%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en South Canyon Fire http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-canyon-fire <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">South Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3741--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3741.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/glenwood-fire-memorial"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/South%20Canyon%20Fire%20at%20Storm%20King%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=jjxiNY8E" width="682" height="1023" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/glenwood-fire-memorial" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Glenwood Fire Memorial</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Glenwood Fire Memorial in Glenwood Springs honors the fourteen firefighters who died fighting the South Canyon Fire atop nearby Storm King Mountain in 1994.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3743--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3743.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/south-canyon-fire"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/South%20Canyon%20Fire%20at%20Storm%20King%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=s7EdEpLv" width="502" height="398" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/south-canyon-fire" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">South Canyon Fire</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View looking northeast over the South Canyon Fire burn area.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-15T09:55:33-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2022 - 09:55" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2022 - 09:55</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-canyon-fire" data-a2a-title="South Canyon Fire"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsouth-canyon-fire&amp;title=South%20Canyon%20Fire"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The South Canyon Fire began in early July 1994 on Storm King Mountain, in <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/garfield-county">Garfield County</a></strong> west of <strong>Glenwood Springs</strong>. On July 6, high winds stoked the fire into a deadly conflagration that killed fourteen firefighters. Investigations of the disaster forced numerous reforms in wildland firefighting, and today a memorial hiking trail reminds both locals and tourists of the sacrifice made by the “Storm King 14.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fire on Storm King Mountain</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Western states were locked in a drought in 1994, and by early summer <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado">wildfires</a></strong> were burning across the region. On July 2, a dry lightning storm sparked fifteen new fires in northwest Colorado. One was atop Hell’s Gate Ridge, a ridge of sandstone on the southern flank of Storm King Mountain, six miles west of Glenwood Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 3, a resident of nearby South Canyon made the first report, and the blaze was tagged as the “South Canyon Fire.” From July 2 to July 5, residents of the Canyon Creek Estates subdivision west of Storm King nervously watched the fire grow from one acre to fifty. But other, larger fires took priority.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battling the Blaze</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 4, US <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (BLM) engine foreman James “Butch” Blanco surveyed the fire from <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70">Interstate 70</a></strong>. On July 5, Blanco’s crew of six attacked the fire, climbing up a steep gulch on the east side of Hell’s Gate Ridge—what would become the next day’s escape route. Blanco requested firefighters and aircraft, and his crew cleared a helicopter landing spot, known as “H1,” on the ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eight smokejumpers—firefighters who parachute into remote areas—arrived that evening. While they started digging a fire line, jumper-in-charge Don Mackey called for top-level firefighters, known as hotshots, and for helicopter and air tanker support. Overnight, the fire grew to 127 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 6, Blanco hiked in again with a crew of ten. They cleared a second landing spot, “H2,” lower along the ridge, while the jumpers dug a line connecting it to “H1.” When the fire blew up that afternoon, this ridge-top line became the divide between life and death.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At 9:30 am, the BLM’s helicopter crew—pilot Dick Good and helitack foreman Rich Tyler—picked up Blanco and Mackey for a reconnaissance flight. The forecast called for a dry cold front with 25-mile-per-hour winds and stronger gusts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blanco suggested cutting a line on the western, windward side of the ridge. Mackey questioned the plan but ultimately agreed. By midday, more smokejumpers and ten hotshots from Prineville, Oregon, were ferried in to work down the West Flank line. Dick Good made water drops from the helicopter and ferried more firefighters up to H2 from a meadow at Canyon Creek Estates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 3:30 pm, forty-nine men and women were hard at work. Most were clearing the 2,100-foot West Flank line. Bosses at H2 coordinated line building, directed helicopter water drops, and watched fire behavior.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gusty winds hit the ridge at 3:53, but it was calm in the tall stands of green oakbrush below. At 3:56, Good reported new spot fires in the gulch below the West Flank line.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explosion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 4:04, winds hit 45 miles per hour. The spot fires exploded into a worst-case scenario. Bosses at H2 watched flames burning up both sides of the gulch below the West Flank and ordered crews to leave the area. Firefighters already on the ridge tried to climb to the H1 clearing but ran into flames and were ordered to reverse. Others atop the ridge watched the too-slow march of the West Flank crew, still carrying packs and tools, and urged them to speed up.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To escape, crews looked east from the ridge, down an extremely steep slope that funneled into a twisting gulch. Only Blanco’s crew knew this route. To the others, it looked like a death trap. Blanco and Shepard stood on the ridge waving people down. A sharp counterwind, blowing up the east side, held the firestorm back for a few precious minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 4:11, the roaring fire had turned the sky bright orange, and from the air Good saw flames 150 to 200 feet tall. Firefighters poured off the east side of the ridge, while the last seventeen struggled up the final 300-foot pitch from the West Flank line. Brad Haugh and Kevin Erickson reached the ridge a minute later, singed by the flames, and headed down the other side. Blanco and Shepard then bailed over the edge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At 4:14, smokejumper Eric Hipke was fifteen feet short of the ridge when a blast of hot air knocked him down. He got up, shed his melting pack, and ran. Severely burnt, he was the last to crest the ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hotshot Scott Blecha was 120 feet behind Hipke; Mackey and the other ten smokejumpers and hotshots were 200 to 280 feet down the line when flames and superheated gases overtook them. Some attempted to deploy fire shelters, aluminum foil tents used as a last resort, but there was no defense against the blowup.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blanco and Shepard had yelled to the helitack crew, Rich Tyler and Robert Browning, to go down the eastside gully too. Instead the pair opted to run the ridge to the north, where they hit steep terrain. A rock outcrop looked viable for a helicopter rescue, but first they had to cross a gully fifty feet deep. At the gully bottom, the blowup tore their shelters away and knocked the men flat. Rocks loosened in the fire rolled down and partially covered their bodies. They were not found until two days later.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Escape</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Also isolated on the mountain were eight smokejumpers at the far end of the West Flank line. They climbed toward the H1 clearing, crossing into a safe area that had burned days before. At 4:24, they deployed fire shelters and endured flames just 500 feet away. Their leader, Dale Longanecker, never deployed his shelter and rode out the blaze nearby.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The nine smokejumpers near H1 came out of their shelters by 6 pm. The green oakbrush was gone; only a few black stubs remained. At the top of the West Flank fire line, they found the twelve fallen fighters and radioed the bad news. Over the next two hours, Good ferried the nine out, and brought in twenty-five new smokejumpers to search for Tyler and Browning.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For the twenty-six firefighters and fire bosses escaping down the eastside gully, it was, in the words of one, “total organized panic” down a wickedly steep, brushy gulch. After an hour of tough hiking, the gully opened and they reached the highway. Within a half hour, the fire burned through their escape route as it roared on toward Glenwood Springs. Two hundred residents evacuated as the fire burned to the city’s edge. With nightfall, the fire settled down, but the mountain was covered with glowing embers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At midnight, Governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong> confirmed that twelve firefighters had perished and two were missing. He called it the worst tragedy in Colorado firefighting history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aftermath</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Immediately, people questioned why the fire wasn’t put out earlier, and why firefighters were on the mountain when a Red Flag warning was in effect. While fresh teams of firefighters contained the 2,400-acre fire, <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado">Forest Service</a></strong> investigators pieced the events together.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Under pressure to explain, the Forest Service and BLM published a report on August 22. It cited the “can-do” attitude of firefighters in compromising standard rules and identified management failures at the regional and state levels. A follow-up report issued October 17 spelled out a corrective action plan emphasizing safety. A final report in 1998 provided a thorough analysis of the disaster.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Grief flooded Glenwood Springs. The city council appointed fourteen residents to reach out to the families of the fallen, and a community fund raised $425,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hundreds of people hiked the mountain to pay their respects. In October volunteers constructed a formal trail. In 1995 the Mackey family erected granite crosses where each of the fourteen fell.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marble sculptor David Nelson carved a monument for Prineville, Oregon, in 1995. In Glenwood Springs, Joyce Killebrew’s sculpture anchors a memorial in Two Rivers Park, dedicated on July 6, 1995. Memorial events followed on the five, ten, and twenty-year anniversaries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The trail up Storm King is still a place where firefighters go to reflect on the lessons of the fire and remember the Storm King 14.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Storm King 14</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hotshots</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Kathi Beck</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Tami Bickett</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Scott Blecha</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Levi Brinkley</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Doug Dunbar</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Terri Hagen</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Bonnie Holtby</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Rob Johnson</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Jon Kelso</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Smokejumpers</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Don Mackey</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Roger Roth</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Jim Thrash</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Helitack</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Robert Browning</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rteindent1">Rich Tyler</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mcgregor-heather" hreflang="und">McGregor, Heather</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-canyon-fire" hreflang="en">South Canyon Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-mountain" hreflang="en">Storm King Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/glenwood-springs" hreflang="en">Glenwood Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-fire" hreflang="en">Storm King Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/storm-king-14" hreflang="en">storm king 14</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canyon-creek-estates" hreflang="en">Canyon Creek Estates</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Tom Allen et al., “<a href="https://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/wfldp/docs/sr-sc-south-canyon-1994-final-report.pdf">Report of the Interagency Management Review Team, South Canyon Fire</a>,” June 26, 1995.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bret Butler et al., <em><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp009.pdf">Fire Behavior Associated With the 1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain, Colorado</a></em>, (Ogden, UT: US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, September 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, <em>Fire on the Mountain: The True Story of the South Canyon Fire</em> (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Heather McGregor, Bob Silbernagel, Dana Nunn, Stacie Oulton, Ginger Rice, Judy Miller, and Patrick Cleary, coverage of the South Canyon Fire, <em>The Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction, CO), July 7–10, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lester Rosenkrance and South Canyon Fire Accident Investigation Team, “<em><a href="https://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=46f00ea5-9238-43e3-a60c-4a2461a833cb">South Canyon Fire Investigation</a></em>,” August 17, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Stroud, David Frey, and Fred Malo, “We Will Never Forget,” <em>Glenwood Post</em>, July 6, 1995. </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzGTjfTHihU">1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain</a>,” YouTube video, 1:21:37, posted by “erhpke,” April 30, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael Kodas, <em>Megafire: The Race to Extinguish a Deadly Epidemic of Flame </em>(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John N. Maclean, “<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/">20 Years Later, Legacy of A Deadly Colorado Wildfire Endures</a>,” <em>National Geographic</em>, July 3, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>Fire: A Brief History</em>, 2nd ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Pyne, <em>The Interior West: A Fire Survey </em>(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2022 15:55:33 +0000 yongli 3739 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Canyons of the Ancients National Monument http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/canyons-ancients-national-monument <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-12-02T11:27:53-07:00" title="Thursday, December 2, 2021 - 11:27" class="datetime">Thu, 12/02/2021 - 11:27</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/canyons-ancients-national-monument" data-a2a-title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcanyons-ancients-national-monument&amp;title=Canyons%20of%20the%20Ancients%20National%20Monument"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Stretching west and northwest from <strong>Cortez</strong> to the Utah border, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument was established in 2000 and boasts the densest collection of archaeological sites in the United States. An estimated 30,000 sites—including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwellings</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kivas"><strong>kivas</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a>—represent concrete evidence of the more than 10,000 years of habitation of the Southwest, particularly by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> people who flourished from about 750 to 1300 CE. Also valued for its geology, flora, and fauna, the sprawling 176,000-acre monument is beset by complex management problems that include private inholdings (private land within the monument’s boundaries) and active drilling leases.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Natural Environment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nestled in the southwest corner of Colorado, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument occupies a rugged landscape of mesas and canyons covered with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>pinyon-juniper</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sagebrush"><strong>sagebrush</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a>, as well as isolated, unvegetated rock outcrops. The geology of the site evokes "the very essence of the American Southwest," according to the presidential proclamation declaring it a monument, owing to its mesas, sandstone cliffs, and deeply incised canyons. It is also a crucial habitat for a number of species, such as the Mesa Verde night snake and the long-nose leopard lizard.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The harsh nature of this landscape has greatly contributed to the preservation of the area’s archaeological sites, which provide an unsurpassed opportunity for scholars and the public to see how different cultures adapted to life in the American Southwest before the European invasion.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Human Habitation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 7500 BCE, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> lived in the area that is now Canyons of the Ancients. By 1500 BCE, the Basketmaker culture—an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic-period</strong></a> antecedent of the Ancestral Puebloans—was prevalent throughout the region (these terms are Euro-American classifications of time and cultures; Indigenous people of the Southwest have their own names for these time periods and people).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around 750 CE, the Ancestral Pueblo began to establish farming and year-round villages. These villages eventually became part of a prehistoric cultural region that includes <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>. Occupation of the site fluctuated and changed as the Pueblo people went through different phases of cultural development. The densest inhabitation occurred from 1150 to 1300 CE, when the Ancestral Pueblo began living in large, multistory masonry dwellings. These dwellings could include dozens of rooms and be part of larger villages that also encompassed natural features such as reservoirs and springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eventually dry conditions compromised agricultural efforts, making survival difficult for the Ancestral Pueblo and necessitating a move to more arable lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where the twenty-five descendant tribes and pueblos reside. After the departure of the Ancestral Pueblo, migratory Nuche (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute</strong></a>) and Diné (<strong>Navajo</strong>) people were known to inhabit the area during cooler months. The descendants of these groups still inhabit the Four Corners region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Canyons of the Ancients was an area of archaeological and Indigenous interest for more than 125 years before its proclamation as a national monument in 2000. It has more than 6,355 recorded sites in its 176,000 acres, including some areas with hundreds of sites per square mile. As with other archaeologically rich parts of the Southwest, much early “archaeological” exploration by Euro-Americans was essentially looting or grave-robbing. Values such as scholarly rigor, tribal collaboration, and preservation gradually displaced ad hoc amateur collecting over the course of the twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1985 Canyons of the Ancients was designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern, a designation used by the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (BLM) to recognize areas that require special management attention “to protect important historical, cultural, and scenic values, or fish and wildlife or other natural resources.” In 1999 Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt recommended it be named a national monument.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 9, 2000, President Bill Clinton declared Canyons of the Ancients a national monument under the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act of 1906</strong></a>. Local residents, worried about loss of access to the lands, were initially opposed to the proclamation. Despite some restrictions put in place in recent years, these fears have been largely unfounded. Monument status did result in a rise in formalized visitation to the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Interpretation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Average visitation to the monument is now roughly 45,000 people per year. Most visitors check in at the Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center and Museum, located in <strong>Dolores</strong>. The visitor center incorporates two twelfth-century archaeological sites as well as permanent and temporary exhibits about the Ancestral Puebloans and the research that is ongoing at the monument. The rest of the monument is largely in the backcountry, meaning that the majority of the sites are accessible only via hiking and are not interpreted by staff. A handful of notable locations within the monument have interpretive material available for visitors, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lowry-site"><strong>Lowry Pueblo</strong></a>, <strong>Painted Hand Pueblo</strong>, <strong>Sand Canyon Pueblo</strong>, and Sand Canyon.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The scope of the studies being conducted at the monument makes it one of the most intensely studied landscapes in the world. The monument already hosts more than 6,000 recorded sites, but there are an estimated 30,000 total sites within the monument’s boundaries. These sites range in size and significance from cliff dwellings, villages, and great kivas to agricultural fields, check dams, and reservoirs. The monument also has a collection of more than 3 million objects and records from archaeological projects in southwest Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Several current projects involve Lowry Pueblo. In partnership with the <strong>University of Colorado—Denver</strong>, the BLM is working to digitally document and create three-dimensional models and scaled drawings of the pueblo. In addition, in 2017 the Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore started a project to document the surrounding landscape using hand drawings, photographs, GIS maps, and 3D computer reconstructions.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Management</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Management of Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is complex. It is overseen by the BLM and has several private inholdings that amount to more than 16,000 acres. It also has the unique distinction of including within its boundaries a separate national monument, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hovenweep-national-monument"><strong>Hovenweep</strong></a>, which is managed by the National Park Service and covers approximately 400 acres.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite its designation as a national monument, the landscape continues to be used not only by scholars and recreational visitors, but also for hunting, livestock grazing, and energy development. As of 2020, the monument contains 193 oil, natural gas, and carbon dioxide wells—the monument sits on top of one of the largest carbon dioxide deposits in the world—and more than 80 percent of the monument is under lease for mineral extraction. The leases predate the national monument, and the BLM is obligated to honor the mineral extraction rights while trying to preserve the monument’s archaeological sites. Many drilling sites within the monument are no longer in use but have yet to go through reclamation, a process of restoring the land to its approximate original state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sites within the remote monument still occasionally suffer from looting and vandalism. In 2017 a fifty-seven-year-old visitor damaged and took artifacts from a site in Sandstone Canyon; he was apprehended by BLM officers and later sentenced to one year in federal prison.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On April 26, 2017, President Donald J. Trump signed an executive order calling for the review of national monuments larger than 100,000 acres, including Canyons of the Ancients. The order generated controversy, particularly in the West, where most large monuments are located. Colorado’s congressional delegation requested that Canyons of the Ancients remain unchanged, and on July 21, 2017, Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke announced that the size of the monument would stay the same.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic of 2020–21, the BLM began offering online reservations for self-guided tours at Canyons of the Ancients. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/perkins-luke" hreflang="und">Perkins, Luke</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canyons-ancients-national-monument" hreflang="en">canyons of the ancients national monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hovenweep-national-monument" hreflang="en">hovenweep national monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo-architecture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-puebloan-culture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Puebloan culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lowry-pueblo" hreflang="en">lowry pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/painted-hand-pueblo" hreflang="en">painted hand pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sand-canyon-pueblo" hreflang="en">sand canyon pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sand-canyon" hreflang="en">sand canyon</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Administration of William J. Clinton, “<a href="https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/lup/65701/99009/119999/2000-0609_7317_Presidential_Proclamation_CANM.pdf">Proclamation 7317—Establishment of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a>,” June 9, 2000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.the-journal.com/articles/blm-offers-online-reservation-system-for-canyons-of-the-ancients-museum/">BLM Offers Online Reservation System for Canyons of the Ancients Museum</a>,” <em>Journal</em>, March 16, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, “<a href="http://npshistory.com/publications/blm/canyons-of-the-ancients/mgr-rpt-2017.pdf">Annual Manager's Report- Fiscal Year 2017</a>” (Dolores, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2018).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State Office, US Bureau of Land Management, “<a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monumen/1Q4yAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Canyons+of+the+Ancients+National+Monument:+Proposed+Resource+Management+Plan+and+Final+Environmental+Impact+Statement.+Resource+Management+Plan&amp;pg=RA11-PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument: Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement</a>,” Dolores, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Department of the Interior, “<a href="https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/monument-review-secretary-zinke-recommends-no-modifications-canyons-ancients">Share Monument Review: Secretary Zinke Recommends No Modifications to Canyons of the Ancients</a>,” July 21, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kindra McQuillan, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/47.9/john-podesta-legacy-maker/monumental-changes">Still Quiet at Canyons of the Ancients</a>," <em>High Country News</em>, May 25, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andre Miller, “<a href="https://westernpriorities.org/resource/mapping-the-legacy-of-drilling-in-a-protected-monument/">Mapping the Legacy of Drilling in a Protected Monument</a>,” March 12, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim Mimiaga, “<a href="https://www.the-journal.com/articles/cortez-man-sentenced-for-looting-on-canyons-of-ancients-national-monument/">Cortez Man Sentenced for Looting on Canyons of Ancients National Monument</a>,” <em>Journal</em>, June 10, 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/colorado/canyons-of-the-ancients">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Tourism, “<a href="https://www.colorado.com/dolores/attractions-entertainment/museums/canyons-of-the-ancients-national-monument-visitor-center-and-museum-blm">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument Visitor Center and Museum</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>TripSavvy, “<a href="https://www.tripsavvy.com/canyons-of-the-ancients-national-monument-guide-4163884">A Guide to Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a>,” updated June 26, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visit Mesa Verde Country, “<a href="http://mesaverdecountry.com/things-to-do/canyons-of-the-ancients/">Canyons of the Ancients</a>.”</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Dec 2021 18:27:53 +0000 yongli 3650 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Land and Resource Management in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-and-resource-management-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Land and Resource Management in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2984--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2984.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Moraine_Park_20160619_0001_0.jpg?itok=AsLCcUns" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain National Park - Moraine Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="color: rgb(20, 20, 20); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;; font-size: 16px;">The Big Thompson River runs through the Moraine Park. Visitors can often see herds of grazing elk. <a href="http://www.protrails.com/trail/328/rocky-mountain-national-park-moraine-park-loop">The loop hike </a>in the park is suitable to visitors of all ages.&nbsp;</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2465--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2465.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-monument-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado_National_Monument_20170415_2_1.jpg?itok=nHkweTDa" width="1000" height="1500" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-monument-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado National Monument preserves one of the grand landscapes of the American West. But this treasure is much more than a monument. Towering monoliths exist within a vast plateau and canyon panorama. You can experience sheer-walled, red rock canyons along the twists and turns of Rim Rock Drive, where you may spy bighorn sheep and soaring eagles. (<a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm">Source: National Park Services - Colorado National Monument</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T16:21:50-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 16:21" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/land-and-resource-management-colorado" data-a2a-title="Land and Resource Management in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fland-and-resource-management-colorado&amp;title=Land%20and%20Resource%20Management%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The ideologies of conservation and preservation have profoundly shaped Colorado’s physical landscapes and continue to shape Coloradans’ attitudes toward nature. Agencies such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) and the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>United States Forest Service</strong></a> (USFS), multiple-use agencies, oversee the use and development of Colorado’s landscapes, while the <strong>National Park Service</strong> (NPS) is charged with preserving Colorado’s most pristine and sensitive landscapes. Environmentalism has further fashioned the ideologies of conservation and preservation by ushering in an era of environmental regulation that continues to define the relationship between Coloradans and nature.</p> <h2>Colliding Ideologies</h2> <p>The chief principle of conservation was articulated by <strong>Gifford Pinchot</strong>, first chief of the USFS. In the <em>The Fight for Conservation</em>, Pinchot stated that conservation entails “development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now,” and that those “natural resources must be developed for the benefit of the many, and not merely for the profit of the few.” This utilitarian approach to resource use collided with <strong>John Muir’s</strong> philosophy of preservation—the protection of nature from commodification and economic development. The establishment of national forests, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas, and national parks in Colorado has exemplified the importance of both of these philosophies, as expressed in the different management mandates of Colorado Parks and Wildlife, the USFS, the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong> (BLM), and the NPS. In the 1960s and 1970s, according to historian Ted Steinberg, “ecology-based environmentalism grew to be one of the most dramatic and significant reform movements in American history” and has shaped how Colorado has attempted to balance the development of the state’s natural resources against the need to preserve landscapes for their intrinsic value, ecosystem services, and enjoyment by future generations.</p> <h2>Stewards of the Land</h2> <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife is the state agency tasked with balancing the material needs (food, water, shelter, and recreation) of Coloradans with the habitat needs of the state’s wildlife. The agency is nationally recognized as a leader in wildlife conservation and management. Furthermore, CPW oversees outdoor recreation programs, administers hunting and fishing licenses, conducts research important to maintaining healthy animal populations (such as studies of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chronic-wasting-disease"><strong>chronic wasting disease</strong></a>), protects wildlife through the continued acquisition and improvement of habitat, and undertakes educational outreach. The agency manages forty-two <strong>state parks</strong> and more than 300 <strong>wildlife areas</strong> across Colorado, and is responsible for all the wildlife within the state, regardless of whether the animals inhabit federal, state, or private land. The central mission of CPW is to maintain biological diversity, healthy watersheds, and clean air, to preserve a healthy standard of living for Coloradans.</p> <p>The USFS and BLM manage renewable and nonrenewable resources within Colorado, as well as wildlife habitat on federally owned lands. The USFS, part of the US Department of Agriculture, oversees 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. It is a multiple-use agency that keeps an eye on logging, mining, recreation, and conservation activities on more than 193 million acres of land. Within those 193 million acres, the USFS manages more than 36 million acres as wilderness areas, which are protected from intensive development. Established in 1946, the BLM is part of the <strong>Department of Interior</strong>. It is also a multiple-use agency that manages more than 240 million acres of land, principally in the western United States. In addition to administering grazing and mining permits, the BLM is responsible for 221 wilderness areas and 23 national monuments. While both the USFS and the BLM steward wilderness areas, conservation, not preservation, is the guiding principle behind the management policies of these federal agencies.</p> <p>The National Park Service is the preservation corollary to the conservation-oriented CPW, USFS, and BLM. The NPS is tasked with preserving and maintaining the integrity of entire landscapes. A recent example of this in Colorado was the designation of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>Browns Canyon National Monument</strong></a> on February 19, 2015. Acting under the authority of the 1906 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act</strong></a>, President Barack Obama ordered the preservation of 21,586 acres of canyons, rivers, and forest in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a>. In addition to offering recreational opportunities such as hiking, kayaking, fishing, and whitewater rafting, Browns Canyon National Monument ensures the continued preservation of habitat important to ecologically sensitive species such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a> and <strong>pine marten</strong>. Browns Canyon is the eighth national monument designation within the state of Colorado; the others are <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dinosaur-national-monument"><strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hovenweep-national-monument"><strong>Hovenweep National Monument</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yucca-house-national-monument"><strong>Yucca House National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a>.</p> <p>National Monuments such as Browns Canyon exemplify the tension between proponents of conservation and preservation. The monument includes 11,836 acres of the <strong>San Isabel National Forest</strong> and 9,750 acres of BLM land, so the USFS and the BLM jointly manage the monument. The fact that Browns Canyon is jointly managed by the preservation-oriented NPS and the conservation-oriented USFS and BLM has drawn its critics. The 1916 <strong>National Park Service</strong> <strong>Organic Act</strong>, which created the NPS, explicitly directs the agency to “promote and regulate the use of. . . parks, monuments, and reservations [in order] to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein.” Critics fear that the utilitarian philosophy that guides the USFS and BLM will prevent these agencies from executing this preservationist mandate in Browns Canyon, and that the monument might be opened to mining, logging, and road building.</p> <p>On the other hand, because the new designation has effectively withdrawn Browns Canyon from future mineral leases and has created strict conservation priorities, a different set of critics charge that it jeopardizes economic development. As with the USFS and the BLM, the NPS oversees a wide-ranging portfolio of public lands with various legal protections and designations. To varying degrees, the USFS, the BLM, and the NPS all deal with what <strong>Stephen Mather</strong>, first director of the NPS, called the “dual mandate”: the struggle to simultaneously preserve American nature and provide for the public enjoyment of that nature.</p> <h2>Environmentalism’s Hallmark</h2> <p>After World War II, the environmental movement began to affect government policy nationwide. Environmentalism combined preservation’s commitment to protecting nature for its own sake with more utilitarian concerns about human health and recreational opportunities. Americans grew increasingly willing to subordinate natural resources development to all of these concerns. In 1970, for example, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) into law. The legislation required the federal government to complete an environmental assessment and/or an environmental impact statement whenever a federally funded project had the potential to significantly affect the environmental quality of a landscape. Nixon also signed the Clean Air Act (1970), the Water Pollution Control Act (1972), the Endangered Species Act (1973), and other legislation that has shaped resource use nationwide.</p> <p>The proliferation of environmental legislation has affected how land management agencies pursue their missions in Colorado. The recent controversy over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elk-culling"><strong>elk culling</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> (RMNP) provides an excellent example. In the 1960s, in the midst of the environmental movement, RMNP stewards terminated its decades-old predator eradication program in an effort to phase out conservation policies that were ecologically counterproductive. By 2009, the year Congress designated 95 percent of RMNP as wilderness, park stewards finalized the Elk and Vegetation Management Plan (EVMP), developed to address the environmental decline driven by excessive elk populations (a legacy of successful predator eradication programs). Ironically, the EVMP determined that lethally reducing the elk herd in RMNP, not reintroducing apex predators such as gray wolves, was the most practical option to preserve nature within the park. In other words, the NPS used environmental legislation to preserve nature in RMNP, even though the solution fundamentally violated the core principal of the Wilderness Act, “an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man.”</p> <p>In the case of RMNP, stewards determined that human intervention was required in order to preserve nature within the park, rather than passively allow it to degrade. Ultimately, the environmental legislation of the 1960s and 1970s, specifically the Wilderness Act and NEPA, profoundly affect how the USFS, the BLM, and the NPS strive to fulfill their missions to conserve and preserve the most iconic landscapes in Colorado and throughout the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/dane-matthew-vanhoozer" hreflang="und">Dane Matthew Vanhoozer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/conservationism" hreflang="en">conservationism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-parks-and-wildlife" hreflang="en">colorado parks and wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-park-service" hreflang="en">national park service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gifford-pinchot" hreflang="en">gifford pinchot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife" hreflang="en">wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-monuments-colorado-0" hreflang="en">national monuments in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wilderness-act" hreflang="en">wilderness act</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colorado Division of Wildlife, <em>The First 100 Years of the Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1897–1997</em> (Denver: Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1997).</p> <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/aboutus/">About Colorado Parks and Wildlife</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Alex Carr Johnson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/national-monument-designation-browns-canyon/">How Many More Monuments Will Obama Create?</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, March 5, 2015.</p> <p><em>The</em> <em>National Park Service Organic Act</em>, Public Law 235, 64th Cong., 1st sess. (August 25, 1916).</p> <p>Gifford Pinchot, <em>The Fight for Conservation</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967).</p> <p>Ted Steinberg, <em>Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Coyote Valley: Deep History in the High Rockies</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pete Barrows and Judith Holmes, <em>Colorado’s Wildlife Story</em>. (Denver: Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Samuel P. Hays, <em>The American People and the National Forests: The First Century of the U.S. Forest Service</em> (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Morton Tuner, <em>The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics since 1964</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 23:21:50 +0000 yongli 2212 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Browns Canyon National Monument http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Browns Canyon National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1198--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1198.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arkansas-river-sawatch-range"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Browns-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=YMi8giAX" width="1000" height="718" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arkansas-river-sawatch-range" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arkansas River from Sawatch Range</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The famous American photographer, W.G. Chamberlain, took this photo of the southern Arkansas River, a large portion of which flows through Browns Canyon National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1201--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1201.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rafting-arkansas-river"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Browns-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=3PaFA8fR" width="1000" height="642" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rafting-arkansas-river" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rafting the Arkansas River</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>&nbsp;White-water rafters haul their boat down a series of steps at the Fisherman’s Bridge put-in on the Arkansas River.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-03-11T11:06:24-07:00" title="Friday, March 11, 2016 - 11:06" class="datetime">Fri, 03/11/2016 - 11:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/browns-canyon-national-monument" data-a2a-title="Browns Canyon National Monument"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbrowns-canyon-national-monument&amp;title=Browns%20Canyon%20National%20Monument"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On February 19, 2015, President Obama designated 21,586 acres of scenic canyons, rivers, and backcountry forest in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county"><strong>Chaffee County</strong></a>, Colorado, as the Browns Canyon National Monument. Browns Canyon is the eighth <strong>national monument</strong> designation within the state of Colorado. It provides visitors with varied recreational opportunities, from hiking to kayaking and white-water rafting and fishing, and has ensured the continued preservation of habitat important to ecologically sensitive species such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a><strong> </strong>and <strong>pine marten</strong>.</p><h2>A Wild Landscape</h2><p>Stretching between the communities of <strong>Buena Vista</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> in Chaffee County, the Browns Canyon area’s elevation ranges from 7,300 feet to 10,000 feet, offering stunning views of the Upper <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> Valley and the <strong>Sawatch Range</strong> of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. The granite walls of the canyon stand like a series of a natural cathedral <a href="https://medium.com/@solar-power-systems/solar-companies-in-louisiana-b5f6a72726e2">spires</a> that change hues as daylight wanes. The range, formed more than 70 million years ago, is home to some of the highest peaks in the region, towering above 14,000 feet in elevation. The distinctive environmental features consist of mountains, glacial canyons, giant moraines (ridges of glacial debris), and gulches. Drainages interlace the canyon and empty in to the Arkansas River.</p><p>Browns Canyon provides clean <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>, habitat for wildlife, biological diversity, outdoor recreational opportunities, and scenic beauty, as well as grazing and other permitted uses. The main natural resource of the monument is the Arkansas River, which provides such recreational activities as rafting, kayaking, biking, horseback riding, hiking, photography, and stargazing. The river is recognized as a gold-medal river for its world-class wild trout fishing. The Arkansas River has long been considered one of America’s most popular whitewater rafting destinations and features rapids with names like Canyon Doors, Zoom Flume, and Seidel’s Suckhole.</p><p>The land managed by the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>United States Forest Service</strong></a><strong> </strong>(USFS) within the monument is remote and primitive, with rugged terrain and limited development.&nbsp;There are no developed camping sites and few roads, and dispersed camping opportunities are limited to locations reached by hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding. There are about four miles of nonmotorized trails on the San Isabel National Forest portion of the monument that provide access for those activities.</p><p>Browns Canyon is also home to some of Colorado’s most emblematic animal species. It is winter range for big game such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> and <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>. A herd of bighorn sheep, first introduced to Chaffee County in the 1980s, continues to thrive in the area. Other wildlife includes the American <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a>, bobcat, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lion</strong></a>, coyote, red fox, and American pine marten. The USFS considers the bighorn sheep and pine marten as “sensitive species,” those that are neither threatened nor endangered but whose population viability is a concern; thus, the agency accords these species significant protection through management decisions. The area’s designation as a national monument has provided even further protection for these sensitive species.</p><p>Surveys of the area date the presence of Native Americans for at least 13,000 years. Numerous archaeological sites, some containing stone artifacts, have been documented by archaeologists in the area. The archaeologists have attributed these early sites to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and early <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> periods. The general area is traditionally significant to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> as well as to the <strong>Jicarilla Apache</strong>. Evidence of modern humans is shown through the visits of early explorers and, by the late 1800s, of miners prospecting in the area. Cabins and other historically significant structures are generally located outside of the monument area.</p><h2>Debate Over Management</h2><p>Browns Canyon includes 11,836 acres of the San Isabel National Forest and 9,750 acres of <strong>Bureau of Land Management </strong>(BLM) land. The USFS and the BLM jointly manage the monument. Browns Canyon National Monument is the ninth monument managed by the USFS and the twenty-first managed by the BLM. The fact that Browns Canyon is technically part of the <strong>National Park Service</strong> (NPS) system but is being cooperatively managed by the USFS and BLM has drawn criticism.</p><p>The 1916 National Park Service Organic Act, which created the NPS, states that the “service thus established shall promote and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments, and reservations … which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”</p><p>While the monument is partly managed by the National Park Service, effectively withdrawing Browns Canyon from future mineral leases and setting strict conservation priorities, critics fear that multiagency management jeopardizes conservation of the monument. The USFS and BLM have multiple-use mandates that include mineral development, logging, and road building. Critics believe that the NPS alone, with its conservation and recreation priorities, is best equipped to manage the monument.</p><p><strong>Adapted from US Forest Service, “</strong><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>President Designates Browns Canyon National Monument in Colorado’s Vibrant Upper Arkansas River valley</strong></a><strong>,” US Department of Agriculture, 2015.</strong></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-canyon" hreflang="en">browns canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-canyon-national-monument" hreflang="en">browns canyon national monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaffee-county" hreflang="en">chaffee county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-land-management" hreflang="en">Bureau of Land Management</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Alex Carr Johnson, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/national-monument-designation-browns-canyon/">How Many More Monuments Will Obama Create?</a>” <em>High Country News</em>, March 5, 2015, web exclusive. .</p><p>“The National Park Service Organic Act of 1906,” Public Law 91-190, 64th Cong., 1st sess. (January 1, 1970).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/plan-your-visit-browns-canyon-national-monument">Plan Your Visit to Browns Canyon National Monument</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p>Horace Albright and Marian Albright Schenck, <em>Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999).</p><p>Denise D. Meringolo, <em>Museums, Monuments, and National Parks: Toward a New Genealogy of Public History</em> (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012).</p><p>Gerald W. Williams, <em>The Forest Service: Fighting for Our Public Lands</em>, Understanding Our Government Series, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Mar 2016 18:06:24 +0000 yongli 1197 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org