%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado Springs http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2181--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2181.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/downtown-colorado-springs-1951"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-Springs-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=IwO6baHD" width="1000" height="527" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/downtown-colorado-springs-1951" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Downtown Colorado Springs, 1951</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>West-looking photo of downtown Colorado Springs in 1951, when the city had grown to a population of more than 45,000. Movies shown at the Peak Theater (left) include "When I Grow Up" and "This is Korea!"</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2182--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2182.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-colorado-city-historic-commercial-district"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-Springs-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=FuhT20K7" width="1000" height="417" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-colorado-city-historic-commercial-district" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Colorado City Historic Commercial District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado City, now known as "Old Colorado City," was established in 1859 during the Colorado Gold Rush. The town supplied miners in South Park, which lay on the other side of Ute Pass to the west. The city joined Colorado Springs in 1917.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-18T15:35:21-07:00" title="Wednesday, January 18, 2017 - 15:35" class="datetime">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 15:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs" data-a2a-title="Colorado Springs"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-springs&amp;title=Colorado%20Springs"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><a href="/image/pikes-peak-sunrise"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorao_Springs_20170521_0022_0.jpg" alt="Pikes Peak Sunrise" width="480" height="320"></a>Colorado Springs is the second-most populous city in Colorado, with more than 456,000 residents. Located about sixty miles south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> at the base of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, it is the county seat of <a href="/article/el-paso-county"><strong>El Paso County</strong></a> and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the state.</p><p>Since it was established by the visionary industrialist <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a> in 1871, Colorado Springs has constantly reinvented itself in order to survive multiple economic shifts. Today, the city is home to a robust military community centered on the <a href="/article/united-states-air-force-academy"><strong>Air Force Academy</strong></a> and the Army’s <strong>Fort Carson</strong>, as well as thriving educational and religious communities.</p><h2>Early Inhabitants</h2><p>The area of present-day Colorado Springs has a long history of human habitation, beginning almost 5,000 years ago with <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> and <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>-period people who hunted and gathered on the eastern slope of Pikes Peak. By the sixteenth century, the area was home to a group of<a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong> Ute</strong></a> people who called the mountain <em>Tava</em>, meaning “Sun Mountain,” and referred to themselves as <em>Tabeguache</em>, “the people of Sun Mountain.” Ute people traveled in small bands during the spring, summer, and autumn, but they camped together during the winter on the sites of present-day cities such as Colorado Springs, Denver, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>. The area around Colorado Springs was a prime winter camp because of its location in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>piñon-juniper</strong></a> zone (between 5,000 and 7,000 feet of elevation), where the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> is warmer than the valley floors and supports a large variety of plants and animals. <strong>Garden of the Gods</strong>, for instance, served as a bountiful foraging area.</p><p>The Utes, however, were not the only Indigenous people&nbsp;to live along the Front Range. The <strong>Comanche</strong> and <strong>Kiowa</strong> frequented the Colorado Springs area during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and by the early nineteenth century the <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, and <strong>Lakota</strong> were also present. Unlike the Cheyenne or Lakota, who mostly kept to the plains, the Arapaho routinely traveled to the high country to hunt. They called Pikes Peak by their own name, <em>heey-otoyoo’</em>, meaning “long mountain.”</p><h2>Old Colorado City</h2><p>The Colorado Springs area remained the domain of Native Americans until the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>, when early white settlers founded <strong>Colorado City</strong> at the base of Pikes Peak to supply mining camps to the west. When the early gold claims went bust, prospectors helped prevent the city from becoming a ghost town by turning in their pick axes for plows. These early settlers brought seeds and tools, created markets and farms, and built irrigation ditches, all of which helped the agricultural economy in Colorado and New Mexico. However, they also disrupted the Native Americans’ way of life by harvesting timber to build homes and businesses, killing game, occupying the Native Americans’ traditional wintering grounds, and incidentally introducing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>deadly diseases</strong></a> for which Indigenous people&nbsp;had no immunity.</p><h2>Founding</h2><p>In 1867 the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> paved the way for the removal of the Cheyenne and Arapaho to present-day Oklahoma, while a <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>treaty with the Utes</strong></a> the next year led to their relocation to the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> of Colorado. While Colorado City’s fortunes declined along with those of prospectors farther west, one man arrived with a vision for a city that would be built on much more than gold.</p><p>On July 27, 1869, General William Jackson Palmer passed Pikes Peak for the first time. He bathed in <strong>Fountain Creek</strong>, enjoyed breakfast in Colorado City, and, as he later wrote, “toured that cathedral park of violent reds and deep greens,” known today as Garden of the Gods. Palmer also wrote that he enjoyed “the soda springs at the foot of Ute Pass, the gray-green mesas and grassy valleys of Fountain and Monument Creeks, the deep cool canyons smelling of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>spruce and pine</strong></a>, and Pikes Peak over all.”</p><p>In October 1870, Palmer established the Colorado Springs Company, which was to oversee the sale of property for those joining what he called the Fountain Colony. At a meeting of the Colorado Springs Company, Palmer hired three town site experts, disgruntled officers of the <strong>Union Colony</strong> farther north: Chief Engineer Edwin S. Nettleton, Secretary <strong>William E. Pabor</strong>, and Vice President Robert A. Cameron.</p><p>The company estimated the townsite’s 2,000 acres could be sold for a total of $540,000; $150,000 would be paid to Palmer’s railroad, the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande</strong>, while another $150,000 would go toward streets, ditches, trees, parks, and other essential features. The remainder would pay for surveying, platting, wells, administration, and advertising. By the summer of 1871, Cameron, Nettleton, and Pabor had plotted 1,000 acres of lots, streets, and parks. The city of Colorado Springs was officially founded on July 31,1871.</p><p><a href="/image/colorado-college"><img style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado_College_20170525_01_0.jpg" alt="Colorado College" width="480" height="320"></a>Palmer’s legacy is found in the 2,000 acres that was given to create <strong>Colorado College</strong>, the <a href="/article/colorado-school-deaf-and-blind"><strong>Deaf and Blind School</strong></a>, <strong>Cragmor Sanitarium</strong> (the modern <strong>University of Colorado</strong> at Colorado Springs), as well as Acacia, Alamo Square, Antlers, and Palmer Parks. Palmer also gave land to any church that wished to bring its congregation to Colorado Springs.</p><p>Palmer’s initial vision of Colorado Springs as a health resort came to fruition during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as Americans came to see the city—and Colorado more generally—as a haven for those with respiratory illnesses. An early advertisement on the health benefits of Colorado Springs explained that “there have been more permanent recoveries from pulmonary complaints than in any other climate in the world.” This same advertisement explained that recovery from <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> and other conditions was possible in Colorado Springs because there is “comparatively equable temperature; minimum precipitation; low humidity; minimum wind movement; maximum sunshine.”</p><h2>Early Development</h2><p>Health facilities helped the city gain an additional 24,000 residents between 1880 and 1910, many of whom went on to be important contributors to the state’s economy and culture.</p><p>Colorado Springs became the county seat in 1873, supplanting Old Colorado City. Over the next twenty years, Colorado Springs continued to grow, as books and articles from authors such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-hunt-jackson"><strong>Helen Hunt Jackson</strong></a><strong> </strong>drew settlers wanting to see the area’s scenic beauty for themselves.</p><p><a href="/image/garden-gods"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorao_Springs_20170521_0111_0.jpg" alt="Garden of the Gods Sunrise" width="480" height="296"></a>A large fire destroyed much of the downtown business district in 1898, but even that failed to stop the growth of Colorado Springs. In 1903 a new El Paso County courthouse was finished at 215 S. Tejon Street, and in 1917 the city annexed its older neighbor, Colorado City. Even with the broader economic struggles plaguing the United States, bank deposits in Colorado Springs grew 200 percent, from $1.5 million in 1893 to $4.5 million in 1897. Further bolstering the local economy were tourist attractions such as Garden of the Gods—a verdant area marked by giant, sheer sandstone formations—which was donated to the city by the family of Charles Elliott Perkins in 1909, as well as Seven Falls, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor</strong></a> Casino, Williams Canyon, <a href="/article/cave-winds"><strong>Cave of the Winds</strong></a>, Pikes Peak, and others attractions.</p><p><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-1"><img style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/NEW-Spencer-Penrose-Media-2.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel" width="480" height="372"></a>As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, Men such as <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer Penrose</strong></a>, Charles Learning Tutt, Jr., and Charlie MacNeill who had struck it rich in the gold rush used their profits to build the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Company plant in Colorado City and the famous <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, which opened in 1918. The partnership between Spencer Penrose and Charles Tutt, Jr., also created the <strong>Pikes Peak Auto Highway</strong>, the <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog</strong></a> and <strong>incline</strong> railways, and <a href="/article/cheyenne-mountain"><strong>Cheyenne Mountain</strong></a> Zoo, and funded the charitable <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong> and the establishment of Colorado College. Penrose’s wife <a href="/article/julie-penrose"><strong>Julie Penrose</strong></a> was instrumental in the creation of the El Pomar Foundation and continued to ensure its viability until her death in 1956.</p><h2>Twentieth Century</h2><p>Undeterred by economic downturns and natural disasters, Colorado Springs residents kept building on the city’s reputation for innovation and culture. In 1899 <strong>Nikola Tesla</strong> placed his laboratory on the north side of Pikes Peak Avenue, across from modern-day Memorial Park. While conducting experiments in Colorado Springs, he predicted that knowledge of stationary waves would inevitably produce a world dependent on the wireless transmission of electricity, radio waves, navigation, and radar.</p><p>In 1947 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fannie-mae-duncan"><strong>Fannie Mae Duncan</strong></a> opened <strong>The Cotton Club</strong>, a jazz club that Duncan said was “the one place in town where blacks and mixed couples knew they could have a good ol’ time, see the best entertainment, and be treated with the dignity and respect they deserved.” Despite early efforts by the police department to segregate it, the club remained integrated and operated until 1975.</p><p><a href="/image/colorado-springs-pioneers-museum"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado_Springs_Pioneers%20Museum_20170525_01_0.jpg" alt="Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum" width="320" height="480"></a>In 1979 the <strong>Colorado Springs</strong> <strong>Pioneers Museum</strong> moved into the old El Paso County Courthouse building, giving city trailblazers Palmer, Tesla, and Duncan, as well as the Ute, Arapaho, and others, an institution dedicated to preserving their legacy.</p><p>The city’s economy was revitalized during World War II and the Cold War due to the establishment of Fort Carson and Ent Air Base in 1941, Peterson Air Force Base in 1942, Schriever Air Force Base in 1987, the Air Force Academy in 1958, and <a href="/article/norad"><strong>North American Aerospace Defense Command</strong></a> (NORAD) in 1965. The influx of servicemen and their families expanded the city’s population dramatically; before World War II, Colorado Springs had 36,789 residents, but by 1950 the population had grown to 45,472. The student population, meanwhile, went from 6,500 to 14,000, and the city government grew from 400 to 1,000 employees.</p><h2>Evangelical Stronghold</h2><p>In addition to attracting people via military facilities, Colorado Springs has also accumulated a large evangelical Christian presence since the mid-twentieth century. In 1953 the Navigators, an international Bible study ministry, established its headquarters at <a href="/article/glen-eyrie"><strong>Glen Eyrie</strong></a>—Palmer’s former estate—northwest of Colorado Springs. In the mid-1980s, charismatic preacher <strong>Ted Haggard</strong> founded New Life, a megachurch with nearly 10,000 members. In 1991 James Dobson’s <strong>Focus on the Family</strong>, one of the nation’s most successful and controversial evangelical organizations, moved to Colorado Springs.</p><p>While it has helped Colorado Springs grow, the city’s evangelical community has been at the center of multiple controversies over the past several decades, from its support of laws denying rights to same-sex couples to its influence on campus culture at the Air Force Academy.</p><h2>Today</h2><p><a href="/image/olympic-training-center"><img style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/Olympic_Training_Center_20170520_04.jpg" alt="U.S. Olympic Training Center" width="480" height="320"></a>Of course, there is more to modern Colorado Springs than military installations and evangelical groups. On March 7, 2016, the city of Colorado Springs assumed the designation “Olympic City USA,” as twenty-three National Governing Bodies and more than fifty National Sports Organizations have chosen Colorado Springs as their headquarters. Team USA trains at the city’s <strong>Olympic Training Center</strong>, a thirty-five-acre facility featuring two Olympic swimming pools as well as facilities for athletes training in boxing, cycling, figure skating, shooting, weightlifting, wrestling, and other sports.</p><p>Today, Colorado Springs is a regional hub, and makes up the southern end of the state’s populous Front Range urban corridor. Tourists from all over the country and the world visit the city to marvel at its natural beauty and learn about its multifaceted and auspicious history.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mondragon-salvador" hreflang="und">Mondragon, Salvador</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs" hreflang="en">colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs-history" hreflang="en">colorado springs history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-jackson-palmer" hreflang="en">william jackson palmer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-college" hreflang="en">Colorado College</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">us air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/new-life-church" hreflang="en">new life church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evangelism" hreflang="en">evangelism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pioneers-museum" hreflang="en">pioneers museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-paso-county" hreflang="en">el paso county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>The Bankers’ Magazine, “Colorado: Resources &amp; Attractions of the State,” in <em>Rush to the Rockies! The 1859 Pikes Peak or Bust Gold Rush</em>, ed. Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Sydne Dean, Chris Nicholl, Michael L. Olsen, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant (Colorado Springs, Pikes Peak Library District, 2013).</p><p>James Brooke, “Colorado Is Engine in Anti-Gay Uproar,” <em>New York Times</em>, October 11, 1995.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.koaa.com/story/29095705/colorado-springs-declares-disaster-due-to-flooding-asks-for-aid">Colorado Springs Declares Disaster Due to Flooding, Asks for Aid</a>,” KOAA, May 18, 2015.</p><p>Fannie Mae Duncan and Kathleen F. Esmiol, <em>Everybody Welcome: A Memoir of Fannie Mae Duncan and the Cotton Club</em> (Colorado Springs: CHIAROSCURO Press, 2013).</p><p>“<a href="https://www.csbj.com/2014/09/12/four-years-later-time-ask-strong-mayor-idea-worth/">Four Years Later, It’s Time to Ask: Was the Strong-Mayor Idea Worth It?</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Business Journal</em>, September 12, 2014.</p><p>Barbara Gately, “An Abiding Bond: The Friendship Between Major Henry McAllister &amp; General William Jackson Palmer,” in <em>Legends, Labors and Loves of William Jackson Palmer</em>, ed. Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Chris Nicholl, Calvin P. Otto, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant (Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Library District, 2009).</p><p>Laurie Goodstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/12/education/air-force-chaplain-tells-of-academy-proselytizing.html">Air Force Chaplain Tells of Academy Proselytizing</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, May 12, 2005.</p><p>Scott Harrison, “<a href="https://krdo.com/news/local-news/fourth-anniversary-of-waldo-canyon-fire-remembered_20160906110336950/73483690">Fourth Anniversary of Waldo Canyon Fire Remembered</a>,” KRDO, updated September 6, 2016.</p><p>John Hazlehurst, “<a href="https://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/disaster/content/?oid=1131775">Disaster! Could a Flash Flood Cripple the Springs? Bet Your Life on It</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Independent</em>, December 15, 2005.</p><p>Bob Hoff and Lynn Gilfillan-Morton, M.Ed., <em>The History of Health Care in the Pikes Peak Region</em> (Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2005).</p><p>Inez Hunt and Wanetta W. Draper, <em>Lightning in His Hand: The Life Story of Nikola Tesla</em> (Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Library District, 2010).</p><p>Carol Kennis Lopez, “We Can’t Eat Gold: Agriculture in Early Colorado City 1858­–1867,” in <em>Rush To The Rockies! The 1859 Pikes Peak Or Bust Gold Rush</em>, ed. Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Sydne Dean, Chris Nicholl, Michael L. Olsen, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant (Colorado Springs, Pikes Peak Library District, 2013).</p><p>Matt Mayberry, “On a Cough and a Prayer: The Modern Woodmen Sanatorium and the Tuberculosis Industry in the Pikes Peak Region,” in <em>Doctors, Disease, and Dying in the Pikes Peak Region</em>, ed. Tim Blevins (Colorado Springs, CO: Pikes Peak Library District, 2012).</p><p>Matt Mayberry, “General William Jackson Palmer and His Vision for Colorado Springs,” in <em>Legends, Labors &amp; Loves of William Jackson Palmer</em>, ed. Tim Blevins, Dennis Daily, Chris Nicholl, Calvin P. Otto, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant (Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Library District, 2009).</p><p>Thomas J. Noel and Cathleen M. Norman, <em>A Pikes Peak Partnership: The Penroses and the Tutts</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado,2000).</p><p>Jan Pettit, <em>Utes: The Mountain People</em> (Colorado Springs: Century One Press, 1982).</p><p>Randolph Saunders, “<a href="https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/">Schriever: A Brief History</a>,” Schriever Air Force Base, September 8, 2016.</p><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p><p>Marshall Sprague, <em>Newport in the Rockies: The Life and Times of Colorado Springs</em> (Chicago: Sage Books, 1980).</p><p>Team USA, “<a href="https://www.teamusa.com/">About the Colorado Springs Olympic Training Center</a>,” 2016.</p><p>University of Colorado-Boulder, “<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/csilw">Arapaho Place Names</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Josh White, “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/22/AR2005062200598.html">Intolerance Found at Air Force Academy</a>,” <em>Washington Post</em>, June 23, 2005.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.kktv.com/content/news/Wild-weather-causes-flooding-hail-on-Colorado-Springs-streets-391673231.html">Wild Weather Causes Flooding, Hail on Colorado Springs Streets</a>,” KKTV, August 29, 2016.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Diane Carman, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2007/04/25/rehab-for-springs-anti-gay-image-is-a-slow-dance/">Rehab for Springs’ Anti-Gay Image Is a Slow Dance</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 25, 2007.</p><p><a href="https://www.cspm.org/">Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum</a></p><p><a href="https://www.visitcos.com/">Colorado Springs Vacation Planning</a></p><p>Colorado Springs Visitor, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/crafts-drafts-colorado-springs-breweries-distilleries">Crafts &amp; Drafts: Colorado Springs Breweries &amp; Distilleries</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p><a href="https://manitousprings.org/">Manitou Springs</a></p><p><a href="https://www.pikes-peak.com/attractions/pikes-peak-americas-mountain/">Pikes Peak Attractions</a></p><p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365647119/">"Garden of the Gods,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, January 21, 2016.</p><p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2364990522/">"Spencer &amp; Julie&nbsp;Penrose,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, April 4, 2013.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 22:35:21 +0000 yongli 2180 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Broadmoor http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Broadmoor</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2396--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2396.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Broadmoor-Media-1_1.jpg?itok=ASRDIn-s" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Broadmoor Hotel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built on the site of a failed casino complex and upscale suburban development, the Broadmoor opened in 1918 and is perennially ranked one of the top resorts in the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-26T15:42:38-06:00" title="Friday, August 26, 2016 - 15:42" class="datetime">Fri, 08/26/2016 - 15:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broadmoor" data-a2a-title="The Broadmoor"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbroadmoor&amp;title=The%20Broadmoor"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Perennially ranked one of the top resorts in the United States, the Broadmoor opened just southwest of <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> in 1918. Built on the site of a failed casino complex and upscale suburban development at the foot of <a href="/article/cheyenne-mountain"><strong>Cheyenne Mountain</strong></a>, the Broadmoor has grown over the decades into a sprawling resort of roughly 3,000 acres and nearly 800 rooms. Now owned by billionaire <strong>Philip Anschutz</strong>, the Broadmoor’s accommodations, restaurants, and other resort activities annually receive the highest ratings from AAA, Forbes Travel Guide, and other travel publications.</p><h2>Corn Brooms and Dairy Cows</h2><p>In the 1860s, when Colorado City served as a supply town for mining ventures in the mountains and Colorado Springs had not yet been founded, the area that is now the Broadmoor was part of a 720-acre corn and wheat farm owned by Burton C. Myers. Myers used his corn to make brooms that he sold in Colorado City.</p><p>In 1881 recent transplant William Wilcox acquired the Myers farm and 880 additional acres. Wilcox had moved from Philadelphia to Colorado Springs to recover from <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. He was the son of a paper and cement maker, but he bought the land to establish a dairy farm. Wilcox bought twenty cows and built an icehouse and cottages for the milkers and a large sixteen-room house for his family. He called his venture the Broadmoor Dairy Farm; the source of the name is unknown.</p><p>By 1885, Wilcox’s farm was struggling, and he was in search of a buyer or business partner. Luck brought him Count James Pourtales, a wealthy Prussian who was in Colorado Springs to woo his future wife. Pourtales apparently expected to invest $25,000 and quickly turn the farm’s fortunes around. Instead, he ended up spending several years and tens of thousands of dollars on the project. He increased the farm’s size to 2,400 acres, acquired Cheyenne Creek water rights, built new barns, and bought 200 new cows.</p><h2>Broadmoor City</h2><p>After 1887, when Colorado Springs land values started rising with the completion of the <strong>Colorado Midland Railway</strong>, Pourtales decided to use some of his land for development and speculation. In 1888 he established the Cheyenne Lake, Land and Improvement Company. With 320 acres and $12,000 in capital he built Cheyenne Lake, marked a series of streets radiating out from the lake, and planted 2,000 trees.</p><p>After sorting out some problems with the lake, the trees, and transportation from downtown Colorado Springs, in 1889 Pourtales combined all his local holdings, including the Broadmoor Dairy Farm, into a new venture called the Broadmoor Land and Investment Company. He platted the 2,400-acre development—an upscale suburb called Broadmoor City—and to entice buyers he promised to build an elegant casino beside the lake.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/first-broadmoor-casino"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:128px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/2023-12/Broadmoor%20Media%202_0.jpg" alt="First Broadmoor Casino" width="480"></a>In July 1891, the Broadmoor Casino opened on the east side of Cheyenne Lake. A white two-story Georgian-style building, it included dining rooms, ballrooms, game and billiard rooms, a bar, and a reading room. It was successful, but few people bought lots in the Broadmoor City development; by 1915, only about a dozen houses had been built. The Panic of 1893 doomed Pourtales’s plans for the area. In the wake of the panic, he had to turn over all his Broadmoor property to the London and New York Investment Company, which had given him a loan several years earlier.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/second-broadmoor-casino"><img class="image-large" style="float:right;height:142px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/2023-12/Broadmoor%20Media%203_0.jpg" alt="Second Broadmoor Casino" width="480"></a></p><p>Over the next fifteen years, the London and New York Investment Company leased the Broadmoor Casino as well as a small hotel on the west side of the lake. In 1897 the original casino burned down and was replaced by a smaller structure designed by local architect <strong>Thomas MacLaren</strong>.</p><p>In 1909 the estate of <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> millionaire <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> bought all the Broadmoor land with the intention of using part of it for the <strong>Myron Stratton Home</strong> for orphans and the elderly poor. The old hotel was leased to a girls’ school in 1913–14 and operated as a hotel in 1915.</p><div>&nbsp;</div><h2>Building the Broadmoor</h2><p>In 1916 the history of the Broadmoor area took a decisive turn. Early that year, <a href="/article/spencer-penrose"><strong>Spencer Penrose</strong></a>, who had made a fortune in Cripple Creek gold and Utah copper, moved with his wife, Julia, into the El Pomar villa west of Cheyenne Lake. Penrose was interested in acquiring or developing a high-class hotel in Colorado Springs, but his overtures to the <strong>Antlers Hotel</strong> downtown had been rebuffed. He turned to the old Broadmoor site as an alternative. In April, Penrose, C. M. MacNeill, and A. E. Carlton bought the 18-acre hotel and casino site, as well as 400 additional acres, for $90,000. They began planning a million-dollar hotel beside Cheyenne Lake.</p><p>To design the hotel, Penrose and his partners hired <strong>Frederick J. Sterner</strong>, known for his work on the Antlers Hotel, <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <a href="/article/glen-eyrie"><strong>Glen Eyrie</strong></a> castle, and the <a href="/article/daniels-and-fisher-tower"><strong>Daniels &amp; Fisher Tower</strong></a> in Denver. Soon, however, Sterner’s plans were deemed too elaborate, and he was dismissed. In his place the developers brought in Warren and Wetmore, a New York firm whose work included Grand Central Station and the Biltmore and Ritz-Carlton Hotels in New York. The new architects kept Sterner’s basic idea of a grand Italianate building covered in pink stucco (the pink shade was supposedly Penrose’s choice) on the east side of Cheyenne Lake.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-0"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:349px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/2023-12/Broadmoor-Media-4_0.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel" width="480"></a> The former casino that had occupied the hotel site was moved south to become the golf course clubhouse, and construction on the hotel began in 1917. Meanwhile, Penrose acquired 800 more acres of land near the hotel, including the Horns on Cheyenne Mountain, and hired the Olmsted Brothers firm to design the resort’s grounds. After being designed and built at a cost of more than $2 million, the Broadmoor opened to the public in June 1918.</p><h2>The Penrose Years</h2><p>Penrose’s Broadmoor opened just as automobile tourism was becoming popular in the United States. It succeeded where previous ventures in the area had failed, in part because Penrose was committed to enhancing the resort and developing new attractions nearby. In the mid-1920s, he built Cheyenne Mountain Road, Cheyenne Mountain Lodge, and the <strong>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo</strong>. He also acquired the <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway</strong></a> to the summit of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, which complemented the auto road he had already built to the summit.</p><p>In 1932 Penrose maneuvered to get sole ownership of the Broadmoor, which he had originally developed with two partners. The hotel suffered during the Great Depression, and even had to close during the winter of 1935–36, but it survived. By the late 1930s, Penrose was expanding again, adding the Broadmoor Ice Palace, Will Rogers Stadium, and the <strong>Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun</strong> as nearby attractions.</p><p>After Penrose died in 1939, ownership of the hotel transferred to the Penroses’ recently established nonprofit, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>. <strong>Charles Tutt Jr.</strong>, the son of Penrose’s boyhood friend and business partner, became the president of the hotel. Tutt and his sons continued to run the hotel through the El Pomar Foundation until 1988.</p><h2>Postwar Expansion</h2><p>As the post–World War II American economy boomed and leisure travel increased, the Broadmoor prospered and expanded. In 1959 the resort opened a small ski area—Ski Broadmoor, on the lower slopes of Cheyenne Mountain—that operated until the 1980s. In 1961 the hotel added both the International Center, a conference and entertainment building that included an English-style pub called the Golden Bee, and Broadmoor South, a nine-story 144-room structure, with the world-class Penrose Room restaurant on the top floor. Broadmoor West opened across Cheyenne Lake from the main building in 1976, bringing the growing hotel’s room total to 560. In addition to increasing its accommodations, the resort also developed an impressive figure skating program and added two golf courses in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>In 1988 the El Pomar Foundation sold the Broadmoor and related properties (including the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway) to Edward Gaylord and the Oklahoma Publishing Company. Over the next two decades, the new owners invested about $450 million in expansions and renovations at the hotel. In 1995 the Broadmoor West Tower opened, increasing the number of rooms to 700, and in 2001–2 the main building was closed for an extensive renovation. In the early 2000s, the Broadmoor complex added new condominiums and townhouses, an events center, and retail space.</p><p><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-1"><img style="float:right;height:372px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/2023-12/NEW-Spencer-Penrose-Media-2.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel Today" width="480"></a>In 2011 the Denver-based billionaire Philip Anschutz acquired the Broadmoor, making him the hotel’s third owner since Spencer Penrose. Since then, he has invested more than $130 million in several large projects at the property. A 2014 expansion and renovation of Broadmoor West added three floors and thirty-one rooms and made the 1970s-era exterior blend in better with the rest of the resort. In addition, through its acquisition of <strong>Seven Falls</strong> and development of properties on Cheyenne Mountain and in <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>, the Broadmoor has introduced the Wilderness Experience, offering luxury accommodations and adventures in rustic settings.</p><p>The main Broadmoor complex now has nearly 800 rooms, a handful of well-regarded restaurants, three golf courses, and a variety of tennis courts and swimming pools. In 2016 the resort received five diamonds from AAA for the fortieth year in a row, making it the only hotel in North America to receive AAA’s top rating each year since the awards started.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broadmoor-hotel" hreflang="en">broadmoor hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-hotels" hreflang="en">historic hotels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/philip-anschutz" hreflang="en">Philip Anschutz</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spencer-penrose" hreflang="en">spencer penrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-pourtales" hreflang="en">James Pourtales</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broadmoor-casino" hreflang="en">Broadmoor Casino</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frederick-sterner" hreflang="en">Frederick Sterner</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/manitou-cog-railway" hreflang="en">manitou cog railway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/will-rogers-shrine-sun" hreflang="en">Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Elena Bertozzi-Villa, <em>Broadmoor Memories: The History of the Broadmoor</em> (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1993).</p><p>Helen M. Geiger, <em>The Broadmoor Story</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Smith-Brooks, 1968).</p><p>Steve Raabe, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/04/04/broadmoor-wins-kudos-on-basis-of-anschutzs-112-million-investments/">“Broadmoor Wins Kudos on Basis of Anschutz’s $112 Million Investments,”</a> <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 4, 2014.</p><p><a href="https://gazette.com/timeline-history-of-the-broadmoor/article/124987/">“Timeline: History of The Broadmoor,”</a> <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, September 15, 2011.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.broadmoor.com/">The Broadmoor</a></p><p>​Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2364990522/">"Spencer &amp; Julie&nbsp;Penrose,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, April 4, 2013.</p><p>Marshall Sprague, <em>Newport in the Rockies: The Life and Good Times of Colorado Springs</em>, 4th ed. (Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1987).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Broadmoor opened near Colorado Springs in 1918. It was built at the foot of Cheyenne Mountain, and covers almost 3,000 acres. The Broadmoor has nearly 800 rooms, restaurants and other activities. The Broadmoor is rated as a top-level resort.</p><h2>Corn Brooms and Dairy Cows</h2><p>In the 1860s, when Colorado City was a supply town for miners, Colorado Springs had not yet been founded. The area that is now the Broadmoor was part of a 720-acre corn and wheat farm. The owner, Burton C. Myers, used his corn to make brooms that he sold in Colorado City.</p><p>In 1881 William Wilcox moved from Philadelphia to Colorado Springs to recover from tuberculosis. He bought the land to start a dairy farm called the Broadmoor Dairy Farm.</p><p>In 1885 Wilcox sold the farm to Count James Pourtales. He increased the farm size and added 200 new cows.</p><h2>Broadmoor City</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/first-broadmoor-casino"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:128px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Broadmoor%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=tuANjAQL" alt="First Broadmoor Casino" width="480"></a>After 1887 the value of land in Colorado Springs land increased because the Colorado Midland Railway was completed. More people could travel to the Broadmoor in Colorado Springs. The property again changed hands when the estate of Winfield Scott Stratton bought all the Broadmoor land in 1909. Part of the land was used for the Myron Stratton Home for orphans and the elderly poor. The old hotel was leased to a girls’ school in 1913–14. It operated as a hotel in 1915.</p><h2>Building the Broadmoor</h2><p>In 1916 Spencer Penrose bought the old Broadmoor site. He planned a million-dollar hotel beside Cheyenne Lake. The Broadmoor opened to the public in June 1918.</p><h2>The Penrose Years</h2><p>Penrose’s Broadmoor opened just as people started taking vacations in their cars. Penrose kept improving the resort and creating new attractions nearby. In the mid-1920s, he built Cheyenne Mountain Road, Cheyenne Mountain Lodge, and the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo. He also got the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway that went to the top of Pikes Peak.</p><p>By the late 1930s, Penrose had added the Broadmoor Ice Palace, Will Rogers Stadium, and the Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun.</p><p>After Penrose died in 1939, ownership of the hotel went to the El Pomar Foundation. The hotel continued to run through the El Pomar Foundation until 1988.</p><h2>Postwar Expansion</h2><p>After World War II, American economy boomed and vacation travel increased. The Broadmoor did well and it grew. Across Cheyenne Lake from the main building, the Broadmoor West was opened in 1976. The resort also developed a figure skating program. It added two golf courses in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>In 1988 the El Pomar Foundation sold the Broadmoor. Over the next twenty years, the new owners expanded and renovated the hotel. In 1995 the Broadmoor West Tower opened.</p><p><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-1"><img style="float:right;height:372px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/NEW-Spencer-Penrose-Media-2.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel Today" width="480"></a>In 2011 Denver billionaire Philip Anschutz bought the Broadmoor. The Broadmoor now has the Wilderness Experience, offering fancy rooms and adventures in natural settings.</p><p>The hotel continues to receive high ratings from guests, as it has every year for the past forty years.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Broadmoor opened in 1918 just southwest of <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. It was built at the foot of Cheyenne Mountain. Over time it has grown into a sprawling resort of roughly 3,000 acres. The Broadmoor has nearly 800 rooms, as well as restaurants and other resort activities. It is now owned by billionaire <strong>Philip Anschutz</strong>. The Broadmoor receives high ratings from various travel publications every year.</p><h2>Corn Brooms and Dairy Cows</h2><p>In the 1860s, Colorado City served as a supply town for mining ventures in the mountains. Colorado Springs had not yet been founded. The area that is now the Broadmoor was part of a 720-acre corn and wheat farm owned by Burton C. Myers. He used his corn to make brooms that he sold in Colorado City.</p><p>In 1881 William Wilcox moved from Philadelphia to Colorado Springs to recover from tuberculosis. He bought the Myers land to establish a dairy farm. He called his venture the Broadmoor Dairy Farm.</p><p>By 1885 Wilcox was in search of a buyer. He sold it to Count James Pourtales. He increased the farm’s size to 2,400 acres, acquired Cheyenne Creek water rights, built new barns, and bought 200 new cows.</p><h2>Broadmoor City</h2><p>Land values in Colorado Springs started rising after 1887 because of the completion of the <strong>Colorado Midland Railway</strong>. In 1888 Pourtales established the Cheyenne Lake, Land and Improvement Company.</p><p>In 1889 Pourtales combined all his sections of land, including the Broadmoor Dairy Farm, into the Broadmoor Land and Investment Company. He mapped out the 2,400-acre development.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/first-broadmoor-casino"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:128px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Broadmoor%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=tuANjAQL" alt="First Broadmoor Casino" width="480"></a>In July 1891, the Broadmoor Casino opened on the east side of Cheyenne Lake. When the Colorado economy crashed during the Panic of 1893, Pourtales had to turn over all his Broadmoor property to the company that had given him a loan.</p><p>In 1909 the estate of <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> millionaire <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> bought all the Broadmoor land. Part of it was used for the <strong>Myron Stratton Home</strong> for orphans and the elderly poor. The old hotel was leased to a girls’ school in 1913–14. It operated as a hotel in 1915.</p><h2>Building the Broadmoor</h2><p>In April 1916, <a href="/article/spencer-penrose">Spencer Penrose</a> and others bought the site. Penrose had made a fortune in Cripple Creek gold and Utah copper, and he began planning a million-dollar hotel beside Cheyenne Lake. Construction on the hotel began in 1917, and The Broadmoor opened to the public in June 1918.</p><h2>The Penrose Years</h2><p>Penrose’s Broadmoor opened just as automobile tourism was becoming popular in the United States. It succeeded in part because Penrose was committed to improving the resort and creating new attractions nearby. In the mid-1920s, he built Cheyenne Mountain Road, Cheyenne Mountain Lodge, and the <strong>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo</strong>. He also acquired the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway, which ferried visitors to the summit of <strong>Pikes Peak</strong>.</p><p>In 1932 Penrose became the only owner of the Broadmoor. By the late 1930s, Penrose added the Broadmoor Ice Palace, Will Rogers Stadium, and the <strong>Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun</strong> as nearby attractions.</p><p>After Penrose died in 1939, ownership of the hotel transferred to the Penroses’ recently established nonprofit, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>. The hotel continued to run through the El Pomar Foundation until 1988.</p><h2>Postwar Expansion</h2><p>After World War II, the American economy boomed and leisure travel increased. The Broadmoor prospered and expanded. Broadmoor West opened across Cheyenne Lake from the main building in 1976. The resort also developed a figure skating program and added two golf courses in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>In 1988 the El Pomar Foundation sold the Broadmoor. Over the next two decades the new owners expanded and renovated the hotel. In 1995 the Broadmoor West Tower opened.</p><p><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-1"><img style="float:right;height:372px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/NEW-Spencer-Penrose-Media-2.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel Today" width="480"></a>In 2011 the Denver-based billionaire Philip Anschutz bought the Broadmoor. Since then, he has invested more than $130 million in several large projects at the property. Because of the purchase of <strong>Seven Falls</strong> and development of properties on Cheyenne Mountain and in <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>, the Broadmoor has introduced the Wilderness Experience, offering luxury accommodations and adventures in natural settings.</p><p>The main Broadmoor complex now has nearly 800 rooms, a handful of restaurants, three golf courses, and a variety of tennis courts and swimming pools. The hotel continues to receive high ratings from travel magazines, as it has every year for the past forty years.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Broadmoor opened just southwest of <strong>Colorado Springs</strong> in 1918. It was built at the foot of Cheyenne Mountain, and has grown over the decades into roughly 3,000 acres. The Broadmoor has nearly 800 rooms, as well as restaurants and other accommodations. Now owned by billionaire <strong>Philip Anschutz</strong>, the Broadmoor receives high ratings from various travel publications.</p><h2>Corn Brooms and Dairy Cows</h2><p>In the 1860s, Colorado City served as a supply town for mining ventures in the mountains. Colorado Springs had not yet been founded. The area that is now the Broadmoor was part of a 720-acre corn and wheat farm owned by Burton C. Myers. Myers used his corn to make brooms that he sold in Colorado City.</p><p>In 1881 William Wilcox bought the Myers farm and 880 additional acres. Wilcox had moved from Philadelphia to Colorado Springs to recover from tuberculosis. He bought the land to establish a dairy farm, and called his venture the Broadmoor Dairy Farm.</p><p>By 1885 Wilcox was in search of a buyer or business partner. Luck brought him Count James Pourtales, a wealthy Prussian. He increased the farm’s size to 2,400 acres, acquired Cheyenne Creek water rights, built new barns, and bought 200 new cows.</p><h2>Broadmoor City</h2><p>Land values in Colorado Springs started rising after 1887, with the completion of the <strong>Colorado Midland Railway</strong>. Pourtales used 320 of his acres for development and in 1888 established the Cheyenne Lake, Land and Improvement Company.</p><p>&nbsp;In 1889 Pourtales combined all his local holdings, including the Broadmoor Dairy Farm, into a new venture called the Broadmoor Land and Investment Company.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/first-broadmoor-casino"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:128px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Broadmoor%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=tuANjAQL" alt="First Broadmoor Casino" width="480"></a>In July 1891, the Broadmoor Casino opened on the east side of Cheyenne Lake but the Panic of 1893 doomed Pourtales’s plans for the area. In the wake of the panic, he had to turn over all his Broadmoor property to the company that had given him a loan several years earlier.</p><p>In 1909 the estate of <strong>Cripple Creek</strong> millionaire <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong> bought all the Broadmoor land. Part of it was used for the <strong>Myron Stratton Home</strong> for orphans and the elderly poor. The old hotel was leased to a girls’ school in 1913–14 and operated as a hotel in 1915.</p><h2>The Penrose Years</h2><p>In April 1916, mining mogul Spencer Penrose and others bought the site and began planning a million-dollar hotel beside Cheyenne Lake.</p><p>Construction on the hotel began in 1917. Meanwhile, Penrose acquired 800 more acres of land near the hotel, including the Horns on Cheyenne Mountain. After being designed and built at a cost of more than $2 million, the Broadmoor opened to the public in June 1918.</p><p>Penrose’s Broadmoor opened just as automobile tourism was becoming popular in the United States. It succeeded in part because Penrose was committed to enhancing the resort and developing new attractions nearby. In the mid-1920s, he built Cheyenne Mountain Road, Cheyenne Mountain Lodge, and the <strong>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo</strong>. He also acquired the Manitou and Pikes Peak Cog Railway, which took visitors to the summit of <strong>Pikes Peak</strong> and complemented the auto road he had already built to the summit.</p><p>In 1932 Penrose acquired sole ownership of the Broadmoor. By the late 1930s, Penrose added the Broadmoor Ice Palace, Will Rogers Stadium, and the <strong>Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun</strong> as nearby attractions.</p><p>After Penrose died in 1939, ownership of the hotel transferred to the Penroses’ recently established nonprofit, the <strong>El Pomar Foundation</strong>. The hotel continued to run through the El Pomar Foundation until 1988.</p><h2>Postwar Expansion</h2><p>As the post–World War II American economy boomed and leisure travel increased, the Broadmoor prospered and expanded. Broadmoor West opened across Cheyenne Lake from the main building in 1976, bringing the growing hotel’s room total to 560. In addition to increasing its accommodations, the resort also developed a figure skating program and added two golf courses in the 1960s and 1970s.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>In 1988 the El Pomar Foundation sold the Broadmoor, and over the next two decades the new owners invested in expansions and renovations at the hotel. In 1995 the Broadmoor West Tower opened.</p><p><a href="/image/broadmoor-hotel-1"><img style="float:right;height:372px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/NEW-Spencer-Penrose-Media-2.jpg" alt="Broadmoor Hotel Today" width="480"></a>In 2011 Denver billionaire Philip Anschutz bought the Broadmoor. The resort has since acquired <strong>Seven Falls</strong> and developed properties on Cheyenne Mountain and in <strong>Pike National Forest</strong>, allowing it to offer the Wilderness Experience, which features luxury accommodations and adventures in rustic settings.</p><p>The main Broadmoor complex now has nearly 800 rooms, a handful of restaurants, three golf courses, and a variety of tennis courts and swimming pools. In 2016 the resort received five diamonds from AAA for the fortieth year in a row, making it the only hotel in North America to receive AAA’s top rating each year since the awards started.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 26 Aug 2016 21:42:38 +0000 yongli 1782 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org NORAD http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/norad <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">NORAD</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1275--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1275.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/norad-headquarters"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NORAD%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=NFbtm_Cq" width="960" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/norad-headquarters" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">NORAD Headquarters</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside the NORAD headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-01-04T15:49:06-07:00" title="Monday, January 4, 2016 - 15:49" class="datetime">Mon, 01/04/2016 - 15:49</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/norad" data-a2a-title="NORAD"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fnorad&amp;title=NORAD"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built at the height of the Cold War, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) collects all data and information concerning air activity in North America. Currently located near the Colorado Springs Municipal Airport on Peterson Air Force Base, NORAD houses a command center to monitor all airspace activity occurring over the continent. Led by Canadian and US Air Force officers, NORAD watches over the eastern and western Continental NORAD Region (CONR)—comprising the eastern and western United States—along with the eastern and western Canadian NORAD Region (CANR) and the Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inside the NORAD headquarters, a simple banner reading “We Have the Watch” hangs above the control room computers. Expressing exactly what NORAD does in a few words, this phrase reminds the analysts, technicians, and military strategists of their purpose: protection through unwavering vigilance. NORAD constantly tracks all planes in the North American airspace and screens all communications to ensure that air traffic throughout North America is flowing properly and functioning safely.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Proposed in 1956, NORAD was originally established in 1958 at Ent Air Force Base south of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. Ent Air Force Base was closed in the 1970s, several years after NORAD moved in 1968 to its present location at the <a href="/article/cheyenne-mountain"><strong>Cheyenne Mountain</strong></a> Complex. Just west of NORAD lies Cheyenne Mountain, which houses the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker. Built inside the mountain itself, the bunker contains provisions and supplies, including 1.8 million gallons of drinking water along with 5.1 acres of space to accommodate equipment and people. The bunker also holds auxiliary computers for NORAD so that NORAD can continue operations from within Cheyenne Mountain in case of a nuclear attack.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout its history, NORAD has had several false alarms, two of which caused a scare across the United States and caught the attention of the USSR. The first false alarm issued on November 9, 1979, was caused by an inadvertent insertion of a realistic training tape into NORAD’s early warning system showing the United States under a large-scale nuclear attack. One year later, on June 3, 1980, NORAD’s early warning system raised another false alarm; caused by a single faulty computer chip; this alarm also signaled a large nuclear attack targeting the central command centers in the United States. As a result, Pacific Military Command scrambled planes with nuclear payloads, informed nuclear missile silos to prepare their intercontinental ballistic missiles for launch, and readied the president’s “doomsday” plane. Crisis was averted when, in both cases, data from defense satellites confirmed that no missiles were actually heading toward the United States. The Eastern Military Command was able to determine that these alarms were falsely triggered and therefore did not mobilize their nuclear battalion. After back-to-back false alarms, NORAD updated its communication systems to prevent further errors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A lighter side to NORAD’s otherwise serious responsibility to alert the country of an air attack is its monitoring of Santa Claus’s flight on Christmas Eve. The tradition began on accident when in December 1955 the “red phone,” the secret hotline to be used in case of a nuclear attack, rang. Colonel Harry Shoup answered the phone only to be asked if Santa Claus was there, to which Shoup responded angrily, thinking the caller was a prankster. When more and more children called the hotline asking for Santa, Shoup realized that a newspaper ad for Sears, Roebuck &amp; Company had misprinted Santa’s contact information, so he assigned a couple of airmen to man the phone and act like Santa. Shoup and NORAD staff embraced the mistake, and now, sixty years later, NORAD has a digital Santa tracker and an official Santa tracker hotline.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since its foundation, along with the technological development of increasingly sophisticated computers and satellites, NORAD has increasingly taken on responsibilities and has become more and more essential. From tracking small aircraft entering and exiting the United States as part of the fight against drug smuggling, to warning of a possible attack against the United States or its allies, NORAD protects us all. In the heart of Colorado, NORAD employees works day and night, never forgetting that they not only have the watch—they are the watch.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noyer-griffin" hreflang="und">Noyer, Griffin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/norad" hreflang="en">norad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/norad-headquarters" hreflang="en">norad headquarters</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/north-american-aerospace-defense-command" hreflang="en">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Davi M. D’Agostino, <em>Actions Needed to Address Management of Air Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace</em>, US House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, n.p., n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard Halloran, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/29/us/nuclear-missiles-warning-system-and-the-question-of-when-to-fire.html">Nuclear Missiles: Warning Systems and the Question of When to Fire</a>,” <em>New York Times,</em> May 29, 1983.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles Jacoby, “Despite Challenges, Force Is Ready to Protect All,” <em>The Gazette,</em> April 7, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jasmyn Belcher Morris, “<a href="https://www.npr.org/2014/12/19/371647099/norads-santa-tracker-began-with-a-typo-and-a-good-sport">NORAD’s Santa Tracker Began with a Typo and a Good Sport</a>,” National Public Radio, <em>Morning Edition</em>, December 19, 2014. .</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“North American Air Defense Command (NORAD): Agreement between the United States of America and Canada, extending the agreement of May 8, 1975, effected by exchange of notes signed at Washington May 12, 1980” (Washington D.C.: Department of State, 1980).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.norad.mil/">NORAD Official Website</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.noradsanta.org/">NORAD Santa Tracker</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.visitcos.com/blog/cheyenne-mountain-colorado-springs-learn-about-cheyenne-mountain-norad/">Cheyenne Mountain Website</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 04 Jan 2016 22:49:06 +0000 yongli 1071 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cheyenne Mountain http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cheyenne-mountain <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cheyenne Mountain</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2673--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2673.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cheyenne-mountain"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cheyenne%20Mountain_20170525_01_0.jpg?itok=RttxGvzS" width="1000" height="581" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cheyenne-mountain" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cheyenne Mountain</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Cheyenne Mountain, a geographical landmark southwest of Colorado Springs</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2618--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2618.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cheyenne-mountain-zoo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cheyenne_Mountain_Zoo_20170520_01_0.jpg?itok=ZerGFIVi" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cheyenne-mountain-zoo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cheyenne Mountain Zoo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo’s renowned giraffe herd is the largest giraffe herd at any zoo. </p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cmzoo.org/index.php/exhibits-attractions/all-about-giraffes/">Learn more about giraffes at the zoo. </a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x 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field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-20T09:58:47-07:00" title="Friday, November 20, 2015 - 09:58" class="datetime">Fri, 11/20/2015 - 09:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cheyenne-mountain" data-a2a-title="Cheyenne Mountain"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcheyenne-mountain&amp;title=Cheyenne%20Mountain"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Cheyenne Mountain, a geographical landmark southwest of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, is known for such famous attractions as the <a href="/article/broadmoor"><strong>Broadmoor Hotel</strong></a>, the <strong>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo</strong>, and, more recently, a bunker underneath it housing the <a href="/article/norad"><strong>North American Aerospace Defense Command</strong></a>.</p> <p>The Cheyenne Mountain area has long been inhabited, but it is not clear exactly how long. Petroglyphs found in the Cheyenne Mountain foothills indicate human presence predating the Nuche (Ute people), Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Apache, all of whom were present in the nineteenth century. The Nuche used the Cheyenne Mountain area for hunting <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> on the plains and deer in the mountains for hundreds of years. The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado</strong> <strong>Gold Rush of 1859</strong></a> brought a surge of white American settlers, some of whom settled near Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado City. The town became a hub, supplying <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>miners</strong></a> in <a href="/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a> and near the Blue River. Although some <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> did take place on Cheyenne Mountain itself, it was usually unproductive. Rising tensions between the growing population of newcomers and the Utes eventually led to the Utes’ relocation as a result of the 1880 agreement.</p> <p>Early mining operations led to trade and trail networks, establishing a basis for property ownership and <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> settlements. In 1867, William Dixon acquired property near Cheyenne Mountain. Dixon struggled to find enough water to support his cattle herds, competing with miners and Native Americans for the precious resource. Another entrepreneur, Prussian count James Pourtales, also bought substantial plots of land at the base of the mountain and constructed the Broadmoor Casino in 1891. The casino failed after a few years.</p> <p>In 1892, just as Pourtales departed from Colorado Springs and as gold prices and mining activity reached record heights, Philadelphian <strong><a href="/article/spencer-penrose">Spencer Penrose</a> </strong>glimpsed Cheyenne Mountain. This development brought another surge of eager laborers and investors to the area, and the population ballooned as a results. After Penrose made his fortune in <a href="/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, he returned to the Cheyenne Mountain region.&nbsp;Penrose also purchased railroads, land, ranches, and water rights around Cheyenne Mountain between 1915 and 1925. He purchased the McKay Property and its water rights in 1918, which supplied settlers with water. Penrose’s fortune and access to water spurred the construction of Broadmoor Hotel and Cheyenne Mountain Zoo.</p> <p>By 1915, Spencer Penrose had acquired enough land and capital from his successful mining investments to fund into the Broadmoor Hotel, which opened in 1918. The hotel, which became one of Colorado’s most famous and luxurious establishments, was consistently renovated and expanded into the 1930s and beyond. From its opening, the Broadmoor was the seat of culture in Colorado Springs, attracting renowned musicians such as Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff and an assortment of special guests, including John D. Rockefeller and Will Rogers.</p> <p>The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo started as Penrose’s peculiar project to acquire his own collection of exotic animals. His animal collection began with a bear, some <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, and deer, and eventually included an elephant, a twelve-foot boa constrictor, a fox, and many others. By 1926, the first cages were installed in their present sites. The Broadmoor Hotel and the Zoo have since grown immensely and remain tourist attractions in the Colorado Springs area.</p> <p>Cheyenne Mountain is also home to the headquarters of the <a href="/article/norad"><strong>North American Aerospace Defense Command </strong>(<strong>NORAD</strong>)</a>, which resides within the mountain itself. Built during the Cold War, the large bunker is designed to withstand a thirty-megaton nuclear explosion. NORAD Headquarters have since been relocated to nearby Peterson Air Force Base, but the Cheyenne Mountain bunker still serves as an alternate command center. Fort Carson, a large army base, currently sits at the foot of Cheyenne Mountain.</p> <p>From its early history as a hunting ground for Native Americans, Cheyenne Mountain has been used for various purposes, from gold mining to tourist attractions and military installations. Cheyenne Mountain’s colorful history and its prominence as a backdrop to Colorado Springs have secured it a place in local legend and culture.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/shumway-aiden" hreflang="und">Shumway, Aiden</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/norad-headquarters" hreflang="en">norad headquarters</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs" hreflang="en">colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain-zoo" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne-mountain-history" hreflang="en">cheyenne mountain history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, “<a href="https://www.cmzoo.org/index.php/about-the-zoo/history/">About The Zoo - History</a>.”</p> <p>William R.&nbsp;Conte, <em>The Cheyenne Mountain Story: Its Legend, Its History, and Its People</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Century One, 1988).</p> <p>Julia A. Janeway, “<a href="https://cmheritagecenter.org/mission/history-of-the-cheyenne-mountain-region/">History of the Cheyenne Mountain Region</a>,”&nbsp;<em>Cheyenne Mountain Heritage Center </em>(N.p., 2013).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.broadmoor.com/">Broadmoor Hotel</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.norad.mil/About-NORAD/Cheyenne-Mountain-Air-Force-Station/">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a>, North American Aerospace Defense Command</p> <p><a href="https://www.cheyennemountain.com/">Cheyenne Mountain Resort and Club</a></p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS,&nbsp;<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2364990522/">"Spencer &amp; Julie&nbsp;Penrose,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, April 4, 2013.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 20 Nov 2015 16:58:47 +0000 yongli 965 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org