petition forced the issue to a vote of the people. Mr. Archibald Lacy (A.L.) Camp headed the campaign against adding fluoride with The Committee for Pure Boulder Water. Camp wrote in a letter to the editor, “I believe we have the best and purest water in the world; it is the joy and pride of beautiful Boulder.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Camp and his ilk said adding the chemical fluorine to the public water supply was a form of mass medication with a poisonous substance and a violation of their human rights. If people really wanted this chemical for dental health, they could get it individually from their dentist, the group argued.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Proponents insisted there would be no ill effects from the addition of a small amount of the chemical and that research backed up their position.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1954, the measure was defeated by 742 votes — 2,395 voted in favor of the measure, 3,137 against it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder Citizens for Good Teeth petitioned fluoridation onto the ballot again in 1964. Nearly every medical, dental and public health group in the city endorsed adding fluoride to the water supply.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Committee for Pure Water again formed the opposition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Daily Camera reported that the U.S. Surgeon General sent a wire to Boulder’s acting mayor, Robert W. Knecht, supporting fluoridation. Even so, the measure was defeated for a second time, 5,975 to 4,824.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1969, the measure was petitioned onto the ballot once more. The Fluoride Study Group staged a series of public information meetings at which they emphasized the harmful effects of adding the chemical.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, just before the election, the World Health Organization adopted a resolution calling on member nations to introduce fluoridation of community water supplies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With a large voter turnout, the measure was approved by 508 votes, 5,902 to 5,394 against.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder now fluoridates its drinking water to 0.9 parts per million, as recommended by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Closed Captioning</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Boulder played role in closed captioning"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, November 18, 2012</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/jim-jespersen"><img alt="Jim Jespersen" src="/sites/default/files/Jim-Jespersen_0.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 300px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>The three Boulder researchers credited with developing closed captioning never set out to change the lives of the hearing-impaired.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1970s, Jim Jespersen, a physicist, and engineers George Kamas and Dick Davis were working in the Time and Frequency Division at the National Bureau of Standards. (The name of the institution was changed in 1988 to National Institute of Standards and Technology.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The men were studying the spectrum usage of television broadcasts. To increase availability of accurate time signals, they developed a way to hide time codes in broadcast television transmission.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That original project was abandoned because of the emergence of GPS (global positioning system) and other technologies, which proved better in delivering accurate time signals, according to engineer John Lowe of the Time and Frequency division at NIST.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, the scientists noticed that after the audio and video elements were accounted for, there was still a large portion of the spectrum that went unused, said James Burrus, public information and outreach coordinator at NIST.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The researchers decided to utilize that available space to transmit a printed transcript of dialogue simultaneously with the broadcast. After that was successful, they then developed a way to hide that information for the average viewer. A special decoder was created for those who would be interested in viewing the transcript.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sandra Howe, an NBS information specialist, practiced the technology with an episode of ABC’s “The Mod Squad.” The NBS scientists shared it at the National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired in 1971. NBS then partnered with the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which made improvements to the technology.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The National Captioning Institute, a nonprofit organization, was established in 1979 with federal grant money to add closed captions to network television programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1980, the television networks ABC, NBC and PBS began transmitting closed captions on programs such as “Three’s Company,” “Disney’s Wonderful World” and “Masterpiece Theatre.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The first children’s program with closed captions was “3-2-1 Contact.” The 1981 Sugar Bowl marked the first captioning of a live sports event.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Viewers wishing to receive closed captioning at that time could buy a small black box for a little more than $250 at Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In September 1980, the National Bureau of Standards, along with ABC and PBS, received the Emmy Award for outstanding engineering development for the “closed caption for the deaf system” from the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Those involved in the project were invited to the White House to receive congratulations from President Jimmy Carter.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a Daily Camera story about the award, Jespersen and Davis commented that the thrill of winning an Emmy was decreased a great deal because it was for work done a decade earlier.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990, President Bush signed a bill requiring that all televisions 13 inches or larger sold in the United States after July 1, 1993, possess the capability for showing closed captions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the closed-captioning Emmy statue is proudly displayed in the lobby of Boulder’s NIST.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Same-Sex Marriage</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Boulder was trend-setter for same-sex marriage"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, May 26, 2013</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/boulder-marriage-license"><img alt="Boulder Marriage License" src="/sites/default/files/Boulder-marriage_0.jpg" style="width: 185px; height: 301px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>A milestone in Boulder’s gay-rights history took place in 1975 — at the El Paso County Clerk’s office.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Two Colorado Springs men who had been living together for four years, David McCord and David Zamora, approached their county clerk to obtain a marriage license.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The staff person told the couple they didn’t do that sort of thing in El Paso County, then suggested they might have luck in Boulder.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>McCord and Zamora traveled to Boulder and encountered Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex, who had been on the job only a few months. Assistant District Attorney William C. Wise advised Rorex that there was nothing in the language of the law to prevent granting such a license.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“I am not in violation of any law, and it is not for me to legislate morality … ” Rorex said after the fact.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>And with that, McCord and Zamora received the first same-sex marriage license in Colorado on March 26, 1975. (The first marriage license in the nation was issued to two men in Maricopa County, Ariz., in January 1975 but was later revoked.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The union of McCord and Zamora was front-page news in the Daily Camera on March 27, 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A few days later, the Sunday Camera’s editorial proclaimed the issuance was a “flouting of accepted standards” and a “distortion of intent of the law.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“What average, normal American family would choose residence here on the basis of this type of conduct and the reflection it gives?” the article asked readers. “The unsavory publicity about Boulder and the damaging effects on its reputation do not reflect the true character of our community. The deviates, weirdos, drones and revolutionaries are in the rank of the minority.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County received more than 100 phone calls and piles of letters. Later, Rorex said he received hate mail from entire church congregations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many letters to the editor were published in the Daily Camera, mostly against the groundbreaking action.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, on April 7, when the Camera reported that a second license had been granted, the story noted that calls and letters were running at a 2-1 ratio in favor of Rorex’s decision to issue the licenses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A male couple from Laramie, Wyo., drove to Boulder to obtain a license. One member of the couple was later dismissed from his job, according to a story in the New York Times. The Times reported that the same-sex couples granted licenses in Boulder were subjected to “harassment and ridicule.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The marriage of Richard Adams and Anthony Sullivan is the subject of a documentary in production titled “Limited Partnership.” View the trailer, which references Boulder, by <a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/limited-partnership-a-documentary-about-love-marriage-and-deportation">clicking here</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder was a topic on late-night television when host Johnny Carson remarked about a wacky town in Colorado that was handing out marriage licenses to homosexuals. Richard Adams and his partner, Anthony Sullivan, watched the broadcast in California and decided to make a trip to Boulder. Their Boulder County marriage license, issued on April 21, 1975, was the fifth granted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adams and Sullivan were quickly married outside the county clerk’s office. Later that afternoon, they traveled to Denver and had a formal religious ceremony, performed by a minister of the Metropolitan Community Church at Denver’s First Unitarian Church. (The Metropolitan Community Church was founded in 1968 on the principle of inclusion with specific outreach to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families and communities.) The First Unitarian Church in Denver remains proud of its inclusive history, having placed a banner on the side of the building proclaiming, “Civil Marriage is a Civil Right.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A total of six same-sex couples, four male and two female, were issued marriage licenses by Boulder County, before the Colorado Attorney General intervened and halted the practice.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the McCord-Zamora marriage was over in less than two years, Adams and Sullivan were married for 38 years. The marriage license they obtained in Boulder made national news again when Adams died in December 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The licenses issued in Boulder in 1975 stand as an important breakthrough in the struggle for LGBT rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Amid the fray caused by the licenses in 1975, Assistant District Attorney Wise, living up to his surname, remarked, “Who is it going to hurt?”</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Women Programmers</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Women found math careers at ‘the Bureau’"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, August 14, 2016</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/catherine-candelaria"><img alt="Catherine Candelaria" src="/sites/default/files/Catherine-Candelaria_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 228px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>Janet Falcon assumed she would become a teacher. One of the few female mathematics students at the University of Colorado in the late 1950s, she even did her practice teaching at Boulder High School.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, an unexpected opportunity presented itself and led her to a long and satisfying career at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring of 1959, before graduation, she heard they were hiring at “the Bureau.” Intrigued, she filled out the paperwork and took the required tests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Afterward, she shared the good news with her classmates. The conversation went something like this:</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“I got a job!” she said.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“What’s the job?” they asked.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Computer programmer,” she replied.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“What’s that?” they inquired.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“I don’t know!” she answered.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>So began Falcon’s 33-year career as a mathematician at Boulder’s first big science laboratory.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vi Raben also became a mathematician at the bureau, during the same time. While she was in college the typical career options for young women were nursing, teaching or secretarial work, Raben said. No one ever heard of computer programming. Raben came to Boulder through a summer program to attract NBS employees in 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Students could request a job anywhere in the country, Raben recalled. She chose Colorado and was placed at NBS. Hired for a permanent job after she graduated from college in the midwest, Raben imagined that she would do it for one year. She stayed her entire career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>She worked on cutting edge sunspot research in a group at the World Data Center, headed up by the late physicist J. Virginia Lincoln.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“The World Data Center was all women,” Raben said.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As programmers, they created equations to solve problems in the field of radio communications. They wrote programming steps on a sheet similar to graph paper. Those were turned over to keypunch operators who created punch cards. Sometimes they punched their own cards.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Large metal trays containing decks of cards were carried to the centrally located IBM 650 computer and fed into the card reader machine, Falcon explained. As there was one computer for the whole bureau, they were allowed only an hour of time, from noon-1 p.m. Variables and parameters were adjusted to find the solutions for the projects.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The pay was better than teaching, even though you had to work in the summers. The government had great benefits, such as vacation and sick time, and health care. An onsite nurse provided regular physical exams, vaccinations, and hearing, vision and blood tests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Neither woman felt special for working outside the home. They needed to work to pay their bills. When they had a baby, maternity leave was 90 days, unpaid. Babysitters were found and sometimes shared among female employees.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“We knew each other. Then we went home to our families. Life was full,” Falcon said.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Both chuckled when they recalled that women were required to wear skirts to work. Many let their objections to this policy be known. Some of the young women had to reach up to storage bins and thought slacks would be more modest and practical. Over the years, the dress code was revised so that pants for women were allowed, much to everyone’s relief.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Falcon was in a group with about a dozen other computer programmers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“There were lots of women working there,” Falcon said. She emphasized that women were paid well and treated with respect.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The environment was collaborative, she said. Lunchtime was a social affair with the women, and men, eating, talking, sharing their programming challenges, and offering possible solutions to one another.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visiting scientists came in from all over the world. It was thrilling to be working on the latest science and there was always fresh technology to master.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“The whole computer world was changing and everyone was talking about what was new,” Raben remembered.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“It’s been a real ride, watching the computers change.” Falcon said. “It was a fun job.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Housewife Activists</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Hilma Skinner warned of ‘sex deviate mecca’"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, October 16, 2016</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/hilma-skinner"><img alt="Hilma Skinner" src="/sites/default/files/Hilma-Skinner_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 245px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>When I read that the <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2016/09/05/phyllis-schlafly-dies/">noted anti-feminist activist Phyllis Schlafly passed away recently</a>, an image of the late Hilma Skinner popped into my head. Skinner was Boulder’s Schlafly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A married mother of three, Skinner and her family moved to Boulder in 1960, according to a Daily Camera interview. She founded the local chapter of Happiness For Womanhood (HOW), which later became the League of Housewives. She was a 55-year-old housewife in 1973 when she made her first run for Boulder City Council. Opposing affirmative action, rent control and a proposed abortion clinic, she lost the election, placing 13th out of 17 candidates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>She ran the following year with more on her agenda. Skinner favored dropping the city’s Human Resources Department as well as the Human Relations Commission. She stated that she was against free day care centers because day care centers would encourage women to abandon the home.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With her trademark beehive hairdo, she was a recognizable presence at public meetings. In 1974, she attracted attention at a hearing regarding Boulder’s Human Rights Ordinance and its protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Skinner presented a petition signed by over 1,500 people opposing the ordinance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Skinner suggested that, if the ordinance passed, Boulder would be renamed “Lesbian Homoville,” the Camera reported: “Mrs. Skinner claimed that passage of the ordinance would result in the transformation of Boulder into a ‘sex deviate mecca that will become as corrupt and vile as Sodom and Gomorrah and Pompeii.'”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As part of the fallout from the ordinance, Mayor Penfield Tate II and Councilman Tim Fuller faced a recall election. Skinner stood in favor of recalling Tate and Fuller for leading the city toward socialism.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Her campaign was focused on leading Boulder back toward American values. She lost her second bid for city council as well.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Equal Rights Amendment in its modern form was approved by Congress and went to the states for ratification in 1972, according to a report by the Congressional Research Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado ratified the amendment in 1972.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Skinner spoke out against the amendment. Her opposition was picked up by the United Press International news service and her opinions were printed in other newspapers. Skinner reasoned that the ERA would lead to husbands not supporting their families and women would become “criminally liable for half of the family’s income,” UPI reported.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Locally, Skinner let the Boulder Valley school board know that she was against teacher training on sex role stereotyping and she requested that League of Housewives members be allowed to participate in textbook selection.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Her conservative values were Christian-based.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“My teacher is the Holy Spirit,” she stated in a newspaper interview. She believed that “the Christian faith made this the greatest nation in the world.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Skinner began spending a couple of days a week at the state legislature promoting the League of Housewives’ policies. In 1975, she attended the opening session of the Colorado Legislature armed with chocolate chip and oatmeal cookies to persuade legislators to rescind the ratification of the ERA. At the time, both Nebraska (in 1973) and Tennessee (in 1974) had rescinded their ratifications. In February, Skinner flew to Washington, D.C., to demonstrate against the ERA in her official capacity as Assistant State Director of the League of Housewives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Skinner’s activism gradually faded away from the news. The ERA failed to be ratified by the required number of 38 states, short by 3 states, and effectively expired in 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>According to online obituary records, Skinner passed away in 2012 at the age of 93.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Ray’s Inn</h3>&#13; &#13; <h4>"Ray’s Inn was listed in the Green Book"<br />&#13; Boulder Daily Camera, February 24, 2019</h4>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/rays-inn"><img alt="Ray's Inn" src="/sites/default/files/Rays-Inn_0.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 246px; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></a>Ray’s Inn was Boulder’s only listing in “The Negro Motorist Green Book.” While many of us are inclined to associate the Green Book guide with the segregated South, the book included information on establishments in Colorado and other western and northern states.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The travel guide, published from 1936-1966, was named for its author, Victor Green, an African American postal carrier who worked in New Jersey and had experienced difficulty while traveling with his family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Green modeled his book after similar guides published for Jewish travelers. For the first edition, Green gathered information about restaurants, hotels, motels and businesses in New York City that were friendly and safe for African American travelers. He expanded to include such establishments in other states in subsequent editions. The title later changed to “The Negro Travelers Green Book,” and some special issues focused on rail and air travel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Green encouraged African American travelers to carry their Green Book with them everywhere, “as you never know when you might need it.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder’s Ray’s Inn was run by Delbert Ray, who grew up on Goss Street in an area that came to be known as “the little rectangle.” The little rectangle, now part of the Goss-Grove neighborhood, was where most African American Boulder residents lived and built homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Delbert’s father, Albert Ray, moved to Boulder from Missouri in 1914, with his wife and growing family when Delbert was 2 years old. Albert was a custodian and operated the shoeshine business in the lobby of the First National Bank in Downtown Boulder for 25 years. The Rays were well-regarded in town and served as leaders at the Second Baptist Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Rays’ son Delbert graduated from nearby Boulder High, attended college in Missouri and then returned to Boulder. He landed a job at Perry’s Shoe shop and married Annie, a woman from Texas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1946, Delbert and Annie opened Ray’s Inn at 2038 Goss Street. The couple constructed a small building on the lot in front of their home on the corner of 21st and Goss, and filled it with booths, tables and a counter for seating customers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“We will operate a clean, orderly place with the best of food, not only for the colored people but for the general public,” Delbert said in a 1946 newspaper article.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Annie knew a thing or two about southern cooking, as she had operated a restaurant in Wichita Falls, Texas, so she was in charge. Delbert soon resigned from his job at Perry’s and joined her in the restaurant’s daily operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ray’s Inn was included in The Negro Motorist Green Book beginning in 1951. (At that time, Boulder was a town of about 20,000 residents, including just 113 African Americans.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Advertisements in telephone and city directories described the casual restaurant as “A nifty place to eat,” serving home-cooked meals, steaks, southern fried chicken and pit-barbecued pork ribs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Delbert’s brother, Anthony Ray, wrote a letter, now archived at the Carnegie Library for Local History, describing Ray’s Inn. Anthony Ray recalled that Ray’s Inn “became an ‘in place’ for CU students.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After nearly a decade in the restaurant business, Delbert Ray died in 1955, and was buried in Columbia Cemetery. Annie closed the inn for a few months after Delbert’s death. She re-opened and tried to make a go of it, but ultimately Ray’s went out of business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Annie later worked at Roger’s, a restaurant on Pearl Street, according to city directories, but eventually she moved back to Texas to care for her mother. Annie died in Texas in 1979 at the age of 71.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Green wrote in his introduction to the Green Book, “There will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. That is when we as a race will have equal opportunities and privileges in the United States. It will be a great day for us to suspend this publication for then we can go wherever we please, and without embarrassment.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many editions of the Green Book have been digitized by the New York Public Library’s Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and are available online.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-daily-camera" hreflang="en">Boulder Daily Camera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carol-taylor" hreflang="en">Carol Taylor</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/carol-taylor-30569a18/">LinkedIn: Carol Taylor</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/author/carol-taylor/">Boulder Daily Camera: Carol Taylor</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 01 Aug 2019 17:57:13 +0000 admin 3055 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Silvia Pettem http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silvia-pettem <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Silvia Pettem </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2966--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2966.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/silvia-pettem"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Silvia%20Pettem_0.jpg?itok=AP65SgjX" width="1055" height="1052" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/silvia-pettem" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Silvia Pettem </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-11-27T15:11:03-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 27, 2018 - 15:11" class="datetime">Tue, 11/27/2018 - 15:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silvia-pettem" data-a2a-title="Silvia Pettem "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsilvia-pettem&amp;title=Silvia%20Pettem%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Silvia Pettem is a longtime <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a> resident who has been poking around historic sites for at least forty years. Her research and writing has evolved into two niches –– Boulder County history and missing persons/unidentified remains –– and she has authored more than a dozen books including <em>Separate Lives: The Story of Mary Rippon</em> and <em>Boulder: Evolution of a City</em>. Silvia also writes a monthly history column for the Boulder Daily Camera.</p><h2>Selected Columns</h2><p><strong>Editor’s note: These newspaper columns have been republished in their original form. The opinions expressed in them are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of </strong><em><strong>Colorado Encyclopedia</strong></em><strong>.</strong></p><h3>Mary Rippon</h3><h4>"Mary Rippon Received Posthumous Honorary Degree"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, March 26, 2006</h4><p><a href="/image/mary-rippon"><img style="border-style:solid;border-width:0px;float:left;height:301px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Mary_Rippon_1.jpg" alt="Mary Rippon" width="240" /></a>Mary Rippon was the first woman professor at the University of Colorado where she taught for thirty-one years. Many of her students went on to earn advanced degrees, but “Miss Rippon” (as she always was called) never had a degree of her own, not even a bachelor’s. That would change. At the University of Colorado’s Commencement in Boulder, in May 2006, the Regents awarded a posthumous honorary doctorate to their legendary pioneer educator.</p><p>Said Regent Cindy Carlisle, “This award is long overdue.”       </p><p>Rippon was born in Illinois in 1850. Her father died when she was a baby, her mother abandoned her, and she was passed around an extended family. When the young woman graduated from high school in 1868, she inherited money from the sale of her late father’s farm. She planned to go to the University of Illinois, but it didn’t admit women.</p><p>Instead, Rippon traveled to Europe where she ended up staying for five years. While there, she attended university classes in Germany, France, and Switzerland. She also kept in contact with her former high school chemistry teacher, Joseph Sewall.</p><p>When the University of Colorado (CU) first opened in September 1877, Sewall was its first president, and he invited Rippon to join the faculty. At the time, there was only one other professor, and the entire University was housed in one building, now called Old Main.</p><p>Rippon, then twenty-eight years old, arrived on the train in January 1878 and lived in Boulder for the rest of her life. CU has always admitted women. The new professor was well-liked and quickly became a role model to female students. Beginning in 1891, she chaired the Department of Modern Languages (later the Department of German Language and Literature).</p><p>Before long, Rippon was known as an exceptional professor who was highly revered by both students and colleagues. And she kept a low profile––for good reason.</p><p>When Rippon was thirty-seven years old, she had a romantic relationship with a twenty-five-year-old student. She and the student, Will Housel, secretly married. Their daughter, Miriam Housel, conveniently was born in Germany while Rippon took a year’s sabbatical. The couple (who never lived together as man and wife) left the baby in a European orphanage. Determined to keep her job, Rippon resumed teaching at CU as if nothing in her life had changed.</p><p>From then on, Rippon led two separate lives. In the Victorian era, married women didn’t work, as society deemed it as taking a job away from a man with a family to support. Ironically, Rippon financially supported her daughter, even after Housel remarried and was able to give their daughter a home. </p><p>Rippon retired from CU in 1909, but she remained in Boulder until her death in 1935. Her private life was known only to two close friends, even during the years that her daughter (now deceased) also taught at CU. Miriam’s son, Wilfred Rieder, announced his relationship to the university community in the 1980s. And his son, Eric Rieder, came to Boulder to accept the long-sought degree for his great-grandmother.</p><p>“Rippon shattered the glass ceilings of the day,” said Carlisle. “Not only was she a scholar and a teacher, she was a revolutionary. She was a magnet for students who were ready to break the mold.”</p><h3>Ruth Cave Flowers</h3><h4>"Ruth Cave Flowers Was an Advocate for Human Rights"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, March 8, 2001</h4><p><a href="/image/ruth-cave-flowers"><img style="float:right;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Ruth_Cave_Flower_0.jpg" alt="Ruth Cave Flowers" width="240" /></a>When the late Ruth Cave Flowers completed high school in Boulder, in 1920, her high school principal refused to give her a diploma because of her race. Even so, she was admitted to the University of Colorado, from which she graduated in 1924. Many years later, in 1977, Flowers gave the commencement address at Boulder High School and was surprised with a diploma in her name––more than a half-century overdue.</p><p>Flowers once told an interviewer that all she asked was just to be considered another human being. Growing up in Boulder wasn’t easy for an Black woman, but she persevered and was showered with accolades in her eventual teaching career.</p><p>Born in Colorado Springs, the young girl was abandoned by her father and orphaned, at age eleven, by her mother. Flowers and her sister then moved to Cripple Creek to live with their grandmother. A few years later, in 1917, they all moved to Boulder, hoping for better educational opportunities.</p><p>At the time, most members of Boulder’s Black community lived in the flood-prone area of town known as the “little rectangle,” an area bounded by Canyon Boulevard and Goss, Nineteenth, and Twenty-third streets. There, at 2019 Goss Street, the family built their home, now a Boulder city landmark.</p><p>Flowers enrolled in the State Preparatory School (forerunner of Boulder High School) while she worked in a laundry and washed dishes in a restaurant in order to support herself, her sister, and their grandmother. Even without the diploma, she had completed the required high school credits and was admitted to CU, where she became a foreign language major.</p><p>At the university, she was allowed access to her classes but was denied food service on campus. President George Norlin (who defied the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a>) heard of her determination to stay in school, and provided her with a job. He also taught Greek and may have inspired her love for the classics that she retained throughout her career.</p><p>After graduation, and fired with ambition to become an educator, Flowers moved to Washington, D.C. where she earned a doctoral degree in Romance languages. She also earned a law degree, married a lawyer, and, for a time, practiced law––but she preferred teaching. She became a language professor in colleges in both North and South Carolina.</p><p>In 1959, Flowers returned to Boulder and taught Spanish and Latin at Fairview High School. She was the first Black teacher in the Boulder Valley School District. Ten years later, Harvard University selected her as one of four outstanding teachers in America.</p><p>Former colleague and past state legislator Dorothy Rupert spoke of Flower’s “infectious love of learning” and her “strength, gentleness, and clear intellect .” </p><p>When Flowers died in 1980, she had seen a lot of changes during her lifetime. But, they weren't enough. She once stated, "I really want to see a time when we won't have to be concerned with black awareness, brown awareness, women's rights, or whatever, but simply human rights and human awareness." </p><h3>Muriel Sibel Wolle</h3><h4>"Muriel Sibel Wolle Remembered as Her Namesake Is Demolished"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, November 11, 2007</h4><p><a href="/image/muriel-sibell-wolle"><img style="float:left;height:341px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Muriel%20Sibel%20Wolle.jpg" alt="Muriel Sibell Wolle" width="240" /></a>Muriel Sibell Wolle once stated that she was “not a historian nor a writer, but an artist gone slightly berserk.” Long before most people thought about historic preservation, she sketched Colorado mining towns to create a pictorial record of their often-decaying buildings before many of them disappeared.</p><p>If the former artist and University of Colorado fine arts professor were alive today, she probably would be sketching her namesake: the Sibell Wolle Building, until recently a part of the CU campus. The aging structure was most recently used for many years by the fine arts department until its demolition, in 2008, to make way for the new Visual Arts Complex.</p><p>The red brick building originally comprised the “shops” for engineering students, who contributed to its design. Light filtered through a modified saw-tooth roof considered state-of-the-art at the time.</p><p>Muriel arrived in Boulder by train, in 1926, when the building was only eight years old. The West was new to the petite and energetic New York native. Single and 28 years old, she had studied advertising and costume design and then came to Boulder to teach art at CU. </p><p>After a visit to Central City, she stated that she felt challenged and stirred by the echoes, memories, and history of the nearly deserted gold mining town.</p><p>During the school year, Muriel taught in the classroom. She never learned to drive, but every summer eager students chauffeured her around in the mountains where she made rough pencil sketches. She drew quickly, on the scene, then took her sketches home where she completed them with black crayon and occasionally water colors.</p><p>Her finished drawings were representative rather than detailed. Her intent, she wrote, was to “catch the mood and quality of the town... with a sympathetic and dramatic interpretation.”</p><p>Although Muriel’s first objective was to get the deteriorating buildings down on paper, she realized that she needed to record the towns’ histories, as well. Her first book, titled Ghost Cities of Colorado, depicted the towns of Central City, Black Hawk, and Nevadaville. The next year she published Cloud Cities of Colorado, primarily on Leadville.</p><p>Muriel married Francis Wolle (a CU English professor), then wrote, under the name of Wolle, her most popular book, Stampede to Timberline. It was first published in 1949 and has become the “Bible” of Colorado ghost town books. It’s still in print today and covers much on Boulder County.</p><p>By the time of the book’s release, Muriel was the head of the fine arts department, a position she held until her retirement in 1966. Within a year of her death in 1977, she was honored by the university as one of three “alumni of the century .” </p><p>Muriel Sibell Wolle is not likely to be forgotten. The bulk of her collection of drawings is located in the Denver Public Library. Also, some of the materials in the Sibell Wolle Fine Arts Building will be recycled in the building that replaced it. But those who want to remember the building as it was –– if they didn’t sketch it themselves –– will have to settle for old photographs. </p><h3>George Morrison</h3><h4>"Jazz Musician Morrison Got His Start in Boulder County"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, December 12, 2002</h4><p><a href="/image/george-morrison"><img style="float:right;height:339px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/George_Morrison.jpg" alt="George Morrison " width="240" /></a>George Morrison was only 9 years old in 1900 when he moved to Boulder with his mother, brothers, and sisters. Talent had come naturally to the youngest of 14 in a Missouri-born musical family. Before long, George and his brothers formed the Morrison Brothers String Band. It got its start in the mining camps west of Boulder</p><p>To earn money for guitar and violin lessons, Morrison worked in the kitchen of the Boulder’s Delta Tau Delta fraternity house and also took a job as a shoeshine boy in a Pearl Street barber shop. He later outshined his brothers and became a renowned jazz musician.</p><p>According to a newspaper interview from years ago, the naive, but eager, country boys slid up and down the dangerous canyon roads in a horse and buggy, playing in any kind of building they could find. By 1914, the band was renamed the Morrison Orchestra and had a local manager named Lester Rinehart. Notices in the Boulder Daily Camera often announced, “Music by the Morrison Brothers of Boulder” or advertised “dances by Rinehart and his colored company.”</p><p>On many occasions, these dances were held in the schoolhouses of Salina, Sunset, Gold Hill, and Sugar Loaf. Popular tunes at the time were “Silver Threads Among the Gold” and “After the Ball.” When the Morrison Brothers didn’t have a formal engagement, they played for donations on Pearl Street, just as street musicians do today. </p><p>Morrison eventually played in jazz bands all over the country and in Europe, but he fiddled away the better part of his career in Denver. For several years, he directed an orchestra at Denver’s Albany Hotel. In 1919, he and his band went to New York and made a series of recordings for Columbia Records.</p><p>In his later life, Morrison taught, composed, and arranged music, and he especially enjoyed arranging popular tunes for a full orchestra. He was said to have played late into the night, and then he would get up early on Sunday mornings to sing in his church choir.</p><p>In 1970, the late George Morrison told a Daily Camera reporter that he had always wanted to be a concert violinist, but he was barred from a career in a symphony orchestra because he was an African American. One of the conductors of the Denver Symphony even told him, “I’d have you as my concert master if you were a white man.”</p><p>One of Morrison’s protégés was Paul Whiteman, a white musician who was dubbed the “King of Jazz.” Ironically, Morrison later was called “the black Paul Whiteman.” Morrison, who died of cancer in 1974 at the age of eighty-three, included Jelly Roll Morton, Scott Joplin, and Duke Ellington among his friends.</p><p>If you would like to see one of the venues where George Morrison and his brothers got their start, take Boulder Canyon to Four Mile Canyon and turn right on Gold Run Road until you reach the Salina Schoolhouse. The restored building dates from 1885 and looks the same as when the Morrison Brothers played there many years ago.</p><h3>Andrew J. Macky</h3><h4>"Andrew J. Macky Was a Self-made Man"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, July 1, 2007</h4><p><a href="/image/andrew-j-macky-was-self-made-man"><img style="float:left;height:338px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Andrew_J_Macky%20.jpg" alt="Andrew J. Macky " width="480" /></a>Members of the University of Colorado Board of Regents recently resurrected a resolution passed nearly a century ago to place a wreath every year on the grave of Andrew J. Macky in Columbia Cemetery. Before the Boulder benefactor died in June 1907 he had willed his considerable estate to CU for the construction of Macky Auditorium.</p><p>According to the 1908 regents’ minutes, the wreath was meant as a gesture of appreciation for Macky’s generosity. But the Boulder pioneer left more to Boulder than his money and his name. He was a self-made man who worked hard to achieve the wealth that he ultimately gave away.</p><p>Macky had arrived in Colorado Territory in 1859 as one of a Wisconsin party of young men, all eager to strike it rich in Colorado’s gold rush. They searched for gold but got discouraged and decided to find other ways to make their livings.</p><p>Some of the men, including Macky, ended up in Boulder. When Macky arrived, the town was merely a cluster of log cabins. As a skilled carpenter, he built and lived in Boulder’s first frame house, then on the northeast corner of Pearl and 14th streets.</p><p>At the time, Macky’s house was the largest and nicest building in Boulder, so he made it available for court sessions, public meetings, and dances. For eight years, he ran the post office out of his home and served as postmaster. In 1866, he built Boulder’s first commercial brick building. Neither of these buildings are still standing today.</p><p>Before long, Macky emerged as a community leader and served on the school board. He also became town clerk and treasurer, justice of the peace, and clerk of the district court. He found time to marry and adopt a daughter, and he became active in several fraternal organizations, as well as the Boulder County Pioneers and the Association of Colorado Pioneers.</p><p>By the 1870s, Boulder County’s gold and silver discoveries began to pour money into the local economy. Macky helped to organize the First National Bank of Boulder in 1877. Eight years later, he became its president.</p><p>Macky also, on his own, provided investors with high-interest short-term loans. He was part owner of the Boulder Milling and Elevator Company and was secretary and treasurer of the company that platted and sold real estate on Mapleton Hill.  </p><p>At the age of 68, Boulder’s then-richest resident parted with some of his accumulated wealth when he paid the then exorbitant price of $1,345 for one of Boulder’s first automobiles, a 1902 Mobile Steamer. </p><p>Two years after Macky’s death, the University broke ground for the auditorium that would bear his name. The cornerstone was laid a year later, but his adopted daughter contested the will and delayed construction. The building was in use in 1912, but the offices and the 2,600-seat auditorium were not completely finished until 1922.</p><p>Macky did well in his life, but he had never had a university education. At the time of the auditorium’s completion, a reporter for a CU publication wrote that Macky “was among those rare persons who are willing to give their all that others might enjoy privileges that they had been denied.”</p><h3>Byron White</h3><h4>"Byron White Was CU’s Favorite Son"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, November 5, 2006</h4><p><a href="/image/byron-white-was-cu-favorite-son"><img style="float:right;height:330px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Byron_White%20.jpg" alt="Byron White" width="480" /></a>At a University of Colorado football game a sports writer noted that Byron White “seemed to whiz by people.” Before long, the star player had became known as “Whizzer.” Now deceased, the Colorado-born athlete and scholar never slowed down until he had served three decades in the U.S. Supreme Court. He excelled both on and off the field, continuing the pattern throughout the eighty-four years of his life.</p><p>“Byron is the ideal athlete,” wrote the athletic editor of CU’s yearbook in 1938. “A more modest and unassuming young man there never was. But above all these achievements stands Byron himself, a man of strong character.”</p><p>White grew up in the small town of Wellington, near Fort Collins. As a child he worked in the sugar beet fields, then helped his father who owned a lumber yard. After a public school education, White entered CU as an economics major and played basketball and baseball, as well as football.</p><p>At the close of the 1937 football season, CU’s team was untied and unbeaten. On New Years Day 1938, the newly named Buffaloes played Rice University in the Cotton Bowl, in Dallas. Even though CU lost the game, White was considered the most popular football player in the country. Stated a reporter, “He was as glorious in defeat as he had been in victory.”</p><p>The following spring, White graduated first in his class of 1938 of which he was president. He had earned a Rhodes scholarship to England’s Oxford University, but he postponed his graduate school education to sign on with the Pittsburgh Steelers. </p><p>The next year, White did begin his law studies at Oxford, but he returned to the United States, where he entered Yale Law School. Then he interrupted his education again to earn his tuition by playing for the Detroit Lions. Fellow players remembered him leaving practice with his law books under his arm.</p><p>Although his professional career lasted just three seasons, he was named to the National Football Hall of Fame.</p><p>White became a Naval intelligence officer in World War II and then returned to Yale and graduated magna cum laude in November 1946. That same year, in Boulder, he married Marion Stearns, daughter of then CU president Robert Stearns. After a year in Washington, he practiced law in Denver for fourteen years.</p><p>In 1962, President John Kennedy chose White as his first Supreme Court nominee. White was known to back strong law-and-order decisions and cast votes sympathetic to the civil rights movement. He retired in 1993 and was replaced by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.</p><p>CU hasn’t forgotten its favorite son. White was the inaugural inductee in the CU Athletic Hall of Fame. His jersey, number 24, is on display with photos and other memorabilia in the Heritage Center Museum on the third floor of Old Main on the CU campus.</p><p>A reporter once called White a “warm guy with a good sense of humor” and added that he didn’t care for the spotlight. Apparently, he didn’t care for “Whizzer” either. Whenever his secretary was questioned on its spelling, she was told to respond, “B-Y-R-O-N.”</p><h3>Scott Carpenter</h3><h4>"Rocket Ship Honors Hometown Hero Scott Carpenter"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, May 18, 2008</h4><p><a href="/image/rocket-ship-honors-hometown-hero-scott-carpenter"><img style="float:left;height:413px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/Rocket_Ship.jpg" alt="Playground Rocket Ship " width="240" /></a>Every day, children at Scott Carpenter Park climb on a piece of playground equipment designed to look like a rocket ship. Originally, the tower-like structure was planned for the summit of a play area to be called Moon Mountain, designed to acknowledge astronaut Scott Carpenter. The Boulder native orbited the Earth three times in May 1962.</p><p>Few of the kids running around the playground today know the history and background of the rocket ship, but its significance has been documented in a photography exhibit titled “Once Upon a Playground,” displayed in 2008 at the Dairy Center for the Arts.</p><p>According to Boulder Daily Camera articles from 1966, the large proposed space-themed playground was designed by Sam L. Huddleston of Denver. As originally planned, it would have included a third of an acre of concrete-covered forms, complete with a climbing area and slides meant to simulate the surface of the moon. The “moonscape” was envisioned with caves, tunnels, craters, and spires and even a “control center with sitting space for mothers.”</p><p>After Carpenter’s historic flight, the city of Boulder gave its native son a welcome-home ceremony, temporarily displaying a model of his Aurora 7 Mercury Spacecraft on Pearl Street in front of the Boulder County Courthouse. </p><p>While Moon Mountain was in the planning stages, city officials tried, unsuccessfully, to gain permanent possession of the space capsule and place that, too, in the park.</p><p>In 1967, the Boulder City Council approved architect Huddleston’s plans, but funding for the complete Moon Mountain project quickly became controversial. Opponents argued that funds could be better spent on acquiring park land or initiating more park planting.  Others feared that too much concrete would destroy the natural beauty of the area.</p><p>Parks and Recreation Director Dwain Miller, however, called the Moon Mountain proposal “a delight to children” and “unique and appropriate for a park named in honor of Scott Carpenter.” The astronaut was born in Boulder in 1925 and had graduated from both Boulder High School and the University of Colorado.</p><p>The city’s budget got scaled down, and the originally designed space-theme playground never materialized. Instead, only a few pieces of playground equipment were installed, including a “satellite climber” and a “radar tower and slide,” both donated to the city by the American Association of University Women.</p><p>Of the original proposal, the only surviving piece was the twenty-six-foot, four-level rocket ship. City councilman John Buechner and Parks and Recreation Advisory Board member Albert Bartlett, with their wives and children, were among those who gathered for the dedication on a chilly fall day in October 1970. The project’s total cost, including landscaping, came to $38,000, with half of the funds coming from the United States Department of Interior’s Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.</p><p>The photo of the Scott Carpenter Park rocket ship that was displayed was part of an exhibit on Colorado vintage playground equipment. Photographer Brenda Biondo used the opportunity to capture unique views of several well-loved childhood artifacts, many of which are fast disappearing from the American landscape.</p><p>Hopefully, the rocket ship honoring Boulder’s hometown hero will survive for more many more years.</p><h3>Boulder Counterculture</h3><h4>"Boulder Called a Counterculture Haven in 1980"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, May 25, 2008</h4><p><a href="/image/boulder-called-counterculture-haven-1980"><img style="float:right;height:288px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/2023-12/Counterculture_Haven.jpg" alt="Boulder drug busts" width="480" /></a>A few years ago, a New York Times Sunday Magazine article on Boulder described the city as “25 square miles surrounded by reality” and a “heaven on earth” for latte-lovers and others. It was not the first time that the national media has splashed the city’s image in clichés.</p><p>In July 1980, Newsweek magazine published an article on Boulder titled, “Where the Hip Meet to Trip.” The magazine’s writers described the city as one giant fern bar, a haven for the counterculture, and a place where “dropouts drop in.”</p><p>Instead of the recent focus on a lean, keen, and green population, the 1980 article concentrated on a perception of rampant drug use by local residents. According to the national magazine writers, Boulder had become so “hedonistic and laid-back” that it was in danger of becoming “strung-out.”</p><p>City officials were outraged. Mayor Ruth Correll and City Manager Robert Westdyke carefully crafted a letter to Newsweek’s editor, but only part of the letter was published in a subsequent issue.</p><p>Instead, the image of Boulder that magazine subscribers across the country read was the one given by a twenty-six-year-old real-estate salesman who described what was, for him, a typical Friday afternoon. “Male goes to the Harvest House [now the Millennium Harvest House Hotel] for female in Danskin top, short shorts, and impenetrable sun glasses,” he told a reporter. “Goes home and shoves 2.5 grams of coke up her nose and pops as many Flight 714 Quaaludes as necessary for an evening of sexual bliss.”</p><p>Another resident, a computer salesman, said he could “smoke dope anywhere and live a mellow uptown life.” In reference to the jail––then located in the Boulder County Justice Center––the article claimed that the winos all but beg to be busted, “the better to enjoy the volley ball clinic and savor the gourmet chow.”</p><p>Newsstands in Boulder quickly sold out of Newsweek. The depiction of Boulder as a drug center was controversial, with some residents in agreement with at least the tone of the article, while others were adamantly opposed. The Boulder Daily Camera solicited written comments and sent the letters in one large packet to the Newsweek editor. </p><p>The magazine published three paragraphs of Correll and Westdyke’s comments on the story’s blatant errors. They adamantly stated that neither the Boulder City Council nor the Boulder Police Department was, as reported, “dominated by former radicals.” And although nude swimming and sunbathing was allowed at Coot Lake, the Boulder representatives were quick to point out that “public nudity per se” was not illegal, and the lake was not near a school.</p><p>Environmental policies and growth management were the only stated topics that met Correll and Westdyke’s approval. Their rebuttal was published without their first sentence which read:</p><p>The factual inaccuracies and misleading innuendoes in your report on Boulder, Colorado, are shocking and disappointing to find in a national news publication which millions of Americans accept on faith as being fair and comprehensive in its coverage.</p><p>One Boulder local, however, whose letter was published, wrote that he was “screaming with laughter,” and that the story “needed to be told .” </p><h3>KKK</h3><h4>"KKK’s intimidation and bigotry didn’t sit well with Boulder residents"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, August 26, 2018</h4><p>In 1922, when more than 200 hooded and robed members of the Ku Klux Klan, in 63 automobiles, slowly drove down Pearl Street, a Daily Camera reporter called them “a mysterious shrouded mass.” Even the license plates on their cars were blacked out.</p><p>That same year, the Klan held its first initiation in Boulder. But the secret society’s presence in the city was short-lived, as its intimidation and bigotry didn’t sit well with the local residents. </p><p>“The Ku Kluxers didn’t hurt anyone or destroy property, but they scared people,” stated the late Gertrude Dunning. In an interview in 2000, the then-91-year-old Boulder resident explained that, as a teenager, she and her boyfriend had witnessed one of the KKK’s outdoor evening assemblies from a distance and from the safety of their car.</p><p>Boulder’s Klan meetings were held in various locations along the foothills. Some were reported west of Dakota Ridge, while others were “north of Boulder,” probably in the vicinity of Linden Avenue or Lee Hill Road.</p><p>Although most Klan members kept their identities secret, some Boulder businesses went public in their endorsements. One dry cleaner advertised “Klothing Karefully Kleaned,” while a local grocery store’s slogan was “Kash and Karry.”</p><p>Outspoken Daily Camera editor L.C. Paddock goaded the Klan whenever he could and referred to them as the “Komic Kapers Klub.” In its own briefly published newspaper, the Klan struck back by calling the Camera “the Daily, yet weakly, Clamera.”</p><p>In 1924, after the Klan burned a 53-foot cross on Flagstaff Mountain, Paddock wrote, “Five carloads of men attended the rite (or wrong).” The blaze fizzled out after it starting raining, but it had been visible on the plains for miles.</p><p>Although the Klan’s original, post-Civil War, focus had been white supremacy, its basically Protestant members, in the 1920s, turned their opposition to Catholics and Jews. Boulder’s only Catholic church at the time was Sacred Heart. Some of its members found burning crosses on their front lawns.</p><p> Meanwhile, the city only had a few Jewish residents, and Boulder had no synagogues, at all, at the time.</p><p>The Klan’s intolerance of Catholic and Jewish religious groups was more pronounced at the state level. By 1924, the Klan had infiltrated the Colorado state legislature. That same year, Denver judge Clarence J. Morley was elected as Colorado’s governor, serving one term, from 1925 to 1927.</p><p>As a Klan member, Morley was said to have taken orders from the Klan’s “Grand Dragon,” John Locke.</p><p>One of Locke’s orders went to University of Colorado President George Norlin whom he told to rid CU’s faculty of Catholics and Jews (if any). Norlin stood up to the Klan and refused. During Governor Morley’s term, the University received little or no funds from the Klan-controlled state legislature. </p><p>Boulder’s “Klavern No. 3,” as the local group was called, voted to dissolve in 1925. The following year, the Klan lost its strong grip on Colorado politics when the federal government investigated the “Grand Dragon” for income tax evasion. </p><p>“It was exciting while it lasted,” added Dunning, who came from a Catholic family. “There wasn’t much else to talk about in Boulder at the time.”</p><h3>Women Voters</h3><h4>"Appeals made to women voters–in 1894"<br />Boulder Daily Camera, October 28, 2012</h4><p><a href="/image/appeals-made-women-voters-1894"><img style="float:right;height:351px;margin:5px;" src="/sites/default/files/women_voters.jpg" alt="Women voters" width="240" /></a>Today’s politicians place a lot of importance on courting different segments of the voting public, and that includes women. The same was true in 1894, when women in Boulder and in the rest of Colorado went to the polls for the first time.</p><p>Although 1894 was not a presidential election year (that would come two years later when William McKinley was voted into office), newspaper editors in the days leading up to election day made a concerted effort to encourage, educate, and influence women voters.</p><p>At the time, Colorado (and Wyoming, even during its territorial days) was way ahead of the rest of the country. Women’s suffrage had been voted down in 1877, but it passed in 1893, a full 27 years before the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted women all over the country the right to vote.</p><p>In October 1894, the Boulder Daily Camera was full of advice, assuring women that their votes were their own. Editorials explained that each voting place would be set off by railings, preventing those outside the rails from approaching within six feet of the ballot box.</p><p>Women, however, were given mixed messages. One editorial claimed that the Populist Party, more than any other, favored enfranchising women. Although told to vote their convictions, women were expected to “feel kindly” toward the party responsible for their new-found rights. </p><p>The female “novices” also were told that inside individual booths, they would be provided with pens, ink, and blotting paper.  They also were instructed that they “must use ink and be careful to blot it,” so that no other marks, other than their choices for offices, would mar the paper ballots.</p><p>Meanwhile, Kate Field, a Washington, D.C.-based writer, was the editor of a national political publication titled Kate Field’s Washington. Even though her residence made her unable to cast her own ballot, she exerted her influence by urging women of Colorado to think and to vote.</p><p>In 1894, the big Colorado race was for governor. The Daily Camera endorsed the Populist Party’s candidate, incumbent David Waite. Three thousand men, women, and children gathered on the lawn of the Boulder County Courthouse, where they patiently listened to his two-hour speech.</p><p>On election day, the Daily Camera reported that Boulder women were well-organized in getting their fellow citizens to the polls. Of the women, a writer noted, “They drove the carriages or ordered them, they knew where their voters were, they got them out, and in every respect developed political energy and talent of high order.”</p><p>Boulder County’s vote went mostly for Waite, the Populist Party candidate. Elsewhere in the state, others voted for the Democratic and Prohibitionist candidates, but Republican Albert McIntire won the state by a landslide.</p><p>According to a publication of the Non-Partisan Colorado Equal Suffrage Association, one of the early arguments against granting women the right to vote had been that it would rob them of their “essential womanliness .” </p><p>Field, in her article, countered that argument by insisting that Colorado women exercise their new right. “You cannot afford to make mistakes,” she wrote. “Your sex is on trial .” </p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/missing-persons" hreflang="en">missing persons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-daily-camera" hreflang="en">Boulder Daily Camera</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-rippon" hreflang="en">Mary Rippon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.silviapettem.com/">Silvia Pettem, author website</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 27 Nov 2018 22:11:03 +0000 yongli 2967 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hotel Boulderado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hotel-boulderado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hotel Boulderado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2922--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2922.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hotel-boulderado-boulder"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hotel-Boulderado-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=LRpTxoNZ" width="1000" height="986" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hotel-boulderado-boulder" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hotel Boulderado, Boulder</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Completed in 1908, Hotel Boulderado was seen as a necessary addition—both practically and culturally—to the growing city of Boulder.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-22T15:33:29-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 22, 2018 - 15:33" class="datetime">Tue, 05/22/2018 - 15:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hotel-boulderado" data-a2a-title="Hotel Boulderado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhotel-boulderado&amp;title=Hotel%20Boulderado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Hotel Boulderado is located at 2115 Thirteenth Street in <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>. Since opening its doors in 1909, it has stood as a luxury hotel and community-gathering place as well as a statement of civic pride. The hotel was built by the Boulder Hotel Company, a joint enterprise sponsored by the Boulder community, and purchased by the Hutson Hotel Company in 1940. It continues to function as a hotel today, and includes several bars and restaurants.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Planning and Construction</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The city of Boulder was founded in 1859 to serve nearby mining camps during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. When surface <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold deposits</strong></a> began to run dry, many residents either moved elsewhere or turned to agriculture to make a living. Railways began to reach the city in 1873, and Boulderites founded the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> in 1876. Boulder became known as a sophisticated and cultured city, but citizens realized that they needed to invest in civic infrastructure to ensure that Boulder would continue to prosper.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 the growing community of Boulder envisioned a grand hotel that would express civic pride and secure future social and economic development. To raise money for the project, the Boulder Commercial Association sold stocks publicly at $100 per share instead of relying on a single wealthy investor. The community responded enthusiastically, seeing the future hotel as an investment to entice railway expansion, draw visitors and business, and encourage population growth in the city. By April 1906, the community had raised $75,000. The hotel they envisioned would not be the first in the area, but it would be the grandest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The subscribers who had invested in the project incorporated the Boulder Hotel Company for $100,000 and elected prominent businessman James Moorhead as company president. Major decisions about the new hotel were made democratically by the local community, as stockholders voted on the hotel's site, name, and design.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Construction of the Hotel Boulderado started in October 1906. William Redding, Floyd Redding, and James Cowie of local architectural firm Redding &amp; Son modeled the building after San Francisco's Palace Hotel. They designed a rectangular hotel that was five stories tall, with a red sandstone foundation, thick brick walls (built four bricks deep for stability and insulation), and a wood and asphalt roof. The exterior mixed Italian Renaissance elements such as impressive towers and tall, narrow windows with Mission/Spanish Revival features such as a central courtyard, curvilinear gables, and arched fourth-floor windows. Inside, a stunning Italian stained-glass ceiling covered the interior lobby and mezzanine. Guests had the option of riding an Otis electric elevator for easy access to the top floors, or they could climb a cantilevered cherrywood staircase.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The ornate hotel took almost three years to build. In 1908, as construction neared completion, the Boulder Hotel Company leased management of the building to Wallace and Sons. The hotel finally opened for business on January 1, 1909, offering its seventy-five rooms for $1.00–$2.50 a night. The fifth floor was completed in 1910. At the time Hotel Boulderado was the largest and most luxurious hotel in Boulder.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ownership and Operation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hotel Boulderado quickly became known for its luxurious accommodations and beautiful construction. Business was seasonal, peaking in the summer months and declining in the winter. Many notable guests stayed in the establishment, including <a href="/article/enos-mills"><strong>Enos Mills</strong></a>, Clarence Darrow, Billy Sunday, Hellen Keller, Robert Frost, and Louis Armstrong.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder citizens and visitors alike used the hotel for more than just temporary stays. Some tourists who stayed there later moved to Boulder, contributing to the city's growth. In addition, the hotel became one of Boulder’s most prominent social centers, hosting weekly meetings for service groups such as the Lions, Rotary, and Kiwanis Clubs as well as dances and other social functions. Salesmen displayed their goods in “sample rooms” on the fifth floor, and entrepreneurs Florence Molloy and Mabel MacLeay operated their taxi service from the hotel. Four stores operated on the ground level of the hotel facing Spruce Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In October 1917, Wallace and Sons transferred Hotel Boulderado's lease to F. F. Thatcher, who soon became ill and transferred his lease to Hugh Mark. Meanwhile, in 1921 the Boulder Hotel Company elected principal stockholder C. G. Buckingham to the position of president. Business continued to grow throughout the 1920s, allowing the Boulder Hotel Company to retire its debt in 1925 and pay stockholders their first dividends in 1929.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hotel Boulderado hit a rocky patch during the Great Depression, which resulted in many empty rooms. In 1934 Hugh Mark passed away, and J. O. Baker and W. B. Pope took over hotel operations. In 1940 company president C. G. Buckingham died and his nephew C. E. Buckingham took over. Community ownership of the hotel ended later that year, when the Hutson Hotel Company bought the building and the Boulder Hotel Company was dissolved. William Hutson and his son, William Jr., were able to invest more capital into the hotel and improved the structure through a series of renovations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although national Prohibition had ended in 1933, the city of Boulder extended the ban on liquor sales well into the twentieth century. In 1969 the Catacombs Restaurant and Bar opened in the basement of Hotel Boulderado, becoming the first establishment to serve liquor in Boulder after Prohibition was repealed in the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recent Renovations and Use</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1980–82 a major remodeling project converted many of the Hotel Boulderado's smaller rooms into two-room suites, reducing the number of hotel rooms in the main building to forty-two. In 1985 and 1989, two annexes designed by the architectural firm Junge Reich Magee were built northwest of the hotel and connected to the original building by second-story walkways, bringing the number of rooms up to 160.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Hotel Boulderado continues to operate as a luxury hotel, conference center, and community-gathering place. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 and is also a City of Boulder landmark and member of the Historic Hotels of America. In 2017 owner Frank Day began a series of renovations to restore and modernize Hotel Boulderado to remain competitive with newer hotels in the city.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hotel-boulderado" hreflang="en">hotel boulderado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-hotels" hreflang="en">boulder hotels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louis-armstrong" hreflang="en">louis armstrong</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-frost" hreflang="en">robert frost</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-keller" hreflang="en">helen keller</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 4th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://historichotelboulderado.blogspot.com/2009/10/bill-and-winnie-hutson.html">Bill and Winnie Hutson</a>,” Hotel Boulderado Blogspot, (October 2, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Trust for Historic Preservation, <a href="https://www.boulderado.com/resourcefiles/pdf/historybrochureresized.pdf">Hotel Boulderado: Back in Time</a> (n.d.).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Silvia Pettem, “<a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/94001226.pdf">Hotel Boulderado</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jerd Smith, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2016/12/16/at-boulders-hotel-boulderado-making-whats-old-new-again/">At Boulder's Hotel Boulderado Making What's Old New</a><u>,</u>” <em>Daily Camera, </em>December 17, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Hotel Boulderado History</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 May 2018 21:33:29 +0000 yongli 2920 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Longmont http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longmont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2864--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2864.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fourth-main-c-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Longmont-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=c31hYTft" width="1000" height="581" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fourth-main-c-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fourth &amp; Main, c. 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This photograph looks south at the intersection of Main Street and Fourth Avenue in Longmont around 1900. The post office (marked at right behind the McFarland's Dry Goods sign) dated to the city's founding in the early 1870s. Many of the brick buildings in this photo still stand today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-11T13:09:01-07:00" title="Monday, December 11, 2017 - 13:09" class="datetime">Mon, 12/11/2017 - 13:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0" data-a2a-title="Longmont"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flongmont-0&amp;title=Longmont"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Longmont is a city of about 92,000 along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> in eastern <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a>. Named after the prominent <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> to the west, the city was founded in 1871 by members of the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a>, near the confluence of Left Hand and St. Vrain Creeks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After its founding, Longmont quickly developed into an agricultural hub where local farmers and ranchers brought produce to be processed and shipped out on rail lines. Beginning in the 1960s, the Longmont economy diversified to include high-tech and other industries, and the population swelled to 71,000 by 2000. Today, even though agriculture is more a part of Longmont’s past than its present or future, the city maintains a hard-working, industrious spirit, with a large population of blue-collar and service industry workers and a thriving artist and professional class.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The sheltered and well-watered region along Colorado’s Front Range has drawn human populations for millennia, as far back as the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom peoples</strong></a> about 12,000 years ago or earlier. By the nineteenth century, the <strong>Arapaho</strong> and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> people lived in the area, making winter camp near the sites of present-day cities such as <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and <a href="/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. Left Hand Creek is named for the Arapaho leader <a href="/article/left-hand-niwot"><strong>Niwot</strong></a>, or “Left Hand,” who encountered the first white prospectors in what became Boulder County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Creek, Longmont’s other main waterway, was named after <strong>Ceran St. Vrain</strong>, a fur trader of French descent who came to the area in the early nineteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Beginnings at Burlington</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 brought thousands of white settlers to the Front Range. The first to settle near present-day Longmont were prospector Alonzo Allen and his seventeen-year-old stepson, <a href="/article/william-h-dickens"><strong>William Henry Dickens</strong></a>, who in 1860 built a cabin on the south bank of St. Vrain Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1862 Allen and Dickens filed for adjacent <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteads</strong></a> on St. Vrain Creek. Allen’s cabin was located near a convenient ford of the creek, so it soon became a stage stop and post office. Allen’s wife, Mary, arrived in 1863, and they set up a tavern and inn that served passengers on stage routes between <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Laramie, Wyoming. A small settlement of 150 took shape around Allen’s stage stop and was named Burlington. The community added a school in 1864 and a newspaper in 1871, but frequent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a> stunted its growth.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Chicago-Colorado Colony</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870, with the goal of establishing an agricultural community in what was then <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. A committee headed by former lumberman Seth Terry and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a> arrived in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in January 1871 to search for a suitable location for the colony. Byers, along with the group’s secretary, Cyrus N. Pratt, were investors in the <strong>Denver Pacific Railway</strong> and wanted the colony to buy land from the railroad.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <strong>Union Colony</strong>, Terry bought 23,000 acres near the Burlington settlement from the Denver Pacific’s National Land Company. In early March 1871, Terry led a group of about 250 settlers to the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Terry surveyed and platted a town, naming it Longmont after the stunning view of Longs Peak to the west. The colonists immediately set to work digging ditches and building homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the Union Colony, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was envisioned as an agricultural utopia where colonists would farm the land and share the benefits of their work. Temperance was written into the colony’s constitution although it was quickly challenged, and saloons became legal as early as 1873. The colonists had plans for churches, parks, a library, a college, and even a county courthouse, as they hoped to take over the county seat from <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont never became the county seat, but many of the colonists’ other plans quickly came to fruition. The city’s first church, the United Methodist, was founded in 1871. Lake Park, one of Colorado’s earliest public parks, was completed just west of Main Street that same year. The park was supposed to hold a lake, but it was eventually filled in and made into a horse racing track. Elizabeth Thompson, a wealthy East Coast philanthropist, financed the construction of Colorado’s first public library in Longmont in 1871. The library doubled as the city’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growing City</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont absorbed the older community of Burlington in 1871 and incorporated in 1873. The Chicago-Colorado Colony all but dissolved with Longmont’s incorporation. That year the <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> arrived from <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, allowing Longmont to ship farm products to miners in the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Some of the Burlington homesteaders became leading citizens of Longmont, the most famous being <a href="/article/william-h-dickens"><strong>William Henry Dickens</strong></a>. He built the <a href="/article/dickens-opera-house"><strong>Dickens Opera House</strong></a> at Third Avenue and Main Street in 1881, which served for decades as the social hub of the city, hosting not only concerts, plays, and operas but also dances, club meetings, political rallies, and other events. Among other ventures, Dickens also founded Farmers National Bank, which helped local farmers secure funds for land and farm equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A year after Dickens built his opera house, the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad arrived in Longmont, giving the city its second rail line and easier access to markets in Chicago, Kansas, and elsewhere.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1887 entrepreneur Thomas Callahan and his wife Alice arrived and opened a dry goods store on Main Street called the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule was immediately successful, and Callahan soon opened other locations throughout the Front Range and Wyoming. In 1892 the Callahans acquired and improved the large mansion at the corner of Third Avenue and Terry Street, now known as the <a href="/article/callahan-house"><strong>Callahan House</strong></a>. Meanwhile, the local Presbyterian synod built Longmont’s first college on East Sixth Avenue in 1886, but only had enough money to complete one building, now known as <a href="/article/longmont-college-landmark"><strong>The Landmark</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Longmont developed, pro- and anti-drink crowds battled over temperance. Saloons were first allowed in Longmont in 1873, but liquor was periodically banned and allowed between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado enacted statewide prohibition. During these decades, the<em> Longmont Ledger</em>, a weekly newspaper dating to 1877, was one of the loudest voices for temperance, while the <em>Longmont Call</em>, founded in 1893, defended saloons. The situation became so heated that in 1903 a group of pro-liquor Longmontians moved north and established the new town of Rosedale, also known as North Longmont. Rosedale welcomed not only saloons but also gambling and prostitution. After a lengthy and controversial annexation process, Longmont officially absorbed Rosedale in 1913. Legal booze finally won out in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agricultural Hub</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont had a flour mill as early as 1872, but its days as a processing center for local produce were only beginning. In 1889 Denver businessman John Empson opened the <a href="/article/kuner-empson-cannery"><strong>Empson Cannery</strong></a> in Longmont and began buying up local farmland to grow vegetables. The cannery helped anchor the city’s growing economy, and in 1891 Empson’s money and canned pumpkin helped make Longmont’s first annual Pumpkin Pie Days a success. Empson’s company became one of the leading producers of canned peas in the world, and in the 1920s, it merged with the successful Kuner Pickle Company of Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont’s economy received another major boost when the city gained a sugar beet factory in 1903. City trustee Frank M. Downer led the campaign for the factory. He formed the Longmont Sugar Company, and local businessman Henry O. Havemeyer agreed to provide funds for the plant. With Thomas Callahan supplying the bricks, the Longmont beet factory was built just southeast of downtown. At the time of its completion, it was the largest beet factory in Colorado, employing more than 700 men, women, and children.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At its peak, the factory processed 3,650 tons of beets and produced more than one million pounds of sugar per day. The Longmont Sugar Company was soon acquired by the Great Western Sugar Company, the agricultural titan that dominated the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> in Colorado for nearly seven decades.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beet farms needed labor, and Longmont’s sugar beet boom brought hundreds of newcomers from all parts of the world. Germans from Russia joined Japanese and Mexican families that either worked in the beet fields or set up farms of their own.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1900 the US census recorded no one with a Spanish surname living in Longmont, but by 1920 the city had thirty-one households headed by a person with a Spanish last name. Great Western built a small <em>colonia</em>—a cluster of barely adequate company houses—near its factory, and Latino beet workers spent winters there until the 1940s. In 1907 German Russians established Longmont’s first German-speaking church, the Evangelical Lutheran. The first generation of Japanese farmers in the St. Vrain valley arrived between 1915 and 1920. One prominent early Japanese farmer was Goroku Kanemoto, who moved his family to a large farm near Terry Lake in 1919.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As one of the most prosperous agricultural hubs in Colorado, Longmont enjoyed continued growth even during the <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> and <strong>Great Depression</strong>, events that hollowed out other farm communities. In 1934 some 380 of Boulder County’s 1,500 farms reported crop failure, yet the city’s population kept rising, reaching 7,406 by 1940.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Diversification and Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Continued growth through the postwar years gave way to economic diversification in the 1960s and 1970s. State Highway 119 between Boulder and Longmont was paved and straightened in 1960, allowing more Longmont residents to commute to university and other non-farming jobs in Boulder. The US government built an air traffic control center in Longmont in 1962 and IBM added a large facility southwest of the city in 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the ranks of commuters grew and government and tech jobs arrived, agricultural and industrial jobs dried up. Outdated equipment and infrastructure forced the Kuner-Empson cannery to close in 1970 and decades of corporate mismanagement led to the closure of the Longmont sugar factory in 1977.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Economic transformation proved to be a boon for Longmont, as the city’s population exploded from 11,489 in 1960 to 42,942 by 1980. Longmont developers were quick to seize the demand for new housing. After the IBM campus opened, the Kanemoto family stopped farming and built the 700-home Southmoor Park neighborhood on some of their land. The neighborhood was one of several Kanemoto developments in town. In the 1980s, the old Longmont College building was converted into apartments, and developer Roger Pomainville turned the old brick warehouses of the Kuner-Empson cannery into apartments.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Redevelopment of Longmont’s downtown district also began in the 1980s. The city council formed the Longmont Downtown Development Authority (LDDA) in 1982, and over the next two decades the authority invested more than $45 million in new buildings and renovations along Main Street. The LDDA also oversaw the construction of pedestrian-friendly alleys and crosswalks, the planting of trees and flowers, and other beautification efforts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alongside downtown development came historic preservation, in the form of two <a href="/article/longmont-historic-districts"><strong>historic districts</strong></a> located east and west of Main Street. The districts were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986–87.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The city’s Latino community grew along with the city, as the changing economy attracted more people from elsewhere in the United States and immigrants from Mexico and Central America. When IBM first set up its facility, the company did not hire many Latinos, but a discrimination lawsuit in 1971 changed that. By the middle of the decade, Longmont was home to some 101 Latino professionals, many of whom worked at IBM or the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>. Hundreds more Latinos worked in service or industrial jobs such as the Longmont turkey processing factory, which was known for poor working conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although Latinos were a fundamental part of the city’s culture and economy, they faced discrimination and police harassment throughout the twentieth century. In August 1980 a Longmont police officer shot and killed two unarmed Latino men during a routine traffic stop. In response, Latino community leaders formed El Comité, a group that demanded reform of the Longmont Police Department and increased dialogue between the police and the Latino community. El Comité’s efforts were largely successful, and the group continues to advise Longmont police today on behalf of a Latino community that now makes up 25 percent of the city’s population.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today Longmont’s population boom continues, mirroring the explosive growth of the Front Range. Housing developments continue to spring up, such as the 115-unit Roosevelt Park Apartments and Pomainville’s 220-unit Mill Village. Like its Front Range neighbors Boulder and Fort Collins, Longmont has also developed a thriving craft beer industry, anchored by <strong>Left Hand Brewery</strong> and <strong>Oskar Blues</strong>. More affordable than nearby Boulder, Longmont is home to many working-class residents who commute to the affluent county seat for jobs in construction and service or at the University of Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it has seen plenty of changes over the last 150 years, Longmont remains dedicated to preserving its heritage. The <strong>Longmont Museum</strong>, which opened in 2002 south of downtown, is one of the more robust museums along the Front Range. In 2008 its permanent exhibit Front Range Rising won History Colorado’s Josephine H. Miles History Award and the Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History. Still in touch with its agricultural roots, Longmont is home to the <strong>Boulder County Agricultural Heritage Center</strong>, along Ute Highway at the west end of town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After three decades of redevelopment, downtown Longmont is now a hub for restaurants, brewpubs, coffee shops, and boutiques. In addition to The Landmark and the Empson cannery, which still house apartments, many of the city’s oldest buildings remain in use. The Dickens Opera House continues to offer live entertainment on the second floor and dining on the first, while the city-maintained Callahan House welcomes visitors and hosts a variety of public and private events.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elizabeth-thompson" hreflang="en">elizabeth thompson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-byers" hreflang="en">william byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-news" hreflang="en">rocky mountain news</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">denver pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-dickens" hreflang="en">william dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dickens-opera-house" hreflang="en">dickens opera house</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-museum" hreflang="en">longmont museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-historic-districts" hreflang="en">longmont historic districts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/latino-history" hreflang="en">latino history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert R. Crifasi, <em>A Land Made from Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado’s Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Downtown Development Authority, “<a href="https://www.downtownlongmont.com/about">About Us</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Candy Hamilton, <em>Footprints in the Sugar: A History of the Great Western Sugar Company </em>(Ontario, OR: Hamilton Bates, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erik Mason, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-e-m/museum/collections/history-of-longmont">History of Longmont</a>,” City of Longmont, Colorado, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marjorie K. McIntosh, <em>Latinos of Boulder County, Colorado, 1900–1980</em>. Vol. 1:<em> History and Contributions</em> (Palm Springs, CA: Old John, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marjorie K. McIntosh, <em>Latinos of Boulder County, Colorado, 1900–1980</em>. Vol. 2:<em> Lives and Legacies </em>(Palm Springs, CA: Old John, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado</a>,” USDA Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Pt. 41 (1935).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alicia Wallace, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2014/10/05/apartment-boom-playing-out-in-longmont/">Apartment boom playing out in Longmont</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, October 5, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Magdalena Wegrzyn, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2012/03/21/longmonts-link-to-japan-began-with-immigrants-continues-with-students/">Longmont’s link to Japan began with immigrants, continues with students</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, March 25, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carah Wertheimer, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2016/09/04/the-rise-and-fall-of-north-longmont-a-century-old-tale-of-saloons-water-rights-and-the-ballot-box/">The rise and fall of North Longmont: A century-old tale of saloons, water rights and the ballot box</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 4, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://bouldercounty.gov/open-space/education/museums/agricultural-heritage-center/">Boulder County Agricultural Heritage Center</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bocolatinohistory.colorado.edu/">Boulder County Latino History</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/">City of Longmont</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dorothy Large, <em>Old Burlington: First Town on the St. Vrain, 1860–1871 </em>(Longmont, CO: St. Vrain Publishing, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Hispanic Study, <em>We, Too, Came to Stay: A History of the Longmont Hispanic Community </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Hispanic Study and El Comité, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~colgs/">Longmont Genealogical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-e-m/museum">Longmont Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erik Mason, <em>Longmont:</em> <em>The First 150 Years </em>(Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 2020).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/">Observations about Longmont, Colorado (blog)</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.stvrainhistoricalsociety.com/">St. Vrain Historical Society</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Dec 2017 20:09:01 +0000 yongli 2862 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chicago-Colorado Colony http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chicago-Colorado Colony</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T12:21:54-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 12:21" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 12:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony" data-a2a-title="Chicago-Colorado Colony"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchicago-colorado-colony&amp;title=Chicago-Colorado%20Colony"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. Financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisting mostly of immigrants from the Midwest, the colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources—most importantly, <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <strong>Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built a robust <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> system that allowed Longmont to prosper as a major agricultural hub along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> for nearly a century. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it eventually adopted the idealistic slogan of “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had somewhat less idealistic origins as part of a scheme to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way; the railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony, </strong>established that year in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With Pratt as secretary, the Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. Unitarian minister Robert Collyer served as president, with newspaperman Sidney H. Gay as vice president. Another prominent investor was former Illinois lieutenant governor William Bross. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee consisting of former lumberman Seth Terry and several other colony representatives to what was then <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteader</strong></a> near the small community of <a href="/article/burlington-boulder-county"><strong>Burlington</strong></a>, located along St. Vrain Creek. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune </em>published similar ads. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>Colorado’s climate</strong></a>, said to be a cure for many maladies, already had a sterling reputation in the humid Midwest, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm, and an additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, Terry and some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington, arriving at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. Terry, later elected the colony’s first president, laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the area’s striking view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, leading Terry to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate, but they were undaunted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps more important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches, which allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Initial crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins, and colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was now to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon, and water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into numerous other ditches to water crops and to provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park, named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871—as well as the territory’s first public library, founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson, a philanthropist who lived on the East Coast. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse. Seth Terry’s fourteen-year-old son William attended school there and became the first librarian.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution, and anyone caught with alcohol in the early days had to return their land to the colony. However, residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued, resulting in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the community it founded continued to prosper, the Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The initial work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists—especially the irrigation ditches they built—allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch, for example, has been enlarged six different times since its construction and currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working, pragmatic attitudes of their predecessors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the Union Colony after which it was modeled, the Chicago-Colorado Colony became a manifestation of communitarian ideals in Colorado. But unlike Horace Greeley’s venture, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was founded on equal parts corporate scheming and utopian idealism. As such, the colony serves as an example of how opposing ideologies of communitarianism and capitalism nonetheless combined to build stable communities in the nineteenth-century American West.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nc-pratt" hreflang="en">n.c. pratt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/seth-terry" hreflang="en">seth terry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-byers" hreflang="en">william byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">denver pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-collyer" hreflang="en">robert collyer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bross" hreflang="en">william bross</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-greeley" hreflang="en">Horace Greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colony" hreflang="en">Colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/farming" hreflang="en">farming</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert R. Crifasi, <em>A Land Made from Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado’s Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carah Wertheimer, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2016/09/04/the-rise-and-fall-of-north-longmont-a-century-old-tale-of-saloons-water-rights-and-the-ballot-box/">The rise and fall of North Longmont: A century-old tale of saloons, water rights and the ballot box</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 4, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James F. Willard, ed., <a href="https://archive.org/stream/experimentsincol00jame/experimentsincol00jame_djvu.txt">Experiments in Colorado Colonization 1869–1872</a> (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1926).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Karen Antonacci, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/01/31/happy-144th-birthday-longmont/">Happy 144th birthday, Longmont</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, January 31, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of Longmont. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of people from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major farming community. Many of Longmont’s streets are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was initially part of a plan to sell railroad land. The US government wanted to encourage railroad building. The government gave railroads land on either side of their tracks. The railroads could sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <strong>William Byers</strong> wanted to build a farming colony in this area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee met Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest. They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for their colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres. They secured 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To get new residents, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised good harvests. The<em> Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble getting Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists got a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived in early March 1871. They set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug many small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont</strong>. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of immigrants from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was originally part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West, the US government granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of DP's real estate subsidiary. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed a farming community modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong> in <strong>Greeley</strong> would work.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest.  They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company. They secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised large harvests. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble persuading Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of <strong>Longs Peak </strong>to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others came from the Union Colony.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had begun digging a primary ditch that they called Excelsior. However, the colony ran out of money, and the ditch was never completed. The colonists then formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land. However, saloons were allowed by 1873. The fight over alcohol continued for several years. There were some bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916. In 1916, Colorado passed statewide prohibition. Liquor become legal in Longmont when national prohibition ended in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont </strong>near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. It was financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisted mostly of immigrants from the Midwest. The colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley’s Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it adopted the slogan “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had less idealistic origins. It was part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong>, established that year in present-day <strong>Greeley</strong>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory.</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader </strong>near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many maladies, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington. They arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, colonists to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park. The park was named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land to the colony. Residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued. This resulted in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 19:21:54 +0000 yongli 2816 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Burlington (Boulder County) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Burlington (Boulder County)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T12:19:13-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 12:19" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 12:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/burlington-boulder-county" data-a2a-title="Burlington (Boulder County)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fburlington-boulder-county&amp;title=Burlington%20%28Boulder%20County%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Burlington was a small <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> community along <strong>St. Vrain Creek</strong>, near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Founded in 1860 by prospector Alonzo N. Allen, Burlington was named after Burlington, Iowa. The settlement grew to a population of about 150 before the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> absorbed it in 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The bountiful wheat crop of Burlington homesteader Enoch J. Coffman helped convince the colony to establish Longmont where it is today. Many of Longmont’s influential early citizens came from Burlington, including <a href="/article/william-h-dickens"><strong>William Henry Dickens</strong></a>, founder of the <a href="/article/dickens-opera-house"><strong>Dickens Opera House</strong></a>, Farmers National Bank, and several other local enterprises. Burlington was also the home of Longmont’s first newspaper, the<em> Burlington Free Press</em>, founded in 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Settling the St. Vrain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1859 Wisconsin resident Alonzo N. Allen came west with his stepson, seventeen-year-old William Henry Dickens, to join the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. After prospecting near present-day <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, Allen built a log cabin in 1860 on the south bank of St. Vrain Creek, just west of what is now US Highway 287. Leaving Dickens to work the land, Allen went prospecting again, eventually establishing the small <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> town of <strong>Allenspark</strong> in the foothills to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen may have beaten others to the St. Vrain, but not by much, and there was plenty of land to go around. George and Morse Coffin, Illinois brothers who came to Boulder around the same time as Allen, set up farms near the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks. Led by eighteen-year-old Lawson Beckwith, the Beckwith family arrived from New Hampshire in 1859–60, and Enoch J. Coffman set up a farm in the area in 1861. By the time the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was established in 1861, the St. Vrain valley was dotted with dozens of homesteads—although they would not be legally filed until the first Homestead Act of 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Forming a Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although these homesteaders could call each other neighbors, they did not yet have an official town or a name for their settlement. That could only come with a post office, which the area lacked. From 1859 to 1862, residents of the St. Vrain valley had to travel to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to get their mail. That changed in the fall of 1862, when the Holladay Overland Stage Company—spurred by the official organization of the Colorado Territory the previous year—established a route from Laramie, Wyoming, to Denver. Thanks in part to road planning and other efforts by Fred C. Beckwith, the route passed directly through the St. Vrain settlement, using a crucial ford of the creek near Allen’s cabin. With the arrival of the stage line, a post office was established in the settlement in November 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next year, Allen’s wife, Mary, and their seven children—two from Mary’s previous marriage—joined him along the St. Vrain. With regular stage traffic now passing directly in front of their cabin, the Allens turned their house into a tavern and inn that provided meals and lodging for stagecoach passengers. Mary learned how many people she needed to cook for via a telegraph line that stretched from Denver into her kitchen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1864 Burlington gained a school and organized a militia to defend against potential attacks by Native Americans. By 1865 the community boasted two hotels, a new stage barn built by Dickens, and the Beckwiths’ merchandise and blacksmith shops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1869, with Burlington’s population climbing toward 150, Dickens built the two-story Independence Hall. A prelude to the opera house Dickens would later build in Longmont, Independence Hall featured retail space on the first floor and entertainment space on the second. The building served as Burlington’s drugstore and community center for the next two years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Joining Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although the stage traffic and decent harvests kept Burlington’s hopes high in the 1860s, the community’s location near the St. Vrain bottoms made it especially vulnerable to flooding. Time and again <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>floods</strong></a> inundated residents’ land and homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Then, in 1871, Burlington resident Enoch Coffman was taking a load of wheat to Denver when he met members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony, who were looking for a location to establish their colony. Illinois lumberman Seth Terry and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a> led the search committee. After inspecting Coffman’s wheat and remarking on its quality, the committee visited the Burlington area. Impressed with the St. Vrain valley’s agricultural potential, the colony established the city of Longmont just north of Burlington in March 1871.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Backed with large amounts of eastern capital, the new town grew quickly. It helped that Longmont was farther from the flood-prone creeks. Burlington residents soon realized where their future lay. Dickens moved Independence Hall to Longmont in 1871 and acquired a stake in the colony, as did Coffman, who was elected to the colony’s board of trustees. The Allen family also joined the colony, moving their inn and stage barn to the northwest corner of Third Avenue and Main Street. In the early 1870s, some seventy-five Burlington residents moved to Longmont, taking their houses and businesses with them.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Burlington may have disappeared after its residents moved to Longmont, but its contributions to the city that took its place were many. The Allens and their many descendants remained in Longmont through the twentieth century. Like his father, Alonzo, Charles Allen became an innkeeper in 1894, purchasing the Zweck Hotel—the building that replaced his parents’ inn in 1881–82—at Third and Main. Charles and his wife, Margaret, ran the hotel, which later became known as the Imperial, for some fifty years. Charles’s son, Vern Allen, worked as a local stage driver and rancher and served for many years as the superintendent of Longmont’s parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Beckwiths were another influential Burlington family. Brothers Fred and Elmer established the <em>Burlington Free Press </em>in 1871 and Elmer became Longmont’s first postmaster. In the early 1890s, Elmer established the <em>Daily Times</em>, the newspaper that is now today’s <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coffman, whose bountiful wheat harvest helped draw the Chicago-Colorado Colony to the St. Vrain valley, helped oversee the planting of communal crops in the colony’s first years. Coffman Street, just west of Main Street in Longmont, is named after him. In 1881 William Dickens built the Dickens Opera House across from the Zweck Hotel. The building served as the political and social hub of Longmont for decades and remains a popular entertainment venue today.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While Longmont’s rapid development in the late nineteenth century is often attributed to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches and other efforts of the Chicago-Colorado Colony, the previous success of the Burlington homesteaders laid the foundation for a prosperous farming community in the St. Vrain valley.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/burlington" hreflang="en">burlington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-vrain-creek" hreflang="en">st. vrain creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-vrain-valley" hreflang="en">st. vrain valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/homestead" hreflang="en">homestead</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-henry-dickens" hreflang="en">william henry dickens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alonzo-allen" hreflang="en">alonzo allen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/independence-hall" hreflang="en">independence hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Dorothy Large, <em>Old Burlington: First Town on the St. Vrain, 1860–1871 </em>(Longmont, CO: St. Vrain Publishing, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan W. Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/">Observations about Longmont, Colorado (blog)</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.stvrainhistoricalsociety.com/">St. Vrain Historical Society</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 19:19:13 +0000 yongli 2815 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Boulder County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1112--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1112.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/boulder-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BoulderCounty.svg__0.png?itok=WvvlfA8X" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/boulder-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Boulder County, in north central Colorado, encompasses 740 square miles of diverse geography, including mountains, plains, and foothills. It is home to nearly 300,000 Coloradans.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T15:47:34-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 15:47" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 15:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county" data-a2a-title="Boulder County "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fboulder-county&amp;title=Boulder%20County%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Boulder County encompasses 740 square miles of the western plains and <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in north central Colorado. The county straddles three unique geographic zones: mountains in the west, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> in the east, and a natural trough that runs between the plains and foothills. Its western boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a>, follows a jagged line of peaks in the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> of the Rocky Mountains. The northwest corner of the county holds the southern reaches of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, including <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>. Its eastern boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld</strong></a> and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties, runs along the plains on the eastern edge of the city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Boulder County borders <a href="/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a>, <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties to the south and shares its northern boundary with <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county supports a population of 294,567, with much of it concentrated in the county seat of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Nestled against the foothills, the city of Boulder is home to the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, the flagship campus of the University of Colorado system. The county is known for being the site of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>. It was created in 1861, two years after prospectors discovered gold about a dozen miles up Boulder Canyon. Before the discovery of gold, the Boulder County area was frequented by several Native American groups, mainly the Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> roamed the mountains of the Boulder County area as early as 7,000 BC. These people likely followed seasonal migration patterns and employed hunting strategies established by older groups of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong>Clovis</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom</strong></a> hunter-gatherers: they used creeks and streams to follow game to higher elevations during the summer, and when the first snows came, they retreated back down those same waterways to the natural sanctuary of the foothills. Near the mountain peaks, Paleo-Indians built huge stone corridors where they funneled and cornered large game; they also built stone blinds where they waited, bait in hand, to pick feathers from swooping eagles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute peoples</strong></a> had occupied the whole of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly a century. Several distinct Ute bands roamed the Front Range in what would become Boulder County: the Parianuche, or “Elk People,” the Tabeguache, or “People of Sun Mountain (<a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>)<strong>,</strong>” and Muaches, or “Cedar Bark People.” Expert hunters, Ute subsisted on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca root, and wild berries. In the summer, they followed elk and <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> into high mountain parks, such as Allen’s Park (8,500 feet). In the winter, they followed the game back to the sanctuary of lower elevations in the foothills and river valleys (5,000–7,000 feet). After the 1640s, when the Ute obtained horses from the Spanish, river bottoms became important wintering grounds, as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> twigs and roots provided food for ponies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century, the Ute found their hunting and wintering grounds contested by the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, a group of Plains Indians that had been forced out of a sedentary life in the upper Midwest by the powerful Lakota. Unlike the Ute, who rarely left their mountain homeland, the Arapaho ranged across all three ecological zones in present-day Boulder County. In the spring and early summer, they hunted buffalo on the plains; in late summer, they followed the herds into cooler, higher elevations, camping and hunting as far as the Continental Divide; in winter, they returned to the natural shelter of the trough along the foothills, where milder weather prevailed. For most of the year, Arapaho and Ute occupied the same territory, and this put them in a near-constant state of warfare.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, another equestrian group of buffalo hunters, joined the Arapaho on the western plains north of the Platte River in the early 1820s. The two groups formed an alliance and fought the Ute not only for rights to hunting and wintering grounds, but also for access to the growing French and Anglo trade networks along the Front Range and western plains. But exposure to white trade goods came with a price—exposure to European <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>diseases</strong></a>, such as smallpox. These diseases, against which no American Indian had immunity, decimated populations of all three prominent native groups in the Boulder County area. For example, in 1800 one group of Arapaho numbered some 10,000; by 1858, when <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a>, or Left Hand, led the group, disease had brought their numbers down to fewer than 3,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot attended the signing of the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> in 1851, which preserved Arapaho rights to the Boulder Creek area. The treaty was brokered by his niece’s white husband, Thomas Fitzpatrick, who died in 1854. After gold was found along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>, few whites felt obligated to obey the treaty. As they moved into the foothills, they chopped down cottonwood trees and killed game, adding lack of shelter and starvation to the growing list of threats to all native groups in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the fall of 1858, Chief Niwot encountered Thomas Aikins and his group of <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold prospectors</strong></a> camped near the mouth of Boulder Creek. Niwot had learned English from his brother-in-law, a Kentuckian who traded at <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> on the upper Arkansas, and put it to use. Aware of the Americans’ intentions but preferring diplomacy to warfare, the Arapaho leader told the Aikins group in English to leave his people’s territory immediately. The prospectors told Niwot they had only come for the winter and promised to leave in the spring. Against the wishes of some of his people, Niwot relented and let the prospectors stay.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That decision would prove invaluable to the prospectors and devastating to Niwot’s Arapaho. On January 16, 1859, while prospecting at a site along a Boulder Creek fork, Aikins’s son James and several others found gold. News of their discovery brought David Horsfal to the area, and he found an even larger deposit, the Horsfal Lode. A year later, the Boulder Creek deposits had already yielded a combined $100,000 in gold. <a href="/article/gold-hill"><strong>Gold Hill</strong></a>, as the area of discovery came to be known, soon attracted not just gold seekers but also miners of clay—used to make brick—limestone, coal, and granite.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On February 10, 1859, not even a month after his son’s discovery, Aikins founded the Boulder City Town Company. The city of Boulder was then platted on a two-mile stretch near the mouth of Boulder Canyon. In 1861, the new <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was established, and Boulder County became one of its original seventeen counties. The same year, Arapaho leaders Niwot and <strong>Little Raven</strong> were forced to negotiate another treaty, the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Fort Wise Treaty</strong></a>, which surrendered the Front Range to the whites and carved out a small reservation for the Arapaho and Cheyenne in southeast Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot did not sign this new treaty. Unwilling to simply abandon their once-plentiful land, Niwot’s and Little Raven’s people spent two more lean and violent years in the Boulder Creek area before they moved to the Sand Creek camp, near Fort Lyon in present-day <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>. Whites consistently assured the Arapaho and Cheyenne that they were safe near the fort; the near-starving Indians, for their part, also assured whites that they wished to camp peacefully and trade for supplies. But in 1864 Colonel John M. Chivington’s 550 volunteers smashed into the Cheyenne-Arapaho camp at Sand Creek, slaughtering between 150 and 200 women, children, and elders and scalping and disfiguring the bodies. Niwot was shot down as he held up his hands and called out in English for the troops to stop. He later died at an Indian camp on the Smoky Hill River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The southern Arapaho under Little Raven were removed to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) after the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. In 1875 the founders of a railroad town northeast of Boulder named their new community Niwot after the fallen Arapaho leader.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flood of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On May 30, 1894, heavy rain caused Boulder Creek to <a href="/article/boulder-flood-1894"><strong>rise out of its banks</strong></a>. The water tore through the canyon, laying waste to mines, railroad bridges, and settlements. By dawn the next day, the floodwaters crashed out of the canyon, inundating the city of Boulder. Rail and road bridges, as well as telegraph lines and many houses, were swept away, and farmland and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches were destroyed. The city's Red Light District and other poor neighborhoods bore the brunt of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, while surrounding towns, including Jamestown, Crisman, Glendale, and Springdale, also sustained severe damage. Many of those towns never recovered, as the deluge brought the county's three main industries--coal, metal mining, and agriculture--to a standstill. It took several years for the city of Boulder to fully recover.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Caribou, Nederland, and Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the devastating flood, by 1900 Boulder County's population had grown to more than 21,500; the mining communities of <strong>Caribou </strong>and <strong> Nederland</strong>, as well as the agricultural settlement of Longmont, were an essential part of that growth. In the mountains west of Boulder City, Nederland was founded in 1871 as Middle Boulder, serving as a mill and supply town for the nearby mining community of Caribou; that same year, on the plains some sixteen miles northeast of Boulder, the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> founded Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ohioan prospector Sam Conger organized the town of Caribou around his silver strike in 1870. The multiple blizzards that pounded the area during the long winter made life in early Caribou famously harsh; in addition to bracing their buildings to withstand the destructive winds, snowbound residents often had to exit their homes through second-story windows. The same year his town was organized, Conger sold his mine to Abel Breed, another Ohio investor, for $50,000. An influx of British miners skilled in ore extraction made the mine exceptionally profitable in its early years, and in 1873 Breed sold the Caribou mine to the Nederland Mining Company for the enormous sum of $3 million. As part of the purchase the Dutch group also obtained Middle Boulder, which they renamed Nederland after their home country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While multiple fires and the crash in silver prices in 1893 doomed the town of Caribou over the next two decades, Nederland blossomed as a tourist town, offering picturesque views of the nearby mountains and Boulder Canyon. Then, in the early 1900s, Nederland again became a hotbed of mining activity as the fortunate Conger again struck a precious metal—this time it was tungsten, a hard metal used to make incandescent light bulbs and strengthen steel. Conger’s tungsten mines hummed until demand fell off with the end of <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> in 1918. Tourism again took over as the town’s economic backbone.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont, named for its view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, began as an agricultural colony on land granted to the Denver Pacific Railroad. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a>,<em> Rocky Mountain News </em>founder and agent for the railway’s land company, brokered a deal for some 23,000 acres near St. Vrain, Left Hand, and Boulder Creeks with Seth Terry, a representative from the Chicago-Colorado Colony. The colony bought an additional 37,000 acres in the area from the federal government and other parties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In contrast to saloon-ridden mining towns like Boulder and Caribou, Longmont’s founders envisioned their town as a sober agricultural community. Deeds to land in the colony originally forbade the consumption or sale of alcohol on the property. By June 1871, three months after its initial settlers arrived, Longmont had twenty-three miles of irrigation ditches and seventy-five buildings, including Boulder County’s first library. After the turn of the century, Longmont farmers were producing profitable crops of wheat, pumpkins, peas, and sugar beets. Longmont was also one of the first Colorado settler towns to plot out parks, including Lake Park—subsequently renamed Roosevelt Park—the site of the <strong>Boulder County Fair</strong> from 1891 to 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coal Strikes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the metal mining around Boulder, Caribou, and Nederland, coal mining became an important part of the Boulder County economy, especially in the early twentieth century. By that time, however, exploited coal miners began to organize in unions such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers of America</strong></a> to lobby for better pay and working conditions. This led to a series of ugly strikes in Boulder County’s coal mining towns in 1903, 1910–14, and 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First, coal miners in Louisville won an eight-hour day, a 15 percent raise, and safer working conditions in 1903. Then, from 1910–14, some 2,700 Boulder County miners struck, with violence between strikers, guards, and scabs curtailed by the appearance of state and federal troops. At the end of this strike, miners won a 20 percent wage increase and more improvements in mine safety. During yet another strike, in 1927, blood was spilled when company guards at the Columbine Mine fired on strikers, killing six and wounding twenty. Again, federal troops intervened to quell the violence. Ownership of the Columbine Mine passed to <a href="/article/josephine-roche"><strong>Josephine Roche</strong></a>, the previous owner’s daughter, who raised wages, improved mine safety, and championed workers’ rights as the state’s first female gubernatorial candidate in 1934. Later in the twentieth century, the Boulder County economy shifted from mining to education and agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>University of Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Founded in 1861, the University of Colorado­–Boulder (CU) is the state’s flagship university. To build the initial campus, the Territorial Legislature gave the town $15,000 on the condition that Boulder residents match that amount themselves. The residents matched the appropriation and by 1876 had finished construction on Old Main, CU’s first building. Its first president, Dr. Joseph Sewall, and his family lived in the building, which also hosted the first classes. In the spring of 1882, CU graduated its first, all-male, class of six.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1980, CU-Boulder’s student population had reached 20,000 and faculty members worked with many prominent research institutes, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Today, the University of Colorado has campuses throughout the state, including the <strong>University of Colorado–<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>, <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, and the Health Sciences Center in Denver. With a combined enrollment of 44,500, the University of Colorado system remains a prestigious and nationally respected academic institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County remains culturally and economically diverse. A liberal pocket in an otherwise conservative state, the so-called "People’s Republic of Boulder" has evolved into an active, wealthy suburban community that also prioritizes conservation; the city maintains 145 miles of hiking trails and attracts hundreds of outdoor enthusiasts each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Giant tech companies such as IBM and Ball Corp., an aerospace company, are headquartered in Longmont. The town has reaped the benefits of being near a major university, as it recruits many CU graduates for its burgeoning biotech, aerospace, and software and IT industries. In 2015 CU Health, citing a lack of access to emergency care across the state, began construction on a $160 million hospital at County Line Road and Ken Pratt Boulevard in Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hay and other forage crops are the county’s primary agricultural products by a wide margin; in 2012 hay and forage crops covered 23,397 acres, while the next-most plentiful crop, wheat, covered only 1,764. Boulder County is also among the top-ten poultry-and-egg-producing counties in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it has yet to endure a catastrophe like that of the 1894 flood, Boulder County remains vulnerable to flood events. After several days of heavy rain beginning on September 9, 2013, Boulder County was one of fourteen Colorado counties to experience historically destructive <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>. Within Boulder County alone, floodwaters damaged more than 1,200 homes; took down ten bridges; washed out dozens of miles of roads, power lines, and open space trails; and killed three people, stranded over 100 more, and forced 1,600 to evacuate the flood zone. Immediately after the floods, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> declared a state of emergency and funneled $6 million in state funds to pay for flood response and recovery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Total repair costs from the flood are estimated at $217 million over a five-year period. Of that total, $56 million will be the responsibility of Boulder County; the rest will be reimbursed by state and federal agencies. As of September 2014, Boulder County workers, volunteers, and residents had removed 4,870 truckloads of debris, rebuilt five of the ten bridges destroyed during the storm, and repaired twenty-two miles of open space trails. In the wake of the floods, a coalition of state and local politicians, community leaders, and church leaders formed the Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County. The group’s website also provides links to mental health agencies, support groups, and financial resources to help flood victims who continue to struggle in the aftermath of the floods.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-boulder" hreflang="en">university of colorado boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-flood" hreflang="en">boulder county flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-aikins" hreflang="en">thomas aikins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nederland" hreflang="en">nederland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Anticipated Costs for Unincorporated Boulder County,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Boulder County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County Open Space and Mountain Parks, “<a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/locations/trail/search/trail">Basic Trail Information</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank H. Gille, ed., <em>Indians of Colorado: Past and Present </em>(St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Celinda Reynolds Kaelin, “Tava: A Ute Cultural History,” <em>A Sense of Place in the Pikes Peak Region</em>, Colorado College (Colorado Springs, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mona Lambrecht, “‘Good Baptist Weather’: Boulder County and the Flood of 1894,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 20, no. 4 (2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Area Economic Council, “<a href="http://longmont.org/Existing-Industries.aspx">Existing Longmont Industries</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suzanne M. Marilley, <em>Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://niwot.com/discover-niwot/">Niwot History</a>,” Town of Niwot.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“One Year Later: Moving Forward—Recovery and Repairs,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blair Shiff, “Boulder County: Number of Missing Drops to 4,” <em>9 News</em>, September 18, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Boulder County, Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alicia Wallace,  “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/08/boulder-and-broomfield-counties-top-50-employers-ibm-still-largest-local-company/">Boulder and Broomfield counties’ Top 50 employers: IBM still largest local company</a>,” <em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, September 6, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vince Winkel, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/09/10/new-er-construction-underway-in-north-longmont/">New ER construction underway in North Longmont</a>,”<em> Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 10, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.bouldercounty.org/">Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/">City of Boulder</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/">City of Longmont</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bocofloodrecovery.org/">Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erik Mason, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-e-m/museum/collections/history-of-longmont">History of Longmont</a>,” City of Longmont, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 22:47:34 +0000 yongli 1062 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org