%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Phillips County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/phillips-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Phillips County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1903--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1903.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/phillips-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1024px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Phillips_County.svg__0.png?itok=LWBVBYuU" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/phillips-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Phillips County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Phillips County covers 688 square miles on the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> of northeastern Colorado. It has a population of 4,349, more than half of whom live in the county seat of <strong>Holyoke</strong>.<span> </span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1904--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1904.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/phillips-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Phillips_County_0.jpg?itok=MuPlj0Qf" width="901" height="681" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/phillips-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Phillips County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span>The county seat is Holyoke. It is named after R.O. Phillips. </span></p> <div class="_eFb"> <div class="_mr kno-fb-ctx" data-ved="0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0QyxMIeCgAMA4"><span class="_xdb"><a class="fl" data-ved="0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0Q6BMIeSgAMA4" href="https://www.google.com/search?biw=1315&amp;bih=641&amp;q=phillips+county,+colorado+area&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3yIsvz9OSyk620s_JT04syczPgzOsEotSEwEa5VclKAAAAA&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0Q6BMIeSgAMA4">Area</a>: </span><span class="_Xbe kno-fv">688&nbsp;mi²</span></div> </div> <div class="_eFb"> <div class="_mr kno-fb-ctx" data-ved="0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0QyxMIeygAMA8"><span class="_xdb"><a class="fl" data-ved="0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0Q6BMIfCgAMA8" href="https://www.google.com/search?biw=1315&amp;bih=641&amp;q=phillips+county,+colorado+founded&amp;stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3yIsvz9NSzk620s_JT04syczP009JLElNiYdxrdLyS_NSUlMAxSANDjEAAAA&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjwv4jIyLfPAhVG64MKHRWAAa0Q6BMIfCgAMA8">Founded</a>: </span><span class="_Xbe kno-fv">March 27, 1889</span></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-09-30T11:11:33-06:00" title="Friday, September 30, 2016 - 11:11" class="datetime">Fri, 09/30/2016 - 11:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/phillips-county" data-a2a-title="Phillips County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fphillips-county&amp;title=Phillips%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Phillips County covers 688 square miles on the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> of northeastern Colorado. It has a population of 4,349, more than half of whom live in the county seat of <strong>Holyoke</strong>. Other communities include Haxton (pop. 946) and Amherst (58). Frenchman Creek is the only source of surface <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> for the rural county. But by first farming dryland crops such as winter wheat, and later by pumping water from the <strong>Ogallala Aquifer</strong>, residents have managed to build a successful agricultural economy. Today, farms cover nearly all of the county’s land.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillips County’s two main thoroughfares, US Highways 385 and 6, meet at Holyoke and connect the county to its neighbors—<a href="/article/sedgwick-county"><strong>Sedgwick County</strong></a> to the north, the state of Nebraska to the east, <a href="/article/yuma-county"><strong>Yuma County</strong></a> to the south, and<strong> <a href="/article/logan-county">Logan County</a></strong> to the west. Phillips County was once traversed by many different groups of Plains Indians, including the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Pawnee</strong>, and <strong>Lakota</strong>. After 1900 the county became home to thriving communities of Anglo-American farmers, which were hit hard by the <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> of the 1930s but bounced back in future decades. Today the county is one of the state’s top producers of corn, sheep, pigs, and cattle, thanks to water pumped from the vast Ogallala Aquifer.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From around AD 1000 to 1400, members of the <a href="/article/upper-republican-and-itskari-cultures"><strong>Upper Republican and Itskari</strong></a> cultures occupied parts of northeast Colorado, including present-day Phillips County. These semi-sedentary people fished, farmed, and hunted buffalo, living in earthen lodges and crafting distinctive ceramic pots. While they were apparently able to thrive in eastern Colorado for nearly three centuries, it appears that environmental pressures—most likely drought—caused them to gradually abandon the region. There is little evidence of their presence in the area by the mid-fifteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the rapid expansion of the Lakota displaced a number of other horse-mounted groups from the northern plains, including the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. These groups filtered south onto the plains of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. The Pawnee also made occasional visits to eastern Colorado, although they mostly frequented present-day Kansas and Nebraska.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1790 the Kiowa had moved onto the plains from the mountains of Montana. The Cheyenne and Arapaho, meanwhile, had been migrating westward from their homelands in the upper Midwest since the early eighteenth century. By 1800 the Lakota had forced both the Cheyenne and Arapaho out of present-day South Dakota. The Cheyenne and Arapaho followed the buffalo herds across the plains, living in portable, cone-shaped dwellings called <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>. During the notoriously harsh plains winters, they found shelter near bluffs and in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> groves along the river bottoms. While the Cheyenne rarely left the plains, the Arapaho made a habit of venturing into the mountains during the spring to hunt game in the high country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anglo-American traffic across the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Colorado Plains</strong></a> increased during the 1840s with the organization of the Oregon Territory and the California Gold Rush of 1849. In response to this incursion, Plains Indians sometimes harassed or stole from wagon trains, and many whites began to fear these attacks as they crossed the plains. In 1851 the federal government sought to make the westward journey safer for white travelers with the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a>, signed by leaders of the Cheyenne, Lakota, Arapaho, and other Plains Indians. The treaty acknowledged Native American sovereignty across the plains, and each group would receive annual payments in exchange for guaranteeing safe passage for whites and allowing the government to build forts in their territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Relations between Colorado’s Native Americans and the US government deteriorated after the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> in 1858–59, with the latter pursuing an agenda that sought to strip away the former’s rights to the land. Native American presence in the Phillips County area dwindled in the late nineteenth century after the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867 and the <a href="/article/battle-summit-springs"><strong>Battle of Summit Springs</strong></a> in 1869. The treaty and battle resulted in the relocation of the area’s Cheyenne and Arapaho inhabitants to a reservation in present-day Oklahoma.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As part of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> (1861–76), present-day Phillips County was part of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>. After Colorado became a state in 1876, the area remained part of Weld County until 1887, when it became part of Logan County. In 1889 both Phillips and Sedgwick County were partitioned from eastern Logan County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillips County was named for R. O. Phillips, secretary of the Lincoln Land Company, which sold <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteads</strong></a> in the area during the late nineteenth century. One of the first homesteads in the area belonged to English immigrant Henry Hargreaves, who set up a farm and ranch in 1887. To help farmers conduct business, William E. Heginbotham and his father established the First National Bank of Holyoke around this time. Holyoke’s Sears Hotel (now the Sawyer House) was built in 1887, and the town incorporated in 1888.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Farming got off to a rough start in Phillips County on account of the lack of surface water and arid <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>. An economic downturn in 1893 and a harsh drought in 1894 led to many farmers losing their land due to the inability to pay taxes. Yet ranching increased during this time, as cattle could graze the abundant, drought-tolerant prairie grasses. Population and cattle counts between 1890 and 1900 illustrate the shift: the county population dropped from 2,642 to 1,583, while the number of cattle increased from 3,701 to 23,633.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The savior of agriculture in early Phillips County turned out to be winter wheat, a drought-resistant crop that required only minimal amounts of water and a cold period to produce grain. Winter wheat acreage and farming in general expanded greatly in Phillips County during the early twentieth century, causing the county population to increase to 5,499 by 1920.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Deal, New Courthouse</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1924 it was clear that the county had outgrown its second courthouse, built in 1904, and needed a new one. By 1931 the county had set aside $27,000 for the building. However, like most other counties on Colorado’s eastern plains, Phillips County suffered during the Great Depression and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl </strong></a>of the 1930s, and the county ceased collecting funds for the new courthouse. The population dropped from an all-time high of 5,797 in 1930 to 4,948 in 1940.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the hard times, in 1933 the Greater Holyoke Club circulated petitions asking county commissioners to build the courthouse. The federal Public Works Administration (PWA), one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> initiatives, provided the county with a $23,000 grant and additional loans for the building. Construction began following voter approval in 1934, and the new courthouse was completed in 1936. The PWA grant came even as the administration was pulling funds from dozens of other projects, suggesting that it considered the new Phillips County courthouse to be an important project.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agricultural Transformation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>American agriculture became increasingly mechanized after 1940, allowing farmers to plant considerably more acreage and harvest it with minimal labor costs. Farms in Phillips County reflected this trend, as farmers invested in combines and other machinery and began building on-site grain storage and drying systems to store larger harvests. For example, the Hargreaves farm—now managed by Henry Hargreaves’s son George and his children—built a new garage and granary in the 1940s and added five metal grain bins in the 1950s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Hargreaves installed a new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> system in 1964, their farm illustrated another fundamental transformation in Phillips County agriculture—the shift from dryland crops such as winter wheat to thirstier crops such as corn, made possible by mechanized access to water in the Ogallala Aquifer. The aquifer stretches some 174,000 square miles underneath the Great Plains from South Dakota to Texas and is hundreds of feet deep in some places. Using pumps powered by diesel or natural gas, farmers could bring up more than 2,000 gallons per minute to flood trenches between rows of crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1974 the Hargreaves and 142 other farmers in Phillips County were using the new irrigation technique, called flood irrigation. Although county farmers still planted more wheat, irrigation prompted corn acreage to expand from 35,773 in 1950 to 64,492 in 1984. Although <strong>center-pivot irrigation </strong>has since replaced flood irrigation, Phillips County farmers still rely on the Ogallala Aquifer for water.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture in Phillips County remains strong today, with the market value of the county’s crops increasing by 45 percent between 2007 and 2012. The average crop value per farm saw an even greater increase over that period, growing 52 percent. Phillips County ranks eighth out of sixty-four Colorado counties in the value of its agricultural products and is the third-largest producer of both corn and hogs in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county’s agricultural prowess, now and in the future, depends on the Ogallala Aquifer. A 2013 study by the US Geological Survey reported that total water levels in the aquifer, which supplies eight states, had declined by 8 percent since 1950. But the future of Ogallala water use in eastern Colorado (or in any other region) depends on the depth of the underlying portion of the aquifer and how quickly that portion takes to recharge. A 2016 study by civil engineers at Kansas State University showed that water draws from the aquifer under eastern Colorado have outpaced the regional recharge rate since 1999 or 2000. However, the study projects that Colorado’s annual depletion of the aquifer will peak in 2023 and then decline, on account of a growing public awareness and efforts to reduce water use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Conservation efforts are already under way in eastern Colorado. Beginning in 2011, the Republican River Water Conservation District—in partnership with the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service—has provided incentives each year to farmers who implement water conservation measures. These efforts appear to be succeeding, as the <a href="/article/colorado-foundation-water-education"><strong>Colorado Foundation for Water Education</strong></a> (CFWE) currently reports that rates of withdrawal from the aquifer “appear to have stabilized.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The CFWE’s assessment, along with current scientific studies, suggests that Phillips County will have enough water to support its agricultural economy in the near future. Future droughts, however, may place increased pressure on the aquifer and alter current projections. Phillips County residents will need to continue monitoring and managing consumption of their most precious and finite resource.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/phillips-county" hreflang="en">Phillips County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/phillips-county-history" hreflang="en">phillips county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/holyoke" hreflang="en">Holyoke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/farming" hreflang="en">farming</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ogallala-aquifer" hreflang="en">ogallala aquifer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abigail Christman, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5PL24.pdf">Hargreaves Homestead Rural Historic Landscape</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Abigail Christman, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5PL19.pdf">Phillips County Courthouse</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Foundation for Water Education, “<a href="https://www.watereducationcolorado.org/cfwe-education/water-is/climate-and-drought/2-uncategorised/617-colorado-s-four-major-aquifers">Colorado’s Four Major Aquifers</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “Phillips County,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>V.L. McGuire, “<a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5291/sir2012-5291.pdf">Water-Level and Storage Changes in the High Plains Aquifer, Predevelopment to 2011 and 2009-11</a>,” US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5291 (Reston, VA: US Geological Survey, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David R. Steward and Andrew J. Allen, “<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377415301220">Peak groundwater depletion in the High Plains Aquifer, projections from 1930 to 2110</a>,” <em>Agricultural Water Management </em>170 (May 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Phillips County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://usda.library.cornell.edu/">Colorado-Wyoming: Chapter B – Statistics for Counties</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 29 (1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeOnePart.do?year=1987&amp;part_id=68&amp;number=6&amp;title=Colorado">Colorado,”</a> US Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 6 (1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Deon Wolfenbarger, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/649.pdf">New Deal Resources on Colorado’s Eastern Plains</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/cities-and-towns/holyoke">Holyoke</a> (Colorado Tourism page)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David E. Kromm, “<a href="http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html">Ogallala Aquifer</a>,” <em>Water Encyclopedia</em>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/phillipscounty">Phillips County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.holyokeenterprise.com/"><em>The Holyoke Enterprise</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Geological Survey, “<a href="https://ne.water.usgs.gov/ogw/hpwlms/tablewlpre.html">High Plains Aquifer Water-Level Monitoring Study Area-weighted average water-level change, predevelopment to 1980, 2000 through 2013</a>,” updated December 19, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Sep 2016 17:11:33 +0000 yongli 1905 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org W. E. Heginbotham House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/w-e-heginbotham-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">W. E. Heginbotham House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-03T12:29:35-07:00" title="Thursday, December 3, 2015 - 12:29" class="datetime">Thu, 12/03/2015 - 12:29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/w-e-heginbotham-house" data-a2a-title="W. E. Heginbotham House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fw-e-heginbotham-house&amp;title=W.%20E.%20Heginbotham%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Completed in 1921, Holyoke banker William E. Heginbotham’s large Craftsman-style house with extensive gardens was long one of the most stylish residences in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/phillips-county"><strong>Phillips County</strong></a>. Upon his death in 1968, Heginbotham gave his house to the town of <strong>Holyoke</strong>, which now uses it as a public library.</p> <h2>Heginbotham’s House</h2> <p>Planning for W.&nbsp;E. Heginbotham’s house in Holyoke began in 1918, when he hired Denver contractor Michael McEachern to build a $75,000 residence at the corner of South Baxter and Jules Streets. At the time, Heginbotham was a forty-year-old vice president of the First National Bank of Holyoke, which his father had helped establish in the late nineteenth century. Construction on Heginbotham’s house began in 1919 and was finished two years later.</p> <p>Probably working from a design book or a house catalog, Heginbotham and McEachern built a 1.5-story house in the Craftsman style, which was popular at the time but would have been unusual in largely rural Phillips County. The redbrick house is set back from the streets and is enclosed within a low brick wall. The interior features oak columns, woodwork, and paneling. The aboveground floors originally had three bedrooms and one bath (with a second bath added in the 1930s), while the basement served as a library with built-in bookcases and built-in oak benches.</p> <p>As was typical for Craftsman-style houses, which blended interior and exterior spaces through the use of porches and verandas, Heginbotham’s house was surrounded by gardens laid out like outdoor rooms across his property. Six distinct gardens featured different designs and plants. An English lawn-and-border garden and a walled garden sprawled across the half block of land north of the house, while an entrance court, sunken water garden, and sun court wrapped around the other three sides.</p> <p>Heginbotham made his fortune during the 1930s, when he became president and owner of the First National Bank of Holyoke. The bank was the only one of eight in Phillips County to survive the Great Depression. Later in life Heginbotham remained involved in the local community but developed a reputation as a quiet loner. He retired from the bank in 1962 and spent his final years as a recluse, tending to his house and gardens.</p> <h2>Holyoke’s Library</h2> <p>At the end of his life, Heginbotham surprised the people of Phillips County with a flurry of large-scale philanthropy projects. In 1964, for example, he donated $500,000 and part of his land for a new twenty-bed hospital in Holyoke called Melissa Memorial Hospital, in honor of his mother.</p> <p>Upon his death in 1968, at the age of eighty-nine, the childless Heginbotham bequeathed his entire $2.4 million estate, in trust, to Phillips County. His will dictated that interest from the trust should be used “for the general betterment and improvement of the people in Phillips County.” The Heginbotham Trust distributed more than $8.5 million in its first four decades. It has provided Phillips County with medical centers, ambulances, fire trucks, park sprinklers, ballpark lights, tennis courts, a golf course, an indoor Olympic-sized swimming pool, an expanded county museum, and a high school auditorium.</p> <p>Heginbotham’s house went to the town of Holyoke, with the provision that it never be sold to a private owner. In 1969 Holyoke converted the house into a public library, with removable shelving for books placed in most rooms (including the kitchen and pantry). Otherwise the house and gardens remain essentially the same as Heginbotham left them. In 1988 the property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>Today the Heginbotham Library is regarded as one of the finest public libraries in northeastern Colorado. It holds more than 15,000 volumes and has an annual circulation of nearly 60,000.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-e-heginbotham" hreflang="en">William E. Heginbotham</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/holyoke" hreflang="en">Holyoke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/phillips-county" hreflang="en">Phillips County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/libraries" hreflang="en">libraries</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carol Koontz, “W. E. Heginbotham Home,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (June 1, 1986; rev. January 1987).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel with Stephen J. Leonard and Kevin E. Rucker, <em>Colorado Givers: A History of Philanthropic Heroes</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 03 Dec 2015 19:29:35 +0000 yongli 1012 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org