%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Margaret W. Campbell http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-w-campbell <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Margaret W. Campbell</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-03-13T16:06:29-06:00" title="Friday, March 13, 2020 - 16:06" class="datetime">Fri, 03/13/2020 - 16:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-w-campbell" data-a2a-title="Margaret W. Campbell"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmargaret-w-campbell&amp;title=Margaret%20W.%20Campbell"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Margaret West Norton Campbell (1827–1908) was an ardent advocate of women’s rights and one of the nation’s most sought-after suffrage speakers. In Colorado she was instrumental in the 1877 campaign for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>women’s suffrage</strong></a>. The measure failed, but her work paved the way for suffrage to be enacted in Colorado sixteen years later, in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret West Norton was born on January 16, 1827, in Hancock County, Maine, to David and Elizabeth Norton. Her grandfather, Noah Norton, had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War. After attending local schools, in 1847 she married lawyer John Barker Campbell of nearby Waldo, Maine. The couple had three children: George, Susan Elizabeth, and Charles Parker. Charles died in 1863.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Entering the Suffrage Movement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 the Campbells moved to Linn County, Iowa. During the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Margaret was active in soldiers’ aid societies and made her first public speeches in favor of women’s suffrage. By the late 1860s, with grown children, Margaret and John were back in Massachusetts, where Margaret began her suffrage work began in earnest. In February 1870 she attended a convention in Boston’s Horticultural Hall, during which the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association was founded as an affiliate of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Campbell gave a speech providing an account of the suffrage work that she had led in Hampden and Hampshire Counties; she did not claim credit for herself, but other suffrage leaders knew her role. She went on to serve as an officer of the AWSA for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1871, in the campaign for women’s suffrage in Vermont, Campbell had become a key figure on the suffrage lecture circuit. By 1872, in her home state of Maine, she was considered one of the most effective suffrage organizers. For the rest of the 1870s, she and her husband traveled the country lecturing in support of suffrage. As part of her lecture tours, she gathered signatures on prosuffrage petitions, which were then delivered to each state’s legislators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Equal Suffrage in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1874, AWSA members were targeting Colorado as a promising place to push for equal suffrage as the territory started its transition to <strong>statehood</strong>. By mid-November 1875, the AWSA had dispatched the Campbells to the territory, where Margaret began to hold a series of women’s suffrage meetings. That month, the <em>Boulder County News </em>described her as “a middle-aged woman, modest, earnest, sensibly dressed, of sweet and womanly voice, an engaging and impressive manner, gifted in speech, and above most of her fellow mortals of either sex.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 10, 1876, as delegates worked to hammer out a new <a href="/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>state constitution</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Campbell recruited Colorado Grange member <strong>Albina Washburn</strong> to help organize a convention of suffrage supporters nearby. Campbell declared that the “convention had been called to present to the law-making powers woman’s claim to the ballot, so that some means might be taken whereby every woman might not continue to be the political subject of every man.” The convention resulted in the establishment the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA), the forerunner of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association">Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</a></strong>. Campbell and the CWSA employed a number of tactics to generate support among convention delegates. They held public meetings around the state, gathered signatures on petitions, and wrote newspaper columns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite her energetic work on behalf of women’s suffrage, Margaret Campbell experienced significant frustrations during the Colorado campaign. Lack of funds forced John to leave the suffrage work to her while he tried to find a job to pay their living expenses. Public hearings were often badly attended. As she reported to AWSA leaders, “we were told in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central [City]</strong></a>—one of the places where we could not get a hearing—that we must advertise a dog fight, and then we would get a crowd.” More important, she noted that some Coloradans believed equal suffrage would interfere with statehood. “The newspapers so far as we have seen, are either opposed or afraid to come out boldly. The cry with them is—it will endanger the new constitution.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Campbell feared, the constitutional convention’s suffrage and elections committee included a provision that voters must be male. (Women were allowed to vote only in school board elections.) She was successful, however, in persuading delegates to require that the issue of women’s suffrage be put to a vote at the next general election, in 1877—and to allow it to be put to a vote again in any subsequent year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Suffrage Campaign of 1877</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In fall 1876, the Campbells headed east, where they worked for suffrage in Rhode Island, but they returned to Colorado in time for the 1877 campaign. Campbell was influential in bringing national suffrage leaders <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lucy-stone"><strong>Lucy Stone</strong></a>, <a href="/article/henry-browne-blackwell"><strong>Henry Blackwell</strong></a>, and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></strong> to the state to advocate for the suffrage referendum. Stone saw firsthand the hard work that the Campbells put into the cause. “Mr. and Mrs. Campbell crossed five of the snowy ranges, sometimes making their bed upon hemlock boughs out of doors where, in spite of woolen and rubber blankets, the intense cold banishes sleep,” Stone recorded in her diary.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet the Campbells failed to win the support of the major political parties, and most of the state’s newspapers also took a negative view. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> the <em><strong>Colorado Daily Chieftain</strong> </em>claimed that Campbell had “inserted her shriveled limbs in a pair of her hen-pecked husband’s cast-off pantaloons, and proceeded to shriek for the ballot for women.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On Election Day, October 2, 1877, the suffrage referendum failed by a margin of more than 2 to 1. Both Margaret Campbell and Susan B. Anthony believed that race and education were factors in the defeat. According to the <em>Chieftain,</em> Campbell identified the enemies of suffrage as “the ignorant, degraded and superstitious Mexicans of the south . . . and the uneducated and uncultivated Negroes of the north.” While it is true that, in keeping with their Catholic faith, Hispano men tended not to favor suffrage, county vote totals show that the lack of support was widespread across the state. Only <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a> voted in favor.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the defeat in Colorado, Margaret and John Campbell continued their nationwide work for suffrage. In 1879 they moved to Iowa, though Margaret continued to be one of the nation’s most widely sought public speakers on suffrage and frequently traveled to take part in various state suffrage campaigns. She also remained active in the Iowa State Suffrage Association through the 1890s, serving as president and corresponding secretary. She died on November 5, 1908.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though they failed in 1877, suffrage advocates in the state could sustain hope thanks to the constitutional provision Campbell had secured allowing the issue to be placed on the ballot in any subsequent year. As national suffrage leader Henry Blackwell later wrote, “that provision enabled . . . resubmission and adoption [of women’s suffrage] in 1893.” That eventual victory, he believed, was a direct result of Margaret and John Campbell’s earlier labors. “Colorado,” he wrote, “ought to erect a monument in their memory.” So far the state has not taken Blackwell up on his suggestion.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wroble-susan" hreflang="und">Wroble, Susan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-w-campbell" hreflang="en">Margaret W. Campbell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-suffrage" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s Suffrage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/referendum-1877" hreflang="en">Referendum of 1877</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/american-woman-suffrage-association" hreflang="en">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-constitution" hreflang="en">Colorado State Constitution</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albina-washington" hreflang="en">Albina Washington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lucy-stone" hreflang="en">Lucy Stone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-blackwell" hreflang="en">henry blackwell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/susan-b-anthony" hreflang="en">Susan B. Anthony</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Joseph G. Brown, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n1331/?st=list"><em>The History of Equal Suffrage in Colorado, 1868–1898</em></a> (Denver: News Job Printing, 1898).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://womensuffragecentennialsoutherncolorado.org/about-us/research/chieftain/">Excerpts from the Newspaper the Colorado Daily Chieftain (now the Pueblo Chieftain) on Women’s Suffrage</a>,” Women Suffrage Centennial, Southern Colorado, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Benjamin F. Gue, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Iowa_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_Beginning_of_the_Twentieth_Century/4/Margaret_W._Campbell"><em>History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century</em>, vol. 4: <em>Iowa Biography</em></a> (New York: Century History, 1903).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Corrine M. McConnaughy, <em>The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment </em>(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National American Woman Suffrage Association, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mss3413200202/"><em>National American Woman Suffrage Association Records: General Correspondence, 1839–1961</em>; <em>Campbell, Margaret W.; 2 of 3</em></a>, MSS 34132, Library of Congress, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andy O’Brien, “<a href="https://www.freepressonline.com/content/home/homepage-rotator/article/maine-women-continue-the-fight-for-voting-rights-fair-treatment-/78/720/62638/">Maine Women Continue the Fight for Voting Rights and Fair Treatment</a>,” <em>Free Press</em> (Rockland, ME), January 10, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Woman_Suffrage.html?id=I4oEAAAAYAAJ"><em>History of Woman Suffrage</em>, vol. 3: <em>1876–1885</em></a> (Rochester, NY: Susan B. Anthony, 1886).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Margaret West Norton Campbell (1827–1908) was an advocate of women’s rights. She was one of the nation’s most sought-after suffrage speakers. In Colorado, she was instrumental in the 1877 campaign for women’s suffrage. The measure failed. Her work paved the way for suffrage to be enacted in Colorado in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret West Norton was born on January 16, 1827, in Hancock County, Maine. In 1847, she married lawyer John Barker Campbell. The couple had three children: George, Susan Elizabeth, and Charles Parker. Charles died in 1863.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Entering the Suffrage Movement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 the Campbells moved to Linn County, Iowa. During the Civil War, Margaret was active in soldiers’ aid societies. She made her first public speeches in favor of women’s suffrage. By the late 1860s, Margaret and John were back on the East Coast. Margaret began her suffrage work began in earnest. In February 1870 she attended a convention in Boston. During the convention, the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association was founded. It was an affiliate of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Margaret gave a speech. She talked about the suffrage work in Hampden and Hampshire Counties. She did not claim credit for herself. However, other suffrage leaders knew her role. She went on to serve as an officer of the AWSA for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1871, Margaret had become a key figure on the suffrage lecture circuit. For the rest of the 1870s, she and her husband traveled the country lecturing in support of suffrage. She gathered signatures on prosuffrage petitions. The petitions were then delivered to each state’s legislators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Equal Suffrage in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1874, AWSA members were targeting Colorado. It was a promising place to push for equal suffrage. The territory was shifting to statehood. By mid-November 1875, the AWSA had sent the Campbells to the territory. Margaret began to hold a series of women’s suffrage meetings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 10, 1876, delegates were working to hammer out a new state constitution in Denver. Margaret helped organize a convention of suffrage supporters nearby. At the convention, the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA) was founded. It was the forerunner of the Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association. Campbell and the CWSA tried to generate support among constitutional delegates. They held public meetings around the state. They also gathered signatures on petitions and wrote newspaper columns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret was frustrated during the Colorado campaign. Lack of funds forced John to leave the suffrage work. He tried to find a job to pay their living expenses. Public hearings were poorly attended. As she told AWSA leaders, “we were told in Central [City]...that we must advertise a dog fight, and then we would get a crowd.” More important, some Coloradans believed suffrage would interfere with statehood. “The newspapers so far as we have seen, are either opposed or afraid to come out boldly. The cry with them is—it will endanger the new constitution.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret failed to get suffrage included in the new constitution. The convention’s suffrage and elections committee included a provision that voters must be male. Women were allowed to vote only in school board elections. However, Margaret was partially successful. She persuaded delegates to require women’s suffrage be put to a vote at the next general election in 1877. She convinced delegates to allow suffrage to be put to a vote in any following year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Suffrage Campaign of 1877</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In fall 1876, the Campbells headed east. They worked for suffrage in Rhode Island. The couple returned to Colorado in time for the 1877 campaign.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Campbells failed to win the support of the major political parties. Most of the state’s newspapers also took a negative view. In Pueblo the Colorado Daily Chieftain claimed that Campbell had “inserted her shriveled limbs in a pair of her hen-pecked husband’s cast-off pantaloons, and proceeded to shriek for the ballot for women.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On October 2, 1877, the suffrage referendum failed by a margin of more than 2 to 1. Margaret believed that race and education were factors in the defeat. It is true that Hispano men tended not to favor suffrage. However, county vote totals show that the lack of support was widespread. Only Boulder County voted in favor.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret and John Campbell continued their nationwide work for suffrage. In 1879 they moved to Iowa. Margaret continued to be one of the nation’s most sought after public speakers on suffrage. She traveled to take part in various state suffrage campaigns. She remained active in the Iowa State Suffrage Association through the 1890s, where she served as president. She died on November 5, 1908.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though they failed in 1877, suffrage advocates in Colorado had hope thanks to the provision Campbell secured. Her work allowed suffrage to be placed on the ballot in any subsequent year. As national suffrage leader Henry Blackwell later wrote, “that provision enabled . . . resubmission and adoption [of women’s suffrage] in 1893.” That eventual victory, he believed, was a result of the Campbell’s work.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Margaret West Norton Campbell (1827–1908) was an advocate of women’s rights. She was one of the nation’s most sought-after suffrage speakers. In Colorado, she was instrumental in the 1877 campaign for women’s suffrage. The measure failed. Her work paved the way for suffrage to be enacted in Colorado in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret West Norton was born on January 16, 1827, in Hancock County, Maine. In 1847, she married lawyer John Barker Campbell of nearby Waldo, Maine. The couple had three children: George, Susan Elizabeth, and Charles Parker. Charles died in 1863.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Entering the Suffrage Movement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 the Campbells moved to Linn County, Iowa. During the Civil War, Margaret was active in soldiers’ aid societies. She made her first public speeches in favor of women’s suffrage. By the late 1860s, Margaret and John were back in Massachusetts. Margaret began her suffrage work began in earnest. In February 1870 she attended a convention in Boston’s Horticultural Hall. During the convention, the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association was founded. It was an affiliate of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Margaret gave a speech. She talked about the suffrage work in Hampden and Hampshire Counties. She did not claim credit for herself. However, other suffrage leaders knew her role. She went on to serve as an officer of the AWSA for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1871, Margaret had become a key figure on the suffrage lecture circuit. By 1872, in her home state of Maine, she was considered one of the most effective suffrage organizers. For the rest of the 1870s, she and her husband traveled the country lecturing in support of suffrage. She gathered signatures on prosuffrage petitions. The petitions were then delivered to each state’s legislators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Equal Suffrage in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1874, AWSA members were targeting Colorado. It was a promising place to push for equal suffrage as the territory started its transition to statehood. By mid-November 1875, the AWSA had sent the Campbells to the territory. Margaret began to hold a series of women’s suffrage meetings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 10, 1876, delegates were working to hammer out a new state constitution in Denver. Margaret recruited Colorado Grange member Albina Washington to help organize a convention of suffrage supporters nearby. The convention resulted in the creation the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA). It was the forerunner of the Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association. Campbell and the CWSA tried to generate support among convention delegates. They held public meetings around the state. They also gathered signatures on petitions and wrote newspaper columns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret was often frustrated during the Colorado campaign. Lack of funds forced John to leave the suffrage work. He tried to find a job to pay their living expenses. Public hearings were poorly attended. As she reported to AWSA leaders, “we were told in Central [City]...that we must advertise a dog fight, and then we would get a crowd.” More important, some Coloradans believed suffrage would interfere with statehood. “The newspapers so far as we have seen, are either opposed or afraid to come out boldly. The cry with them is—it will endanger the new constitution.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret failed to get suffrage included in the new constitution. The convention’s suffrage and elections committee included a provision that voters must be male. Women were allowed to vote only in school board elections. However, Margaret was partially successful. She persuaded delegates to require women’s suffrage be put to a vote at the next general election in 1877. She also convinced delegates to allow suffrage to be put to a vote again in any following year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Suffrage Campaign of 1877</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In fall 1876, the Campbells headed east. They worked for suffrage in Rhode Island. The couple returned to Colorado in time for the 1877 campaign.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Campbells failed to win the support of the major political parties. Most of the state’s newspapers also took a negative view. In Pueblo the Colorado Daily Chieftain claimed that Campbell had “inserted her shriveled limbs in a pair of her hen-pecked husband’s cast-off pantaloons, and proceeded to shriek for the ballot for women.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On October 2, 1877, the suffrage referendum failed by a margin of more than 2 to 1. Margaret believed that race and education were factors in the defeat. It is true that Hispano men tended not to favor suffrage. However, county vote totals show that the lack of support was widespread. Only Boulder County voted in favor.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the defeat in Colorado, Margaret and John Campbell continued their nationwide work for suffrage. In 1879 they moved to Iowa. Margaret continued to be one of the nation’s most sought after public speakers on suffrage. She traveled to take part in various state suffrage campaigns. She also remained active in the Iowa State Suffrage Association through the 1890s, where she served as president. She died on November 5, 1908.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though they failed in 1877, suffrage advocates in Colorado had hope thanks to the provision Campbell secured. Her work allowed the issue to be placed on the ballot in any subsequent year. As national suffrage leader Henry Blackwell later wrote, “that provision enabled . . . resubmission and adoption [of women’s suffrage] in 1893.” That eventual victory, he believed, was a direct result of Margaret and John Campbell’s work. “Colorado,” he wrote, “ought to erect a monument in their memory.” So far the state has not taken Blackwell up on his suggestion.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Margaret West Norton Campbell (1827–1908) was an ardent advocate of women’s rights. She was one of the nation’s most sought-after suffrage speakers. In Colorado, she was instrumental in the 1877 campaign for women’s suffrage. The measure failed. Her work paved the way for suffrage to be enacted in Colorado in 1893.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret West Norton was born on January 16, 1827, in Hancock County, Maine, to David and Elizabeth Norton. Her grandfather, Noah Norton, had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War. In 1847, she married lawyer John Barker Campbell of nearby Waldo, Maine. The couple had three children: George, Susan Elizabeth, and Charles Parker. Charles died in 1863.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Entering the Suffrage Movement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 the Campbells moved to Linn County, Iowa. During the Civil War, Margaret was active in soldiers’ aid societies. She made her first public speeches in favor of women’s suffrage. By the late 1860s, Margaret and John were back in Massachusetts. Margaret began her suffrage work began in earnest. In February 1870 she attended a convention in Boston’s Horticultural Hall. During the convention, the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association was founded. It was an affiliate of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Campbell gave a speech providing an account of the suffrage work that she had led in Hampden and Hampshire Counties; she did not claim credit for herself, but other suffrage leaders knew her role. She went on to serve as an officer of the AWSA for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1871, in the campaign for women’s suffrage in Vermont, Campbell had become a key figure on the suffrage lecture circuit. By 1872, in her home state of Maine, she was considered one of the most effective suffrage organizers. For the rest of the 1870s, she and her husband traveled the country lecturing in support of suffrage. As part of her lecture tours, she gathered signatures on prosuffrage petitions, which were then delivered to each state’s legislators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Working for Equal Suffrage in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1874, AWSA members were targeting Colorado as a promising place to push for equal suffrage as the territory started its transition to statehood. By mid-November 1875, the AWSA had dispatched the Campbells to the territory, where Margaret began to hold a series of women’s suffrage meetings. That month, the Boulder County News described her as “a middle-aged woman, modest, earnest, sensibly dressed, of sweet and womanly voice, an engaging and impressive manner, gifted in speech, and above most of her fellow mortals of either sex.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 10, 1876, as delegates worked to hammer out a new state constitution in Denver, Campbell recruited Colorado Grange member Albina Washington to help organize a convention of suffrage supporters nearby. Campbell declared that the “convention had been called to present to the law-making powers woman’s claim to the ballot, so that some means might be taken whereby every woman might not continue to be the political subject of every man.” The convention resulted in the establishment the Colorado Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA), the forerunner of the Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association. Campbell and the CWSA employed a number of tactics to generate support among convention delegates. They held public meetings around the state, gathered signatures on petitions, and wrote newspaper columns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite her energetic work on behalf of women’s suffrage, Margaret Campbell experienced significant frustrations during the Colorado campaign. Lack of funds forced John to leave the suffrage work to her while he tried to find a job to pay their living expenses. Public hearings were often badly attended. As she reported to AWSA leaders, “we were told in Central [City]—one of the places where we could not get a hearing—that we must advertise a dog fight, and then we would get a crowd.” More important, she noted that some Coloradans believed equal suffrage would interfere with statehood. “The newspapers so far as we have seen, are either opposed or afraid to come out boldly. The cry with them is—it will endanger the new constitution.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As Campbell feared, the constitutional convention’s suffrage and elections committee included a provision that voters must be male. (Women were allowed to vote only in school board elections.) She was successful, however, in persuading delegates to require that the issue of women’s suffrage be put to a vote at the next general election, in 1877—and to allow it to be put to a vote again in any subsequent year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Suffrage Campaign of 1877</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In fall 1876, the Campbells headed east, where they worked for suffrage in Rhode Island, but they returned to Colorado in time for the 1877 campaign. Campbell was influential in bringing national suffrage leaders Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, and Susan B. Anthony to the state to advocate for the suffrage referendum. Stone saw firsthand the hard work that the Campbells put into the cause. “Mr. and Mrs. Campbell crossed five of the snowy ranges, sometimes making their bed upon hemlock boughs out of doors where, in spite of woolen and rubber blankets, the intense cold banishes sleep,” Stone recorded in her diary.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet the Campbells failed to win the support of the major political parties, and most of the state’s newspapers also took a negative view. In Pueblo the Colorado Daily Chieftain claimed that Campbell had “inserted her shriveled limbs in a pair of her hen-pecked husband’s cast-off pantaloons, and proceeded to shriek for the ballot for women.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On Election Day, October 2, 1877, the suffrage referendum failed by a margin of more than 2 to 1. Both Margaret Campbell and Susan B. Anthony believed that race and education were factors in the defeat. According to the Chieftain, Campbell identified the enemies of suffrage as “the ignorant, degraded and superstitious Mexicans of the south . . . and the uneducated and uncultivated Negroes of the north.” While it is true that, in keeping with their Catholic faith, Hispano men tended not to favor suffrage, county vote totals show that the lack of support was widespread across the state. Only Boulder County voted in favor.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the defeat in Colorado, Margaret and John Campbell continued their nationwide work for suffrage. In 1879 they moved to Iowa, though Margaret continued to be one of the nation’s most widely sought public speakers on suffrage and frequently traveled to take part in various state suffrage campaigns. She also remained active in the Iowa State Suffrage Association through the 1890s, serving as president and corresponding secretary. She died on November 5, 1908.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though they failed in 1877, suffrage advocates in the state could sustain hope thanks to the constitutional provision Campbell had secured allowing the issue to be placed on the ballot in any subsequent year. As national suffrage leader Henry Blackwell later wrote, “that provision enabled . . . resubmission and adoption [of women’s suffrage] in 1893.” That eventual victory, he believed, was a direct result of Margaret and John Campbell’s earlier labors. “Colorado,” he wrote, “ought to erect a monument in their memory.” So far the state has not taken Blackwell up on his suggestion.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Mar 2020 22:06:29 +0000 yongli 3185 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Women's Suffrage Movement http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Women&#039;s Suffrage Movement</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2429--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2429.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/susan-b-anthony"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado%27s%20Suffragette%20Movement_0.jpg?itok=QvMjxzIv" width="559" height="452" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/susan-b-anthony" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Susan B. Anthony</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The suffragette leader barnstormed for women’s rights in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2430--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2430.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/unsinkable-molly-brown"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado%27s-Suffragette-Movement-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=v94raRcK" width="500" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/unsinkable-molly-brown" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">&quot;Unsinkable&quot; Molly Brown</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Margaret Tobin Brown was one of many prominent Colorado women who campaigned for the right to vote in the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-06T15:15:55-06:00" title="Friday, May 6, 2016 - 15:15" class="datetime">Fri, 05/06/2016 - 15:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement" data-a2a-title="Women&#039;s Suffrage Movement"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwomens-suffrage-movement&amp;title=Women%27s%20Suffrage%20Movement"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The women’s suffrage movement was a sociopolitical movement in the late nineteenth century that secured voting rights for Colorado women by state referendum on November 7, 1893. The movement’s success made Colorado the first state to enact women’s suffrage by popular referendum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 4, 1876, Denverites gathered to celebrate the nation’s centennial. On the banks of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> they watched a parade of the Knights of Pythias, the Governor’s Guard, and the Odd Fellows astride their milk-white horses. They listened to toasts, including one to “Woman—the last and best gift of God to man . . . May there yet be had a fuller recognition of her social influence, her legal identity and her political rights.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>But securing women’s political rights took more than Fourth of July rhetoric. In 1870 territorial governor <strong>Edward McCook</strong> urged lawmakers to follow Wyoming’s lead and grant women the vote. Legislators rejected the notion. During the 1875–76 convention to draft a state constitution, delegates Henry P. Bromwell of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Agapito Vigil, representing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/huerfano-county"><strong>Huerfano</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas</strong></a> Counties, wanted to include equal suffrage in the constitution, but they were outvoted by their fellow delegates.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Referendum of 1877</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As a consolation prize, the constitution makers allowed women to vote in school elections and provided that men would hold an 1877 referendum to determine if women would be given full suffrage. Seizing the referendum opportunity, national suffrage leaders <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/susan-b-anthony"><strong>Susan B. Anthony</strong></a>; <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lucy-stone"><strong>Lucy Stone</strong></a>; Stone’s husband, Henry B. Blackwell; Matilda Hindman; and <strong>Margaret W. Campbell</strong> joined local suffrage partisans to barnstorm the state in September 1877. In Denver they enjoyed the backing of former territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By railroad and stagecoach they reached remote places such as <a href="/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Lake City</strong></a> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, where Anthony spoke on a moonlit night under the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>pine</strong></a> trees because the crowd was too large to be seated indoors. Curious crowds did not signal victory for equal suffrage, however, as the referendum was defeated by a margin of two to one in early October. Most Hispanos in southern counties opposed women voting, as did men in Denver and mountain mining towns. Dismissed as “bawling, ranting women, bristling for their rights” by Presbyterian preacher Rev. Thomas Bliss, women found that most Colorado men held fast to the past.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Another Try</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sixteen years later, in 1893, a handful of reformers—the Colorado <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association"><strong>Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</strong></a>—sensed the time was right for another campaign. Women in southern Colorado were threatening to run their anti-suffrage state senator out of the region. Populist governor Davis Waite endorsed suffrage, as did former governor <a href="/article/john-l-routt"><strong>John Routt</strong></a>, a Republican. The opposition saloonkeepers and brewers, who feared women voters would crack down on liquor, were not taking the suffrage campaign seriously and mounted little opposition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A referendum granting equal suffrage was drafted by a male lawyer from Denver and sponsored by Rep. J. T. Heath of <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. Thirty-three newspapers surveyed approved of suffrage; only eleven were opposed. Thomas Patterson, publisher of the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, opposed women’s suffrage, but his paper was officially neutral. Two of the paper’s columnists, <a href="/article/ellis-meredith-0"><strong>Ellis Meredith</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/minnie-reynolds-scalabrino"><strong>Minnie J. Reynolds</strong></a>, were vocal suffragettes who helped organize the 1893 campaign.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Advantages and Victory</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Underpinning the pro-suffrage alliance of the late nineteenth century were larger forces working in the women’s favor. The first was the Hispano factor. Hispano men largely did not support voting rights for women and were part of the reason why the 1877 referendum failed. But by 1890, they constituted a smaller percentage of the state’s population, giving the pro-suffrage camp an advantage. Second, more than 70 percent of Colorado’s females over age nineteen were married; less than 20 percent were single or divorced. If enfranchised, this stable domestic contingent would constitute less than 30 percent of the electorate, so men were not courting political suicide by approving equal suffrage. Additionally, in an era of immigration that produced ethnic tension in many mining camps and towns, immigrant-wary Coloradans may have recognized that enfranchising women would give native-born residents more ballots than foreigners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The suffrage campaign also benefited from the journalistic talents of Reynolds and novelist <strong>Patience Stapleton</strong>. Grand Junction’s Dr. Ethel Strasser, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>’s Dr. Anna Chamberlain, and Dr. Jessie Hartwell of Salida joined Denver teacher and president of the Equal Suffrage Association Martha A. Pease in the effort to convince men that women were intellectually capable and deserved the vote. Socialites such as Mrs. <strong>Nathaniel P. Hill</strong>, wife of the Denver smelter magnate, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-“baby-doe”-tabor"><strong>Elizabeth “Baby Doe” Tabor</strong></a>, wife of “Silver King” <a href="/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a>, lent names and office space. In the end, careful planning and a low-key campaign yielded a 6,000-vote margin for equal suffrage, making Colorado the first state to enact equal suffrage by referendum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Campaign against Alcohol</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For women, equal suffrage did not result in equal political power, however. Despite token female representation starting in 1894, the general assembly was almost totally controlled by men, who always elected men to the US Senate. Men manipulated the political levers and only grudgingly let women have a small share of legislative seats and other posts. Yet women made a mark, especially in their crusade against alcohol. In 1907 the state granted local governments the authority to prohibit liquor sales. In 1916, after prohibitionists won a statewide vote against booze, Colorado became a dry state three years ahead of the rest of the nation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1912 <strong>Edward Taylor</strong> told his colleagues in the US Congress that women had helped enact more than 150 statutes, ranging from an 1899 law making the white and lavender-blue columbine the <a href="/article/state-flower"><strong>state flower</strong></a> to a 1908 measure prohibiting the display of anarchistic flags. Much of the legislation Taylor cited was designed to protect women and children; for example, pimps were barred from taking their prostitutes’ profits. A law setting up a model juvenile court was passed. Wives were permitted to <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> property and accorded rights as household heads if they provided the family’s chief support. Clearly, Colorado women’s hard-won right to the ballot was already paying dividends for the people of the Centennial State and would continue to do so through the present.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/susan-b-anthony" hreflang="en">Susan B. Anthony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/referendum-1877" hreflang="en">Referendum of 1877</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anti-alcohol" hreflang="en">anti-alcohol</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lucy-stone" hreflang="en">Lucy Stone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nathan-c-meeker" hreflang="en">Nathan C. Meeker</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/patience-stapleton" hreflang="en">Patience Stapleton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-non-partisan-equal-suffrage-association" hreflang="en">Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, <em>Our America: A Hispanic History of the United States</em> (New York: W.W. Norton, 2014).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Chris Nicholl, Calvin P. Otto, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant, eds., <em>Extraordinary Women of the Rocky Mountain West </em>(Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Library District, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://theautry.org/education/resources/womens-suffrage-west">Women of the West Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 May 2016 21:15:55 +0000 yongli 1337 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org