%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-sanitary-canning-factory <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-11T15:32:40-07:00" title="Monday, December 11, 2017 - 15:32" class="datetime">Mon, 12/11/2017 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-sanitary-canning-factory" data-a2a-title="Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-sanitary-canning-factory&amp;title=Colorado%20Sanitary%20Canning%20Factory"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory at 224 North Main Street in <strong>Brighton</strong> was built in 1908 to serve as a processing facility for the growing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> agricultural community. The factory closed in 1936. Also known as the Brighton Prisoner of War Branch Camp, the facility helped house 589 German prisoners of war during <strong>World War II</strong>. The factory has stood vacant since the late 1990s, but as of the mid-2010s, Garrison Properties considered converting it into residential lofts.</p> <h2>Setting and Construction</h2> <p>The city of Brighton was incorporated in 1887 in the midst of farms that produced sugar beets, onions, potatoes, peas, tomatoes, and cabbage. Many of the early processing facilities for this produce were located near shipping centers around <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. After the Wilmore Canning Company’s Denver factory burned down in 1907, the company decided to relocate closer to its produce sources and considered Brighton for the new location. As the company pondered the move, a legal dispute between company president John T. Wilmore and primary stockholder Charles H. Green resulted in Green taking over as president and renaming the business the Colorado Sanitary Canning Company. Green followed through on the Brighton relocation, and the Brighton Commercial Club contributed $1,500 for the new structure as an additional incentive.</p> <p>Construction on the canning factory began in May 1908. The company hired contractor Patrick Henry Roberts for the job, and local entrepreneur C. C. Cole produced rock-faced concrete blocks for the structure. The main factory building was a large rectangle measuring 120 by 42 feet, with an attached warehouse to the north, an attached boiler plant to the east, and a detached office to the south. The early twentieth-century commercial-style factory was uncommon in its use of custom ornamental concrete blocks. The factory cost $30,000 to complete and was initially stocked with $20,000 worth of industrial machinery.</p> <h2>Operation and Use</h2> <p>The Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory was completed in a matter of months and began production in September 1908. Operating seasonally from early summer to late fall, the factory processed tomatoes, pork and beans, peas, and sauerkraut. At full employment capacity, the cannery provided more than 250 jobs. The factory quickly expanded operational capacity, doubling its production by 1910 and continuing to grow over the next decade. The company added a two-story ketchup room at the southeast corner and a single-story projection on the southern elevation between 1913 and 1920.</p> <p>Because of rising debts and the death of Charles Green, the company was reorganized as the Platte Valley Canning Company in 1916. <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> stimulated a sharp rise in the global demand for canned and pickled goods, and the Platte Valley Canning Company sent 14,000 cases of canned tomatoes to France in 1918. After the war, an economic recession and falling food prices led to the factory's closure in 1922–24. The Fort Lupton Canning Company acquired the building in 1925 and continued production into the Great Depression before finally closing the factory in 1936.</p> <p>The factory stood unused until World War II, when the US Army kept German prisoners of war in the building between 1943 and 1946. Several local buildings were used to house the 589 Germans held in the Brighton area, but the majority were housed in the canning factory. The German prisoners worked on nearby farms, filling wartime labor shortages.</p> <p>In 1947 the Fort Lupton Canning Company sold the Brighton canning factory to Snelson Properties, which then sold it to Jack C. Ferguson in 1950. Ferguson operated a car repair shop next door and used the factory to store and maintain school buses for <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>. In the early 1950s, he added a concrete ramp, a corrugated metal roof projection, and a one-story projection on the eastern side of the building. In the late 1950s, the Platte Valley Rifle and Pistol Association rented the second floor and built a shooting range, refurbishing the wood floors and erecting a small office.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After Jack Ferguson’s death in 1973, his widow Evelyn continued the family business. The Duffy family purchased the property in 1998, but the factory has sat idle since. In 2015 Garrison Properties of Kansas City expressed interest in converting the building into apartments.</p> <p>Although the Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory was just one of many food processing and preservation facilities in early-twentieth-century Brighton, it is the only building of its type still standing and in good condition. The factory also remains a good example of improved techniques and technology in the production of ornamental concrete blocks. The factory was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties in 1997 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-sanitary-canning-factory" hreflang="en">colorado sanitary canning factory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brighton" hreflang="en">brighton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adams-county" hreflang="en">adams county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Front Range Research Associates, Inc., “<a href="http://www.frhistory.com/individual-nominations.html">National Register Individual Nominations</a>” (n.d.).</p> <p>Brighton Historic Preservation Commission, “<a href="http://www.brightonco.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Agenda/01142016-404">Minutes of the Brighton Historic Preservation Commission Meeting for the City of Brighton, Adams County</a>” (December 10, 2015).</p> <p>National Parks Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/16000073.htm">Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory</a>” (n.d.).</p> <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/16000073.pdf">Colorado Sanitary Canning Factory</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>W. Carl Dorr, <em>History of Adams County, Brighton, and Fort Lupton, Colorado</em> (Brighton, CO: n.p., 1959).</p> <p>Albin Wagner, <em>Adams County, Colorado: A Centennial History, 1902–2002</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning, 2002).</p> <p>Albin Wagner, <em>Brighton</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2009).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Dec 2017 22:32:40 +0000 yongli 2868 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bromley/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bromleykoizuma-hishinuma-farm <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bromley/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1936--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1936.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/farm-restoration"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BromleyFarm-KoizumaHishinumaFarm_0.jpg?itok=hi2qU9QA" width="1000" height="503" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/farm-restoration" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Farm Before Restoration</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Bromley/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm retains a full complement of farm buildings, including (left to right) a barn, main house, migrant worker building, and silo. In 2006 the city of Brighton acquired the farmstead to preserve an important part of the area's agricultural heritage.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-07T16:38:49-06:00" title="Friday, October 7, 2016 - 16:38" class="datetime">Fri, 10/07/2016 - 16:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bromleykoizuma-hishinuma-farm" data-a2a-title="Bromley/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbromleykoizuma-hishinuma-farm&amp;title=Bromley%2FKoizuma-Hishinuma%20Farm"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located near Bromley Lane and South Fifteenth Avenue in <strong>Brighton</strong>, the Bromley/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm is significant for its association with an early Brighton civic leader as well as later Japanese American farmers in <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>. <strong>Emmet Bromley</strong> first established the farm in 1883 and owned it until the 1920s. In 1947 the Koizuma and Hishinuma families bought the farm, which the Hishinumas operated for the next six decades. In 2006 the city of Brighton bought the farmstead to preserve an important part of the area’s agricultural history and make the property into a living farm, education center, and recreation space.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Bromley Farm</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1883 Emmet Bromley bought 200 acres of land south of what is now Bromley Lane in Brighton. Bromley and his brother Martin had come to Colorado from New York in 1877. After working in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> for a year, Bromley bought his own cattle and rented a farm to get started in the dairy business. By 1883 he was able to buy his own land and was also working 600 additional acres of dry land west of his farm.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bromley became a prosperous farmer as well as a local business and civic leader. He expanded his property to more than 1,100 acres, on which he raised livestock, grew crops, and planted walnut tree orchards. He was active in local business as president of the First National Bank of Brighton, the Gibraltar Oil Company, and the German Ditch and Reservoir Company. In 1892 he married Anna Dickson, and around 1900 he built a one and a half-story farmhouse for his growing family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Bromley brothers attained prominence in Brighton-area politics. Starting in 1890, Bromley was elected to the state legislature, where he earned the title “Father of Adams County” for introducing the bill that created Adams County out of northern <a href="/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a> in 1902 and made Brighton the new county seat. His brother Martin then became the county’s first sheriff.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early twentieth century Bromley traded some of his land for Denver investment properties that performed poorly. He then had to sell even more land to cover his debts, ultimately leading the family to move in with relatives. In 1922 Bromley died deeply in debt, and in 1926 his wife had to give up the deed to their farm. The farm’s ownership over the next decade remains unclear, but several of the farm’s surviving buildings, including a migrant worker house, a silo, and a barn, probably date to this period.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>James/Roberts Interlude</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The property’s history becomes clear again in 1935, when I. B. James bought 160 acres of the former Bromley Farm. James operated a tourist bus company and had a hotel near <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, and it is possible that he and his family planned to develop a resort on foreclosed farmland in Adams County. In the meantime, James hired William O. Roberts to manage the farm. Over the next decade, the Roberts family lived on the farm, where they grew <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a>, alfalfa, corn, and grains, and raised hogs and dairy cattle.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 the large Hishinuma family, which had eleven children in addition to parents Yachi and Sen, partnered with relatives Mitsuye and Sumi Koizuma to purchase the farm for $40,000. Japanese immigrants like the Koizumas and Hishinumas had settled in Adams County since the early 1900s, when they were recruited to work in sugar beet fields and canning factories. Over the next few decades, they gradually saved enough money to start leasing and buying farms of their own. The growing economic prosperity of Colorado’s Japanese Americans collided with strong anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II, but Governor<strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ralph-carr">Ralph Carr</a></strong> defended the constitutional rights of the state’s Japanese residents and Colorado voters defeated a proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited Japanese aliens from owning land.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Hishinumas and the Koizumas had each farmed elsewhere in Adams County before moving to the Brighton area. At the farm near Brighton, the Hishinumas lived in the large main house, while the smaller Koizuma family (which adopted two Hishinuma daughters) lived in the former migrant worker house. Together they grew fruit and vegetables for their own use as well as sugar beets, cabbage, alfalfa, and corn for businesses such as the Great Western Sugar Company and the Kuner-Empson Canning Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Yachi Hishinuma died in 1958 and the Koizuma family moved to New York in 1963, ownership of the farm passed to the five Hishinuma sons. The youngest son, James, managed the farm until his death in 2004.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2005 the surviving members of the Hishinuma family sold the farm to a developer. In 2006 the city of Brighton stepped in to buy a 9.6-acre parcel around the historic farmstead to save it from demolition and redevelopment. In 2007 the farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Brighton developed a master plan that called for gradually restoring the property as a living farm, education center, and recreation space. The city has received funding for the project from Adams County Open Space and the State Historical Fund, allowing it to begin restoring the farm’s buildings.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/emmet-bromley" hreflang="en">Emmet Bromley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/japanese-americans" hreflang="en">Japanese Americans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brighton" hreflang="en">brighton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adams-county" hreflang="en">adams county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="http://www.brightonco.gov/926/Bromley-Farm-Koizuma-HIshinuma-Farm">“Bromley Farm/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm,”</a> City of Brighton, Parks and Recreation Department.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Megan Mitchell, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/09/brighton-works-to-restore-historic-bromley-farm-for-events-classes/">“Brighton Works to Restore Historic Bromley Farm for Events, Classes,”</a> <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 9, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Patricia Reither, “Bromley Farm/Koizuma-Hishinuma Farm,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (February 23, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bill Hosokawa, <em>Colorado’s Japanese Americans: From 1886 to the Present</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albin Wagner, <em>Adams County, Colorado: A Centennial History, 1902–2002</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 07 Oct 2016 22:38:49 +0000 yongli 1934 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1610--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1610.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-dmns"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Santomarco_Denver_DMNS_0.jpg?itok=ohZid4mJ" width="815" height="427" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-dmns" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver from DMNS</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the Denver skyline looking west from the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-03T15:33:26-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 3, 2016 - 15:33" class="datetime">Wed, 08/03/2016 - 15:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver" data-a2a-title="Denver"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver&amp;title=Denver"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Denver is the capital of Colorado and the twenty-first largest city in the United States, sprawling over six counties and 3,497 square miles of the High Plains and the<strong> <a href="/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountain</a></strong> foothills. Centered at the confluence of the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>, the city and county of Denver together have a population of about 600,000. At an elevation of 5,280 feet, Denver has been nicknamed “The Mile High City.” <a href="/article/michael-hancock"><strong>Michael Hancock</strong></a> has served as mayor since 2011. More a conglomeration of suburbs than a single city, the Denver metropolitan area consists of Denver, <a href="/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe</strong></a>, <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a>, <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams</strong></a> Counties and has a population of about 3.4 million. This area forms the cultural, economic, political, and social center of Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indigenous Inhabitants</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Historically, Denver’s location at the intersection of the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> and the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> made it a place where people in the American West came together. Local prehistoric indigenous sites provide a record of cultural contact and mixing, featuring stone tool styles from sometimes hundreds or thousands of miles away. These early groups did not mark their boundaries on maps. Their territories were irregular and widespread, fluctuating with the ebb and flow of resources and political alliances. Nuche (<a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>) and <strong>Apache</strong> peoples frequented the area of present-day Denver by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and by the nineteenth century, the site became a favorite winter campsite of the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Golden Gamble</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>William Green Russell</strong>, a veteran of both the Georgia and the California Gold Rushes, was one of many nineteenth-century Americans who surmised that the massive granite cordillera of the Rockies held mineral treasure. In July 1858, about eight miles above the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte, Russell’s prospecting party found a few ounces of gold. His find initiated the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> (1858–59), which gave birth to Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the west side of Cherry Creek, Russell and his party founded the first permanent settlement in what is now Metro Denver—<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a>, from the Latin word for gold. On November 22, 1858, General <a href="/article/william-larimer-jr"><strong>William H. Larimer, Jr.</strong></a><strong>,</strong> jumped a claim across Cherry Creek from Auraria. He named his town Denver City, after Kansas Territorial Governor James Denver. Denver City became the seat of what was then <a href="/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a>, a huge swath of land stretching from the current Kansas border to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. The <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> soon swept Auraria’s Georgians away, and Yankee town builders took command, reorganizing the city as West Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The gold rush prompted Congress to establish the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861. That year the federal government also brokered the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a>, reducing the territory of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people to a small reservation in eastern Colorado. Amidst rising tensions between whites and Native Americans, US troops under Col. <strong>John Chivington</strong> slaughtered more than 150 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho women, children, and elderly men at a camp on <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre">Sand Creek</a> </strong>in November 1864. Enraged by the massacre, the Cheyenne and Arapaho, along with other Plains Indians, fought a protracted war against the US Army in Colorado until 1869, when the Cheyenne leader <strong>Tall Bull</strong> was defeated at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/battle-summit-springs-0"><strong>Summit Springs</strong></a>. By that time, much of the remaining Cheyenne and Arapaho populations had been forced onto reservations in Wyoming and Oklahoma via the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. The next year the government brokered a <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>treaty</strong></a> with the Ute people that relocated most of them to a large reservation on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>“The Great Braggart City”</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver City was a long shot, since most gold rush “cities” became ghost towns. But while other Coloradans <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mined gold</strong></a>, Denverites mined the miners, providing them with food, liquor, and entertainment in exchange for the wealth they found up in the hills. Denverites also bet on everything from dogfights to <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snowfall</strong></a>, gambling with mining stock, real estate, railroads, and bank notes. During the slow winter months, city fathers amused themselves with card games. Using town lots as poker chips, they won and lost whole blocks of downtown Denver in an evening.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s persistence puzzled visitors. The city had few visible means of support. It lacked the navigable waterways which usually helped cities thrive. Other towns, notably <a href="/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a> and <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, were closer to mines. <strong>Littleton</strong>, with its Rough and Ready Mill, had a solid agricultural base. Meanwhile, Denver faced the same problems—aridity and isolation—that left the prairies and mountains littered with ghost towns. It seemed that Denverites lived solely on excitement and speculation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beset by isolation and Indian conflicts, by drought and grasshoppers, the city owed its early survival to capable town builders and determined boosters. Chief among them were William Larimer and <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a>, founder and longtime editor and publisher of the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>. Although stigmatized by some as the “Rocky Mountain Liar,” Byers and the <em>News</em> persisted in promoting Denver as the capital of Colorado. In early issues, Byers even puffed Denver as the steamboat hub of the rockies. It is not difficult to see why English traveler Isabella Bird called Denver “the Great Braggart City” when she visited in 1873.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While steamboats never negotiated the South Platte River, railroads did arrive in 1870. This spiderweb of steel first enabled Denver to establish its metropolitan sway over Coloradans. Gold and silver ores mined in the mountains rode the rails into Denver’s smelters. The giant <strong>Argo</strong>, Globe, and Grant <strong>smelters</strong> became Denver’s biggest employers by the 1890s. Acrid, black smelter smoke hung over the city, signaling its emergence as an industrial center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The city drew not only Colorado’s gold and silver, but also attracted the state’s mining magnates. Wealth and the wealthy from <a href="/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>, <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>, the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juans</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> flowed into Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Rush to Culture</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s gold and silver rushes led to a culture rush, as Denver’s overnight millionaires hoped to impress the rest of the world—or at least other Coloradans—with their artistic and humanistic pursuits. Denver’s nouveaux riches found cultural trappings a way to separate themselves from less successful gold-grubbers. Peacocks in the front yard of mansions in <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a>, servants in the kitchen, and children off to Vassar and Yale helped the successful flaunt their new status. Inspired by both a sincere interest in culture as well as a means to defining an aristocracy, Denverites rushed to respectability. <a href="/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a>, the “Silver King,” epitomized this trend, going from nouveau riche to a patron of the cultural arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado did not produce any literary giants to immortalize the frontier era, no Willa Cather or <a href="/article/mari-sandoz"><strong>Mari Sandoz</strong></a>. Travelers such as Isabella Bird, Richard Townsend and Louis Simonin left lively, literary accounts, but not until the twentieth century would Coloradans such as <strong>Hal Borland</strong>, <strong>Marshall Sprague,</strong> and <strong>Frank Waters </strong>do literary justice to the white settlement of mountain and plain.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Historians have been luckier. <strong>Robert Athearn</strong>, Leroy Hafen, Frank Hall, Jerome C. Smiley, and Wilbur Fisk Stone all published state histories. Nearly every town and county compiled at least a booster booklet. The first generation of Coloradans were conscious of both history and culture. They prided themselves on being the first white Americans to see, to name, to settle, and to build.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 1872, Denver and other towns held pioneer picnics for their founding mothers and fathers. In 1879 the State Historical and Natural History Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>) was created. The state legislature gave the society $500 to collect, preserve, and exhibit Colorado’s heritage.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denverites emphasized the edifying, ignoring the fact that their city and territorial governments had been conceived in saloon halls. Saloons also housed the first theaters, art exhibits, dance music, theater, and even libraries. By 1910 Denver had 410 saloons, offering a side variety of goods, services, arts, and amusements, as well as nickel beers and free lunches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bar art attested to early cultural aspirations. Today, original art is often confined to museums, corporate board rooms, and the homes of the wealthy, but in nineteenth-century Denver, much original saloon art was public art. Charles Stobie, a now celebrated western artist, lived above the Gallup &amp; Stanbury Saloon (which still stands at 1445 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-square"><strong>Larimer Street</strong></a>) and exhibited his work downstairs in the bar. Byers of the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> appraised Stobie’s work as “the most excellent and beautiful work in oil painting we have seen executed in this country.” Stobie’s works, like the paintings Charles Russell once swapped for drinks in the Mint Saloon, now command five- and six-digit prices. Most of Denver’s bar art perished under the reckless demolition of nineteenth-century buildings. Two exceptions are the landscapes on the old high-back booths at the <strong>Punch Bowl Tavern</strong> (2052 Stout Street) and the Windsor Hotel bar mural in the <strong>Oxford Hotel</strong> dining room.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado artists and art lovers organized the Artists Club in 1893 to promote the visual arts. During the 1920s, this club was reorganized as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum"><strong>Denver Art Museum</strong></a>. Anne Evans, a leading benefactor and an artist herself, helped to establish what is still the Denver Art Museum’s strongest collection: its American Indian materials. In their rush to culture, many in the pioneer generation overlooked the treasures of earlier Indian cultures that are now showcased in public and private collections. Ironically, Anne was the daughter of territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, who was removed from office for his role in the <u><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</a></u>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s performing arts were also born in barrooms. Apollo Hall on Denver’s Larimer Street staged Colorado’s first theatrical performances in 1859, and the Occidental Hall on Blake Street featured Colorado’s “favorite balladist” to “delight all with operatic and sentimental, as well as comic songs.” At other times, this Blake Street bar advertised a reading room with the latest newspapers and free stationery, offering readers a haven two decades before the <a href="/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a> was founded in 1886.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Such astonishing artistic efforts helped make Denver a cultural as well as a commercial capital for Colorado. Farmers from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>eastern plains</strong></a>, ranchers from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> and the Western Slope, and mountain miners have long relied on Denver as an entertainment center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Diversity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Flush times ended abruptly for Coloradans with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a>. The price of silver—then the state’s chief product—tumbled from over one dollar an ounce to under sixty cents. In response, Denver diversified its economy. The city had previously relied on supplying and smelting for the mining industry, but now it shifted to other endeavors, including tourism and agricultural processing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1894 Denverites launched the Festival of Mountain and Plain to promote tourism, boost local spirits, and advertise the region’s industrial diversity. A prominient example of the latter was <strong>Charles Gates</strong>, an out-of-work mining engineer, and his brother John. They invented the world’s first rubber v-belt, which, unlike earlier flat belts, did not slip off machinery wheels and helped improve machinery performance. The Gates hired Buffalo Bill to promote their belts, tires, and hoses. Gates rode his rubber accessories for horseless carriages into prominence and wealth with the auto age. As they built factories, sugar mills, barley elevators, train depots, and gas stations, Gates and other enterprising Denverites transformed not only the city but also the rest of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of these entrepreneurs were immigrants. <a href="/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a>, a teenage orphan from Germany, transformed long-stagnant Golden into a thriving brewery town. <strong>John Kernan Mullen</strong>, a young Irish immigrant, skipped school to work in a flour mill and wound up with a multi-million-dollar milling empire. Mullen’s <strong>Colorado Grain Elevator</strong> and Hungarian Flour empires owned wheat fields, grain elevators, and flour mills throughout the state. Rather than sink his money into mining, <strong>Charles Boettcher</strong>, a German immigrant, concentrated on hardware and mining supplies, then fathered the Great Western Sugar Company, the Ideal Cement Company, Capitol Life Insurance, the National Fuse and Powder Company, and the Bighorn Rand in North Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Racial and Ethnic Diversity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the area’s long history as a gathering place, Denver has drawn people of many different races and ethnicities. Yet, as in other American cities, those who were considered white—a definition that has changed over time—had held most of the economic and political power since the mid-nineteenth century. Beginning then, relations between the various groups that have called Denver home were often fraught with tension.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of the city’s first white residents held ambivalent views toward Native Americans. Some even argued for their extermination through violence or other means. In 1866 the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> declared that “savage tribes must give way to the western advance of empire,” suggesting that in lieu of extermination “by the sword … the remedy then consists in feeding them, and they will gorge themselves to death.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White Denverites also looked upon their Chinese neighbors with disdain, even though Chinese residents helped build the nation’s railroads and operated nearly all of the city’s laundering businesses, a critical part of the local service industry. By the late nineteenth century, Chinese residents in Denver had built a thriving community along present-day Wazee Street. Anti-Chinese sentiment came to head in the <strong>Anti-Chinese Riot of 1880</strong>. A white mob descended upon <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-chinatown"><strong>Denver’s Chinatown</strong></a>, destroying property and beating dozens of Chinese residents, killing one. Denver’s Chinatown endured the assault and remained an integral part of the city until the 1940s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the late nineteenth century, black railroad workers began moving their families to the<a href="/article/five-points"> <strong>Five Points</strong></a> neighborhood north of downtown, as it was closer to the tracks along the South Platte. By the 1920s Five Points had become majority black and was known as the “Harlem of the West,” attracting Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, and other great musicians of the day. White Denverites enacted discriminatory housing practices, including racially restrictive covenants, to keep blacks in Five Points. Such agreements effectively barred black Denverites from new housing developments until the state supreme court outlawed racially restrictive covenants in 1957.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While black businesses and culture were thriving in north Denver during the 1920s, the city’s Latino population grew in the Auraria neighborhood on the west side of Cherry Creek. By 1940 the city’s Spanish-speaking population had expanded to other neighborhoods northeast and southwest of downtown. Like blacks, Latinos faced discrimination in housing, education, law enforcement, and employment, but because they were relative newcomers, their plight was often worse. A survey conducted by the Denver Area Welfare Council in 1950, for instance, found that Spanish-speaking residents were twice as likely to live in substandard housing as black residents, and blacks’ per capita income was double that of Latinos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the resurgence of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado"><strong>Ku Klux Klan</strong></a> in the early 1920s, race relations had reached a nadir. The KKK numbered in the hundreds of thousands and eventually achieved de facto political control over the entire state. Members included Denver mayor <strong>Benjamin F. Stapleton</strong>, Denver police chief William J. Candlish, at least twenty Denver police officers, a state supreme court justice, and even the governor, <strong>Clarence J. Morley</strong>. Klan members threatened the local chapter of the NAACP, held well-attended cross-burnings, boycotted Catholic businesses, hurled insults while driving through Jewish neighborhoods, and chased blacks out of new white neighborhoods. By 1925, corruption and political ineptitude doomed the Klan in Colorado, as Klan policemen’s ties to vice trades were exposed and the Colorado Grand Dragon was investigated for tax evasion. Stapleton, however, remained Denver’s ineffective yet immovable mayor until 1947.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Social Struggles and Civil Rights Campaigns</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, as they did in other American cities, black and Latino Denverites took part in social movements that sought to change long-entrenched patterns of discrimination. De facto <strong>segregation</strong> and discrimination continued in Denver, despite the state supreme court’s 1957 ban on restrictive housing covenants and the election of Denver’s first black city council member, <a href="/article/elvin-r-caldwell"><strong>Elvin Caldwell</strong></a>, in 1955. In the 1960s black Denverites organized boycotts of discriminatory businesses such as Denver Dry Goods and staged sympathy sit-ins to demonstrate their solidarity with other black sit-ins across the country. In the late 1960s the local chapter of the Black Panther Party found traction, sponsoring free breakfasts for black school children while loudly criticizing racist policies and actions by Denver officials and police.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1965 <a href="/article/rodolfo-%E2%80%9Ccorky%E2%80%9D-gonzales"><strong>Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales</strong></a> organized "La Crusada para La Justicia," the Crusade for Justice, which became part of the broader Chicano Movement that gained traction in Denver and across the country in the 1960s. Gonzales’s crusade advocated for Latino self-determination through control of local schools and ethnic solidarity, while also calling for an end to employment and police discrimination against Denver’s Latino population. While the candidate for his Chicano political party,  La Raza Unida, garnered just 2 percent of the vote in the gubernatorial election of 1970, Gonzales’s campaign nonetheless demonstrated the political power of Latinos in the Mile High City.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Gonzales was unifying Denver’s Latinos, the city’s Native American population was growing. It began to increase in the 1950s, when the federal government encouraged members of western tribes to move to western cities. Many of the city’s new Native American residents were poorer than either blacks or Latinos, and several intertribal support agencies—such as the White Buffalo Council and the <strong>Denver Indian Center</strong> of Denver Native Americans United—provided social support and services to members of the Navajo, Lakota, and other tribes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Decline and Renewal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1980s, Denver’s economic fortunes again crashed alongside the price of a major Colorado commodity. This time it was not silver but oil. In the 1970s Colorado had enjoyed an energy boom thanks to development of oil shale deposits on the Western Slope. But in 1983 the price of crude oil plummeted from $42 a barrel to $10, and unemployment and office vacancy rates soared. The oil bust retaught lessons of the Silver Panic of 1893. Led by Governor <strong>Roy Romer </strong>and Denver mayor <strong>Federico Peña</strong>, Denverites explored new economic possibilities, such as high-tech, computer-age enterprises. Meanwhile, Coloradans could take some comfort in economic mainstays such as tourism and recreation. Additionally, in 1988 the city designated the portion of Lower Downtown Denver between Twentieth Street, Larimer Street, Cherry Creek, and Wynkoop Street—locally known as “<a href="/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>LoDo</strong></a>”—as a historic district. In 1991 Denverites elected the development-minded <strong>Wellington Webb </strong>to the mayor’s office. Webb, the city’s first black mayor, served for twelve years and oversaw the completion of a new airport, the arrival of new sports teams, and the expansion of the city’s parks and art museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The successful redevelopment of LoDo brought Major League Baseball’s <strong><a href="/article/colorado-rockies">Colorado Rockies</a> </strong>to Denver in 1995. The franchise built its stadium, <strong>Coors Field</strong>, on the northeast edge of the Historic District at Twentieth and Blake Streets. Architects incorporated elements of the surrounding buildings into the stadium’s design, adding red brick and stone trim. Just across Cherry Creek, the Pepsi Center (now <strong>Ball Arena</strong>) opened in 2000 as home for the National Basketball Association’s <a href="/article/denver-nuggets"><strong>Denver Nuggets</strong></a> and the National Hockey League’s <a href="/article/colorado-avalanche"><strong>Colorado Avalanche</strong></a>. These two giant venues, along with the addition of <strong>Dick’s Sporting Goods Park</strong> in Commerce City in 2006, made the Denver Metro Area into a sports fan’s paradise. Of course, Mile High Stadium, the home of the <a href="/article/denver-broncos"><strong>Denver Broncos</strong></a> on the west bank of the South Platte, had already been a national sports landmark for decades.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Metro Denver Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver is different from other large American cities in several ways. First, its population is generally well educated, with the second-highest per capita education level in the country. Second, most are residents by choice rather than birth—the city, and especially the suburbs, are filled with immigrants from across the nation and world who are more likely to be “United in Orange” (as Broncos fans) than by a common ancestry. In recent years, Denver residents have also continued the city’s long tradition of political activism, organizing protests against Wall Street, police brutality, the federal government and Internal Revenue Service, and the city’s treatment of the homeless.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Denverites are also unusually mobile, both in vehicles and with their legs. The American Fitness Index ranks Denver as the third-fittest city in the nation, ahead of both Seattle and Portland. Denverites also own about 1.5 vehicles per household, ranking in the top 25 percent among American cities; the emissions from so many vehicles often creates a visible layer of smog above the city. <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a> once made Denver a hub for state and regional travel, but since 1995 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a> (DIA) has taken up that mantle. DIA is the sixth-busiest airport in the United States and the largest by land area, covering more than 33,500 acres. The <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong>, meanwhile, supplies Metro Denver residents with bus and light rail service, including to DIA.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps the greatest asset of this automobile metropolis is easy escape to the wide open spaces. Within an hour’s drive to the east lie prairie ghost towns and the exquisite solitude of the Great Plains. An hour’s drive to the west takes Denverites to <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver’s Mountain Parks</strong></a> system and the campgrounds, hiking trails, and <a href="/article/ski-industry"><strong>ski</strong></a> areas of the Continental Divide. Long after the founding generations of Denver extolled the beauty of the Front Range, the easy escape to Colorado’s other attractive regions remains one of the Mile High City’s best attributes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>This article is an abbreviated and updated version of the author’s essay “Denver: Mile High Metropolis and Capitol of the Five States of Colorado,” distributed in 2006 as part of <strong>Colorado Humanities</strong>’ “Five States of Colorado” educational resource kit.</em></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-museum-nature-and-science" hreflang="en">denver museum of nature and science</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lodo" hreflang="en">lodo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-beautiful-movement" hreflang="en">city beautiful movement</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mayor-denver" hreflang="en">mayor of denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-history" hreflang="en">denver history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tom-noel" hreflang="en">tom noel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/metro-denver" hreflang="en">metro denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-larimer" hreflang="en">william larimer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jr" hreflang="en">Jr.</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mile-high-city" hreflang="en">mile high city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/queen-city" hreflang="en">queen city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lower-downtown-denver" hreflang="en">lower downtown denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coors-field" hreflang="en">coors field</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/five-points" hreflang="en">Five Points</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capitol-hill" hreflang="en">capitol hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aurora" hreflang="en">aurora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arvada" hreflang="en">arvada</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/commerce-city" hreflang="en">commerce city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thornton" hreflang="en">Thornton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brighton" hreflang="en">brighton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lakewood" hreflang="en">lakewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cherry-creek" hreflang="en">Cherry Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/regional-transportation-district" hreflang="en">Regional Transportation District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-broncos" hreflang="en">Denver Broncos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-rockies" hreflang="en">Colorado Rockies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-25" hreflang="en">Interstate 25</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70" hreflang="en">interstate 70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tourism" hreflang="en">tourism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rossonian-hotel" hreflang="en">rossonian hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-s-roeschlaub" hreflang="en">robert s. roeschlaub</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/barney-ford" hreflang="en">Barney Ford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/washington-park" hreflang="en">Washington Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-park" hreflang="en">City Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-hall" hreflang="en">city hall</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Air Traffic Activity System, “<a href="https://aspm.faa.gov/">Airport Operations: Ranking Report</a>,” Federal Aviation Administration, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>American Fitness Index, “<a href="https://acsmsoftware.com/afi/rankings/">2016 AFI Report</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=RMD18660706.2.2&amp;srpos=48&amp;e=-------en-20-RMD-41">Among the Mountains</a>,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, July 6, 1866.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Isabella Bird, <a href="https://www.mckinley.k12.hi.us/ebooks/pdf/llirm10.pdf"><em>A Lady’s Life in the Rockies</em></a> (1879).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Summer Burke, “<a href="https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&amp;amp;httpsredir=1&amp;amp;article=1017&amp;amp;context=psi_sigma_siren">Community Control: Civil Rights Resistance in the Mile High City</a>,” <em>Psi Sigma Siren </em>7, no. 1 (January 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://voicesofthecivilrightsmovement.com/Video-Collection/2015/12/04/denvers-sit-in-movement/">Denver’s Sit-In Movement</a>,” Voices of the Civil Rights Movement, December 4, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Governing.com, “<a href="https://www.governing.com/archive/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html">Car Ownership in US Cities</a>,” 2010-13.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Ingold, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2009/04/15/5000-attend-tax-day-tea-party-at-capitol/">5,000 attend tax-day ‘tea party’ at Capitol</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 15, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Invisible Government,” <em>Denver Express</em>, March 27, 1924.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah M. Nelson, K. Lynn Berry, Richard F. Carrillo, Bonnie L. Clark, Lori E. Rhodes, and Dean Saitta, <em>Denver: An Archaeological History</em> (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Thomas J. Noel, <em>The City and the Saloon, Denver, 1858–1916 </em>(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Showtime: Denver’s Performing Arts, Convention Centers &amp; Theatre District </em>(Denver: Denver’s Division of Theatres &amp; Arenas, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/when-kkk-ruled-colorado-not-so-long-ago">When the KKK Ruled Colorado: Not So Long Ago</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History and Geneaology, June 19, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kristin Leigh Painter, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/05/01/occupy-denver-joins-occupy-wall-street-in-may-day-protest/">Occupy Denver joins Occupy Wall Street in May Day protest</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 1, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas H. Simmons, R. Laurie Simmons, and Dawn Bunyak, “Historic Residential Subdivisions of Metropolitan Denver, 1940–1965,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Serivice form 10-900 (Denver: History Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/tea-party-activists-rally-at-denver-irs-office/">Tea Party Activists Rally At Denver’s IRS Office</a>,” <em>CBS Denver</em>, May 21, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chris Walker, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/homeless-sweeps-protests-planned-at-rockies-opener-denver-art-museum-7784003">Homeless Sweeps: Protests Planned at Rockies Opener, Denver Art Museum</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, April 8, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=RMW18591214&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-">Denver City Charter, 1859</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://digital.denverlibrary.org/">Denver Public Library, Western History &amp; Geneaology Digital Collections</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.denverwater.org/">Denver Water</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.englewoodco.gov/">Englewood</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steve Grinstead, ed., <em>Denver Inside and Out</em>,<em> Colorado History </em>16 (2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis </em>(Niwot: University of Colorado Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lodo.org/">Lower Downtown Denver</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Mile High City: An Illustrated History of Denver </em>(Encinitas, CA: Heritage Media, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603226/">"Speer &amp; the City,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 5, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 03 Aug 2016 21:33:26 +0000 yongli 1575 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Adams County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Adams County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1110--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1110.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-arsenal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RockyMountainArsenalSouthPlant_0.jpg?itok=SfxBn8Ai" width="1090" height="871" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-arsenal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain Arsenal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This photo shows the South Plants of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal chemical complex, about ten miles northeast of Denver, in 1970. The US Army built the facility in 1942 to manufacture chemical weapons; in 1952, Shell Oil began leasing the south plants to&nbsp; manufacturers of fertilizers and pesticides.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1108--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1108.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/adams-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/AdamsCounty_0.png?itok=zFr9hegg" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/adams-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Adams County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Adams County, located just north of Denver, is home to more than 440,000 Coloradans.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1721--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1721.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/adams-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/adams_county_0.jpg?itok=1mT3J7-D" width="1090" height="307" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/adams-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Adams County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="widget-pane-section-facts-description">Adams County, stretching from the Denver metro area to the eastern plains,&nbsp;is the fifth-most populous county in Colorado.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1109--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1109.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/alva-adams"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/AlvaAdams_0.jpg?itok=Sg6ySwEk" width="320" height="337" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/alva-adams" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Alva Adams</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Adams County was named for Alva Adams, the fifth, tenth, and fourteenth governor of Colorado.<br /> &nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1591--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1591.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beet-inspector-brighton-1939-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Adams%20County%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=0Rn08dEG" width="640" height="486" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beet-inspector-brighton-1939-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beet Inspector in Brighton, 1939</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A worker inspects washed beets at the Great Western Sugar Factory in Brighton in 1939. The factory operated from 1917 to 1977.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T13:42:43-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 13:42" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 13:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county" data-a2a-title="Adams County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fadams-county&amp;title=Adams%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Adams County, named after former Colorado Governor <strong>Alva Adams</strong>, encompasses 1,184 square miles in northeast Colorado. A long, irregular rectangle, the county stretches across the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> from its western boundary north of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to its eastern edge at the intersection of US Route 36 and Meridian Road. It is bordered on the north by <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld</strong></a> and <a href="/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan</strong></a> Counties, on the east by <a href="/article/washington-county"><strong>Washington County</strong></a>, on the south by <a href="/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe County</strong></a>, and to the east and southeast by <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a> and Denver Counties. Before the arrival of whites in the nineteenth century, Native Americans had claim to the county’s current area. In 1859 the first white immigrants moved to the area that would become <strong>Brighton</strong>, the current county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county supports a population of more than 440,000, making it the fifth-most populous county in Colorado. Most of its population is concentrated in the Denver metro area, in the cities of <strong>Arvada</strong>, <strong>Aurora</strong>, <strong>Commerce City</strong>, and <strong>Thornton</strong>. Commerce City is home to Dick’s Sporting Goods Park and of the <strong>Colorado Rapids</strong> of Major League Soccer, as well as of the Suncor Energy oil refinery, currently the largest oil refinery in the Rocky Mountain Region. Natural areas in the county include Barr Lake State Park, near Brighton, and the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century, present-day Adams County was home to the Cheyenne and Arapaho people, who had come to the region after being pushed out of their traditional homelands in the Midwest. The two allied groups shared a nomadic lifestyle based on the horse, which among other advantages allowed them to hunt buffalo with greater efficiency and to quickly find shelter during storms. During the worst extremes of summer and winter on the plains, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> stands along the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> and its tributaries provided food and shelter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Newcomers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1820s, European fur trappers and traders were active in the region, and in 1850 Lewis Ralston made the first documented gold find in Colorado along Ralston’s Creek (today’s Clear Creek) in present-day Arvada. Little came of the find, however, as the Cheyenne and Arapaho still held dominion over the area and the nation was fixated on the California Gold Rush farther west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Conditions were different in 1858, when gold was discovered<strong> </strong>along Dry Creek in present-day Denver. The US Army had won small but symbolic victories against hostile Native Americans on the plains, and the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> in 1851 provided for the protection of wagon trains headed west. As the news of the find traveled east, whites began streaming into the Denver area across overland wagon routes from Kansas. In 1859 two of these emigrants, Benjamin Wadsworth and Louis Reno, platted the town of Arvada near the site of Lewis Ralston’s find nine years before. An <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditch was dug, and farming began within a year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native American Removal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of so many whites put pressure on the Native Americans’ resource base, as travelers shot <strong>buffalo</strong> and used the valuable cottonwoods for fuel and shelter. The houses, fences, and crops of white farmers and ranchers took wood and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> from the all-important groves along the South Platte and its tributaries, and cattle herds ate up acres of prime grazing lands. Conflict stemming from this invasion of people, animals, and plants resulted in the 1861 establishment of a reservation for the Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado. By that time the two peoples were split between those who sought peace through capitulation and those who sought resistance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1864 US troops massacred more than 150 peaceful Arapaho and Cheyenne at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>, prompting more than a decade of warfare between the US military and an alliance of Arapaho, Cheyenne, Lakota, and other Plains Indians. In 1867 the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> established the Cheyenne-Arapaho Indian Reservation in central Oklahoma, then known as “Indian Territory.” Though sporadic raiding by the Arapaho and their allies continued into the 1870s, by the end of the nineteenth century Adams County was mostly cleared of both groups.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Formation and Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From 1861 to 1901, the area now known as Adams County was included in Arapahoe County. In 1876, the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado</strong> </a><strong><a href="/article/colorado-territory">Territory</a> </strong>became the state of Colorado. The thirteenth legislative assembly effectively renamed much of the eastern part of the original Arapahoe County as Adams County in 1901, and Adams County’s original borders extended east from north Denver to the Nebraska border. However, the fourteenth assembly extended the southern boundaries of Washington and <a href="/article/yuma-county"><strong>Yuma</strong></a> counties, cutting off the eastern boundary of Adams County at a spot roughly twenty miles southeast of <a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1870–71 the <strong>Boulder County Railroad</strong> linked with the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> at Hughes Station. The town of Brighton developed around the station and incorporated on May 6, 1887, with 175 residents. Upon incorporation, the small town featured a school, a church, a blacksmith, a hotel, a market, saloons, and a newspaper. Brighton was designated the permanent county seat in 1904.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Water from the South Platte has allowed agriculture to be a mainstay of Adam County’s economy since the mid-nineteenth century. With the explosion of <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet farming</strong></a> along the northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> around the turn of the century, the county experienced an influx of Hispanic farm laborers, many of whom were fleeing revolutionary turmoil in Mexico. In 1917 farmers and merchants in the county convinced the Great Western Sugar Company to build a beet-processing factory in Brighton, which stayed in operation until 1977.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 Adams/Arapahoe County farmer <strong>Frank Zybach</strong> developed center-pivot irrigation, a watering technique in which a row of sprinklers is mechanically driven around a center well. Before Zybach's invention, one irrigation worker could tend 400 acres; with center-pivot technology the same worker could water 1,600 acres. Today center-pivot is the dominant irrigation method in Colorado, and more than 250,000 systems are in use around the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cession of Land</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In a 1989 election, Adams County granted fifty-three square miles of its southwest corner to Denver for the construction of <strong>Denver International Airport (DIA)</strong>. By the late 1990s, the city of <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a> had grown to encompass territory in four different counties, including Adams. In 2001 this confusing administrative structure was settled when the <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>city and county of Broomfield</strong></a> was established, taking another small chunk out of Adams County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Industrial Legacies</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other places in Colorado and the west, Adams County was a site of contention between economic and environmental interests throughout the twentieth century. Perhaps as a result of that history, Adams County today has demonstrated an ability to balance traditional economic development—factories, oil refineries, and sports complexes—with more sustainable endeavors, such as wildlife refuges and solar energy sites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1942 the US Army built Rocky Mountain Arsenal, a $10 million, 17,000-acre chemical weapons facility about ten miles northeast of Denver. After World War II, the army began leasing some of the arsenal’s facilities to private companies. From 1952 to 1982, Shell Oil used some of the buildings for the production of agricultural herbicides and pesticides. During the Cold War, the army reactivated the arsenal for weapons production, and the facilities also produced the rocket fuel used by the Apollo 11 space expedition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Years of weapons and chemical production at the arsenal had a devastating effect on the local environment. Over three decades, both the army and private industries deposited millions of gallons of liquid waste into natural depressions on the site. Beginning in the 1950s, farmers on land surrounding the facility noticed sick livestock and crop damage, caused by leakage of herbicides and pesticides from the arsenal. In 1975 the <strong>Colorado Department of Health</strong> found that surrounding lands were contaminated with diisopropylmethyl-phosphonate (DIMP), a compound used in nerve gas, and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), a chemical used in adhesives and paints. Overall, more than 750 different chemicals were used on-site, and some 8 to 13 million cubic yards of soil are estimated to have been contaminated by arsenal operations. In 1982 the army and Shell stopped all chemical production at the facility, and by 1988 the army had prioritized cleanup of the site.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1987 the US <strong>Environmental Protection Agency</strong> (EPA) designated Rocky Mountain Arsenal as one of its “superfund” sites, or high-priority cleanup sites. Cleanup operations, overseen by the army, Shell, and the EPA, cost $2.1 billion and were completed by 2010, although groundwater treatment is ongoing. After the surface cleanup, the army transferred arsenal land to the US Fish and Wildlife Service to create Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge today encompasses 15,000 acres of short-grass prairie and is home to more than 300 species of wildlife.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the mid-2000s, billionaire sports franchise owner <strong>Stan Kroenke</strong>, in partnership with Commerce City, developed plans for a $131 million stadium complex at the southwestern edge of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal reserve. Construction of Dick’s Sporting Goods Park was finished in 2007. In addition to being the home of the Colorado Rapids, Kroenke’s Major League Soccer club, the 18,000-seat stadium serves as a venue for concerts, festivals, and a variety of national and international sporting events, including US national soccer team matches. Beyond the stadium, the 917-acre site hosts business offices for Commerce City staff and the US Fish and Wildlife Service, as well as a visitors’ center for the nearby Rocky Mountain Arsenal Wildlife Refuge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another source of pollution in Adams County is the Suncor refinery, established in Commerce City in the 1930s. The facility refines nearly 90,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with some of the crude coming from local sources and some from Canadian tar sands Since the 1980s, the refinery has been known to exude toxic waste, including benzene, a known carcinogen. In November 2011, a local fisherman reported a black ooze seeping into the South Platte River. <em>The</em> <em>Denver Post </em>later reported that both the company and the state health department had known about the uncontrolled spill for months. The EPA investigated and launched an emergency cleanup, finding benzene contamination levels in the South Platte and Sand Creek between 480 and 2,000 parts per billion—significantly higher than the EPA’s national drinking-water standard of 5 ppb.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In April 2012, Suncor settled with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment for $2.2 million, covering cleanup costs and penalties for air pollution. Among other violations incurred between 2008 and 2010, the refinery’s airborne benzene emissions were found to be 3.34 metric tons above the amount considered safe by federal health standards. Suncor continues to oversee prevention and cleanup operations, which include maintaining an underground wall to stop seepage and treating contaminated water and soils.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A Brighter Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While the Suncor refinery cleans up its toxic waste, Adams County is entering the renewable energy market. In September 2014, the county became one of the first in the nation to implement a community solar panel program when it entered into a partnership with SunShare, a Denver-based solar energy company. The company plans to install solar gardens—large arrays of solar panels—near Forty-Eighth Avenue and Imboden Road. When completed, Adams County will purchase approximately 189 kilowatts to power its municipal buildings, which are estimated to make up 5 percent of the county’s total electricity demand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>County sustainability manager Nick Kittle claimed that the partnership will save Adams County nearly $300,000 in energy costs over the next twenty years, and that county homeowners will be allowed to purchase SunShare solar energy after the benefits for the municipal buildings are evaluated. The county and other potential SunShare customers will receive credits for the solar power on their Xcel Energy bills.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adams-county" hreflang="en">adams county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brighton" hreflang="en">brighton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/commerce-city" hreflang="en">commerce city</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arvada" hreflang="en">arvada</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-arsenal" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountain Arsenal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-arsenal-national-wildlife-refuge" hreflang="en">rocky mountain arsenal national wildlife refuge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunor-refinery" hreflang="en">sunor refinery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adams-county-co" hreflang="en">adams county co</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunshare" hreflang="en">sunshare</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/solar-energy-adams-county" hreflang="en">solar energy adams county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Adams County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://adcogov.org/">Adams County, Colorado</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Randy Alfred, "<a href="https://www.wired.com/2008/07/dayintch-0722/">July 22, 1952: Genuine Crop-Circle Marker Patented</a>," <em>Wired</em>, July 22, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.arvadahistory.org/">Arvada Historical Society</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> “Brighton, Colorado: The Quasquicentennial Book,” <em>Gateway News</em>, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://longmontian.blogspot.com/2011/01/brighton-sugar-factory-1917-1977.html">Brighton Sugar Factory (1917–1977)</a>,” <em>Longmontian</em>, January 14, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bruce Finley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/02/29/suncor-working-to-expel-cancer-causing-benzene-from-under-denver-area-refinery/">Suncor working to expel cancer-causing benzene from under Denver-area refinery</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, March 1, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bruce Finley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/04/02/suncor-refinery-in-commerce-city-to-pay-for-air-pollution-violations/">Suncor refinery in Commerce City to pay for air-pollution violations</a>,” <em>Denver Post, </em>April 3, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bruce Finley, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2012/05/01/remedies-not-stopping-water-pollution-at-commerce-city-refinery/">Remedies not stopping water pollution at Commerce City refinery</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, May 2, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matthew Greene, “The Rocky Mountain Arsenal: States’ Rights and the Cleanup of Hazardous Waste,” working paper, University of Colorado Conflict Research Consortium, Boulder, 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Irving A. Lipson, et al., <em>Colorado Counties 1963</em> (Colorado State Association of County Commissioners: Denver, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Megan Mitchell, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/02/adams-county-partners-with-sunshare-for-first-community-solar-garden/">Adams County partners with SunShare for first community solar garden</a>,” <em>Denver Post, </em>September 4, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Stadium Facts,” Dick’s Sporting Goods Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.arvadaco.gov/">City of Arvada</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradorapids.com/">Colorado Rapids</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.c3gov.com/">Commerce City, Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Candy Hamilton, <em>Footprints in the Sugar: A History of the Great Western Sugar Company </em>(Ontario, OR: Hamilton Bates, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0800357">EPA Superfund Program: Rocky Mountain Arsenal (US Army), Adams County, CO</a>,” US Environmental Protection Agency, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Rocky Mountain Arsenal,” Colorado Department of Public Health &amp; Environment</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Albin Wagner, <em>Adams County, Colorado: A Centennial History</em>, 1902–2002 (Virginia Beach: Donning Co. Publishers, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 20:42:43 +0000 yongli 1060 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org