%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Fort Uncompahgre http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-uncompahgre <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Uncompahgre</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-15T16:13:03-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2016 - 16:13" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2016 - 16:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-uncompahgre" data-a2a-title="Fort Uncompahgre"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-uncompahgre&amp;title=Fort%20Uncompahgre"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Fort Uncompahgre was constructed in 1828 by <strong>Antoine Robidoux</strong>, a trader based out of Mexican Santa Fé. The <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> was situated about two miles down from the confluence of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> and <strong>Uncompahgre</strong> Rivers near the present-day community of <strong>Delta</strong> in western Colorado. The precise location of the fort has been lost due to the shifting bed of the Gunnison River, but Robidoux chose the area because it afforded abundant timber for construction and firewood as well as pasture for pack animals. It was also a favored gathering spot of the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> and a natural ford nearby offered an easy river crossing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes apparently encouraged the presence of a trader in their territory so they could obtain firearms. Although Spanish law and, later, Mexican law prohibited the sale or trade of firearms to Indians, such activities might be conducted at a remote, rugged location without much fear of official sanction.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robidoux established several trails for supplying Fort Uncompahgre. The first of these, known as the Mountain Branch of the <strong>Old Spanish Trail</strong>, led north out of Santa Fé, up into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, northwest across <strong>Cochetopa Pass</strong>, then down into the Gunnison valley to the fort. This was a challenging route, but if not snowbound, it was much shorter than following the main branch of the Old Spanish Trail. The second trail, known as Robidoux’s Cutoff, was used for goods imported from St. Louis. The cutoff left the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> near <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, proceeded westward to the vicinity of present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>, then around the south end of the <strong>Wet Mountains</strong> and over Mosca Pass into the San Luis Valley. Here it joined with the Mountain Branch. The cutoff was advantageous because it was far shorter than freighting the goods north from Santa Fé and avoided Mexican customs, where taxes reached as high as 30 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Little is known about the construction or layout of Fort Uncompahgre except that it was on the south bank of the Gunnison River. Few travelers passed through the fort because of its remote location. There are no known contemporary descriptions of the fort, but it probably resembled Fort Uintah, another fort Robidoux built in present-day eastern Utah. Fort Uncompahgre probably consisted of a few crude log buildings surrounded by a fence of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> pickets. This type of construction would have been acceptable to the Utes, who were sensitive about permanent structures built on their lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Accounts indicate that the fort had between fifteen and eighteen male employees. These men would have been responsible for trading, limited trapping, preparing hides and skins, and bundling fur packs. Additionally, the cottonwood pickets and log structures would have needed continual maintenance and replacement as the soft cottonwood rotted. Transportation to the area was difficult and expensive, and anything that could be made or grown locally would reduce costs significantly. Employees probably raised a garden, which may have included corn, wheat, beans, lentils, potatoes, melons, and squash. Sheep or goats were probably also kept at the fort.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robidoux’s employees were all Mexicans, probably from the Santa Fé area. Employees typically worked under a one-year contract and would be paid in trade goods received at the end of their service. At the time, Nuevo México (as the northern colonies of Old Mexico were known) had a surplus of labor and wage rates were approximately $5 per month for skilled craftsmen, while unskilled labor was worth no more than $2 per month.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The primary structure on the post would have been the trade room, where <strong>trappers</strong> and Indians would have brought their skins and furs to be graded and weighed. They could then choose from a selection of trade goods displayed in another area of the trade room. The living quarters of the <strong>trader</strong> or his principal would have adjoined the trade room. Other structures on the post probably included a storage building for the furs, a kitchen/living quarters for the post cook, and a blacksmith/carpenter’s shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In September 1831, authorities in Santa Fé granted Robidoux a license for a second trading post near the confluence of the Whiterock and Uintah rivers. This post, known as Fort Uintah, served both Anglo and Mexican trappers as well as Ute and sometimes Shoshoni Indians. Rufus Sage, in <em>Rocky Mountain Life</em>, described this fort from his visit in the early 1840s as follows: “Robideau’s Fort is situated on the right bank of the Uintah . . . The trade of this post is conducted principally with the trapping parties frequenting the Big Bear, Green, Grand, and the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> Rivers, with their numerous tributaries, in search of fur-bearing game. A small business is also carried on with the Snake and Utah Indians, living in the neighborhood of this establishment. The common articles of dealing are horses, with <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a>, otter, deer, sheep, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> skins, in barter for ammunition, fire-arms, knives, tobacco, beads, awls, &amp;c.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1837, the Hudson’s Bay Company was becoming competitive in the area, and to hold them back, Robidoux built a third post—Fort Robidoux—near the confluence of the Green and White rivers in present-day Utah. Fort Robidoux was probably just a temporary post, and in 1838, when the Hudson’s Bay Company withdrew from the Uintah Basin, it was abandoned.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Toward the end of the 1830s, the price of beaver pelts declined precipitously. To make up for lost revenues, Fort Uncompahgre increased its trade in California horses and Indian slaves. Although Spanish and, later, Mexican authorities prohibited the taking of new slaves, the prohibition was not enforced. Powerful tribes would capture women and children of their weaker neighbors and sell them in the northern colonies (New Mexico), where demand was high for laborers and wives. In the 1830s, boys between the ages of eight and twelve years were valued at $50 to $100 in trade goods, and girls were worth approximately twice as much.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1841, other developments were changing the economics of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. The Oregon Trail had opened up, taking a steady stream of emigrants across the plains to Oregon and California. In addition to emigrants, the trail became a major route for hauling freight that supplied posts such as Fort Hall and Fort Bridger. The resulting lower freight costs, combined with industrial expansion in the East, meant the prices for trade goods were much lower than what Robidoux could offer with his Santa Fé–based operations. The Indians concluded that the Santa Fé and Taos traders, including Robidoux, had cheated them for years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During summer 1843, hostilities broke out between Utes and Mexicans in the Santa Fé area. Warfare spread up the San Luis Valley and into the Gunnison Basin, engulfing Fort Uncompahgre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it was known as a fort, Robidoux’s structure was designed more as a holding area for livestock and to secure trade goods and furs; it was never intended as a defensive structure during war. With one exception, all of the Mexicans were slaughtered and their women taken prisoner. Only a single Mexican trapper, Calario Cortez, escaped the carnage. He arrived in Taos fourteen days later, hungry and exhausted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes also captured an American visiting the fort. He was later released with a message for Robidoux telling him that the furs, hides, and buildings were intact, and that the Utes’ quarrel was with the Mexicans, not the Americans or the French. The Utes’ motivation for leaving the fort unscathed is uncertain. Did they expect that Robidoux would return to the fort as if nothing had happened, or were they trying to lure him back so he too could be killed? It is also not known why the Utes did not attack Fort Uintah, which was also staffed by Mexicans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Uncompahgre was left vacant for about two years before local Utes destroyed it. Robidoux never returned to the Uintah Basin to trap or trade for furs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 Fort Uncompahgre was reconstructed upriver from its presumed original location, on land owned by the city of Delta. There has been renewed interest in the fort in recent years, and in 2015 the reconstructed fort was reopened to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from the Old Spanish Trail Association, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/fort-uncompahgre/">Fort Uncompahgre</a>,” n.d.</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/miller-chris" hreflang="und">Miller, Chris</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/antoine-robidoux" hreflang="en">antoine robidoux</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-uintah" hreflang="en">Fort Uintah</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century-trading-posts" hreflang="en">19th century trading posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-posts-colorado" hreflang="en">trading posts colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/old-spanish-national-historic-trail" hreflang="en">old spanish national historic trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/delta-colorado" hreflang="en">delta colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ken Reyher, <em>Antoine Robidoux and Fort Uncompahgre: The Story of a Western Fur Trader</em> (Ouray, CO: Western Reflections, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rufus B. Sage, <em>Rocky Mountain Life, or, Startling Scenes and Perilous Adventures in the Far West during an Expedition of Three Years</em> (1859; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. Gregory Crampton and Steven K. Madsen, <em>In Search of the Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles, 1829–1848</em> (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph J. Hill, “Antoine Robidoux, Kingpin in the Colorado River Fur Trade, 1824–1844,”<em> Colorado Magazine</em> 7 (July 1930).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/">History of the Southern Ute</a>,” Southern Ute Indian Tribe, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://interpcolorado.org/">Interpretive Association of Western Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ron Kessler, <em>Old Spanish Trail North Branch and Its Travelers: Stories of the Exploration of the American Southwest</em> (Santa Fe: Sunstone, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Douglas M. Knudson, <em>Characters of the Old Spanish Trail</em> (South Fork, CO: Sylvan Trail Books, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Mac Gregor and Siegfried Halus, <em>In Search of Dominguez &amp; Escalante: Photographing the 1776 Spanish Expedition through the Southwest</em> (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeremy Miller, “<a href="https://www.hcn.org/issues/44.5/following-the-old-spanish-trail-across-the-southwest">Following the Old Spanish Trail across the Southwest</a>,” <em>High Country News</em>, April 6, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.mman.us/fortuncompahgre.htm">Mountain Men and Life in the Rocky Mountain West—Fort Uncompahgre</a>,” Malachite’s Big Hole, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://oldspanishtrail.org/">Old Spanish Trail Association</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Douglas D. Scott, “Robidoux’s Fort on the Uncompahgre and the Matlock Homestead: The Case of the Missing Resources,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 48 (December 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth von Till Warren, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/history/">The Old Spanish Trail</a>,” Old Spanish Trail Association, 2004.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2016 22:13:03 +0000 yongli 1692 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Davy Crockett http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-davy-crockett <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Davy Crockett</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1364--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1364.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-rendezvous"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/SCBL_18%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=wpWHXDZk" width="1000" height="649" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-rendezvous" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Many of the fur traders and trappers who passed through Fort Davy Crockett attended one or more of the sixteen rendezvous held between 1825 and 1840. This is William Henry Jackson’s interpretation of a Wyoming rendezvous, probably painted in the 1930s.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-09T16:19:03-06:00" title="Monday, May 9, 2016 - 16:19" class="datetime">Mon, 05/09/2016 - 16:19</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-davy-crockett" data-a2a-title="Fort Davy Crockett"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-davy-crockett&amp;title=Fort%20Davy%20Crockett"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Fort Davy Crockett was one of three known nineteenth-century forts and <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> on the western side of the Rocky Mountains, in the drainage systems of the Green and <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> Rivers. From the mid-1830s to 1840, Fort Davy Crockett, along with <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a> and Fort Uintah, served as centers of trade with Native American tribes, fur trappers, and passing travelers. Prior to the establishment of Fort Davy Crockett, the location was an important wintering spot for Native Americans and early fur trappers. Once established, the fort would become an important trade hub, social center, and crossroads linking the northern and southern frontiers.</p> <p>The exact date of Fort Davy Crockett’s construction is unknown; however, several accounts suggest its origin sometime in the mid-1830s. The fort was established along the Green River in the far northwest corner of what became Colorado, within a naturally sheltered area referred to as <strong>Brown’s Hole</strong>. Brown’s Hole is just over eight miles long and is surrounded by upland landforms that shelter it from winter snows. Prior to the establishment of the fort, the area was a favored wintering and trade spot frequented by European fur trappers and Native American tribes such as <strong>Shoshones</strong> and <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Utes</strong></a>.</p> <p>Trapper William Ashley gave the first description of the area in 1825. Following this, the Colonel Bean Party of Arkansas Trappers spent the winter of 1831–32 at Brown’s Hole. As the location became better known, partners William Craig, Philip Thompson, and Prewett (aka Pruett or Previtt) Sinclair—the three men originally part of the Bean Party—built a post at Brown’s Hole. By 1836 the post was known as Fort Davy Crockett, named after the Texas hero killed at the Alamo.</p> <p>Much of what is known of the fort has been garnered through historical accounts from visitors passing through the area on established trails. One of the best accounts is given by Thomas Jefferson Farnham, leader of an Oregon-bound party in 1839. Farnham described the fort as “a hollow square of one-story log cabins with roofs and floors of mud.” Less than a week later, Dr. F. A. Wislizenus, a German doctor passing through the area, painted a dismal picture of the fort when he stated “the fort itself is the worst thing of the kind that we have seen on our journey . . . in short, the whole establishment appeared somewhat poverty-stricken.” &nbsp;The doctor’s account goes on to state that the fort was commonly known as Fort Misery (Fort de Misere) by local trappers.</p> <p>The fort operated into 1840 when <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Christopher “Kit” Carson</strong></a> served as one of a band of hunters for the fort. In that same year, the last trade rendezvous occurred north of Brown’s Hole along the upper Green River, signaling the end of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> era. The closing of the fort was precipitated by an incident involving one of the fort owners, Philip Thompson, in which horses were stolen from Fort Hall and from Indian allies. Thompson’s compatriots, unwilling to condone his actions, ultimately brought about the dissolution of the fort’s partnership between Thompson, Craig, and Sinclair. Although there were documented trading events in Brown’s Hole, the fort was no longer inhabited when <a href="/article/john-c-fr%C3%A9mont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> passed through Brown’s Hole in 1844 during his second western expedition. Frémont wrote that he camped across the river from “the remains of an old fort.” Considering that Frémont was accompanied by Kit Carson, the “old fort” was undoubtedly Fort Davy Crockett.</p> <p>The fort was again mentioned by Captain Randolph B. Marcy as he trekked along the Green River during his near-fatal winter expedition over the Rocky Mountains in 1857. Marcy knew of the fort and stated that “Fort Davy Crockett was now in ruins, its crumbling walls presenting mute evidence of the passing of the hectic days of the fur trade.”</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/pfertsh-jack-e" hreflang="und">Pfertsh, Jack E. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century-trading-posts" hreflang="en">19th century trading posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trapper" hreflang="en">fur trapper</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-park" hreflang="en">Browns Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-misery" hreflang="en">Fort Misery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historical-archaeology" hreflang="en">historical archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-fur-trade-colorado" hreflang="en">history of fur trade in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson" hreflang="en">kit carson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-c-fremont" hreflang="en">john c. fremont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/browns-hole" hreflang="en">Brown&#039;s Hole</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-uncompahgre" hreflang="en">fort uncompahgre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shoshone-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Shoshone Indian tribe</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William B. Butler, <em>The Fur Trade in Colorado</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 2012).</p> <p>Frank W. Eddy, “The Archaeological Mitigation Program and Excavation at Site 5MF605, Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge, Moffat County, Colorado,” unpublished report prepared for US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Interagency Archeological Services Branch (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1982).</p> <p>Thomas Jefferson Farnham, “<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/48046/48046-0.txt">Travels in the Great Western Prairies: The Anahuac, and Rocky Mountains, and in the Oregon Country</a>,” in <em>Early Western Travels 1748–1846</em>, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites, vol. 27 (Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark, 1906).</p> <p>Brevet Captain John C. Frémont, <em>Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–’44</em> (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1845).</p> <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Fort Davy Crockett, Its Fur Men and Visitors,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 29 (January 1952).</p> <p>Colonel R. B. Marcy, <em>Thirty Years of Army Life on the Border</em> (New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1866).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>John D. Barton, “<a href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/trappers,_traders,_and_explorers/fortdavycrockett.html">Fort Davy Crockett</a>,” Utah History to Go, n.d..</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 09 May 2016 22:19:03 +0000 yongli 1362 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--406--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--406.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort-reconstructed"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/bents-old-fort_0.jpg?itok=2jmh2MrY" width="800" height="640" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort-reconstructed" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort, Reconstructed</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Bent's Old Fort was built near present-day La Junta in 1833 by the trading partners Ceran St. Vrain and William and Charles Bent. The fort was the center of trade along the Santa Fé Trail until about 1850. This reconstruction of Bent's Old Fort was completed in 1976.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-04-06T15:43:01-06:00" title="Monday, April 6, 2015 - 15:43" class="datetime">Mon, 04/06/2015 - 15:43</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts" data-a2a-title="Nineteenth-Century Trading Posts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fnineteenth-century-trading-posts&amp;title=Nineteenth-Century%20Trading%20Posts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The historic <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, ushered in a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable commodities in American and European markets. White trappers and traders constructed the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade waned in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. However, several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vague accounts exist of trading posts built by French traders on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and in the western plains of Colorado in the eighteenth century. The Spanish also built such posts during this time or even earlier in the upper Arkansas region, but these early French and Spanish posts have not been located and are known only through vague historical references. Explorer <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> built a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pike’s-stockade"><strong>stockade</strong></a> in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> shortly before being detained by the Spanish in 1807, and the Spanish constructed a short-lived military fort in 1819 to limit foreign access through Sangre de Cristo Pass west of modern-day Walsenburg. <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> in western Colorado, was the first fort unequivocally established in Colorado for the fur trade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, William Butler indicates that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo, to large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>,<strong> <a href="/article/fort-jackson">Fort Jackson</a></strong>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river and operated simultaneously from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s; however, some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became an important stopping point along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a> and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/newton-cody" hreflang="und">Newton, Cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-vasquez" hreflang="en">fort vasquez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lupton" hreflang="en">fort lupton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-old-fort" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s old fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/platte-river" hreflang="en">platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-st-vrain" hreflang="en">fort st. vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-uncompahgre" hreflang="en">fort uncompahgre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century" hreflang="en">19th century</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th" hreflang="en">19th</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/19th-century-trading-posts" hreflang="en">19th century trading posts</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William B. Butler, <em>The Fur Trade in Colorado</em> (Lake City: Western Reflections, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hiram Martin Chittendon, <em>The American Fur Trade of the Far West</em> (2 vols.) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986 [1935]).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald Jackson, <em>The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Lecompte, <em>Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: Society on the High Plains, 1832–1856</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Lecompte, “Gant’s Fort and Bent’s Picket Post,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 41 (1964).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cody Newton, “Native Place, Environment, and the Trade Fort Concentration on the South Platte River, 1835–1845,” <em>Ethnohistory</em> 59 (2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roland G. Robertson, <em>Competitive Struggle: America’s Western Fur Trading Posts, 1764–1865</em> (Boise: Tamarack Books, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Amos Stoddard, <em>Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana</em> (Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Thomas, “The Spanish Fort in Colorado, 1819,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 14 (1937).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/historic-forts-colorado">Historic Forts in Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.mman.us/">Malachite’s Big Hole</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region began in the early 1800s. It was a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides from Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable goods in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders built the first long-lasting American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade faded in the mid-1800s, many of the posts were abandoned. Several of these locations remained important and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort started in Colorado for the fur trade. Author William Butler notes that twenty-four trading posts of various sizes and structures were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. There were small wooden buildings such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, as well as settlements such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. Large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong> </a>on the Arkansas River, served as trading posts. Several forts were built along the South Platte River, including <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. They all operated at the same time, from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the end of the fur trade in the early 1840s. Some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. These posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the 1800s, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of business for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, was a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable goods in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders built the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade declined in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. Several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort established in Colorado for the fur trade. In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, author William Butler notes that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. There were also large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the South Platte River, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river. They all operated at the same time from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s; however, some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. They served as the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The historic fur trade era in the Colorado region, which began in the early nineteenth century, ushered in a period of direct contact between Native Americans and whites. By this time, the hides and robes provided by Colorado’s furbearing animals had become valuable commodities in American and European markets. White <strong>trappers</strong> and traders constructed the first permanent American outposts as places to take in furs and robes. As this trade waned in the mid-nineteenth century, many of the posts were abandoned. However, several of these locations remained important to later emigrant or freighting operations and served as future sites of many Colorado cities and towns.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Explorer <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> built a stockade in the San Luis Valley shortly before being detained by the Spanish in 1807, and the Spanish constructed a short-lived military fort in 1819 to limit foreign access through Sangre de Cristo Pass west of modern-day Walsenburg. <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a>, built in 1828 on the Gunnison River in western Colorado, was the first fort established in Colorado for the fur trade.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In his overview of the fur trade in Colorado, author William Butler indicates that twenty-four trading posts were built in the state between 1800 and 1850. They varied from small wooden buildings, such as Gant’s Post on Fountain Creek, to those that resembled settlements, such as Buzzard’s Roost near modern-day Pueblo. There were also large adobe stockades, such as <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River. Several locations in the state were home to multiple forts, particularly on the South Platte River, where <a href="/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, <strong>Fort Lupton</strong>, <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a>, and <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong> were built along a thirteen-mile stretch of the river and operated simultaneously from 1837 to 1839.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most of these trading posts did not survive the collapse of the fur trade in the early 1840s. Some, such as Bent’s Old Fort, became important stopping points along the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, the commercial link between Mexico and the United States. Other locations, such as El Pueblo and Greenhorn, were early communities founded by trappers and traders. As the earliest permanent non-native establishments in Colorado, these posts were important centers of economic and social activity among trappers, traders, and Native Americans. In the nineteenth century, as the economic focus shifted from the fur trade to mining, ranching, and farming, these posts became centers of commerce for many early communities in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 06 Apr 2015 21:43:01 +0000 yongli 404 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org