%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Emma Florence Langdon http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emma-florence-langdon <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Emma Florence Langdon</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T14:01:57-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 14:01" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 14:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emma-florence-langdon" data-a2a-title="Emma Florence Langdon"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Femma-florence-langdon&amp;title=Emma%20Florence%20Langdon"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Emma Florence Langdon (1875–1937) was a linotype operator, historian, and labor leader celebrated for her courageous defense of the freedom of the press during the <strong>Colorado Labor Wars</strong>. When National Guardsmen arrested five prounion employees of the <em>Victor Record</em>, Langdon outraced the military to the newspaper office, barricaded the doors, and printed the next day’s edition herself. Later, she wrote a history of the labor conflicts of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> district and remained an active participant and sought-after speaker in the labor movement during its most tumultuous years in Colorado.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Emma Florence Parker was born on September 29, 1875, in Tennessee, to parents who were native southerners. Little is known about her early life. She married J. W. Lockett when she was fifteen years old, and in 1893 gave birth to her only daughter, Lucile. The marriage did not last, and two years later, she married Charles G. Langdon, a printer, and settled in Junction City, Kansas, where he had grown up.</p> <h2>Cripple Creek Strike</h2> <p>By 1903 Langdon was in the Cripple Creek mining district, working as an apprentice linotype operator alongside her husband and brother-in-law at the <em>Victor Record</em>, the last prounion newspaper in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county"><strong>Teller County</strong></a>. When the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners</strong></a> (WFM) went on strike in August in support of <strong>Colorado City</strong>’s <strong>smelter</strong> workers, Langdon, a member of the Typographical Union, supported the decision. “They are brothers,” she would later write. “We are both subjected to the same conditions. He is on strike today, I may be tomorrow. We both stand for the same—unionism.”</p> <p>In September, Governor <strong>James Peabody</strong> sent the National Guard to Cripple Creek under the command of Adjutant General <strong>Sherman Bell</strong>. The Mine Owners’ Association would be paying the guardsmen, the result of what Langdon called “an unholy and dastardly contract” to “stamp out the life” of the WFM. On September 20, Langdon and her family were present when the military, serving as an escort to nonunion workers, “charged upon the mass of men, women and children and herded them like wild beasts upon the sidewalks.” Langdon, along with her husband, fled into a billiard hall to avoid being trampled.</p> <h2>Putting Out the Paper</h2> <p>Tensions between the military and civilians grew stronger by the day. General Bell rejected every attempt to curtail or question his authority. When the <em>Victor Record</em> erroneously reported on September 29 that two convicts were among the troops he commanded, a unit soon arrived to arrest the newspaper’s employees.</p> <p>Before the troops escorted managing editor George Kyner and four of his employees to the military “bull pen,” a makeshift jail, Kyner was able to telephone his wife. Mrs. Kyner came to Langdon’s door after midnight and let her know what had happened—that their husbands had been arrested and the newspaper office was empty.</p> <p>Langdon dressed hurriedly and sprinted the five blocks to the office, arriving before the militia&nbsp;could return from booking its prisoners. She secured the help of two men, including the operator of the printing press, and they “locked, bolted, and barred the doors” just before the soldiers got back. Langdon refused to admit them and dared them to break in. The dare was not accepted, and Langdon, only half-dressed and with unlaced shoes, spent the next three hours setting the type for the morning’s paper, which bore the headline “Somewhat Disfigured, But Still in the Ring.”</p> <p>After preparing the paper for distribution and informing her sister-in-law that her husband, too, had been arrested, Langdon undertook to deliver the first shipment herself. She brought the <em>Record</em> to the National Guard’s <strong>Camp Goldfield</strong>, much to the surprise of the guardsmen who received her. Contrary to her expectations, she was not arrested, and she returned to the office to begin work on the next day’s paper. At two o’clock the next morning, after more than twenty-four hours of feverish activity, she was finally able to rest when the prisoners were released and resumed their regular duties.</p> <h2>The Strike Is History</h2> <p>The standoff with the National Guard in defense of her newspaper made Emma Langdon famous. Hundreds of letters arrived from across the country in praise of her courage, and she received many honors and awards, including becoming the first female member of the WFM. But her career as a journalist and activist had just begun. Before the year was over, with the strike still ongoing, she started writing a history of the labor wars in Cripple Creek, which would be published in two parts, in 1904 and 1905. Endorsed by the WFM as its official account of the conflict, <em>The Cripple Creek Strike</em> is a mixture of history, eyewitness accounts, and advocacy. It has been recognized by later historians as “unusually significant,” valuable not only for Langdon’s treatment of the facts but for her inclusion of testimony from leaders of other regional labor conflicts.</p> <p>In January 1904, Langdon was a member of the Typographical Union committee that personally presented prounion demands to Governor Peabody, and the next month forty of her neighbors in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/victor"><strong>Victor</strong></a> surprised her with a speech recognizing her as a heroine of the “late unpleasantness.” The strike would end that year, however, with a total victory for the Mine Owners’ Association, and the Langdon family, along with other prounion residents, left the Cripple Creek district for good.</p> <h2>Later Life and Legacy</h2> <p>Langdon moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where she would reside for the rest of her life, and her union career continued. She was elected assistant secretary at the founding meeting of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/industrial-workers-world"><strong>Industrial Workers of the World</strong></a> (IWW) in 1905 and remained prominent in the WFM and its successor union, delivering speeches across the country in support of labor rights and the Socialist Party. In 1913 she helped unite typographical union members from Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming, and in 1916 she led a campaign to organize smelter workers in Kansas and Oklahoma. That year the WFM elected her as a “fraternal delegate” to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers</strong></a> convention.</p> <p>Langdon largely disappears from the historical record after <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, perhaps as a result of the Red Scare of 1919, a nationwide panic over communism that scattered IWW leaders and sympathizers. She died on November 29, 1937, at the age of sixty-two, and is buried alongside her daughter in Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fairmount-cemetery"><strong>Fairmount Cemetery</strong></a>. In 1989 Barbara Jo Revelle included Langdon in the <strong>Colorado Convention Center</strong>’s <em>Colorado Panorama</em> mural recognizing significant figures in the state’s history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/boyle-jc" hreflang="und">Boyle, JC</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/emma-langdon" hreflang="en">Emma Langdon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-labor-wars" hreflang="en">Colorado Labor Wars</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-strike-1903-4" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek Strike of 1903–4</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor-record" hreflang="en">Victor Record</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/123084133/emma-f.-langdon">Emma F. Langdon</a>,” Find a Grave, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=DLB19160805-01.2.5&amp;srpos=8&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22emma+langdon%22-------0------">Harmony Resolution Closes Western Federation Meeting</a>,” <em>Denver Labor Bulletin</em>, August 5, 1916.</p> <p>Emma F. Langdon, <em>The Cripple Creek Strike: A History of Industrial Wars in Colorado</em> (Denver: Great Western Publishing, 1904).</p> <p>Don Morreale, “<a href="https://yourhub.denverpost.com/blog/2019/10/a-colorado-panorama-damon-runyon-emma-langdon/250101/">A Colorado Panorama: Damon Runyon and Emma Langdon</a>,” <em>YourHub</em>, October 2, 2019.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=MIN19160601-01.2.32&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22emma+langdon%22-------0------">Organizers Do Good Work Among Men in Oklahoma Smelters</a>,” <em>Miners’ Magazine</em>, June 1, 1916.</p> <p>George G. Suggs, Jr., <em>Colorado’s War on Militant Unionism</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ULB19130830-01.2.44&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22emma+langdon%22-------0------">Typographical Conference Formed by Union Printers at Trinidad</a>,” <em>United Labor Bulletin</em>, August 30, 1913.</p> <p>Frank A. Wiedinger, “<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19888368/the-st-louis-star-and-times/">Woman Who Received Medal for Fight for Freedom of Press Defies Trust</a>,” <em>St. Louis Star</em>, September 25, 1912.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Elizabeth Jameson, “Imperfect Unions: Class and Gender in Cripple Creek, 1894–1904,” <em>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</em> 1, no. 2 (1976).</p> <p>Vernon H. Jensen, <em>Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry up to 1930</em> (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:01:57 +0000 yongli 3606 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Western Federation of Miners http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Western Federation of Miners</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-01-21T15:17:40-07:00" title="Thursday, January 21, 2021 - 15:17" class="datetime">Thu, 01/21/2021 - 15:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners" data-a2a-title="Western Federation of Miners"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestern-federation-miners&amp;title=Western%20Federation%20of%20Miners"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Founded in 1893, the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) was one of the largest and most active labor unions in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American West. The union was involved in some of the most important labor disputes in Colorado and American history, including the <strong>1894 Cripple Creek Strike</strong>, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-strike-1896%E2%80%9397"><strong>Leadville Strike of 1896–97</strong></a>, and the <strong>Colorado Labor Wars of 1903–4</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The WFM stood out among other labor unions at the time on account of its steadfast belief in socialism and its willingness to use violence against the property and agents of industry. In 1905 WFM leaders helped create a larger union, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/industrial-workers-world"><strong>Industrial Workers of the World</strong></a> (IWW), but eventually the two unions separated. In 1967 the WFM merged with the <strong>United Steel Workers of America</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late nineteenth century, <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining operations</strong></a> across the American West were becoming more consolidated, with large companies acquiring not only mines but also the mills, railroads, and smelters. This happened in part because the technological demands of hard-rock mining increasingly required more capital investment, which drove many smaller and medium-sized firms out of the mining industry. A major <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>crash in silver prices</strong></a> in 1893 only exacerbated this trend, as only the wealthiest companies could make the investments required to continue operation. As large companies like <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel and Iron</strong></a> became more powerful, they assumed greater control over their labor forces, which began to push back against corporate exploitation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether they worked in coal or metal mines, nineteenth-century miners held one of the most dangerous jobs in the world. They worked fourteen-hour shifts in dirty, cramped conditions. Mine shafts could collapse, flood, or fill with flammable gas and explode, like when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jokerville-mine-explosion"><strong>Jokerville Mine</strong></a> blew up near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a> in 1884. Meanwhile, mill and smelter workers were also subject to injuries from machinery, toxic air, and other workplace hazards. Many companies paid miners not in cash but in scrip, a kind of company currency that could be used only at “company stores,” which were often the sole local source of tools and food; this ensured that most wages were ultimately returned to the company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In this arrangement, workers held little power. Before the 1890s, when they struck to protest their pay, hours, and conditions, they were often fired or jailed for trying to improve their situation. These brutal corporate reprisals created fertile ground among workers for the formation of labor unions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Formation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1893—the year silver prices collapsed and threw thousands of miners into poverty—miner Edward Boyce formed the Western Federation of Miners from a jail cell in Butte, Montana. Union chapters soon sprang up in other western states, and the WFM grew after its success during the 1894 <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> Strike in one of Colorado’s wealthiest gold districts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The WFM started out as a more traditional union, but its leadership soon took a radical turn in response to escalating conflicts with organized, antagonistic mine owners. In the wake of the Leadville Strike of 1896–97, in which armed strikers attacked strikebreakers in a confrontation that left five dead, WFM president Boyce announced support for “rifle clubs” among union members. In 1897 the WFM withdrew from its coalition with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which had failed to support the strike. In 1902 the union elected a socialist president, Charles Moyer. Historian Katherine Benton Cohen writes that the WFM “did not shy away from lawbreaking and sabotage, nor did its opponents.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Activity in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The WFM’s formation stemmed from violent conflicts in Idaho and Montana, but in 1900 the union moved its headquarters to Denver, Colorado. It is in Colorado where the WFM solidified its reputation as one of the most powerful labor unions in the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>WFM activity in Colorado began with the 1894 Cripple Creek Strike, where the union was helped by a sympathetic politician, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/populism-colorado"><strong>Populist</strong></a> Governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong>. During the conflict, Waite initially refused to send in the <strong>National Guard</strong> to assist mine owners. When owners got the local sheriff to bring in an armed, strike-breaking posse, WFM members dynamited the train platform where the posse was about to disembark. Violence continued on both sides until Waite finally brokered an agreement that favored the miners, gaining the WFM fame and a broader membership. By 1903 the union had 28,000 members in Colorado across forty-two local chapters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Part of the 1894 agreement was an eight-hour workday, and in 1899 the Colorado legislature enshrined that into state law. But in 1903 mining and smelting companies broke their promise and the law, cutting wages to make up for lost productivity. This prompted WFM strikes across the state, from mines in <strong>Idaho Springs</strong>, <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>, and Cripple Creek to smelters and mills in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Urged by WFM secretary <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-dudley-haywood"><strong>Bill Haywood</strong></a>, nearly 4,000 miners left their posts in the Cripple Creek District. When mine owners hired strikebreakers to keep mines operating, WFM strikers clashed with strikebreakers, sabotaged mine equipment, and even dynamited a mine, acts that resulted in casualties for both sides.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>This time, however, the WFM ran into a less sympathetic governor in <strong>James Peabody</strong>, who declared martial law in Cripple Creek and sent in the National Guard to arrest strikers and kick them out of the district. Eventually, jailed strikers were freed by a court order, and those who were deported were paid a total of $60,000. Meanwhile, Peabody also sent National Guardsmen to Telluride, where in 1904 National Guard captain and local mine manager <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bulkeley-wells"><strong>Bulkeley Wells</strong></a> built <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-peabody"><strong>Fort Peabody</strong></a> on a mountain pass east of town to keep WFM miners out of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Cripple Creek Strike, Haywood wrote directly to President Theodore Roosevelt, arguing that “a duty devolves upon you as President of the United States to investigate the terrible crimes that are being perpetrated in Colorado in the name of law and order.” In 1905 the Roosevelt administration began such an investigation, uncovering documents such as “yellow dog” contracts, in which the signer pledged not to join a union as a condition of employment. The contracts, legal then but later banned in the 1930s, were clear attempts to disempower workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For all the efforts and sacrifices of its members, the WFM’s actions in Colorado made little headway for workers. By 1904 most mines had reopened with nonunion labor, and WFM membership had dropped by about 4,000 across the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From the West to the World</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though the union met with some success in its early years, by 1905 the WFM’s involvement in violent disputes across the American West resulted in declining membership, as well as a lack of allies and public support. To address these shortcomings, WFM leaders, including Secretary Haywood and President Moyer, met in Chicago to form a new, international workers’ union. The result was the International Workers of the World, also known as the “Wobblies.” The IWW adopted the core principles of the WFM, which now reaffirmed its existence as “an industrial union endorsing socialism and united economic and political action by the working class,” according to historian Eric Clements.  </p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, the IWW was plagued with leadership problems from the start. It was also ideologically split between moderate unionists, who favored bargaining with corporations, and radicals who sought an end to the existing arrangement between companies and workers. Eventually, the infighting resulted in a more moderate WFM detaching itself from a radical IWW in 1907. Bill Haywood, long known as a radical unionist, was among those who stayed with the IWW. Meanwhile, at its 1908 convention, the WFM reelected Moyer as president and announced it would focus on growing its ranks instead of pursuing a more radical agenda. Three years later, the WFM rejoined the AFL.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Decline</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Several factors contributed to the waning influence of the WFM in the 1910s, but among the most important were the failures of its strikes during the previous decade and the infighting that undermined it. In Colorado, hard-rock mining was also in decline during that period, as most of the profitable veins had been tapped out and many surviving mines folded when metals prices declined after World War I. In 1916 the WFM changed its name to the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, when the nation’s attention turned to the alleged evils of Communism, the Socialist IWW suffered declines in membership and public support. Mining and industrial unions did not regain power until the 1930s, when the WFM/IUMMSW was again revived under a Communist banner; this time, the union’s influence spread not only through the West but also the South and East, especially among steelworkers. But after <strong>World War II</strong>, anti-Communist sentiment prevailed again, and aside from a 1950 strike among zinc miners in New Mexico, the IUMMSW was not very active. In 1967 the union merged with the United Steelworkers of America.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jokerville-mine" hreflang="en">jokerville mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal-mining" hreflang="en">coal mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-history" hreflang="en">mining history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining-colorado" hreflang="en">mining colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-history" hreflang="en">labor history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-unions" hreflang="en">labor unions</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/strikes" hreflang="en">strikes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smelter" hreflang="en">smelter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/crested-butte" hreflang="en">crested butte</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-county" hreflang="en">teller county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-miguel-county" hreflang="en">san miguel county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/metal-mines" hreflang="en">metal mines</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hard-rock-mining" hreflang="en">hard rock mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>AFL-CIO, “<a href="https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-events/battle-cripple-creek">The Battle of Cripple Creek</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katherine Benton-Cohen, <em>Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the Arizona Borderlands</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David R. Berman, <em>Radicalism in the Mountain West, 1890–1920: Socialists, Populists, Miners, and Wobblies</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric L. Clements, “Pragmatic Revolutionaries? Tactics, Ideologies, and the Western Federation of Miners in the Progressive Era,” <em>Western Historical Quarterly</em> 40, no. 4 (Winter 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Matters, “<a href="https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5653/">Ideas in Conflict: Opposing Views of the Cripple Creek Strike</a>,” George Mason University, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Matters, “<a href="https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5654">Union-Busting at Cripple Creek</a>,” George Mason University, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>The Lessons of Leadville: Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>University of Colorado Libraries, “<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/libraries/2018/03/16/western-federation-miners#:~:text=The%20Western%20Federation%20of%20Miners%20(WFM)%2C%20which%20in%201916,in%20the%20nonferrous%20metals%20industry.">The Western Federation of Miners</a>,” March 16, 2018.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jan MacKell, <em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms </em>(Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>MaryJoy Martin, <em>The Corpse on Boomerang Road: Telluride’s War on Labor 1899–1908 </em>(Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Benjamin McKie Rastall, “<a href="https://librarycollections.law.umn.edu/documents/darrow/Labor_History_Cripple_Creek_thesis_1908_Rastall.pdf">The Labor History of the Cripple Creek District: A Study in Industrial Evolution</a>,” <em>Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin</em>, no. 198 (1906).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pikes Peak Library District, <em>The Colorado Labor Wars: Cripple Creek 1903–1904, A Centennial Commemoration </em>(Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Library District, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sharon Lynne Reitman, <em>Class Formation and Union Politics: The Western Federation of Miners and the United Mine Workers of America, 1880–1910</em> (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arnold Stead, <em>Always on Strike: Frank Little and the Western Wobblies</em> (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George G. Suggs, Jr., “Catalyst for Industrial Change: The WFM, 1893–1903,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 45, no. 4 (Fall 1968).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Jan 2021 22:17:40 +0000 yongli 3476 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Leadville Strike of 1896–97 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-strike-1896-97 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Leadville Strike of 1896–97</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3214--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3214.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/camp-mcintire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Leadville%20Strike%20of%201896%E2%80%9397%20Media%204_1.png?itok=W54e5FMt" width="480" height="406" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/camp-mcintire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Camp McIntire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Encampment of the Colorado National Guard at "Camp McIntire," during the Leadville miners' strike of 1896-1897.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-10T11:41:33-06:00" title="Friday, April 10, 2020 - 11:41" class="datetime">Fri, 04/10/2020 - 11:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-strike-1896-97" data-a2a-title="Leadville Strike of 1896–97"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fleadville-strike-1896-97&amp;title=Leadville%20Strike%20of%201896%E2%80%9397"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> strike of 1896–97 was a nine-month labor conflict pitting the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners (WFM)</strong></a> against the owners of the district’s <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mines</strong></a>. The strike began in June 1896, when miners requested higher wages and were rejected, and reached a violent climax in September, when strikers attacked two mines that had reopened with low-wage strikebreakers. <strong>Governor Albert W. McIntire</strong> promptly sent in the state militia to protect the mines, allowing owners to resume production. With no leverage remaining, the strikers limped along for several months before capitulating in March 1897. The strike marked the start of a new, more militant phase of conflict between western US miners and management.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the Panic</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Leadville strike of 1896–97 had its origins with the <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a>, an economic depression<strong>,</strong> and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which sent the mining industry into a tailspin across Colorado. In Leadville, five smelters and every large silver mine closed. The Knights of Labor, which had organized some local miners before the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-strike-1880"><strong>strike of 1880</strong></a> and again after 1884, agreed to a districtwide wage cut as a way of reopening some of the mines that had shuttered and getting men back to work.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1895, however, the mining district had recovered from the effects of the panic. Thanks to diversified production in gold, lead, copper, and zinc, Leadville returned to its position as Colorado’s top mining town, with a level of production not seen since 1889. Many mines returned to the $3.00 daily wage that had prevailed before 1893, yet roughly one-third of local miners remained tied to the $2.50 daily wage that was originally intended as a stopgap measure. Owners claimed that a lower cost of living made the wage comparable to earlier rates, but workers increasingly struggled to support their families.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cloud City Miners’ Union believed the revival of Leadville mining meant it was time to fully retire the emergency wage scale from 1893. Formed in May 1895, the union was Local No. 33 of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a new organization that was both more powerful and more aggressive than the old Knights of Labor. Within a year, it counted more than 800 local miners as members. On May 25, 1896, union representatives requested that mine owners set a base rate of at least $3.00 per day for all miners in the district. The owners rejected the request. Three weeks later, on June 19, union representatives asked again. By this time, union membership had tripled to more than 90 percent of the mining camp. The owners still said no.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the evening of June 19, about 1,200 union members met to discuss the repeated rejections of what seemed to them a reasonable request. They voted almost unanimously to go on strike in all mines that paid workers $2.50 per day. The next day, they followed through, with 968 miners walking off the job at thirteen mines. In response, mine owners decided to shut down all mines in the district and lock their employees out, tossing another 1,332 men out of work. Mining in Leadville—and, as a result, much of the town’s economic activity—ground to a halt.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Both sides felt themselves to be in a position of strength, and neither proved willing to compromise. The union represented nearly all of Leadville’s miners and had the backing of the WFM, which had just seen a notable success in the <strong>Cripple Creek strike of 1894</strong>. Meanwhile, Leadville mine owners, fearful of the growing strength of the WFM, had formed a secret agreement not to negotiate with or even to recognize the union; their responses were invariably addressed to “the miners of Leadville" instead of the union.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the stalemate, tensions never boiled over during the early months of the strike. In July, Governor Albert W. McIntire checked in with the sheriff and heard that all was well. That began to change on August 13, when owners offered the $3.00 wage during any month when the price of silver exceeded 75 cents an ounce as long as striking miners went back to work immediately. When the union rejected the offer, owners retracted it on August 18 and declared that if strikers did not return to their jobs by August 22, the mines would be reopened using strikebreakers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now both sides were on edge. The union, which had recently received a shipment of 100 rifles, dispatched guards to all routes into <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake County</strong></a> to repel any incoming strikebreakers. News of armed workers policing the county’s borders predictably alarmed Leadville’s property-owning class, who started to whisper worriedly about possible attacks on area mines. Some mines used local strikebreakers to reopen (paying $2.50 a day), but others simply shut down their pumps and allowed their tunnels to flood, a clear indication that they did not plan to resume production anytime soon.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Turning Point</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Long-feared violence finally broke out at one in the morning on September 21, when a group of a few hundred strikers marched to the reopened Coronado Mine, just a short walk from downtown. Angered by the use of strikebreakers, the armed strikers opened fire on the mine and tossed three dynamite bombs at its surface structures. As an oil tank broke open, strikers and strikebreakers engaged in a half-hour shootout. When the oil tank eventually caught fire, the strikebreakers fled the mine, having suffered no losses. On the union side, three men were fatally wounded. The confrontation caused another casualty when one of the firefighters working to douse the oil fire was shot and killed. Despite the late hour and their reduced numbers, the strikers left the Coronado and walked a mile outside of town to the Robert Emmet, another reopened mine, to take on strikebreakers there. Again, they tossed bombs and attempted to damage the mine’s surface structures, but this time shots from the strikebreakers turned them away after fatally wounding one union worker. By dawn on September 21, the early morning riot had resulted in five deaths and roughly $50,000 in property damage.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a reprise of the Leadville strike of 1880, local businessmen and mine owners quickly formed their own militia and appealed to the governor for support from the state. Governor McIntire agreed, and the first state militia troops arrived on the evening of September 21, with more following over the next two days. They were housed in barracks made from the wooden structure of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville-ice-palace"><strong>Leadville Ice Palace</strong></a>, built the previous winter in an attempt to stimulate the local economy. Protected by hundreds of troops posted at the mines, owners imported trainloads of strikebreakers from Missouri to resume production.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Back to Work</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As in 1880, the strikers had little chance once the state decided to back the owners. Unlike 1880, however, when the strike had collapsed as soon as the militia arrived, this time the WFM provided the moral, economic, and organizational support for the strikers to hold the line for months. But their only real leverage—their ability to stop production by withholding labor—was gone. As the strike continued, union ranks gradually decreased as miners either left Leadville or went back to work. Meanwhile, tensions remained high between strikebreakers and the remaining strikers; local newspapers carried reports of harassment and violence, sometimes even shootings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite its besieged position, the union held on through the fall and into the new year. As late as January 1897, strikers rejected a deal from owners, signaling that they believed they could hold out for something better. As winter dragged on, that optimism faded. On March 9, the union voted to end the strike and return to work at the old wage scale. The state militia left Leadville the next day.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike of 1896–97 significantly reduced production in the Leadville mining district, which declined by more than 20 percent in those years because of closed and flooded mines. After the strike, however, Leadville’s mines boomed for a decade, consistently hitting production levels not seen since the 1880s. The Cloud City Miners’ Union survived and continued to recruit workers, but it never regained the strength it had before the strike. The owners had won a decisive victory. Leadville miners did not go on strike again for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leadville miners may have lost, but their strike reverberated far beyond Lake County. Historian William Philpott has called it “a pivotal point for the WFM” because “it was in 1896 and 1897—when the miners’ struggle in Leadville was fought and lost—that the unrelenting hostility of management became unmistakably clear to western union miners.” In Leadville, the WFM witnessed owners’ new strength and organization. Faced with such an entrenched opposition, the WFM was forced to revise its tactics.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Leadville, Philpott argues that the WFM “turned left.” It split from eastern counterparts such as the American Federation of Labor, which had notably failed to provide support to strikers at Leadville, and started to see itself not only as protecting workers’ rights but as representing workers as a class against the antagonistic class of owners and managers. It rejected conservative goals and conciliatory positions in favor of building a militant labor union that could effectively take on an organized and hostile opposition. This position only reinforced owners’ conviction that the WFM was dangerously radical and must be destroyed. The next major battle between the two sides would come in the violent <strong>1903–4 Colorado labor wars</strong>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville-strike-1896-97" hreflang="en">Leadville Strike of 1896–97</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-labor-history" hreflang="en">colorado labor history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor" hreflang="en">labor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albert-w-mcintire" hreflang="en">Albert W. McIntire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cloud-city-miners-union" hreflang="en">Cloud City Miners&#039; Union</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>K. Jean Harvey, “The History of Leadville, Colorado, to 1900” (MA thesis, University of Southern California, 1933).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Merrill Hough, “Leadville and the Western Federation of Miners,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 49, no. 1 (Winter 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>The Lessons of Leadville: Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left</em>, Essays and Monographs in Colorado History 10 (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1995).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Christian G. Buys, <em>A Quick History of Leadville</em> (Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don L. Griswold and Jean Harvey Griswold, <em>History of Leadville and Lake County, Colorado: From Mountain Solitude to Metropolis</em>, 2 vols. (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Wyman, <em>Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the Industrial Revolution, 1860–1910</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 10 Apr 2020 17:41:33 +0000 yongli 3212 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org “Little Rome” http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/little-rome <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">“Little Rome”</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-06-02T14:13:31-06:00" title="Friday, June 2, 2017 - 14:13" class="datetime">Fri, 06/02/2017 - 14:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/little-rome" data-a2a-title="“Little Rome”"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flittle-rome&amp;title=%E2%80%9CLittle%20Rome%E2%80%9D"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“Little Rome” was a residential area in Henson, a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan</strong></a> mining camp a few miles west of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a> that peaked in the 1890s. Henson is notable for being the site of an 1899 strike carried out at the <strong>Ute Ulay</strong> and Hidden Treasure <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mines</strong></a> by Italians affiliated with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners"><strong>Western Federation of Miners</strong></a>. The “Little Rome” site may have gotten its name because it was an Italian enclave, though recent archaeological investigations have not found any conclusive proof about the ethnicity of the residents.</p> <h2>Town of Henson</h2> <p>The Ute and Ulay claims along Henson Creek were the first registered mining claims in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hinsdale-county"><strong>Hinsdale County</strong></a>. The Ute Ulay mine began serious production later that decade and spurred the growth of nearby Lake City, which had a population of 1,000 by November 1876.</p> <p>In 1880 the town of Henson was established on the north side of Henson Creek near the mine, which lay about three and a half miles from Lake City by way of the Lake City and Uncompahgre toll road. Most of the people who lived in Henson worked at the Ute Ulay or Hidden Treasure mines. The town was never incorporated, but it did have its own post office in 1883–84 and again from 1893 to 1913.</p> <p>Mines around Lake City began to boom after 1889, when the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> completed its Lake City extension. Henson flourished in the 1890s, with a population of up to 300. It boasted three saloons, a school, a barbershop, several grocery stores, and a branch of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a labor union that counted many San Juan miners as members. The area’s population and economy continued to grow even after the demonetization of silver in 1893 because the local mines produced a variety of valuable minerals. The Ute Ulay mine alone produced about $12 million from 1891 to 1903.</p> <p>Henson was an ethnically diverse town, with English, Irish, Swedish, Norwegian, Russian, German, Welsh, and Italian immigrants as well as native-born American residents. The Italians, many of whom had worked on the railroad and then stayed in the Lake City area after it was completed, were exploited as cheap labor and derided as “Dagos.” In Henson they kept to themselves, published their own newspaper, <em>La Verita</em>, and may have lived in a segregated community known as “Little Rome.” If the Italians did live apart from the rest of town, it is possible that they occupied the section of Henson on the south side of Henson Creek.</p> <h2>1899 Strike and Aftermath</h2> <p>On March 14, 1899, Italian workers at the Ute Ulay and Hidden Treasure mines went on strike, blocking the entrances to both mines. There had been tension at the mines for weeks before the strike, but the immediate cause was a decree by the Auric Mining Company, owner of both mines, that all single men employed at the mines would have to start living in company boardinghouses. For many workers this meant an increased cost of living as well as commuting distance.</p> <p>The Italians who went on strike were well armed. In the days before the strike, they had quietly bought many firearms. They had also broken into the Lake City Armory and stolen several dozen rifles. Faced with armed miners and an empty armory, the sheriff wired Governor <strong>Charles Thomas</strong> for help. Thomas quickly dispatched six companies of the state militia. The Italian consul, Joseph Cuneo, accompanied the militia to Lake City, where he hoped to help with negotiations.</p> <p>Tensions and fears were high on all sides by the time the troops arrived in Lake City. A local Italian businessman, Charles Maio, served as a go-between and was able to convince the strikers that they would not be executed if they peacefully surrendered. As a result, the strike ended on March 17 without any shots being fired. Thirty-three strikers were arrested. A few days later the troops withdrew and work resumed at the mines.</p> <p>Soon Auric Mining declared that it would not hire any more Italians. In addition, Hinsdale County officials ordered all strikers to leave the county—single men in five days, men with families in sixty days. Many Italians left the area, but others, including some of the arrested strikers, remained.</p> <p>In the early twentieth century Henson and the Ute Ulay mine began to decline. Henson lost its post office in the 1910s and became a ghost town. A dam built on Henson Creek in the 1920s flooded much of the Henson site and part of the “Little Rome” site. The Washington State–based mining company LKA Gold acquired the Ute Ulay site in the 1980s but never did any mining there.</p> <h2>Recent Investigations</h2> <p>In 1999 Julia Coleman-Fike, a <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> archaeologist for the Gunnison Resource Area, conducted the first archaeological research at the part of Henson that lay on the south side of the creek. She inventoried the site and suggested that it was the location of the Italian enclave in Henson known as “Little Rome.” As a result of Coleman-Fike’s research and nomination, the “Little Rome” site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>In June 2000, anthropologist Donald L. Hardesty brought a group of anthropology graduate students from the University of Nevada–Reno to the site to conduct more extensive fieldwork. The work was funded by the Hinsdale County Historical Society, the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, the Bureau of Land Management, and Save America’s Treasures, a joint program of the National Park Service and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p> <p>The investigation determined conclusively that the “Little Rome” site on the south side of the creek was a residential community of working-class households. It was occupied between the 1880s and the 1910s, the same as the main settlement of Henson on the other side of the creek.</p> <p>The surviving evidence provided no clear proof that the site was an Italian enclave. The documentary record contains few references to a separate Italian neighborhood. It is possible that the settlement on the south side of the creek now called “Little Rome” consisted of families trying to distance themselves from the rowdiness of Henson, which was full of single miners.</p> <p>The Henson and “Little Rome” sites are on the Alpine Loop Scenic and Historic Byway. In 2013 LKA Gold transferred twelve acres around the Ute Ulay site to Hinsdale County, which plans to clean up the site, stabilize and restore the buildings for heritage tourism, and potentially open a mining museum. In 2015 Colorado Preservation named the Ute Ulay Mill and Town Site as one of Colorado’s Most Endangered Places, a designation meant to spur fundraising and other preservation efforts.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henson" hreflang="en">Henson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-ulay-mine" hreflang="en">ute ulay mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hidden-treasure-mine" hreflang="en">Hidden Treasure Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/italian-immigrants" hreflang="en">Italian immigrants</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-loop-scenic-byway" hreflang="en">Alpine Loop Scenic Byway</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Julia Coleman-Fike, “Little Rome,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 11, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Ringhoff, <em>The Archaeological Study of “Little Rome”: Investigation of a Historic Mining Community in Hinsdale County, Colorado</em> (Master’s thesis, University of Nevada–Reno, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Catherine Tsai, “<a href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/colo-county-sees-tourism-historic-silver-mine">Colo. County Sees Tourism in Historic Silver Mine</a>,” Associated Press, March 7, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carolyn and Clarence Wright, <em>Tiny Hinsdale of the Silvery San Juan</em> (Denver: Big Mountain Press, 1964).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado Preservation, “<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/2015-list-colorados-most-endangered-places/ute-ulay-mill-and-town-site/">Ute Ulay Mill and Town Site</a>,” Colorado’s Most Endangered Places.</p> <p>LKA Gold, “<a href="https://lkagold.com/Ute_Ulay.html">Ute Ulay</a>.”</p> <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Song of the Hammer and Drill: The Colorado San Juans, 1860–1914</em> (Golden: Colorado School of Mines Press, 1982).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 02 Jun 2017 20:13:31 +0000 yongli 2663 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cripple Creek http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2123--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2123.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=LuPDpGnp" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Today Cripple Creek's historic commercial buildings have been restored with money from casino gambling, which started in 1991.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fremont"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=zglhQhrP" width="1000" height="590" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fremont" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fremont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After prospectors started moving to the Mount Pisgah area in 1891, two separate towns—Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon took shape. After about a year the towns merged to form Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2338--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2338.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bennett-avenue"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-3_0_0.jpg?itok=ZYQOsE0N" width="1000" height="711" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bennett-avenue" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bennett Avenue</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Soon Cripple Creek and the surrounding gold mines were booming, thanks in part to the decline of silver mining across the state in 1893.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2339--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2339.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-4_0_0.jpg?itok=qZBCIlds" width="1000" height="650" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Two fires raged through Cripple Creek in late April 1896.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2340--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2340.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/after-fires"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-5_0_0.jpg?itok=rQLekeE_" width="1000" height="619" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/after-fires" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">After the Fires</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 1896 fires flattened much of Cripple Creek, especially in the downtown business district, and left half of its residents homeless.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2343--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2343.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/late-1890s-prosperity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-6_0_0.jpg?itok=HCUWca4_" width="1000" height="583" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/late-1890s-prosperity" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Late 1890s Prosperity</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After the fires, Cripple Creek quickly rebuilt in brick and stone. It reached the peak of its prosperity around the turn of the century, when Teller County separated from El Paso County and Cripple Creek became the county seat.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2344--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2344.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/strike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-7_0_0.jpg?itok=5HVJbXNA" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/strike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Strike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Federation of Miners went on strike in 1903, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners and the Colorado National Guard. Many died and hundreds of union members were deported in one of the most violent labor disturbances in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2345--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2345.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=_V_qUJiV" width="1000" height="656" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek, 1980s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mining declined in the Cripple Creek district throughout the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, leaving only 2,000 people left in the area. At the end of the 1980s, residents turned to gambling as a way to develop the local economy and generate revenue for preservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:15:13-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:15" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek" data-a2a-title="Cripple Creek"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcripple-creek&amp;title=Cripple%20Creek"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> boom in Colorado, attracting tens of thousands of people to the western flank of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> in the 1890s. After it was destroyed by fire in 1896, the town and surrounding mining district reached peak production and population in the early twentieth century before experiencing a long decline. After World War II, the town turned to tourism as its primary economic engine, but since the 1970s the giant <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong> has also provided steady production and employment. In 1990 Colorado voters approved an amendment that allowed Cripple Creek to build casinos, which have generated millions of dollars for the local economy and historic preservation across the state but have also transformed the town they were supposed to help preserve.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59 was often called the “Pikes Peak Gold Rush,” but all the major mining activity at that time was many miles away from the peak. Ironically, it was not until the last gold rush in Colorado, in the early 1890s, that prospectors flocked to the Pikes Peak region, where a volcanic eruption about 35 million years ago heaved minerals to the surface.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While those minerals were still hidden under the soil, Tabeguache <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Utes</strong></a> long used the region’s rolling hills and mountains as a summer hunting ground. The first sign that there might be rich mineral deposits around Mount Pisgah came in 1873, when <strong>Ferdinand Hayden’s survey</strong> passed through the area. One of Hayden’s geologists, H. T. Wood, returned the next year to investigate his hunch that the region was a promising gold district. He worked with a team of men to open a tunnel into Lone Tree Hill (now Raven Hill). The tunnel yielded good samples, and the Mount Pisgah Gold Mining District was organized in September 1874. But the timing was not right for a gold rush. No one wanted to invest in an unproven area when mines around <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown</strong></a> were booming—especially not when much of the country was still reeling from the Panic of 1873.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the time of Wood’s discovery, white settlers such as Levi Welty, Ben Requa, and William Womack started <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteading</strong></a> and ranching the area that is now Cripple Creek. One legend claims that Welty named the creek after a string of accidents and injuries took place there, but it is more likely that the Womack family named it after Cripple Creek, Virginia, which was not far from their former home in Kentucky. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and acquired hundreds of acres of land in the area for their Broken Box Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It looked as though the rolling hills on the west side of Pikes Peak would remain large cattle ranches, but William Womack’s son Robert stubbornly pursued the dream of mining riches. In 1886 he filed a gold claim in the area, but Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom and he could find no investors, even among the few people who believed in his discovery. Nevertheless, he kept trying. In October 1890 he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado College</strong> to be assayed, then left them in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. People began to take notice of Womack’s samples, and by early 1891 prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch. Eighteen claims were filed between February and May, and the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized in April. <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> became the district’s first millionaire when he staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4. That fall the owner of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor</strong></a> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines, giving the area a dose of legitimacy and opening the floodgates to further development.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It did not take long for Bennett, Myers, and Houseman to notice that about 100 prospectors were camping on Broken Box Ranch. They doubted whether anything would come of the gold claims but figured they might as well plat a town site and start selling lots. The two main streets were named for Bennett and Myers. Their town, called Fremont, started in November 1891, and it was soon successful enough to inspire an imitator. A group of Colorado Springs investors platted 140 acres just northeast of Fremont and in February 1892 started the rival town of Hayden Placer. Liquor and gambling were prohibited in Hayden Placer, so it developed as a residential district while Fremont attracted more businesses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout 1892 the towns of Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon renamed Cripple Creek—developed and grew. In March 1892 the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Free Road opened for stage traffic, making it easier for the area to ship out ores and bring in construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity arrived that spring, as did the first telephone and telegraph. Soon the district claimed a population of 1,500, which quickly grew to 3,500. Fremont and Cripple Creek merged to form a single town called Cripple Creek, which boasted several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek’s growth took off in 1893. When Colorado’s silver mines declined sharply after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong></a>, miners and investors saw Cripple Creek gold as a life raft in the middle of a storm. New towns and camps sprouted up throughout the mining district; the most important of these was <a href="/article/victor"><strong>Victor</strong></a>, a working-class town that took shape near the district’s largest mines. By 1894 the town of Cripple Creek was the social and economic capital of a large mining district that had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million that year. The town’s 6,000 residents were served by four newspapers and five churches. That year the town ordered its brothels to move from Bennett Avenue to Myers Avenue, turning the formerly respectable street into an infamous red-light district that was home to more than 300 prostitutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad in 1894 and the <strong>Midland Terminal</strong> <strong>Railroad</strong> in 1895 spurred the district’s already rapid growth by making it much easier and cheaper to ship ore. The <strong>Portland Mine</strong> developed into the largest mine in the district; it ultimately produced $60 million in half a century of operation. Cripple Creek’s population hit 8,000 in 1895 and 10,000 in 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The 1896 Fires</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek was thriving in 1896, but two fires that April left it a smoldering ruin. On April 25, a fire started in a Myers Avenue dance hall and spread quickly through the nearby wooden buildings, burning about a quarter of the town and leaving 3,600 people homeless. Just as residents were starting to reckon with the destruction, another fire started on April 29 in the kitchen of the Portland Hotel. This second fire proved even more devastating because Cripple Creek had already exhausted its firefighting resources. Firefighters resorted to dynamiting buildings to try to prevent the blaze from spreading. Much of the town was flattened, especially the downtown business district, and half of the residents lost their homes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The fires transformed Cripple Creek. Before the blazes, the town had been a large but somewhat ramshackle mining camp full of log and wood-frame buildings. After the fires, the town council banned wood construction for new downtown businesses. The town rebuilt quickly, and soon there were 170 new businesses under construction. Bennett Avenue became lined with substantial brick and stone commercial structures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek area had been part of <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> since the first Colorado county lines were drawn in 1861. But in the 1890s, miners west of Pikes Peak had grown tired of being governed by wealthy mine owners and businessmen in Colorado Springs, especially after a contentious strike in 1894. In March 1899, the west side of Pikes Peak successfully broke away from El Paso County to form <a href="/article/teller-county"><strong>Teller County</strong></a>, with Cripple Creek becoming the county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of the Teller County Courthouse in 1901 marked perhaps the high water mark in the history of the Cripple Creek district. At the time, the district as a whole had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and roughly 500 active mines, and it had already produced more than $77 million in gold. The Golden Circle Electric Railway operated two trolley lines, the High Line and the Low Line, to connect the district’s towns and mines. The High Line reached an elevation of 10,487 feet, making it the highest interurban system in the United States. Cripple Creek itself was one of the top five cities in Colorado by population. It boasted sixty-eight saloons, fifty-two stockbrokers, and forty-nine grocers. A new railroad, the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong>, opened that year to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection than the Midland Terminal offered.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903–4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, Cripple Creek’s prosperity gave rise to arguments about how that prosperity should be shared. Mine owners tried to consolidate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills, while the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM) worked to unionize smelter and mill workers near Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions came to a head in 1903 over the issue of working hours. In August the WFM went on strike in Cripple Creek, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners. Across the state other workers also went on strike to try to secure shorter hours and better conditions. A decade earlier, Governor<strong> Davis H. Waite</strong>—a <a href="/article/populism-colorado"><strong>Populist</strong></a>—had called out the militia to support a strike in Cripple Creek. But now Governor<strong> James Peabody</strong> called out the Colorado National Guard on behalf of the owners. Many people were killed as the military consistently overstepped its authority, and more than 200 union members were deported from Teller County in what became one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The ultimate result was a ban on organized labor in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike marked an important turning point in the history of the Cripple Creek district. It slashed gold production in half and scared off investors. Mining continued to produce strong returns after the strike ended, but the district no longer had the same optimism. Mines were getting deep and filling with water, making production increasingly expensive. Miners and investors started to eye new opportunities: gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The effects of these changes could be felt across the district; post offices at smaller towns such as Anaconda, Cameron, and Clyde closed by 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1920, when the Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad stopped running, more than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining experienced a brief revival in the mid-1930s, when lower labor costs and higher gold prices made it profitable again. In 1935 production hit $3.5 million. But the federal government suspended all gold mining during World War II, and many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. After the war many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes as people moved away. The Midland Terminal Railroad stopped running in 1949, and by 1950 the Cripple Creek district’s population dropped below 2,000. Nearly all of the district’s towns and camps were abandoned, leaving only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remaining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other declining mining towns across Colorado, Cripple Creek turned to tourism to stay afloat. Efforts to attract tourists had already begun before the war, with the launch of the annual Donkey Derby Days celebration in 1931, but the Depression and the revival of gold mining forestalled further tourism developments until the postwar period. In 1946 Colorado Springs residents Wayne and Dorothy Mackin acquired the empty Imperial Hotel and made it into a destination for good food and well-appointed rooms. In 1947 they hired an Idaho Springs melodrama troupe called the Piper Players to provide entertainment when the Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce held a convention at the hotel. The melodrama was so successful that the Mackins decided to start a Victorian melodrama theater in the hotel basement. The Gold Bar Room Theater opened in July 1948 and soon became an iconic Cripple Creek experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek economy was shifting from mining gold to mining history. This happened most clearly at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, which stopped its mining operations in 1949 and started offering underground mine tours. But similar changes occurred throughout the city. In 1953 the Cripple Creek District Museum opened in the former Midland Terminal Depot. Part of the old railroad grade was redeveloped in the late 1960s as the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad, which took tourists from Cripple Creek to Anaconda and back. Perhaps the most unique historical project was the Old Homestead Parlor House Museum, which opened in 1958 as one of the only brothel museums in the country. In 1961 Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But large-scale gold mining was not completely dead in Cripple Creek. The district experienced a short-lived revival in the 1950s, after the Carlton Mill opened near Victor. More substantial production returned to the area in the mid-1970s, when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce and the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company started working the old Cresson Mine. By 1990 the Cripple Creek district had yielded a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new gold rush was about to begin. In 1989 repairs to a tunnel on the main route into Cripple Creek caused a huge drop in tourism. Locals began to consider new ways to develop the area’s economy. Inspired by the example of the infamous Old West town of Deadwood, South Dakota, where gambling was legalized in 1989 to generate revenue for preservation, Cripple Creek joined Central City and Black Hawk to push for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow limited-stakes gaming. The original idea was that existing businesses might add a few slot machines and a card table, with half of the revenue going to the state, 28 percent to the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, 12 percent to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a> and Teller Counties, and 10 percent to the three towns. In November 1990, 57 percent of the state’s voters approved <strong>Amendment 4</strong>, which was billed as a preservation measure, and the first casinos opened on October 1, 1991.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Twenty-five years later, gambling proved to be a mixed blessing. Advocates pointed out that casinos had saved Cripple Creek by attracting visitors and generating money for local improvements and statewide historic preservation. But opponents noted that gambling, like mining before it, had crowded out other businesses and fundamentally changed the towns it was meant to preserve. In 1998 development threats led the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation Inc.</strong> to name Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Since then, strong preservation and design guidelines have helped maintain much of the town’s historic look and feel, but in 2008 a large modern casino opened on the edge of town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos have generated about $10 million in taxes annually, or roughly 9 percent of the statewide total. Gambling money has allowed for the restoration or renovation of many important historic buildings in town, including the Bell Brothers Building, which now houses the police department; the Colorado Trading and Transfer Building, which is the only remaining wooden commercial structure in town; and the Butte Opera House, whose Thin Air Theater Company continues the town’s Victorian melodrama tradition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Cripple Creek remains one of the few boomtowns in Colorado where mining still has a hold. In 1994 the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine started large-scale pit operations, and by the 2000s it was producing hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold and silver per year. The massive mine, which employs more than 500 workers, was expanded in the mid-2010s and acquired by mining giant Newmont. In 2014 it produced roughly 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from the mine was used to re-gild the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a> dome when it was restored in the early 2010s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-victor-gold-mine" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-womack" hreflang="en">Robert Womack</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/winfield-scott-stratton" hreflang="en">Winfield Scott Stratton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/midland-terminal-railway" hreflang="en">Midland Terminal Railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/portland-mine" hreflang="en">Portland Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-peabody" hreflang="en">James Peabody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gambling" hreflang="en">gambling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/amendment-4" hreflang="en">Amendment 4</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Fact%20Abstract%202015%20DRAFTv6-FINAL.pdf">“2015 Fact Book &amp; Abstract,”</a> Colorado Division of Gaming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek District Museum, <em>The Cripple Creek District</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leland Feitz, <em>Cripple Creek! A Quick History of the World’s Greatest Gold Camp</em>, rev. ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: Little London Press, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Brian Levine, <em>Cripple Creek: City of Influence: An Excursion into the Historic Heart of Colorado’s Greatest Gold Camp</em> (Cripple Creek, CO: Historic Preservation Department, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Brian Levine, <em>Cripple Creek Gold: A Centennial History of the Cripple Creek District</em> (Lake Grove, OR: The Depot, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph Scott Mendinghall, “Cripple Creek Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (December 9, 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365638998/">"Ladies of the Mines,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, January 14, 2016.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_CRIPPLE_CREEK_HISTORIC_DISTRICT_0.docx">Cripple Creek Teacher Resource Set - Word</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_CRIPPLE_CREEK_HISTORIC_DISTRICT_0.pdf">Cripple Creek Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado. Prospectors came to the <strong>Pikes Peak</strong> area looking for gold in the early 1890s. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">As early as 1873, geologists and prospectors explored the area for rich mineral deposits. They opened tunnels and found good samples of gold. A mining district was organized in this area in September 1874. Due to poor timing, this group of explorers had to put their plans on hold.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">This area was cattle and ranching land for several years. In 1885 three settlers started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company. In 1886 Robert Womack filed a gold claim in the area. By early 1891 prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch. They wanted to file their own gold claims. In April, the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized. The district’s first millionaire was <strong>W. S. Stratton</strong>. He staked his claim to the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4, 1891.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By late 1891, the owners of the Broken Box divided up some of their ranch land. They sold lots for a new town. They called their town Fremont. A group of investors divided 140 acres northeast of Fremont. They called their town Hayden Placer. In 1892 the towns of Hayden Placer and Fremont were renamed Cripple Creek. The district’s population grew from 1,500 to 3,500. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1893 silver lost its value. Gold was in demand. Cripple Creek’s growth increased quickly as miners heard of the gold mines in the Pikes Peak area. A new town, <strong>Victor</strong>, was located near the Cripple Creek Mining District’s largest mines. By 1894 Cripple Creek was the social and business capital of the mining district. Cripple Creek’s population increased to 6,000 residents. By 1896 Cripple Creek’s population was 10,000. That year two major fires destroyed many buildings. Residents quickly re-built the town with buildings made of brick instead of wood. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek had been part of <strong>El Paso County</strong> since 1861. Wealthy mine owners and businessmen lived in Colorado Springs, the county seat. By the 1890s, miners grew tired of being governed by them. In 1894 they formed a new county named <strong>Teller County</strong>. Cripple Creek became the county seat of Teller County. The Teller County Courthouse opened in 1901. The Cripple Creek District now had between 30,000 and 50,000 people. There were about 500 active mines.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Mining became more prosperous, but mine owners and miners did not agree on how to share that wealth. In 1903 the miners went on strike. The strike was one of the bloodiest and most violent in state history. Gold production was cut in half. Investors were scared off by the strike. Miners and investors left town and looked for new opportunities.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1920 the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong> stopped running. More than half of the district’s mines had closed. Many people moved away. Their houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes. The population dropped below 2,000 people by 1950. Only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remained.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek turned to tourism as a way to save their town. Underground mine tours were offered to the public at the Mollie Kathleen Mine. The Imperial Hotel was remodeled. It became a popular tourist attraction for many years. The old train depot in town was turned into a museum. It showed mining history in the area. Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new type of “gold rush” began. By 1989 the local people of Cripple Creek knew they needed a new way to attract tourists. They decided to offer limited-stakes gambling as a way to raise money to preserve the history of the town. Cripple Creek has had both positive and negative outcomes from this decision. Gambling has brought more money to restore historic buildings, but it also has brought more traffic and crime.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1998 the group Colorado Preservation, Inc. named Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Cripple Creek has been able to restore many of its important historic buildings. It is one of the few boomtowns where mining still happens. Large-scale pit mining operations were started in 1994 at the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine. The mine was expanded in the mid-2010s under new ownership. Gold from this mine was used to re-make the gold leaf covering on Colorado’s <strong>State Capitol</strong> dome in the early 2010s.</span></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek, on the west side of <strong>Pikes Peak</strong> in <strong>Teller County</strong>, was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado. Tens of thousands of prospectors came to the Pikes Peak area looking for gold in the early 1890s. The town remained a mining hub until after World War II. Today Cripple Creek is home to the only remaining active gold mine in the state, but its economy hinges on gambling and tourism. Money from gambling helps preserve and maintain Cripple Creek’s many historic buildings that date to its heyday in the late nineteenth century.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Long before <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> became a town, large amounts of minerals were heaved from volcanic eruptions that showered minerals on the earth’s surface. By the mid-1800s, topsoil had covered the minerals. The minerals were still hidden when the Ute people hunted on hills and mountains around Pikes Peak each summer. As early as 1873, geologists and prospectors explored the area for mineral deposits. They opened tunnels and found good samples of gold. A mining district was organized in the Cripple Creek area in September 1874, but the timing was not right for a gold rush in that part of Colorado. The mines around <strong>Central City</strong> and <strong>Georgetown</strong> were still booming, and the country had just been through the Panic of 1873. No one wanted to invest in an unknown area. The group had to put their plans on hold.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">The Cripple Creek area was cattle and ranching land for several years. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and set up Broken Box Ranch. It included hundreds of acres of land. In 1886 Robert Womack, son of an earlier homesteader, filed a gold claim in the area. But investors weren’t interested because Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom. Womack did not give up. In 1890 he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. He had his samples assayed, and then left them so interested prospectors could see them. By early 1891, prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch to file their own gold claims. In April, the Cripple Creek Mining District was organized. The district’s first millionaire, <strong>W. S. Stratton</strong>, staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4, 1891. Later in 1891, the wealthy owner of the <strong>Broadmoor</strong> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By late 1891, the three owners of the Broken Box Ranch noticed that about 100 prospectors were camping on their ranch. They divided up some of their ranch land and sold lots for a new town. They called their town Fremont, after the explorer <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>. Another group of investors divided 140 acres just northeast of Fremont and called their town Hayden Placer after <strong>Ferdinand Hayden</strong>, the surveyor who mapped Colorado’s mineral deposits in the 1870s. Throughout 1892 the towns of Hayden Placer and Fremont grew and were renamed Cripple Creek. <strong>Victor</strong>, a working-class town, was located near the Cripple Creek Mining District’s largest mines, while Cripple Creek developed into the area’s social and commercial hub. Stagecoaches brought more people to town and delivered construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity, telephone, and telegraph eventually became available, and the district’s population grew from 1,500 to 3,500. The new town of Cripple Creek now had several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1893 the <strong>Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong> was repealed and silver lost its value. Gold was back in demand, and the Cripple Creek rush intensified. New towns and camps sprouted up around Cripple Creek. By 1894 the Cripple Creek district had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million in gold. Cripple Creek’s population increased to 6,000 residents. There were now four newspapers and five churches. With the arrival of two railroads in 1894 and 1895, ore was much easier to ship. The largest mine in the district, the <strong>Portland Mine</strong>, produced $60 million in half a century of operation.  </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1896 Cripple Creek’s population stood at 10,000. That year the town survived two major fires that destroyed nearly every building, but residents quickly rebuilt using brick and stone instead of wood.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek had been part of <strong>El Paso County</strong> since 1861. By the 1890s, miners grew tired of being governed by the wealthy mine owners and businessmen in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>, the county seat. In 1894 the miners went on strike. In 1899 they formed a new county, <strong>Teller County</strong>, on the west side of Pikes Peak. Cripple Creek became the county seat, and the Teller County Courthouse opened in 1901. At that time the Cripple Creek district had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and about 500 active mines. The district had already produced more than $77 million in gold. Two trolley lines connected the district’s towns and mines. A new railroad opened in 1901 to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">As mining became more profitable, owners and miners didn’t agree on how to share that prosperity. Mine owners tried to concentrate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills. Miners wanted shorter hours, better pay, and better working conditions. In 1903 miners went on one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The result was that miners were barred from joining unions. Thereafter, gold production was cut in half, and investors were scared off by the strike. Miners and investors left town and looked for new opportunities at the gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The Cripple Creek District was deeply affected by these moves. By 1909 the post offices in the district’s smaller towns had closed. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History<span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt"> </span></h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1920 the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong> stopped running. More than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining had a brief revival in the mid-1930s, but during World War II the federal government suspended gold mining because it was not essential to the war effort. Many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. As people moved away, many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes. The population dropped below 2,000 by 1950. In the Cripple Creek District, only the towns of Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remained. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Officials and residents in Cripple Creek turned to tourism to save their town. They offered underground mine tours at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, remodeled the Imperial Hotel, and converted the old train depot into a museum that showcased the area’s mining history. Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961. In the mid-1970s, gold mining in the area was revived when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce. By 1990 the Cripple Creek District had produced a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold, but its economy still lagged because tourists had begun traveling to ski resorts and other attractions in Colorado.</span></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">By 1989 Cripple Creek needed a new way to attract tourists. The town pushed for an amendment to legalize gambling in Colorado. In November 1990, 57 percent of Colorado voters approved <strong>Amendment </strong>4, which legalized limited-stakes gambling. Part of the revenue would go toward historic preservation. Cripple Creek, along with the former mining centers of Central City and Black Hawk, wanted to jump-start their economies and preserve their history. The amendment’s passage allowed them to do both. Cripple Creek has since seen both positive and negative effects from gambling. Cripple Creek has been able to restore many of its important historic buildings, but gambling has crowded out other businesses. The town now has twelve casinos. </span></p>&#13; &#13; <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Cripple Creek is one of the few historic boomtowns in the American West with an active mine. Large-scale pit operations began in 1994 at the <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong>. The huge mine employs more than 500 workers and was expanded in the mid-2010s under new ownership. In 2014 it produced about 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from this mine was used to re-gild the Colorado State Capitol dome in the early 2010s.</span></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Cripple Creek was the site of the last and greatest mining boom in Colorado, attracting tens of thousands of people to the western flank of <strong>Pikes Peak </strong>in the 1890s. After it was destroyed by fire in 1896, the town and surrounding mining district reached peak production and population in the early twentieth century before experiencing a long decline. After World War II, the town turned to tourism as its primary economic engine, but since the 1970s the giant <strong>Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine</strong> has also provided steady production and employment. In 1990 Colorado voters approved an amendment that allowed Cripple Creek to build casinos, which have generated millions of dollars for the local economy and historic preservation. They have also transformed the town they helped preserve.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Before the Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59 was often called the “Pikes Peak Gold Rush.” However, all the major mining activity at that time was many miles away from the peak. Ironically, it was not until the last gold rush in Colorado, in the early 1890s, that prospectors flocked to the Pikes Peak region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Tabeguache <strong>Utes </strong>long used the region’s rolling hills and mountains as a summer hunting ground. The first sign that there might be rich mineral deposits there came in 1873, when <strong>Frederick Hayden’s survey</strong> passed through the area. One of Hayden’s geologists, H. T. Wood, returned the next year to investigate his hunch that the region was a promising gold district. He worked with a team to open a tunnel into Lone Tree Hill (now Raven Hill). The tunnel yielded good samples, and the Mount Pisgah Gold Mining District was organized in September 1874. But the timing was not right for a gold rush. No one wanted to invest in an unproven area when mines around <strong>Central City</strong> and <strong>Georgetown</strong> were booming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around the time of Wood’s discovery, white settlers started <strong>homesteading </strong>and ranching the area that is now Cripple Creek. In 1885 Horace Bennett, Julius Myers, and Alexander Houseman started the Houseman Cattle and Land Company and acquired hundreds of acres of land in the area for their Broken Box Ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1886 Robert Womack filed a gold claim in the area, but Colorado was in the middle of a long silver boom and Womack could find no investors. In October 1890, he took some of his ore samples to <strong>Colorado College</strong> to be assayed, then left them in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. People began to take notice of Womack’s samples, and prospectors were heading up to Broken Box Ranch by early 1891. Eighteen claims were filed between February and May. The Cripple Creek Mining District was organized in April. <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> became the district’s first millionaire when he staked the <strong>Independence Mine</strong> on July 4. That fall the owner of the <strong>Broadmoor</strong> area, Count James Pourtales, invested in Cripple Creek mines.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gold Rush</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It did not take long for Houseman and his partners to notice that about 100 prospectors were camping on Broken Box Ranch. They doubted whether anything would come of the gold claims but figured they might as well plat a town site and start selling lots. Their town, named Fremont after the nineteenth-century explorer <strong>John C. Frémont</strong>, started in November 1891. Soon it was successful enough to inspire an imitator. A group of Colorado Springs investors platted 140 acres just northeast of Fremont. In February 1892, they started the rival town of Hayden Placer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout 1892 the towns of Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon renamed Cripple Creek—developed and grew. In March 1892, the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Free Road opened for stage traffic. It made it easier to ship out ores out of the area and bring in construction materials and mining supplies. Electricity arrived that spring, as did the first telephone and telegraph. Soon the district claimed a population of 1,500, which quickly grew to 3,500. Fremont and Cripple Creek merged to form a single town called Cripple Creek. The town had several hotels and banks, a log schoolhouse, and a Congregational Church.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cripple Creek’s growth took off in 1893. When Colorado’s silver mines declined sharply after the <strong>repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act</strong>, miners and investors saw the importance of Cripple Creek gold. New towns and camps sprouted up throughout the mining district. The most important of these towns was <strong>Victor</strong>, a working-class town that took shape near the district’s largest mines. By 1894 the town of Cripple Creek was the social and economic capital of a large mining district that had 150 active mines and produced more than $3 million that year. The town’s 6,000 residents were served by four newspapers and five churches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad in 1894 and the <strong>Midland Terminal</strong> <strong>Railroad</strong> in 1895 spurred the district’s already rapid growth by making it much easier and cheaper to ship ore. The <strong>Portland Mine</strong> developed into the largest mine in the district. Cripple Creek’s population reached 8,000 in 1895 and 10,000 in 1896. Two fires in April 1896 reduced much of the town to a smoldering ruin, but residents quickly rebuilt. The town council outlawed wood construction, and soon there were 170 new businesses under construction.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Peak of Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek area had been part of <strong>El Paso County </strong>since the first Colorado county lines were drawn in 1861. But in the 1890s, miners west of Pikes Peak had grown tired of being governed by wealthy mine owners and businessmen in Colorado Springs. In March 1899, the west side of Pikes Peak successfully broke away from El Paso County to form<strong> Teller County</strong>, with Cripple Creek becoming the county seat.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of the Teller County Courthouse in 1901 was perhaps the high-water mark in the history of the Cripple Creek District. At the time, the district had at least 30,000 people (perhaps closer to 50,000) and roughly 500 active mines. It had already produced more than $77 million in gold. The Golden Circle Electric Railway operated two trolley lines, the High Line and the Low Line, to connect the district’s towns and mines. The High Line reached an elevation of 10,487 feet, making it the highest interurban system in the United States. Cripple Creek itself was one of the five most populous cities in Colorado. A new railroad, the <strong>Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad</strong>, opened that year to provide cheaper rates and a more direct connection than the Midland Terminal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903–4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, Cripple Creek’s prosperity gave rise to arguments about how that prosperity should be shared. Mine owners tried to consolidate their power by taking control of local smelters and mills, while the <strong>Western Federation of Miners </strong>(WFM) worked to unionize smelter and mill workers near Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tensions came to a head in 1903 over the issue of working hours. In August, the WFM went on strike in Cripple Creek. A bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners followed. Across the state, other workers also went on strike to try to get shorter hours and better conditions. Governor<strong> James Peabody</strong> called out the Colorado National Guard on behalf of the owners. Martial law was declared and many people were killed. More than 200 union members were deported from Teller County. It became one of the bloodiest and most violent strikes in state history. The ultimate result was a ban on organized labor in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The strike marked an important turning point in the history of the Cripple Creek District. It slashed gold production in half and scared off investors. Mining continued to produce strong returns after the strike ended, but the district no longer had the same optimism. Mines were getting deep and filling with water, making production increasingly expensive. Miners and investors started to eye new opportunities such as gold strikes in Nevada and oil fields in California and Wyoming. The effects of these changes could be felt across the district. Post offices at smaller towns such as Anaconda, Cameron, and Clyde closed by 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Mining Gold to Mining History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1920, when the Colorado Springs &amp; Cripple Creek District Railroad stopped running, more than half of the district’s mines had closed. Mining experienced a brief revival in the mid-1930s, when lower labor costs and higher gold prices made it profitable again. In 1935 production hit $3.5 million. But the federal government suspended all gold mining during World War II, and many Cripple Creek mines never reopened. After the war, many houses were abandoned or turned into summer homes as people moved away. The Midland Terminal Railroad stopped running in 1949, and by 1950 the Cripple Creek District’s population dropped below 2,000. Nearly all the district’s towns and camps were abandoned, leaving only Cripple Creek, Victor, and Goldfield remaining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like other declining mining towns across Colorado, Cripple Creek turned to tourism to stay afloat. In 1946 Colorado Springs residents Wayne and Dorothy Mackin acquired the empty Imperial Hotel and made it into a destination for good food and well-appointed rooms. In 1947 they hired an Idaho Springs melodrama troupe called the Piper Players to provide entertainment when the Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce held a convention at the hotel. The melodrama was so successful that the Mackins decided to start a Victorian melodrama theater in the hotel basement. The Gold Bar Room Theater opened in July 1948 and soon became an iconic Cripple Creek experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek economy was shifting from mining gold to mining history. This happened most clearly at the Mollie Kathleen Mine, which stopped its mining operations in 1949 and started offering underground mine tours. In 1953 the Cripple Creek District Museum opened in the former Midland Terminal Depot. Perhaps the most unique historical project was the Old Homestead Parlor House Museum, which opened in 1958 as one of the only brothel museums in the country. In 1961 Cripple Creek was named a National Historic Landmark.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But large-scale gold mining was not completely dead in Cripple Creek. The district experienced a short-lived revival in the 1950s, after the Carlton Mill opened near Victor. More substantial production returned to the area in the mid-1970s, when the US government allowed the price of gold to go above $35 per ounce. The Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company started working the old Cresson Mine. By 1990 the Cripple Creek District had yielded a total of more than 23 million ounces of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gambling Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A century after prospectors flocked to Cripple Creek, a new gold rush was about to begin. In 1989 repairs to a tunnel on the main route into Cripple Creek caused a huge drop in tourism. Locals began to consider new ways to develop the area’s economy. Inspired by the example of the infamous Old West town of Deadwood, South Dakota, where gambling was legalized in 1989 to generate revenue for preservation, Cripple Creek joined Central City and Black Hawk to push for an amendment to the state constitution that would allow limited-stakes gaming. The original idea was that existing businesses might add a few slot machines and a card table, with half of the revenue going to the state, 28 percent to the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, 12 percent to <strong>Gilpin</strong> and Teller Counties, and 10 percent to the three towns. In November 1990, 57 percent of the state’s voters approved <strong>Amendment 4</strong>, which was billed as a preservation measure, and the first casinos opened on October 1, 1991.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Twenty-five years later, gambling proved to be a mixed blessing. Advocates pointed out that casinos had saved Cripple Creek by attracting visitors and generating money for local improvements and statewide historic preservation. But opponents noted that gambling, like mining before it, had crowded out other businesses and fundamentally changed the towns it was meant to preserve. In 1998 development threats led the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation, Inc.</strong> to name Cripple Creek among the most endangered historic places in the state. Since then, strong preservation and design guidelines have helped maintain much of the town’s historic look and feel. In 2008 a large modern casino opened on the edge of town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos have generated about 9 percent of the statewide total in taxes. Gambling money has allowed for the restoration or renovation of many important historic buildings in town, including the Bell Brothers Building, which now houses the police department; the Colorado Trading and Transfer Building, which is the only remaining wooden commercial structure in town; and the Butte Opera House, whose Thin Air Theater Company continues the town’s Victorian melodrama tradition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Cripple Creek remains one of the few boomtowns in Colorado where mining still occurs. In 1994 the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mine started large-scale pit operations, and by the 2000s it was producing hundreds of thousands of ounces of gold and silver per year. The massive mine, which employs more than 500 workers, was expanded in the mid-2010s and acquired by mining giant <strong>Newmont</strong>. In 2014 it produced roughly 211,000 ounces of gold and 110,000 ounces of silver. Gold from the mine was used to re-gild the <strong>State Capitol</strong> dome when it was restored in the early 2010s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:15:13 +0000 yongli 2122 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Teller County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2344--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2344.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/strike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-7_0_0.jpg?itok=5HVJbXNA" width="1000" height="671" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/strike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Strike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Western Federation of Miners went on strike in 1903, sparking a bitter fifteen-month struggle with mine owners and the Colorado National Guard. Many died and hundreds of union members were deported in one of the most violent labor disturbances in state history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1712--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1712.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Teller_County.svg__0.png?itok=jhMZncBk" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Teller County, named for US Senator Henry M. Teller, was formed in 1889 to alleviate tension between wealthy mine owners in Colorado Springs (El Paso County) and working-class miners in Victor and Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1713--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1713.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/teller-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/teller_0.jpg?itok=TzgAbFVl" width="751" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/teller-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Teller County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="widget-pane-section-facts-description">Teller County encompasses 559 square miles of the western flank of <strong><a href="/article/pikes-peak">Pikes Peak</a>&nbsp;</strong>and the southern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.&nbsp;Its county seat is <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the site of the last great gold rush in Colorado history, as well as the only current gold-mining operation in the state.&nbsp;</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2337--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2337.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fremont"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-2_0_0.jpg?itok=zglhQhrP" width="1000" height="590" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fremont" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fremont</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After prospectors started moving to the Mount Pisgah area in 1891, two separate towns—Fremont and Hayden Placer—soon took shape. After about a year the towns merged to form Cripple Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2456--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2456.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Victor-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nECWkOHD" width="1000" height="700" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/victor-avenue-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Victor Avenue, 1900</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Teller County&nbsp;town of Victor was home to dozens of mining ventures during the Cripple Creek Gold Rush of&nbsp;the 1890s. This photo shows Victor Avenue at Third Street, as it appeared a year after the great Victor fire, which destroyed much of the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2345--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2345.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cripple-Creek-Media-8_0_0.jpg?itok=_V_qUJiV" width="1000" height="656" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cripple-creek-1980s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cripple Creek, 1980s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mining declined in the Cripple Creek district throughout the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, leaving only 2,000 people left in the area. At the end of the 1980s, residents turned to gambling as a way to develop the local economy and generate revenue for preservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-16T10:40:14-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 16, 2016 - 10:40" class="datetime">Tue, 08/16/2016 - 10:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/teller-county" data-a2a-title="Teller County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fteller-county&amp;title=Teller%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Teller County, named for former US senator and railroad mogul <a href="/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry M. Teller</strong></a>, covers 559 square miles of the high country west of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> in central Colorado. It is bordered by <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas County</strong></a> to the north, <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> to the east, <a href="/article/fremont-county"><strong>Fremont County</strong></a> to the south, and <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>Park County</strong></a> to the west. <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, the center of the 1890 Cripple Creek gold rush, is the county seat. In addition to its prominent <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> history, the county is known for the Florissant Formation, a 34 million-year-old bed of shale and mudstone that has yielded hundreds of well-preserved plant and animal fossils, now known as <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Teller County has a population of 23,389. Its most populous town is <strong>Woodland Park</strong>, which sits along US Route 24 in the northeast section of the county and has a population of 6,515. Florissant is home to 3,536 residents while Cripple Creek has 1,189. Other towns include Divide (population 127) and <strong><a href="/article/victor">Victor</a> </strong>(population 450)<strong>, </strong>which are linked by State Highway 67.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> manages much of the land in the northern and eastern parts of Teller County as part of the <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>. Mueller State Park, in the central part of the county, also offers outdoor recreation. The county is crisscrossed by many small streams, including Beaver, Cripple, Fourmile, Rule, and Wilson Creeks—some of which have been dammed to create reservoirs such as Catamount and Skaguay.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the time the Spanish laid claim to present-day Colorado in the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> had occupied Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly two centuries. The Utes in the Pikes Peak area knew the iconic mountain as “Sun Mountain” and called themselves “Tabeguache,” the people of Sun Mountain. The Utes were hunters, subsisting on <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of wild berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes moved with the seasons, traveling between higher and lower elevations along a route north of Pikes Peak known as <strong>Ute Pass</strong>. In the summer, they ascended the pass at present-day Divide and followed elk, <strong>bison</strong>, and other game into South Park. Just before winter, the Utes retreated down the pass to spend the coldest months camped near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. By the mid-seventeenth century, the Utes obtained horses from the Spanish, and some Tabeguaches began hunting buffalo on the plains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Arapaho </strong>began frequenting the Pikes Peak area by the early nineteenth century, calling the mountain “Heey-otoyoo,” or “Long Mountain.” They developed a fierce rivalry with the Tabeguaches and other Ute bands, competing with them for hunting territory in South Park and other areas. To keep an eye on their enemies, the Utes built small stone fortifications on hillsides overlooking well-known routes through the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native American Removal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold discoveries</strong></a> near <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> in 1858 and other strikes during the 1860s, the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> suddenly became a crowded place. White immigrants set up mining camps in places like <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a> and supply towns such as <strong>Colorado City</strong>, east of Pikes Peak. The newcomers used up timber supplies and competed with Utes and Arapaho for game.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 1860s, in exchange for promised rations and supplies from the US government, both the Utes and Arapaho signed treaties forfeiting land around Pikes Peak. However, because government rations were often delayed or failed to arrive, many Native Americans found themselves starving, and some resorted to stealing provisions from white communities. Most Arapaho left the Pikes Peak region after the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. The Tabeguache continued to frequent the area until about 1880, after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Massacre</strong></a> in northwestern Colorado prompted their removal to a reservation in Utah. Today, less than 1 percent of the Teller County population is Native American.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cripple Creek and Victor</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With the removal of Native Americans, the region west of Pikes Peak became little more than a huge cattle pasture. But during the winter of 1890–91, after several years of luckless prospecting, cattleman Robert Womack found a small deposit of gold ore near present-day Cripple Creek. News of his find brought more prospectors, including <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, who discovered gold on Battle Mountain. Stratton subsequently located the <strong>Independence Lode</strong>, one of the richest gold deposits in American history, above present-day Victor. By the following spring and summer, the area produced about $200,000 worth of gold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Production more than doubled in 1892, reaching $500,000. That year, the town of Cripple Creek was laid out around a cattle ranch and incorporated with about 500 residents. The investment-savvy Woods family—father Warren and sons Harry and Frank—platted the town of Victor in 1893, when the area was already known as “City of Mines” because the largest and most productive mines were located nearby. In March 1894, the Florence &amp; Cripple Creek Railroad arrived in Victor, and with about 8,000 residents, the town became a city in July.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thousands more residents arrived in the Cripple Creek-Victor area over the next two years, as gold production soared to about $2 million per year. In 1896 two devastating fires reduced Cripple Creek to rubble, but it took only a few months for its resilient residents to rebuild—this time with brick instead of wood. Victor residents suffered a similar inferno in 1899, but they too rebuilt their city with brick in a matter of months. By the turn of the century, mines in the Cripple Creek-Victor area were producing almost $20 million worth of gold per year. Cripple Creek had grown to a population of 10,000 and Victor claimed to have 18,000 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Florissant and Fossils</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Gold was not the first geologic treasure unearthed from the rocks of Teller County. In 1870 Judge James Castello, a native of Florissant, Missouri, built a cabin at the intersection of several trade routes west of present-day Divide. Castello and his wife, Catherine, established a <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> that became popular among the Tabeguache, including the famous leaders <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>. In addition to trading with the Utes, the Castellos would trade for the tired oxen and mules of white travelers, acquiring a sizeable herd for their ranch. By 1876, the town of Florissant, named for the Castellos’ hometown, had a population of around 70 as well as a school, a blacksmith, and three sawmills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trove of fossils near Florissant did not escape notice by its first residents. Newspaper reports from the 1860s and 1870s mentioned the area’s petrified trees and prehistoric leaf imprints. Paleontologist Theodore Mead was the first scientist to study the fossils in 1871, followed by Samuel Scudder, the nation’s premier paleontologist, in the 1880s. In 1887 the Colorado Midland Railway began bringing tourists to the fossil beds, and since there were no laws to protect the fossils, many tourists broke off chunks of petrified wood or took other fossils home as souvenirs. By the turn of the century, visitors had depleted most of the petrified forest.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Woodland Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Woodland Park was founded as the town of Manitou Park in 1887, before it incorporated in 1891 under its current name. The town began as a community of ranchers and loggers that also catered to tourists arriving on the Colorado Midland Railway. Some of the town’s earliest buildings were hotels, including the Crest Hotel, built in 1889, and the Woodland Hotel, built in 1892.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Five lumber mills converted the area’s dense timber stands into boards for houses in Colorado Springs and mining structures in Cripple Creek as well as ties for railroads across the state. By 1892, timber was being extracted at such a frantic pace that the federal government established the Pike Forest Reserve to protect the remaining trees. The reserve was one of the first of its kind in the nation and became part of the Pike National Forest in 1905.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As suggested by the federal government’s curtailing of Woodland Park’s timber industry, the great surge of wealth and development in Teller County at the end of the nineteenth century had consequences. Among them were the violent labor disputes that rocked the Cripple Creek and Victor area throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1894, in the midst of skyrocketing production, mine owners in Cripple Creek and Victor announced a wage reduction. The local chapter of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>(WFM), a national hard-rock miners’ union formed the previous year, initiated a strike, and in March Colorado governor <strong>Davis Waite</strong> sent in the state militia to keep the peace. The troops left without incident at the end of the month, but El Paso County sheriff M. F. Bowers was apparently determined to break the strike himself. He illegally deputized more than 1,000 men and in May led them to a clash with armed strikers at Bull Hill, east of Cripple Creek. The skirmish prompted Governor Waite to visit the miners and seek a resolution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a rare move, Waite sided with the miners, who authorized him to represent them in negotiations with the owners. The governor won back the wages and other concessions from the owners. Waite’s intervention on behalf of the WFM was frowned upon by many other Colorado politicians and residents, who saw the governor’s move as supportive of anarchist unions. His decision to support the miners cost Waite the governorship in the November 1894 election. After Waite’s political demise, never again would a governor or state militia enter strike disputes on the side of organized workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Formation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The tensions surrounding the WFM strike in 1894 led directly to the formation of Teller County. At the time of the strike, present-day Teller County made up the western part of El Paso County, which was deeply divided by class. Working-class miners and their families lived in the Cripple Creek District to the west, while wealthy mine owners and businessmen such as <a href="/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, J. J. Hagerman, and Eben Smith resided in <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> to the east. Wealth—and thus, political power—emanated from the east, breeding resentment among miners in the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Democrat Charles Thomas won the governor’s office in 1898. Although he had sided with the owners in the 1894 strike, he had working-class supporters to appease and authorized the splitting of Teller County from El Paso County in 1899. A participant in the 1894 strike, James Gaughan, wrote the bill that created Teller County and was appointed by Thomas to serve as the first county clerk.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Strike of 1903-4</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The gains of the WFM from 1894 to 1899 were short-lived. After the turn of the century, owners consolidated power by assuming control over not just mines but also smelters and mills. In response, the WFM attempted to bring mill and smelter workers near Colorado Springs under its umbrella. The tension that built up during these power plays culminated in another mining strike by the WFM in 1903. This time, the state government, led by anti-union governor <strong>James Peabody</strong>, was firmly on the side of big business. Peabody sent in the state militia and National Guard to arrest union leaders and break the strike, but it went on throughout 1903, crippling the Teller County economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 6, 1904, a local railroad depot in Independence, near Victor, was mysteriously bombed, killing fourteen men and releasing months of mounting tension between the strikers and groups aligned with the owners. With accusations flying on both sides, Governor Peabody declared martial law, and several skirmishes between militia and strikers resulted in deaths, injuries, deportations, and mass arrests. Eventually, the WFM was forced out of the district and the mine owners secured victory over the strikers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The depot bombing remains unexplained to this day. At least one man involved claimed that members of a group sympathetic to the mine owners carried out the bombing, but he never testified in court. Nonetheless, the station bombing was a catalyst for one of organized labor’s biggest defeats in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining Accidents</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Frequent mining accidents helped illustrate why workers fought so hard for better pay and safer conditions. In 1896 accidents killed twenty-six miners in the Cripple Creek Mining District alone. But perhaps the most tragic accident occurred at the Independence Mine during the strike of 1903–4, when faulty machinery and a snapped cable sent fourteen non-union miners plummeting 1,500 feet to their deaths.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fossil Fight</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The battle between miners and mine owners was not the only geologically tinged struggle in Teller County during the twentieth century. Florissant’s fossils continued to garner scientific interest, with significant studies taking place between 1906 and 1908 and from the 1930s through the 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But even though it was the subject of continuous and important scientific study, the Florissant fossil beds remained unprotected and open to depredation by tourism. Private tourist enterprises, such as the Singer family’s Colorado Petrified Forest, operated near the fossil sites from the 1920s to the 1960s. Walt Disney even extracted a large petrified stump and shipped it to California for inclusion in his Disneyland theme park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the late 1960s, however, many scientists, including Harry MacGinitie and paleobotanist <a href="/article/estella-bergere-leopold"><strong>Estella Leopold</strong></a>, began organizing efforts to protect the fossil beds. Leopold was the site’s most active and preeminent lobbyist, helping form the Defenders of Florissant, a coalition of concerned citizens, scientists, and politicians. In August 1969, the group succeeding in convincing Congress to pass a law, signed by President Richard Nixon, declaring the Florissant fossil beds a national monument.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth-Century Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While some in Teller County mined fossils during the twentieth century, others continued mining gold. Between 1891 and 1998, the district’s mines produced some 22 million ounces of the precious metal. The process was not always easy—for instance, as miners bored deeper into the flanks of Pikes Peak, they struck the water table, which threatened to flood mines and block future extraction efforts. To address this, miners built a series of drainage tunnels that allowed gravity to flush the water out to the valleys below. The largest of these tunnels was the Carlton Tunnel, completed in 1941.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, the Carlton Tunnel was completed right as the United States became involved in World War II, and the federal government halted all gold production to encourage the production of metals more useful to the war effort. By May 1943, nearly all of the mines in the Cripple Creek Mining District had closed. Mining resumed after the war but fell off in the early 1960s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tourism and Casinos</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As mining declined in the latter part of the twentieth century, Teller County began looking for other ways to support its economy. Tourists were eager to visit the ghost town of Cripple Creek and Victor’s historic mining district, and other attractions such as the Cripple Creek District Museum, the Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad, Jack Schwab’s Cottage Inn, the famous Imperial Hotel and Melodrama, and the continuation of Donkey Derby Days—founded in 1931 to honor the loyal animals that helped power the glory days of the gold rush—helped maintain a robust tourist industry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 Colorado voters approved limited-stakes gambling in some former mining towns, including Cripple Creek. Bronco Billy’s and the Brass Ass casinos were among the first to open in October 1991. But while gambling invigorated the local economy to an extent, a 1992 study documented disadvantages, including increased traffic congestion, overcrowding of recreation areas, and higher property taxes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it did not provide the economic salvation that some residents and officials hoped, gambling remains a large part of the Cripple Creek, Victor, and Teller County economies today. In addition to attracting tourists, casinos help preserve the county’s heritage, as gambling revenue is funneled into the State Historical Fund, which pays for the restoration of historic buildings in Cripple Creek, Victor, and other places throughout Colorado. Additionally, many of Cripple Creek’s twelve casinos, including the Brass Ass, are housed in historic buildings, ensuring that the buildings will be properly maintained.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county still has one active gold mine—the Cresson Mine—currently the largest gold producer in Colorado and the largest employer in Teller County. Cresson’s gold deposits were projected to expire in 2000, but recent reports predict that the mine can operate until 2025. The Cresson Mine produced 210,921 ounces of gold in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company (CC&amp;V), based in Victor, continues to mine gold and silver from the historic properties. In 2015 the company celebrated the mining of the 5 millionth ounce of gold since the birth of the district. In 2013 CC&amp;V donated several ounces of gold used to refurbish the state capitol dome in Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Outdoor recreation opportunities also draw tourists to Teller County. In addition to hiking around Pikes Peak and Florissant, Mueller State Park offers camping, hiking, and fishing during the summer and snowshoe and cross-country ski trails in the winter. Skaguay Reservoir is a favorite fishing spot and the Trails of Gold offer a glimpse of the historic mining camps.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/teller-county" hreflang="en">teller county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/victor" hreflang="en">victor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek" hreflang="en">Cripple Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/independence-lode" hreflang="en">independence lode</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cripple-creek-gold-rush" hreflang="en">cripple creek gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/casinos" hreflang="en">casinos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gambling" hreflang="en">gambling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-paso-county" hreflang="en">el paso county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-teller" hreflang="en">Henry Teller</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-stratton" hreflang="en">william stratton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant-fossil-beds" hreflang="en">florissant fossil beds</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/florissant" hreflang="en">florissant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/woodland-park" hreflang="en">woodland park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-pass" hreflang="en">ute pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor-history" hreflang="en">labor history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/csilw">Arapaho Place Names</a>,” Arapaho Language Archives, University of Colorado Boulder, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David G. McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter Caro, “Assessing the Social Impacts of Gambling, as Perceived by Local Government and Agency Officials, on Permanent Residents of Cripple Creek, Colorado” (Boulder: Tourism Management Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Dodd, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2013/09/20/a-tale-of-two-florissants/">A Tale of Two Florissants</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, September 20, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wayne Heilman, “<a href="https://gazette.com/video-cripple-creek-gold-mine-exceeds-expectations-lasting-25-years-longer-than-anticipated/article/1504219/">Cripple Creek gold mine exceeds expectations, lasting 25 years longer than anticipated</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, December 13, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://s1.q4cdn.com/259923520/files/doc_downloads/cripple_creek/History.pdf">A Thumbnail Sketch of the Cripple Creek/Victor Mining District’s History</a>,” October 30, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar T. Hunter, “<a href="http://www.mininghistoryassociation.org/Journal/MHJ-v5-1998-Hunter.pdf">The Carlton Tunnel—‘it never was a bore!’</a>” <em>Mining History Journal </em>5 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Jameson, <em>All That Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rick Langenberg and Cathy Mahrholz, “<a href="https://www.mountainjackpot.com/2012/10/23/a-guide-to-the-casinos-of-cripple-creek/">A Guide to the Casinos of Cripple Creek</a>,” <em>Mountain Jackpot</em>, October 23, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan MacKell, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jcdq7bFD3m4C&amp;pg=PT3&amp;dq=Jan+MacKell,+Cripple+Creek+District:+Last+of+Colorado%E2%80%99s+Gold+Booms+%28Charleston,+SC:+Arcadia,+2003%29.&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjv8-XI_o7LAhWlu4MKHbl9AzEQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><em>Cripple Creek District: Last of Colorado’s Gold Booms</em></a> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herbert W. Meyer, <em>The Fossils of Florissant </em>(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Modern Mining,” Cripple Creek &amp; Victor Gold Mining Company, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>The Lessons of Leadville, or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left </em>(Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/psicc/learning/history-culture">Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands, History &amp; Culture</a>,” US Forest Service, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 8th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/ute-pass-history/">Ute Pass History</a>,” Ute Pass Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.victorcolorado.com/history.htm">The Woods Family</a>,” Victor, Colorado, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekgov.com/">The City of Cripple Creek</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cripplecreekmuseum.com/">The Cripple Creek District Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/index.htm">Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/Mueller">Mueller State Park</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.tellercounty.gov">Teller County</a>, Colorado</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.utepasshistoricalsociety.org/">Ute Pass Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://victorcolorado.com/museum.htm">Victor Lowell Thomas Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.tellerlinks.com/">Visit Teller County, Colorado</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Aug 2016 16:40:14 +0000 yongli 1704 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Peabody http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-peabody <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Peabody</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1587--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1587.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/imogene-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San_Juans_20160727_0308_0.jpg?itok=SPHgpJl_" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/imogene-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Imogene Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Imogene Pass (el. 3997 m./13,114 ft.) is the 2nd highest pass in Colorado, which connects Ouray with Telluride. The road is accessible by 4x4 vehicles but is highly recommended to take a jeep tour either from Ouray or Silverton because the road is strenuous and dangerous.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1588--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1588.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/four-wheeling-imogene-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/San_Juans_20160727_0321_0.jpg?itok=_aEoqr84" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/four-wheeling-imogene-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Four-wheeling on Imogene Pass </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Imogene Pass, on the border between <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/article/ouray-county">Ouray</a>&nbsp;</strong>Counties,&nbsp;is classified as a Class 4 (very difficult)&nbsp;four-wheel drive trail. In 1903 striking miners in <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a> were forced to leave San Miguel County, and&nbsp;a small gun station was built at the top of the 13,000-foot pass to keep the miners out.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-25T15:03:25-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 25, 2016 - 15:03" class="datetime">Wed, 05/25/2016 - 15:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-peabody" data-a2a-title="Fort Peabody"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-peabody&amp;title=Fort%20Peabody"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built on Imogene Pass during the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-federation-miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> </strong>strike<strong> </strong>in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a> in 1903–4, Fort Peabody was a Colorado National Guard post intended to prevent deported union members and activists from returning to Telluride via the pass. Named after Governor<strong> James Peabody</strong>, who deployed the National Guard troops that helped local mine owners put down the strike, it was the highest sentry post ever built in the United States as well as the only post in Colorado built to exclude union members from a particular area. Possibly used by mine owners as late as 1908, the fort gradually deteriorated for a century before being restored in 2010 by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel County</strong></a> and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Keeping Miners Out</h2> <p>Fort Peabody was built at the peak of several years of labor unrest in the mines of southwestern Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>. By 1901 the Western Federation of Miners had gained enough strength in the region to hold a strike at Telluride’s <strong>Smuggler-Union Mine</strong>. The strike was called off, but tensions continued to escalate, with mine manager Arthur Collins assassinated at his home in November 1902. Collins’s replacement, <strong>Bulkeley Wells</strong>, soon led local mine owners to organize against the union.</p> <p>In September 1903, local mine employees went on strike to get an eight-hour day for mill workers. The Mine Operators Association called on Governor James Peabody for assistance, and Peabody obliged by sending in National Guard troops to allow the mine owners to operate their mines with nonunion labor. Initially fed and housed by the mine owners, the National Guard essentially became the mine owners’ personal military force. Martial law was declared and union members were deported, with sentries stationed at the county’s borders to keep out the deported men.</p> <p>In January 1904, Smuggler-Union manager Wells became a captain in the National Guard, and he gained command of the district in late February. The winter was not snowy enough to block the high passes connecting Telluride to the union strongholds of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-county">San Juan</a> </strong>Counties, so Wells ordered the construction of a sentry post at <strong>Imogene Pass</strong>. Located at 13,365 feet on the ridge slightly southeast of the actual pass, the installation consisted of a small wooden guardhouse protected by stone walls, a stone flag mount that may have briefly housed a rapid-fire Colt machine gun, and another small stone enclosure that could have protected a sniper. Named Fort Peabody after the governor, the post also had phone service to Telluride so the sentries could alert Wells if anyone made it over the pass.</p> <p>Two or three men from Wells’s unit occupied Fort Peabody from at least February 21 to June 15, 1904, when martial law ended in Telluride. By that time the mine owners were fully in control, their mines and mills back to business as usual. In November the union called off its strike, signaling that its strength had been broken. It is possible that Wells’s troops continued to occupy the fort until 1905, when their service ended, and there are even reports that Wells staffed the fort with mine employees as late as 1908 to monitor traffic over the pass.</p> <h2>Recent Restoration</h2> <p>After 1908, Fort Peabody was no longer occupied, and by 1910 it had become an attraction for tourists who made their way to the top of Imogene Pass. Over the twentieth century, the fort was battered by high winds and heavy snows but never received any stabilization or restoration, because of its remote location. By the 1950s, the road to Imogene Pass had become a rough jeep track, making the site even more difficult to access, but at that time Fort Peabody’s guardhouse, flagpole mount, and sniper nest remained intact.</p> <p>By 2004, when the fort turned 100 years old, the guardhouse’s roof beam had fallen and several walls were collapsing. The next year the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and by 2007 local officials were starting to discuss whether and how to restore the structure. Some thought the fort should remain a ruin, some thought it should be stabilized to prevent further deterioration, and others wanted to see it fully restored.</p> <p>In the summer of 2010, the San Miguel County Open Space and Recreation Department stabilized and partially rebuilt Fort Peabody under the direction of the US Forest Service, which administers the land where the fort is located. Funded by the county’s Open Space and Recreation Fund, the project involved excavating the guardhouse interior and rebuilding its floor, walls, and roof using a mix of original and new materials. The restoration crew found many artifacts at the site, including ammunition shells, pieces of leather, glass fragments, a hair pin, a piece of old newspaper, coal, and a fire poker. The restored fort is accessible to visitors via a short trail from Imogene Pass.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-peabody" hreflang="en">Fort Peabody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/imogene-pass" hreflang="en">Imogene Pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bulkeley-wells" hreflang="en">Bulkeley Wells</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-peabody" hreflang="en">James Peabody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-federation-miners" hreflang="en">Western Federation of Miners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/smuggler-union-mining-company" hreflang="en">Smuggler-Union Mining Company</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.telluridenews.com/the_watch/news/article_4a312be3-463d-5067-9215-494754dea485.html">‘Extremely Difficult Logistics’ in Future of Historic Site</a>,” <em>Telluride Daily Planet</em>, July 16, 2009.</p> <p>Andrew Gulliford, “<a href="https://www.telluridenews.com/the_watch/news/article_d4beb782-cf32-53a4-8b12-688a08e54940.html">Fort Peabody’s Machine Gun Nest: Labor’s Legacy at 13,000 Feet</a>,” <em>Telluride Daily Planet</em>, December 24, 2009.</p> <p>Katie Klingsporn, “<a href="https://www.telluridenews.com/news/article_d40acddc-8ee6-5ae4-bb1a-f8175f5cc22c.html">A Historic Rehabilitation at 13,000 Feet</a>,” &nbsp;<em>Telluride Daily Planet</em>, November 7, 2010.</p> <p>MaryJoy Martin, <em>The Corpse on Boomerang Road: Telluride’s War on Labor, 1899–1908</em> (Montrose, CO: Western Reflections, 2004).</p> <p>MaryJoy Martin, “Fort Peabody,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 1, 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Song of the Hammer and Drill: The Colorado San Juans, 1860–1914</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>George G. Suggs, Jr., <em>Colorado’s War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners</em> (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 May 2016 21:03:25 +0000 yongli 1437 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org