%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en San Luis http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">San Luis</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-02-11T10:04:29-07:00" title="Friday, February 11, 2022 - 10:04" class="datetime">Fri, 02/11/2022 - 10:04</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis" data-a2a-title="San Luis"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsan-luis&amp;title=San%20Luis"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The oldest continuously occupied town in Colorado, San Luis sits along Culebra Creek, just west of the <strong>Sangre de Cristo Mountains</strong> in the southeast portion of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. In April 1851, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado"><strong>Hispanos</strong></a> from Taos, New Mexico, founded San Luis on the <strong>Sangre de Cristo Land Grant</strong>, which the Mexican government originally issued in 1843. Today the town has a population of around 700 and is the county seat of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/costilla-county"><strong>Costilla County</strong></a>. In addition to being the oldest town in present-day Colorado, San Luis maintains the state’s oldest continually held <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> right in the acequia —a community irrigation ditch—developed by residents in the early 1850s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the nineteenth century, the San Luis Valley was frequented by several Indigenous nations, most commonly the Tabeguache, Muache, and Capote bands of the Nuche, or <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico laid claim to the valley. Over the next two decades, in an attempt to check the influence of the expanding United States, the Mexican government issued several <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mexican-land-grants-colorado"><strong>land grants</strong></a> in the valley. Still, it could not establish settlements there, due to Ute resistance. The Sangre de Cristo grant, where San Luis would eventually be founded, was awarded to Narciso Beaubien and Stephen Luis Lee in late 1843.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Luis Valley became part of the United States in 1848, given up by Mexico in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo"><strong>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</strong></a><strong>.</strong> In 1849 the US government and local Nuche leaders signed the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-abiqui%C3%BA"><strong>Treaty of Abiquiú</strong></a>. The treaty allowed the United States to establish a military presence in the San Luis Valley and granted free passage to American citizens, which now included New Mexicans. With the treaty in place, colonizers from New Mexico felt safer venturing north to the valley. Over the course of 1850 and 1851, Hispanos established numerous small villages on Nuche land in today’s Costilla County, many of which were abandoned and repopulated several times.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring of 1851, a group of ten Hispanos from the Taos Valley in New Mexico—including Dario Gallegos, Juan Salazar, Faustin Medina, and Mariano Pacheco—returned to the banks of Culebra Creek. In traditional Spanish fashion, the colonists built their homes around a central public area, a plaza. On April 5 they established the plaza that would become San Luis, then known as San Luis de la Culebra.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The colonists stayed until the fall, when a Ute attack killed three in the party, then left for the winter. When they returned in the spring of 1852, they immediately set to work building the irrigation ditch that would be the lifeblood of the new community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The People’s Ditch and the Pasture</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In April 1852, Dario Gallegos and the other founders began hand-digging an acequia, or irrigation ditch, to bring water from Culebra Creek to the narrow strips of farms dug out by the villagers. The ditch eventually became known as the San Luis People’s Ditch and held the first official <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-law"><strong>water right</strong></a> in Colorado, dating from April 10, 1852. First crops included wheat, beans, corn, and other vegetables.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the colonists at San Luis built their farms and furrows, Charles (Carlos) Beaubien served as its administrator. He enacted rules to keep order, set up a permission system for newcomers, and acted as the local justice of the peace. He also granted the San Luis colonists a 900-acre public pasture on the outskirts of town, called La Vega, for their livestock.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Conflict with the Nuche in and around the San Luis Valley persisted through the 1850s, but the town of San Luis endured. In 1857 Dario Gallegos opened the first dry goods store in town, and in 1859 he gifted the community a chapel, marking the beginning of organized Catholic worship in San Luis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As it did elsewhere in the San Luis Valley, the isolation and precariousness of life at San Luis nurtured a fiercely independent culture that retained heavy Spanish influence. While some colonists belonged to the region’s early parishes, others followed the ways of the Penitentes, an unofficial Catholic brotherhood whose roots stretched back centuries in Spain. The group was known for its extreme methods for cleansing sin, which included self-flagellation and members tying themselves to wooden crosses. As more official Catholic activity increased in the San Luis Valley and the region drew itself closer to American laws and culture, authorities sanctioned the Penitentes and discouraged their activities.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Indigenous slavery was another distinct feature of life in the nineteenth-century San Luis Valley. Many enslaved people were Diné (Navajo) taken in attacks by the Nuche and traded to Spanish colonists in places like Taos. Indigenous slaves in the San Luis Valley often worked as domestic servants. The family of Dario Gallegos, for example, had an enslaved Indigenous person as the family cook.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Further Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Two events in 1858 helped spur further development in San Luis and the surrounding valley. First, the valley’s main US military institution, the ineffective Fort Massachusetts, was relocated and recommissioned as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a>. The new fort was better positioned and equipped to discourage Nuche resistance. Then, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> drew thousands of immigrants to Colorado. Recognizing that the swelling ranks of miners to the north would need more grain, Taos residents <strong>Ceran St. Vrain</strong> and H. E. Easterday built a new flour mill in San Luis in 1859. The mill made San Luis a local hub, as farmers from all around came to deposit their grain.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town got a post office in 1860, and by 1872 the <em>Pueblo Chieftain </em>estimated its population to be around 1,000. The <em>Chieftain</em> described San Luis that year as “quite a large village, containing four stores, a blacksmith shop, carpenter shops, a good hotel, and among the rest several very neat dwellings.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the creation of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861 and the removal of most of the Muache bands in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>1868</strong></a>, American influence within and around San Luis grew, spurring conflicts over water and land rights. The US government officially recognized the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant in 1860. In 1864 Beaubien died, but not before he agreed to sell his stake in the grant to Colorado territorial governor <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a>. Gilpin eventually acquired much of the grant and began offering tracts for sale to investors elsewhere in the United States, England, and Europe. These new investors had their own plans, in which the existing Hispano residents of San Luis figured little. The citizens of San Luis and other towns on the grant were eventually forced to give up some communal rights to water and timber, though not without protracted legal fights. These tensions between descendants of the grant’s original colonists and developers continued throughout the twentieth century and persist today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, San Luis’s status in the broader valley declined as regional economic ties shifted away from Hispano New Mexico and toward an increasingly Anglo-developed Colorado. In the late 1860s, <a href="/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a> helped establish the town of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saguache-0"><strong>Saguache</strong></a> in the northern part of the San Luis Valley; he later connected his mountain toll roads to the town, making it a magnet for commercial and agricultural interests. In 1878 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> extended to <strong>Alamosa</strong>, creating another regional hub.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though it was now the seat of Costilla County—with a courthouse built in 1883—San Luis sat in relative isolation in the southern part of the valley, developing far more slowly than some of its regional neighbors. In January 1920, San Luis got its first bank, the State Bank of San Luis. An article announcing the bank’s opening described the town’s residents as “Spanish-speaking people of the old school, polished, courteous, energetic and prosperous.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the next several decades, San Luis continued to be an out-of-the-way farming community. Perhaps some of the most significant developments in the twentieth century were changes to the People’s Ditch. A series of dry years in the 1960s prompted the incorporation of the ditch at the urging of state and federal authorities. The State Engineers Office and the Army Corps of Engineers believed that paving the ditch would reduce evaporation and absorption and allow more water to reach downstream farmers during drought years. Although some expressed concern about the environmental effects, San Luis ditch members ultimately agreed to pave the original channel of the People’s Ditch, the Acequia Madre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1980s, the Rev. Patrick Valdez came up with an idea to use San Luis’s Catholic heritage to revive the town’s lagging economy:  an outdoor shrine commemorating the fifteen stations of the cross. The shrine would draw religious tourists from across the country. For the site, Valdez got the county to sell off eighty-two acres atop a mesa overlooking the town, and local sculptor Huberto Maestas created a series of fifteen bronze statues that were placed along a trail leading to an adobe church built in the Spanish-Moorish style—the <strong>Capilla de Todos Los Santos</strong>, the Chapel of All Saints. Although it fell short of rejuvenating the San Luis economy, the shrine does attract visitors and remains a holy site and point of pride for many locals.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the town of San Luis has a population of around 680. Like many other towns in the valley, it still faces challenges associated with its isolation. One out of every four residents in the San Luis Valley is impoverished, and San Luis residents struggle to get basic internet access to augment work and school. Agriculture continues to be the main economic activity, but recent droughts have exacerbated a water shortage that threatens to cut productivity.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite its economic struggles, San Luis remains a uniquely rich bastion of Hispano culture. Each year, for example, the town hosts the Fiesta de Santiago y Santa Ana, a gathering that celebrates the community’s patron saints. The fiesta is a celebration of the town’s past and present, with a car show, historical speaking events, a mass, and concerts. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis" hreflang="en">san luis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/costilla-county" hreflang="en">costilla county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-history" hreflang="en">san luis history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shrine-stations-cross" hreflang="en">shrine of the stations of the cross</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dario-gallegos" hreflang="en">dario gallegos</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/muache-ute" hreflang="en">Muache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano" hreflang="en">hispano</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hispano-culture" hreflang="en">hispano culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism-colorado" hreflang="en">catholicism in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholics-colorado" hreflang="en">catholics colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sangre-de-cristo-land-grant" hreflang="en">Sangre de Cristo Land Grant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carlos-beaubien" hreflang="en">Carlos Beaubien</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gilpin" hreflang="en">William Gilpin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Erica Breunlin, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2021/08/11/rural-colorado-education-schools-broadband-internet-access-san-luis-pandemic/">A Rural Colorado School District Is Spending $3 Million to Connect Kids’ Homes to the Internet. Will It Be Enough?</a>” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, August 11, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ALC19200117-01.2.12&amp;srpos=3&amp;e=--1920---1950--en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22San+Luis%22+costilla-------0------">Colorado Village Gets Its First Bank</a>,” <em>Alamosa Courier</em>, January 17, 1920.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joseph C. Gallegos and Devon G. Peña, “San Luis People’s Ditch,” <em>Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT18721204.2.15&amp;srpos=19&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22San+Luis%22+costilla-------0------">New Mexico. The Towns of San Luis and Taos—Peculiarity of Mexican Life and Institutions—Another Sound Letter From Our Traveling Correspondent</a>,” <em>Pueblo Chieftain</em>, December 4, 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Obmascik, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2021/08/29/san-luis-valley-water-diversion-drought-climate-change/">The Water Supply of the San Luis Valley Faces Pressure as Never Before</a>,” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, August 29, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=DNP19871225-01.2.37&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22stations+of+the+cross%22+%22san+luis%22-------0------">Priest Wants to Build Shrine to Help Community’s Economy</a>,” <em>Douglas County News-Press</em>, December 25, 1987.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Town of San Luis, Colorado, “<a href="https://townofsanluisco.org/santana.html">2021 Fiesta de Santiago y Santa Ana</a>,” 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Town of San Luis, Colorado, “<a href="https://townofsanluisco.org/shrine.html">The Shrine of the Stations of the Cross</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sally Vigil, “La Plaza de San Luis de Culebra,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (November 1975).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alamosa.org, “<a href="https://www.alamosa.org/things-to-do-in-alamosa/alamosa-arts-and-culture/405-stations-of-the-cross">Stations of the Cross: San Luis Bronze Sculptures and Art</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip Gallegos, “Religious Architecture in Colorado’s San Luis Valley,” in <a name="_Hlk81820274" id="_Hlk81820274"><em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Elisa Facio, Daryl Maeda, and Reiland Rabaka (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.thesacredartgallery.com/artists/huberto-maestas/">Huberto Maestas</a>,” the Sacred Art Gallery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Susan P. MacAulay, “Pictorial Narratives of San Luis, Colorado: Legacy, Place, and Politics,” in <em>Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado</em>, ed. Elisa Facio, Daryl Maeda, and Reiland Rabaka (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://townofsanluisco.org/">San Luis, Colorado</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Tourism, “<a href="https://sanluis.colorado.com/">San Luis Valley Heritage</a>.”</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 11 Feb 2022 17:04:29 +0000 yongli 3662 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Brunot Agreement http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Brunot Agreement</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1409--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1409.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ouray-and-subchiefs-1873"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Brunot-Agreement_0.jpg?itok=a5rOSC3Z" width="1000" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ouray-and-subchiefs-1873" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ouray and subchiefs, 1873</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ute Indians and agents in Washington, DC after conclusion of the 1873 Brunot Agreement. Front row, left to right: Guero, Chipeta, Ouray, and Piah; second row: Uriah M. Curtis, James B. Thompson, Charles Adams, and Otto Mears; back row: Washington, Susan (Ouray’s sister), Johnson, Jack, and John.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1410--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1410.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-camp-los-pinos"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10025071_0.jpg?itok=r97qtfJy" width="1000" height="571" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-camp-los-pinos" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Camp at Los Pinos</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ute camp at <a href="/article/los-pinos-indian-agency"><strong>Los Pinos Agency</strong></a>, 1874.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-18T14:41:15-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2016 - 14:41" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2016 - 14:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement" data-a2a-title="Brunot Agreement"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbrunot-agreement&amp;title=Brunot%20Agreement"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Brunot Agreement between the Nuche<strong>&nbsp;</strong>(<strong><a href="/search/google/ute">Ute</a></strong>)&nbsp;and the US government in 1873 led to the development of mining in&nbsp;the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> by taking&nbsp;3.7 million acres (about 5,780 square miles) from the Ute Reservation in western Colorado. As white encroachment continued over the next decade, tensions escalated and the Utes were eventually force-marched to&nbsp;Utah in 1881.</p> <p>Unlike previous agreements between the US government and Native Americans, the Brunot Agreement was not a <a href="/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaty</strong></a>; treaties were considered to be agreements between sovereign nations, and the US government no longer recognized Indigenous&nbsp;sovereignty <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-appropriations-act-1871"><strong>after 1871</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Miners first made their way into the San Juan Mountains in 1860–61, but it was not until 1869 that valuable minerals were discovered and not until 1871–72 that mine development took place. The <strong><a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868">Treaty of 1868</a> </strong>put the San Juan Mountains within a Ute reservation that encompassed almost the entire western third of Colorado. Although off limits to non-Indians, prospectors and miners entered the region. The growing mining activity drew the attention of the Utes, who were unhappy about the incursions but not openly hostile.</p> <h2>First Negotiations</h2> <p>Realizing the importance of the minerals, the federal government began negotiating with the Utes in 1872 to have the San Juan Mountains ceded from the reservation. The first attempt at an agreement was a dismal failure. In 1872 John D. Lang of Maine,<strong> <a href="/article/colorado-territory">Colorado territorial</a></strong> governor <a href="/article/edward-m-mccook"><strong>Edward M. McCook</strong></a>, and John McDonald of Missouri were appointed commissioners to carry out the negotiations, which began at the <a href="/article/los-pi%C3%B1os-indian-agency"><strong>Los Piños Indian Agency</strong></a> on August 26, 1872. Although not an official member of the commission, <strong>Felix R. Brunot</strong>, Chairman of the Board of Indian Commissioners, was present. Nearly all of the Ute bands, as well as the Jicarilla Apache, were represented by headmen, and the government recognized Chief <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, a Tabeguache Ute, as the overall Ute leader. The meeting also included numerous government officials and almost all the <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agents</strong></a> of the respective bands. Suspicious of government and territorial officials, the Utes flatly refused to sell any of their reservation, wanting only that the government live up to its obligations of the Treaty of 1868 by removing trespassers.</p> <h2>Second Negotiations</h2> <p>Despite the Utes’ distrust of Brunot during negotiations, he had private conversations with Ouray in which he discovered that Ouray’s only son had been taken captive by the Lakota and traded to the<strong> Arapaho</strong>. Using this information, Brunot succeeded in finding a young man he thought was Ouray’s son, whom he promised to return to Ouray. In return, Ouray reassured Brunot that the Utes would agree to cede the mining lands in the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Charles A. Adams, the agent at Los Piños, and <strong>Jerome B. Chaffee</strong>, delegate to Congress from Colorado, worked to have Brunot appointed to a new commission to negotiate the land cession. Brunot and Nathan Bishop of the Board of Indian Commissioners were appointed on June 2, 1873. On June 25, before the negotiations, Ouray and Adams went to Cheyenne to finalize arrangements with Brunot. Brunot planned to bring Ouray’s son with him to the negotiations.</p> <p>Brunot was delayed by waiting for Ouray’s son to arrive. Bishop was also unable to join him, so Brunot, secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners Thomas K. Cree, and Spanish interpreter James Phillips finally arrived at the Los Piños Agency on September 5, 1873. Ouray acted as the Ute interpreter for each of the Ute bands, all of which were represented by headmen except the White River Utes, whose leaders had left because of the delay. Representatives of the Jicarilla Apache were also present. Upon his arrival, Brunot learned that the Indians were unhappy about the delay and that Ouray was disappointed to have not been reunited with his son.</p> <p>Before negotiations began, several days were spent deflecting questions from Shavano of the Tabeguache about the eastern and southern reservation boundaries, the desire of the Muache and Capote bands to remain in New Mexico, and a request for Brunot’s intervention on behalf of the Jicarilla Apache in New Mexico. In these matters, Brunot was far from forthcoming and rather deceitful, brushing issues aside in order to get to the real point of the negotiations: the land cession. Brunot spent considerable time ingratiating himself with the Utes, attempting to convince them that he was trustworthy. Although Ouray noted that “they [miners and other Utes] say the man who comes to make the treaty will go off to the States, and it will all be as they [the government] want it,” he indicated that Brunot had convinced him of his trustworthiness.</p> <h2>Finalizing the Agreement</h2> <p>Brunot quickly discovered that the Utes were willing to sell only the existing mines, so long as no houses or permanent settlements were established and only a single road provided access. To the Utes’ surprise, Brunot declined to negotiate on those terms, knowing that trespasses were certain. A keen negotiator, Brunot asked the Utes what the boundary line should be around land that they would cede. He convinced the Utes it would be better to sell their land rather than lose it by force with no compensation. He proposed that an agency be established in the southern portion of the reservation for the Muache and Capote, that the Utes could continue to go onto the plains to hunt bison, and that the land west of the ceded portion remain in Ute hands to connect the southern and northern parts of the reservation.</p> <p>After Ouray consulted with the Ute bands, Brunot offered $25,000 per year forever in exchange for the mountains. Ouray pointed out that the abundant game in the mountains was important, so Brunot agreed that the Utes could continue to hunt on the land that they sold. Brunot then added a $1,000 yearly salary for Ouray. On September 13, 1873, all of the principal men of the Utes signed the agreement, providing that representatives of the different bands visit the land being sold to make certain that it contained only mining land and no farmland. In accordance with the agreement, Cree, Adams, and Dolan accompanied several Utes on a weeklong inspection journey, which confirmed that little or no agricultural land was included in the cession. As a result, the remaining Utes at the agency signed the agreement, and a copy was sent to the White River, <a href="/article/denver-special-indian-agency"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Cimarron, and Tierra Amarilla agencies to be signed by other Utes. Ouray and a delegation of Utes carried the agreement to Washington in October 1873, and Congress approved it on April 24, 1874.</p> <p>The ceded land boundary began on the eastern boundary of the Ute Reservation fifteen miles north of the southern boundary of Colorado, then ran west parallel with the southern boundary to a point twenty miles east of the western boundary of Colorado. The boundary then ran north parallel to the western boundary for ten miles to the 38th parallel, east to the eastern boundary of the reservation, and then south along the boundary to the first point. Uncompahgre Park, valley land on the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong> just north of the current town of <a href="/article/ouray-town"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, was to be excluded from the ceded land. The Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes retained the southern part of the reservation for their own use, and an agency was to be established for them when the president deemed it expedient.</p> <h2>Aftermath</h2> <p>With completion of the agreement, the San Juan Mountains saw a mining rush that resulted in many towns being established in 1874 and 1875, including <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>. When the boundaries of the ceded lands were surveyed, the surveyor failed to exclude Uncompahgre Park, and it was quickly settled, much to the dissatisfaction of the Utes. Seeing the abundant farm and grazing land that surrounded the ceded territory, the Colorado citizenry became even more covetous of the Utes’ land, making it only a matter of time before most of the Utes were forced from their Colorado homeland.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/horn-jonathon-c" hreflang="und">Horn, Jonathon C.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-1868" hreflang="en">Treaty of 1868</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agent" hreflang="en">Indian Agent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agency" hreflang="en">Indian Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-reservation" hreflang="en">Southern Ute Reservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker-massacre" hreflang="en">meeker massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capote-ute" hreflang="en">Capote Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/muache-ute" hreflang="en">Muache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weeminuche-ute" hreflang="en">Weeminuche Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabeguache-ute" hreflang="en">Tabeguache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-ute" hreflang="en">Uncompahgre Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-pinos-agency" hreflang="en">Los Pinos Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-m-mccook" hreflang="en">Edward M. McCook</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to S. H. Elbert, Governor of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, April 28, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Jerome B. Chaffee, Denver, Colorado, April 29, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 7, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 24, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to H. R. Clum, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 16, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 21, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 3, 1874” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 18, 1875” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to J. Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 24, 1876” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>Felix R. Brunot, chairman of the Board of Indian Commissioners, “Letter to Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, May 24, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Jerome B. Chaffee, delegate, Colorado Territory, “Letter to Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, May 15, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary, Board of Indian Commissioners, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 27, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Interview with Ouray, Chief of the Utes, Cheyenne, Wyoming, June 24–25, 1873,” in Report of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe of Indians, October 15, 1873, <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Minutes of the Council Held with the Ute Indians, at Los Piños Agency, Colorado, September 6–12, 1873,” <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Report of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe of Indians, October 15, 1873,” <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 20, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles J. Kappler, compiler, “An Act to Ratify an Agreement with Certain Ute Indians in Colorado, and to Make an Appropriation for Carrying Out the Same, April 29, 1874,” <em>Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties</em>, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904).</p> <p>Allen Nossaman, <em>Many More Mountains</em>, vol. 1: <em>Silverton’s Roots</em> (Durango, CO: Allen Nossaman, 2006).</p> <p>Major William Redwood Price, “Letter to Lt. William J. Sartte, AAA Genl., District of New Mexico, September 7, 1872” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, “Letter to Felix R. Brunot and Nathan Bishop, June 21, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>James B. Thompson, special agent, Special Indian Agency, Denver, “Letter to the President, December 15, 1875” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>J. A. Williamson, Secretary of the Interior, “Letter to J. Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, July 24, 1876” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/forestPlan/roundtable/brunotAgreement.pdf">Brunot Agreement, 1874 (text)</a>, Fort Lewis College.<br /> <br /> Peter Decker, <em>“The Utes Must Go!</em>”<em> American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004).</p> <p>James Jefferson, Robert W. Delaney, and Gregory C. Thompson, <em>The Southern Utes: A Tribal History</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Printing Services, 1972).</p> <p>Jan Petit, <em>Utes, the Mountain People</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson Printing, 1982).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2016 20:41:15 +0000 yongli 1408 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Los Piños Indian Agency http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/los-pinos-indian-agency <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Los Piños Indian Agency</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1837--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1837.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archaeological-plan-map-2nd-los-pinos-agency"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Los%20Pinos%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=VAfe9iNn" width="1090" height="782" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archaeological-plan-map-2nd-los-pinos-agency" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archaeological plan map of 2nd Los Pinos Agency</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Post-excavation plan of the agent’s house and partial original map of the 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency on the Uncompahgre River near Colona, Colorado, as excavated by the Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project in 2003. Courtesy of Centuries Research, Inc., Montrose, Colorado.bak</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1300--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1300.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/2nd-los-pinos-ute-indian-agency-1870s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Los-Pinos-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=DEpcoSLr" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/2nd-los-pinos-ute-indian-agency-1870s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency in the 1870s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency on the Uncompahgre River in the 1870s while it was operational.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1301--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1301.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/post-office-los-pinos-agency"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Los-Pinos-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=cxll5LBj" width="1000" height="751" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/post-office-los-pinos-agency" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Post office at the Los Piños Agency</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Group portrait in front of the post office at the 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency, ca. 1877–1879.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1838--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1838.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/post-excavation-photo-agents-house-2nd-los-pinos-ute-indian-agency"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Los-Pinos-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=Gdlb6rjY" width="1000" height="675" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/post-excavation-photo-agents-house-2nd-los-pinos-ute-indian-agency" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Post-excavation photo of the agent’s house at the 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>2003 post-excavation photo of the ruins of the agent’s house at the 2nd Los Piños Ute Indian Agency (5OR139) on the Uncompahgre River. Courtesy of Centuries Research, Inc., Montrose.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-04-29T15:32:40-06:00" title="Friday, April 29, 2016 - 15:32" class="datetime">Fri, 04/29/2016 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/los-pinos-indian-agency" data-a2a-title="Los Piños Indian Agency"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flos-pinos-indian-agency&amp;title=Los%20Pi%C3%B1os%20Indian%20Agency"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>After the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868">Treaty of 1868</a></strong>, the Los Piños Indian Agency became the center of governmental authority for the Uncompahgre Utes on the Ute Indian Reservation in western Colorado. While largely forgotten after its abandonment in 1881, the site of the second iteration of the agency is now under archaeological study and provides a window into one of the darker periods in the history of Colorado’s Ute people.</p> <h2>Background</h2> <p>The Nuche, or&nbsp;<a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>&nbsp;people,&nbsp;occupied the mountainous regions of what would become Colorado at the time of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>. The gold rush, followed by the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a> of 1862 and an <a href="/article/conejos-treaty"><strong>1863 treaty</strong></a> that compelled&nbsp;the Nuche&nbsp;to leave the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> to whites,&nbsp;encouraged white colonists to start pushing deeper into the Ute heartland. With the end of the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a> in 1865, miners and settlers poured into the <strong><a href="/article/colorado-territory">Colorado Territory</a>,</strong> and the government had to address the potential for conflict&nbsp;on Ute lands. The American people were deeply divided on how best to remove&nbsp;Indigenous people from their lands.&nbsp;</p> <p>Many in the military believed it would be best to destroy Native nations&nbsp;through warfare. Many Colorado politicians, such as former Governor <strong>Frederick Pitkin</strong>,&nbsp;held such a belief. Others believed that Indigenous people&nbsp;could be led to give up their hunting and gathering and be taught to farm, learn trades, and follow the ways of white people on reservations. After the Civil War, under President Ulysses S. Grant, the latter belief prevailed in the form of the Peace Policy—a set of government policies that was essentially nonviolent but would still strip Indigenous people of their land and culture.&nbsp;</p> <p>This policy led to the establishment of many Indian reservations and associated <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agencies</strong></a> under the purview of the Office of Indian Affairs, part of the Department of the Interior. Indian agencies were administrative centers where <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-annuities"><strong>annuities</strong></a> (food and other provisions)&nbsp;were distributed and Indigenous people received instruction on farming and other white endeavors. The agencies also served to tether&nbsp;Indigenous people&nbsp;to the government, which reduced their political autonomy and allowed for easier takeover of their land.</p> <p>There was a great deal of fraud and malfeasance involved in the administration of the agency and reservation system, and the Indigenous people&nbsp;were frequently starving when&nbsp;annuities did not arrive in a timely fashion.</p> <h2>First Los Piños Agency</h2> <p>It was in this political context that the Los Piños (the Pines) Ute Indian Agency was established soon after the Civil War. Some Ute leaders, including <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Chief Ouray</strong></a>, agreed to the <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>. This founded a reservation that covered nearly all of Colorado west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. Under provisions of the 1868 treaty, an agency was to be established by the Office of Indian Affairs on the Los Piños River in extreme southern Colorado to serve some of the Ute bands.</p> <p>For various reasons the agency could not be constructed on the river. Instead, it was established in the high mountains near Cochetopa Pass south of <strong>Gunnison</strong>, which was close to the eastern boundary of the new reservation. This poorly constructed facility (eventually known as the first Los Piños Agency) was so high in the mountains that it could not be easily supplied and the surrounding land was unsuitable for growing crops. The facility’s primary purpose was to serve the combined Uncompahgre (earlier known as Sabuagana) and Tabeguache Ute bands. By the late 1860s these two bands had merged, largely because the Uncompahgres had been severely reduced in numbers by disease and warfare. For a number of years this combined band was simply known as the Tabeguaches.</p> <h2>Second Los Piños Agency</h2> <p>By the early 1870s, miners and settlers were encroaching on the eastern boundary of the reservation, and the authorities deemed it prudent to move the Los Piños Agency westward, farther away from the white settlements around Gunnison. In 1875 the agency was moved to the <strong>Uncompahgre Valley,</strong> roughly 100 miles from the old agency. This was the very heart of the Ute reservation, some of their prime hunting grounds, and the homeland of what was by then one of the last free Native nations in the United States. The Utes had an immense reservation in Colorado that was coveted by white miners and settlers. If the agency could be established in this area, it would be a simple matter to bring the Tabeguaches into fully dependent status and ultimately remove them from Colorado.</p> <p>By 1876 what became known as the second Los Piños Agency was in operation, and now that it was located on the Uncompahgre River, it also became known as the Uncompahgre Agency. &nbsp;Facilities were constructed of cheap adobe, stone, and wood-frame buildings. Located at the modern community of <strong>Colona</strong>, some nine miles south of present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose"><strong>Montrose</strong></a>, it primarily served the combined Uncompahgre and Tabeguache bands.</p> <p>The agency’s history is filled with despair for the Uncompahgres and Tabeguaches. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> to the south had been ceded away by the Utes in the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement of 1873</strong></a>, and trespassers began pushing hard against the southern boundary of the reservation from there as well as from Gunnison on the east. Fraud and deceit characterized much of the Indian agents’ administration, though there were some bright, thoughtful moments under the administration of others.</p> <p>Two events at the end of the 1870s led to the removal of most of the Nuche from their Colorado homeland. In 1879 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>'s harsh enforcement of the Peace Policy at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River&nbsp;Agency</strong></a> provoked a Ute uprising in which Meeker and his entire staff were killed. Of course, the&nbsp;<a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a>&nbsp;brought the fury of the US military and, in Colorado especially,&nbsp;calls for the Utes to be wiped out or forcefully removed. In early 1880, Ouray and other Nuche leaders were brought to Washington, D.C. to testify about the Meeker Incident and sign a new treaty that would send their people to Utah.</p> <p>In the fall of 1881, the US Army rounded up all remaining members of these old bands that it could find and force-marched them to a new reservation in Utah. Ouray, who died in the summer of 1880, did not live to see his people force-marched off their ancestral lands.&nbsp;The second Los Piños Agency was abruptly abandoned, and all government property at the short-lived facility was sold. The old agency soon passed into history and was largely forgotten.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In recent years the Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project has relocated the old agency and conducted extensive archaeological studies at the site. Today, US Highway 550 South passes directly through the center of the old agency on the north boundary of the community of Colona in <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. There are, however, no commemorative monuments marking the location of the old agency, and many Utes today see it only as a reminder of a dark and unhappy chapter in their history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/baker-steven-g" hreflang="und">Baker, Steven G.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agency" hreflang="en">Indian Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agent" hreflang="en">Indian Agent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capote-ute" hreflang="en">Capote Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/muache-ute" hreflang="en">Muache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabeguache-ute" hreflang="en">Tabeguache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-ute" hreflang="en">Uncompahgre Ute</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Steven G. Baker, “Final Project Report for the 2002–2003 Old Agency Initiative of the Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project. Volume I, Historical Archaeological Exploration and Assessment of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Los Pinos Indian Agency (5OR139),” Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project Report No. 5, unpublished report on file at History Colorado, Denver (Montrose, CO: Centuries Research, Inc., 2004).</p> <p>Steven G. Baker, “Final Project Report for the 2002–2003 Old Agency Initiative of the Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project. Volume II, Late Contact ‘Chief Ouray’ Phase Ute Ethnohistory and Archaeology in Association with the 2nd Los Pinos Indian Agency on the Uncompahgre River (5OR139), Montrose and Ouray Counties, Colorado,” Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project Report No. 6, unpublished report on file at History Colorado, Denver (Montrose, CO: Centuries Research, Inc., 2005).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Steven G. Baker, “Historical Archaeological Assessment of the 1870s Reservation Period Ute/Mexican Component at the Chief Ouray Ranch (5MN847), Montrose County, Colorado,” Uncompahgre Valley Ute Project Report No. 11, unpublished report on file at History Colorado, Denver (Montrose, CO: Centuries Research, Inc., 2005).</p> <p>Donald G. Callaway, Joel C. Janetski, and Omer C. Stewart, “Ute,” in <em>Great Basin</em>, ed. Warren L. D’Azevedo, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986).</p> <p>James Warren Covington, “Relations Between the Ute Indians and the United States Government, 1848–1900,” (PhD dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 1949).</p> <p>William T. Hagan, “United States Indian Policies, 1860–1900,” in <em>History of Indian-White Relations</em>, ed. Wilcomb E. Washburn, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988).</p> <p>Sidney Jocknick, <em>Early Days on the Western Slope of Colorado</em> <em>and Campfire Chats with Otto Mears, the Pathfinder, from 1870 to 1883, Inclusive</em>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. (first published by The Carson-Harper Co., Denver, 1913; Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Co., 1998).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Los_Pinos_Indian_Agency_(Colorado)">Los Piños Indian Agency (Colorado)</a>,” FamilySearch.org, updated March 30, 2015.</p> <p>Wilson Rockwell, <em>The Utes: A Forgotten People</em>, 2nd ed. (first published by Sage Press, Denver, 1956; Lake City, CO: Western Reflections, 1998).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>US Office of Indian Affairs, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs (LROIA) (microfilm), Colorado Superintendency (Washington, DC: National Archives, 1863–1880).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 29 Apr 2016 21:32:40 +0000 yongli 1296 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Sapiah http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sapiah <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sapiah</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1159--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1159.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-chief-buckskin-charley"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Buckskin%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=UgY6VG9l" width="1080" height="1496" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-chief-buckskin-charley" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Chief Buckskin Charley</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Studio portrait of Buckskin Charlie Chief of the Southern Utes in wool coat and cap, wearing braids.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1163--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1163.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buckskin-charley-and-wife-wee"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10033158_0.jpg?itok=BXAxsopI" width="1000" height="1266" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buckskin-charley-and-wife-wee" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buckskin Charley and wife To-Wee</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Studio portrait of Chief Buckskin Charley and wife To-wee or Tee-Wee (Emma Naylor Buck). To-wee wears a buckskin dress, concho belt, beaded necklace, large earrings and beaded moccasins. Buckskin Charley wears a cloth shirt with hair locks and beaded moccasins. He wears the Rutherford Hayes Indian Peace Medal and carries a catlinite pipe and beaded pipe bag.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1165--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1165.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/antonio-and-julian-buck"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Buckskin-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=Ioueh8xx" width="1000" height="1505" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/antonio-and-julian-buck" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Antonio and Julian Buck</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cabinet photo of Buckskin Charley and Emma Buck’s sons in traditional Ute dress. Antonia Buck is standing and Julian Buck is seated.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1166--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1166.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buckskin-charley-peace-medal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-33926_0.jpg?itok=fuW7MGou" width="1000" height="1283" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buckskin-charley-peace-medal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buckskin Charley with Peace Medal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Studio portrait of Buckskin Charley in traditional dress with 4-winds cross and Rutherford Hayes Indian Peace Medal.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1169--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1169.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/three-ute-chiefs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10047987_0.jpg?itok=rwZY8_pz" width="1000" height="1349" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/three-ute-chiefs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Three Ute Chiefs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Three Ute chiefs standing in front of a teepee. Seated is Chief Buckskin Charley (Moache), to his right is Chief Ignacio (Weeminuche) and to his left is Severo (Caputa). Severo and Ignacio wear Indian Police badges.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1170--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1170.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/southern-utes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Buckskin-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=SFMlme6r" width="1000" height="788" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/southern-utes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Southern Utes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Group of seven males, three females and a child in traditional Ute dress standing in front of teepees, probably near Ignacio, Colorado. Chief Buckskin Charley is fifth from left, Severo is sixth from left, and Emma Buck is eighth from left. Presumably this is Buckskin Charley’s family.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1172--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1172.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buckskin-charley-horse"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/skin-Media-7_0.jpg?itok=3b4Ak4bL" width="1000" height="1034" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buckskin-charley-horse" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buckskin Charley on horse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Southern Ute Chief Buckskin Charley on horseback wearing overalls, boots and a western hat.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1174--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1174.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beaded-moccasins"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Buckskin-Media-8_0.jpg?itok=u8-dLvBH" width="1000" height="1007" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beaded-moccasins" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beaded moccasins</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pair of beaded moccasins (ca. 1880) presumably belonging to Buckskin Charley and given as gift to Issakson family.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-03-01T16:41:15-07:00" title="Tuesday, March 1, 2016 - 16:41" class="datetime">Tue, 03/01/2016 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sapiah" data-a2a-title="Sapiah"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsapiah&amp;title=Sapiah"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Sapiah (1840–1936) was the preeminent chief of the Muache band of the <strong>Southern Ute Tribe</strong> beginning around 1870. He was born to a Muache father and an <strong>Apache</strong> mother, perhaps in the vicinity of Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. The origins of his English name, "Buckskin Charley," are obscure, and later in life he was also referred to as Charles Buck. He married Te-Wee, also known as To-Wee (Emma Naylor Buck). They had two sons: Julian and Antonio Buck.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his long tenure as chief of the Southern Ute Tribe, Sapiah traveled to Washington, DC, numerous times, meeting seven US presidents. He was presented the Rutherford Hayes Peace Medal by President Benjamin Harrison in 1890. Sapiah and five other Native leaders were in Theodore Roosevelt’s inaugural parade. In 1905 Sapiah and his youngest son, Antonio Buck, traveled to Washington to meet with President Roosevelt.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Leader</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though the Nuche (Ute people) lived in disparate bands with their own leaders, throughout the late nineteenth century the US government recognized <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, leader of the Tabeguache band, as de facto head of all Ute people. In 1880 Ouray died of Bright's disease. His death came at a trying time for the Nuche in Colorado, especially the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern</strong></a> bands, whom the US government forced out of Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>With Ouray gone, it fell to Sapiah and other Ute leaders to navigate a fraught relationship with the United States. Sapiah and other chiefs, including <strong>Severo</strong> of the Capote, shared Ouray's vision of coexistence with white Americans. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1886 Sapiah, <strong>Ignacio</strong>, and the Capote chief <strong>Tapuche </strong>went to Washington, DC, with C.F. Stollsteimer, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agent</strong></a> at Ignacio. Under pressure from white colonists and on the heels of violent events like the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a>, the three chiefs agreed to leave Colorado. A proposal was made for the removal of the Utes to southeastern Utah, but the agreement was never ratified, in part due to opposition from Utah politicians. Sapiah, Severo, and most of the Southern Utes kept their people on the reservation lands near Ignacio.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1894 the issue of removing Colorado's Ute people again came to a head, with Congress deciding that the Utes should stay in the state. In 1895 Congress passed the Hunter Act. This act imposed upon the Southern Ute Reservation the terms of the <a href="/article/dawes-act-general-allotment-act"><strong>General Allotment Act of 1887</strong></a>, which authorized the president to survey and divide tribal land. By a vote of 153 to 148, the Southern Ute males agreed to accept the privatization of their land. The majority of the 153 were from the Muache and Capote bands, with most of the dissenting votes from the Weeminuche.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The government divided the reservation into two parts. The eastern portion was to be allocated into 80- and 160-acre parcels; the western part of the reservation was to remain unallotted, with the lands held in common by the Weeminuche. The Muache and Capote bands under Sapiah and Severo took the allotments and remained the Southern Ute Tribe under federal law, and the Weeminuche, led by Ignacio, moved to <strong>Navajo Springs</strong>, close to <strong>Towaoc</strong>, and were federally recognized as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Ute Tribe</strong></a>. Chief Severo died in 1913, leaving Sapiah as the principal chief of the Southern Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Leader on the Reservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sapiah was one of the most enterprising and farm-oriented leaders of the Utes. He settled into farming and ranching on his 160-acre allotment and became one of the tribe’s principal owners of cattle and sheep. In this regard, he was the government's ideal example of its vision for the Utes, a role model for his people. Sapiah’s economic success, however, was due in part to agency policies that resulted in preferential treatment of male leaders, including gratuity payments, salaries for reservation police, setup of pre-allotment farms and equipment, double allotments, and by 1911 allowing tribal leaders limited control over their own bank accounts. Sapiah was considered one of the favored Utes, although he continued with relative success after gratuities were removed in the early twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sapiah was also an advocate of youth education, as long as the children did not have to leave the reservation. Early on, Ute children were sent to Boarding Schools such as Old <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a> at Hesperus, Colorado, the "<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction-indian-boarding-school"><strong>Teller Institute</strong></a>" in <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, or further away to Santa Fe or Albuquerque, New Mexico. Many children suffered and died in these places, where they were exposed to unsanitary conditions and forced to abandon their language and traditions. Chief Ignacio is said to have lost three of his children while they attended boarding school in Albuquerque.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sapiah and his wife, Emma Buck, were active participants in the peyote rites of the <strong>Native American Church</strong>. The Sun Dance religion took a firm hold on the Southern Ute Reservation with Sapiah as its leader. In contrast, Severo and Julian Buck, Charley’s oldest son, were converts to the Presbyterian Church. At the invitation of Julian Buck, Rev. A. J. Rodríguez set up a mission school near the Ignacio Agency.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Forty-five years after Ouray’s death, Sapiah took the lead to recover the dead chief’s remains and have them reburied in Ouray Memorial Cemetery along the <strong>Los Pinos River</strong> in Ignacio.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sapiah died on May 8, 1936, at the age of ninety-six. He was preceded in death by his oldest son, Julian. On September 24, 1939, the Ute Chieftains Memorial Monument was dedicated in honor of four Ute Chiefs: Ouray, Sapiah, Severo, and Ignacio. After Sapiah’s death, his son Antonio Buck, Sr., the last hereditary chief of the Southern Utes, became the first elected chairman of the Southern Indian Tribe.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/charles-mona-c" hreflang="und">Charles, Mona C. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sapiah" hreflang="en">Sapiah</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capote-ute" hreflang="en">Capote Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/muache-ute" hreflang="en">Muache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-indian-reservation" hreflang="en">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dawes-act" hreflang="en">dawes act</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/allotment" hreflang="en">allotment</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history-colorado" hreflang="en">indigenous history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-leaders-colorado" hreflang="en">indigenous leaders colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-leaders-colorado" hreflang="en">indian leaders colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ignacio" hreflang="en">Ignacio</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Gary Courtney, “<a href="http://www.blackhawkpublishing.com/BP010102Vallecito%20Stories.htm#Early Pioneer of Vallecito">Early Pioneer of Vallecito: Chief Buckskin Charley</a>,” The Vallecito Legend, November 13, 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Delaney, ed., <em>Southern Ute Lands, 1848–1899: The Creation of a Reservation</em>, Occasional Paper of the Center of Southwest Studies, No. 1, Fort Lewis College (Durango, CO: Center of Southwest Studies, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Barry M. Pritzker, <em>Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples, </em>vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances Leon Quintana, <em>Ordeal of Change: The Southern Utes and Their Neighbors </em>(New York: Altamira Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rio Blanco County Historical Society, “<a href="http://www.meekercolorado.com/HSociety.htm">Meeker Colorado and White River Valley</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Southern Ute Indian Tribe, “<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/">History of the Southern Ute</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard K. Young, <em>The Ute Indians of Colorado in the Twentieth Century</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bertha Pauline Dutton, <em>The Ranchería, Ute, and Southern Ute Peoples</em>, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Jefferson, Robert W. Delaney, and Gregory C. Thompson, <em>The Southern Utes: A Tribal History</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jan Pettit, <em>Utes: The Mountain People,</em> rev. ed. (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>P. David Smith, <em>Ouray:</em> <em>Chief of the Utes</em> (Ouray, CO: Wayfinder Press, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marshall Sprague, <em>Massacre: The Tragedy at White River </em>(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Omer C. Stewart, <em>Ute</em> <em>Indians: Before and After White Contact </em>(Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 1966).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 01 Mar 2016 23:41:15 +0000 yongli 1160 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org