%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Aspen http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aspen</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1248--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1248.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/aspen"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/LiftonAspenMountain_0.jpg?itok=53g1Mcps" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/aspen" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aspen</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aspen, established in 1879 by Henry B. Gillespie, began as a silver-mining town and developed into a hub for culture and recreation on Colorado's Western Slope. Today Aspen is one of the most popular vacation destinations in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--949--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--949.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/1892-view-aspen-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Aspen-Colorado_Media-1_20103890_0_0.jpg?itok=50XVFs-i" width="1000" height="814" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/1892-view-aspen-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">1892 View of Aspen</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aspen, Colorado at its height just before the Silver Panic of 1893 sent the town into sharp decline</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--950--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--950.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/aspens-first-chairlift"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-6237_0.jpg?itok=U3W_5Jw5" width="1000" height="1279" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/aspens-first-chairlift" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aspen&#039;s First Chairlift</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A view of Aspen from the first chairlift installed on Aspen Mountain in 1947. At the time, this was the longest chairlift in the world, aiding to Aspen's legendary status as a premier skiing location.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--951--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--951.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/aspen-railroads"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Z-206_0.jpg?itok=SvJ32EC0" width="1000" height="608" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/aspen-railroads" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Aspen railroads</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aspen dwellers celebrate the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad finally reaching the town on November 2, 1887. After the rail lines appeared, mining companies could economically export mineral ore to the smelters located in Leadville, Colorado and Aspen witnessed spectacular growth.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-19T13:49:00-07:00" title="Thursday, November 19, 2015 - 13:49" class="datetime">Thu, 11/19/2015 - 13:49</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen" data-a2a-title="Aspen"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Faspen&amp;title=Aspen"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Aspen, located along the <strong>Roaring Fork River</strong> west of <strong>Independence Pass</strong>, is the county seat of <a href="/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin County</strong></a>. Now one of the state’s most iconic hubs for culture and recreation, Aspen began like many Colorado towns—as a small mining camp, founded by <strong>Henry B. Gillespie</strong> in 1879. Rich silver mines in the nearby <strong>Elk</strong> and <strong>Sawatch Mountains</strong> made the town one of the most prosperous mining centers on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> until an 1893 <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>crash in silver prices</strong></a> nearly rendered it a ghost town. Aspen survived and eventually became a renowned center for the arts and culture, as well as a world-class ski destination. As of 2013, Aspen had a population of nearly 7,000. It continues to draw not only thousands of visitors from Colorado and the United States but also celebrities and tourists from all over the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Roaring Fork valley is the ancestral home of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute people</strong></a>, who used it as summer hunting grounds. During the 1870s, a mining boom drew thousands of white settlers to Colorado’s Western Slope, resulting in clashes between whites and Utes. These conflicts grew to a fever pitch in the late 1870s, especially after Colorado was granted <strong>statehood</strong> in 1876. In 1880 the US government forcibly relocated the Ute population in western Colorado to a reservation in eastern Utah, allowing for the expansion of white mining and settlement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the fall of 1878, the <strong>Hayden Geological Survey</strong> published a report that noted the presence of promising geologic formations, possibly containing silver and other precious minerals, in the Roaring Fork valley. Prospectors who caught wind of the Hayden report braved treacherous mountain passes to explore the valley for silver and to stake claims on what would eventually prove to be one of the richest silver lodes in history. As one of the earliest American arrivals to the valley, Henry B. Gillespie established the first permanent mining camp along the Roaring Fork in 1879. He named it Ute City.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining Boom and Bust</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though Gillespie petitioned federal officials in Washington, DC, for a post office, growth was slower than he had anticipated. However, on July 4, 1879, prospectors discovered the Independence Gold Lode not far from Ute City, and miners flooded into the valley. In 1880 <strong>B. Clark Wheeler</strong> and Charles A. Hallam, agents and co-partners of Cincinnati businessman David Hyman, arrived in Ute City. The two men purchased several mining claims on Aspen Mountain, and Wheeler quickly surveyed the Ute City town site, renaming it Aspen. The first newspaper, Wheeler’s <em>Aspen Times</em>, began publishing in 1881. <strong>Jerome B. Wheeler</strong>, half-owner of Macy’s Department Stores, arrived in 1883 and made considerable investments in Aspen mines and buildings. In 1888–89 he built two of the most famous landmarks in Aspen, the <a href="/article/hotel-jerome"><strong>Hotel Jerome</strong></a> and the <a href="/article/wheeler-opera-house"><strong>Wheeler Opera House</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shipping ore from such a remote site proved difficult in Aspen’s early years. In 1881 the Taylor Pass route opened as the only east-west route into Aspen that could accommodate wagons. Without a reliable route to the <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> smelters, Aspen mines were unable to ship ore by wagon train. By 1882, several stage lines began operations, running passengers and limited quantities of ore from Aspen to Leadville, but even these improved roadways were slow, costly, and dangerous. Finally, in 1887 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached Aspen, allowing the mines to efficiently ship ore.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A second railroad, the <strong>Colorado Midland</strong>, made it to Aspen by 1888. Then, in 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act—which increased the amount of silver the US government was required to buy each month—and the town saw spectacular growth. By 1891, Aspen hosted a population of more than 5,000 and surpassed Leadville as the largest silver-producing district in the United States. It boasted one-sixth of the US total and one-sixteenth of the world’s total silver production.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, just two years later, a global economic crisis touched off the Silver Panic of 1893. The federal government repealed the Sherman Act that fall, officially demonetizing silver and ruining many silver mining towns across the West. The Aspen economy was devastated by the 1893 Silver Panic, but like many of Colorado’s other mining towns, it would survive and be reimagined around a relatively new winter sport gaining popularity in the United States.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ski Boom</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the nineteenth century, many years before skiing became a popular pastime, European immigrants introduced western miners to skis. Residents of mountain mining towns had to use skis—then called Norwegian Snow Shoes—to get around during long winters. In the winter months, deep <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> in the Roaring Fork valley made it nearly impossible to travel without skis, and Aspen residents often relied on skiers to carry messages and supplies to and from the town. After the 1893 silver crash, skiing persisted in Aspen. In December 1936, the Highland Bavarian Lodge and a six-passenger boat tow, powered by an old mine hoist and truck engine, were built at the base of Aspen Mountain. On the day after Christmas in 1936, Aspen’s <strong>first ski lodge</strong> opened its doors to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1941, the Winter Sports Club (later known as the Aspen Valley Ski Club) was hosting national downhill and slalom events, garnering the town international attention. After the United States’ entrance into <strong>World War II,</strong> the <a href="/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong>Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> was formed and stationed at <a href="/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a> near Leadville. Using facilities on Aspen Mountain, the Tenth Mountain Division trained in Aspen during the war, eventually seeing action in Italy. After the war, many of the soldiers returned to the Roaring Fork valley and other mountain areas to help develop skiing. Meanwhile, wartime surpluses in cold weather equipment, growing incomes among middle-class Americans, and postwar developments in mechanical engineering made skiing more popular and accessible. It did not take long for companies such as the Aspen Skiing Corporation to form and to seize the opportunity to reimagine destitute mining towns as sites for outdoor recreation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wealthy Chicago businessman <a href="/article/walter-paepcke"><strong>Walter Paepcke</strong></a> and his wife Elizabeth came to Aspen in the late 1930s and again after the war. Along with partner Friedl Pfeifer, the Paepckes started the Aspen Skiing Corporation, which opened the area’s first mechanical chairlift in December 1946. At the time, it was the longest in the world. The new chairlift attracted thousands of new skiers to Aspen every year, setting a precedent for the Colorado ski industry. In 1946, to complement the well-established overland routes into Aspen, a rough gravel airstrip—Sardy Field—was built, and by 1948 commercial flights were able to reach Aspen with relative ease. In 1958 a second and third ski resort, Buttermilk and Aspen Highlands, opened up for business.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Aspen Institute</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As longtime patrons and sponsors of the arts and cultural organizations, the Paepckes also saw the potential for scenic Aspen to be a hub for intellectuals and the arts. In 1949 Walter Paepcke made Aspen the site of the 200th anniversary celebration of the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, an event that attracted intellectuals from all over the world. The success of that event prompted Paepcke, a trustee of the University of Chicago, to establish the Aspen Institute. Its first seminar, the Executive Seminar, brought business leaders together to discuss the work and impact of the world’s greatest writers. Later, the institute evolved to incorporate the arts as well, developing both the <strong>Aspen Music Festival</strong> and the International Design Conference. Today, the institute’s mission continues to be the fostering of leadership based on enduring values, and to provide a nonpartisan venue for dealing with critical national and international issues. The institute maintains a campus in Aspen, linking the small mountain town to a network of global leaders, artists, thinkers, and musicians. The Paepckes were instrumental not only in the town’s economic shift from mining to skiing, but also in Aspen’s growth into the cultural hub of Colorado’s Western Slope.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Aspen has a population of nearly 7,000 and four world-class ski resorts. Despite decades of attempts by local officials to maintain affordable housing, in 2011 Aspen ranked as the most expensive town in the United States. In 2015 <em>Forbes </em>named Aspen as the ninth-most expensive ZIP code in the United States, with a median property value of more than $5 million. Since 2002, it has hosted the <strong>Winter X Games</strong>, an annual winter sports contest that attracts thousands of visitors from around the world. Tourists also come to Aspen to see the <strong>Maroon Bells</strong>, dramatic twin peaks located southwest of town. Maroon Lake, at the foot of the 14,000-foot peaks, is the most photographed landscape in the state, drawing more than 300,000 visitors each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Due in part to its beauty and international renown for world-class skiing, Aspen has become a recreation destination for the country’s elite. With celebrity regulars from Mariah Carey to Lance Armstrong, Aspen has come to be recognized as a place where the world’s wealthiest and most well-known men and women come to play and spend. Increasingly, wealthy men and women are putting down roots in Aspen, creating a city that in many ways resembles downtown Manhattan more than the small mining camp it was in 1879.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Anna Scott of the Aspen Historical Society assisted with this article.</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen-colorado" hreflang="en">aspen colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-aspen" hreflang="en">history of aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen-history" hreflang="en">aspen history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-aspen" hreflang="en">city of aspen</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Anne Gilbert, “Re-Creation Through Recreation: Aspen Skiing from 1870 to 1970,” Aspen Historical Society, May 1995.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aspen Historical Society, “<a href="https://aspenhistory.org/aspen-history/the-utes-pre-1879/">Aspen History</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nancy Keates, “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703775704576162553297928260">The Most Expensive Town in America</a>,” <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, March 4, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barbara Norgren, “Historic Resources of Aspen,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (July 31, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Outdoor Project, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2016/06/10/guide-to-colorados-maroon-bells-the-states-most-photographed-wilderness-scene/">Guide to Colorado’s Maroon Bells: the state’s most photographed wilderness scene</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 10, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Betsy Schiffman, “<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/betsyschiffman/2015/11/10/full-list-most-expensive-zip-codes-in-2015/">Full List: America’s Most Expensive ZIP Codes 2015</a>,” <em>Forbes</em>, November 10, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>W. Clark Whitehorn, “Aspen and the Railroads,” Aspen Historical Society, January 1993.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Aspen, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/5-family-fun-activities-aspen">5 Iconic Spots to Visit in Aspen Besides the Maroon Bells</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Aspen, Colorado, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/scenic-drives-aspen">Scenic Drives to Aspen</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.aspensnowmass.com/">Aspen Snowmass Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cityofaspen.com">City of Aspen</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter R. Decker <em>“The Utes Must Go!” American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Malcolm J. Rohrbough, <em>Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879–1893 </em>(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/">The Aspen Institute</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Franklin Wentworth, <em>Aspen on the Roaring Fork</em>, 3rd ed. (Denver: Sundance, 1976).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 19 Nov 2015 20:49:00 +0000 yongli 948 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org