%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Tabeguache Cave http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabeguache-cave <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tabeguache Cave</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-24T14:53:08-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 24, 2016 - 14:53" class="datetime">Wed, 08/24/2016 - 14:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tabeguache-cave" data-a2a-title="Tabeguache Cave"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftabeguache-cave&amp;title=Tabeguache%20Cave"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located southwest of <strong>Montrose</strong>, Tabeguache Cave was used during the Basketmaker II period (400 BCE–400 CE) of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> tradition. Excavated in 1939–41 by the Colorado archaeologist <strong>Clarence T. Hurst</strong>, it was Hurst’s first excavation in the area and led him to excavate many other nearby sites over the next decade. With corncobs dating to the first century BCE, the cave has yielded information about early farming in the Southwest and could have been home to ancestors of the later <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont culture</strong></a>.</p> <p class="rtecenter"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/exIQa8Ydvg8" width="640"></iframe></p> <p>Tabeguache Cave was first noted by W. C. Huntley of Nucla, who reported the cave’s unusual contents to D. B. Walker of the Colorado Archaeological Society’s Montrose chapter. Walker, in turn, told Hurst about the site, and Hurst accompanied Walker and Ernest Ronzio on an exploratory visit in June 1939. A test pit revealed enough cultural material to justify excavation, so in August Hurst led a brief field expedition from Western State College (now <strong>Western State Colorado University</strong>). Two better-equipped expeditions followed in 1940 and 1941.</p> <p>About 125 feet across with an overhang of up to forty feet, Tabeguache Cave contained evidence of at least three separate periods of Basketmaker II habitation. Because the cave faces north and receives no direct sunlight, Hurst speculated that it was occupied in the summer. Logs from the cave dated to the 300s CE. Hurst’s excavations revealed cultural deposits up to forty inches deep, including projectile points, bone tools, wood tools, and the remains of corn, squash, and acorns. He also found basket pieces, a yucca-leaf sandal, and a retaining wall and platform across part of the floor. One wall of the cave had a five-foot Basketmaker petroglyph depicting an anthropomorphic figure.</p> <p>In 1994 Mark Stiger re-examined Tabeguache Cave as part of a larger effort to reanalyze many of Hurst’s discoveries. He found that the cave had been subject to some vandalism since the 1940s but still contained many valuable archaeological artifacts, including corncobs and perforated stone disks. <a href="/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>Tree-ring dating</strong></a> of wooden beams in the floor platform and <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon dating</strong> </a>of corncobs showed that the cave was occupied in the first century BCE, earlier than previously thought. The cultural affiliation of the inhabitants remains unknown, but it is clear that they were early farmers. Because of its northern exposure and cooler temperatures, the cave could have served as a food cache.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabeguache-canyon" hreflang="en">Tabeguache Canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clarence-hurst" hreflang="en">Clarence Hurst</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/basketmaker-ii" hreflang="en">Basketmaker II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-puebloan-culture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Puebloan culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-stiger" hreflang="en">Mark Stiger</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. T. Hurst, “Preliminary Work in Tabeguache Cave—1939,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 6.1 (1940).</p> <p>C. T. Hurst, “The Second Season in Tabeguache Cave,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 7.1 (1941).</p> <p>C. T. Hurst, “Completion of Work in Tabeguache Cave,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 8.1 (1942).</p> <p>Mark Stiger, “Tabeguache Cave [5MN868],” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (October 30, 1994).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p> <p>R. G. Matson, <em>The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Aug 2016 20:53:08 +0000 yongli 1753 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cottonwood Cave http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-cave <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cottonwood Cave</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-25T12:42:34-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 25, 2016 - 12:42" class="datetime">Wed, 05/25/2016 - 12:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-cave" data-a2a-title="Cottonwood Cave"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcottonwood-cave&amp;title=Cottonwood%20Cave"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located near Cottonwood Creek on the Uncompahgre Plateau in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>, Cottonwood Cave is a prehistoric site from the Basketmaker II period (400 BCE–400 CE) of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong> </a>tradition. Excavated in 1947 by <strong>Clarence T. Hurst</strong>, the cave yielded a buried cache of corn that was later <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon dated</strong></a> to 270 BCE, making it some of the earliest corn found in the state. Further excavations at the site could help archaeologists understand the origins of farming in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rtecenter"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/exIQa8Ydvg8" width="640"></iframe></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Hurst Excavation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In August 1947, Clarence Hurst led a team from the Museum of Archaeology at Western State College (now the <strong>Clarence T. Hurst Museum</strong> at <strong>Western State Colorado University</strong>) on a two-week field expedition to excavate Cottonwood Pueblo and Cottonwood Cave. Two local men from Nucla, John Galley and W. C. Huntley, had notified Hurst of the sites and helped locate them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At Cottonwood Cave, Hurst’s team managed only a small-scale excavation because they had to spend several hours each day hiking between their camp and the remote cave. They noted pictographs and petroglyphs on the cave walls and found many perishable Basketmaker materials, including tanned deer hides, baskets, and two types of yucca-leaf sandals. The most important discovery was a bundle found thirty inches below the surface in a trash midden. Made of <a href="/article/conifers"><strong>juniper</strong></a>-bark strips and split yucca leaves, the football-shaped bundle contained fourteen full ears of corn and nearly a gallon of shelled corn. Because the corn was in pristine condition, Hurst speculated that it was probably seed corn or a ceremonial offering, not a food cache.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Excited by the corn discovery, Hurst sent all fourteen ears to Edgar Anderson at the Missouri Botanical Garden for analysis. Anderson found similarities among the ears that indicated they were probably grown in the same field and in the same season. Like other prehistoric corn, the ears were brown, and they had twelve to sixteen rows of kernels. Anderson reported that the corn resembled prehistoric samples from South America and was the most primitive his laboratory had ever seen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p class="rtecenter"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jBdEijE5oCc" width="640"></iframe></p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recent Research</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hurst believed Cottonwood Cave was one of the most significant prehistoric sites he had excavated. He planned to do more work there, hoping that the site’s deep cultural deposits (a test trench had revealed material at least thirteen feet down) might show how the area’s population shifted from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic-era</strong></a> hunting and gathering to Basketmaker-era farming. Before Hurst could return, however, he died in January 1949. The site saw no further work for the next forty years, with the possible exception of a poorly documented excavation by Metropolitan State College faculty in the 1970s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Clarence T. Hurst Museum at Western State began to reanalyze Hurst’s collections in the early 1990s, the biggest priority was to submit the Cottonwood Cave corn cache for radiocarbon dating for the first time. The corn returned a date of about 270 BCE, providing firm evidence of early farming at high elevations in western Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1994, Western State anthropologist Mark Stiger reexamined the cave and found limited evidence of looting. He believes the corn cache consisted of seed corn stored for use at a farm plot near the cave. It remains unclear whether earlier <strong>Archaic</strong> peoples in the area adopted corn farming or were replaced by a different farming culture, but it is possible that Cottonwood Cave’s extensive unexcavated deposits hold important clues.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cottonwood-cave" hreflang="en">Cottonwood Cave</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cottonwood-creek" hreflang="en">Cottonwood Creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clarence-hurst" hreflang="en">Clarence Hurst</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/basketmaker-ii" hreflang="en">Basketmaker II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-stiger" hreflang="en">Mark Stiger</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. T. Hurst, “The Cottonwood Expedition, 1947—A Cave and a Pueblo Site,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 14, no. 1 (June 1948).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>C. T. Hurst and Edgar Anderson, “A Corn Cache From Western Colorado,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 14, no. 3 (1949).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Stiger, “Cottonwood Cave,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (October 30, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Stiger and Mark Larson, “A Radiocarbon Date from the Cottonwood Cave Corn Cache and Problems Interpreting the Origins of Farming in Western Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 58, no. 2 (Summer 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. G. Matson, <em>The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 May 2016 18:42:34 +0000 yongli 1427 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Falls Creek Rock Shelters Archaeological Site http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/falls-creek-rock-shelters-archaeological-site <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Falls Creek Rock Shelters Archaeological Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T15:30:57-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 15:30" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 15:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/falls-creek-rock-shelters-archaeological-site" data-a2a-title="Falls Creek Rock Shelters Archaeological Site"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffalls-creek-rock-shelters-archaeological-site&amp;title=Falls%20Creek%20Rock%20Shelters%20Archaeological%20Site"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Falls Creek rock shelters are the most important archaeological discovery in the Durango area. Along with nearby <strong>Talus Village</strong>, they are type-sites for the Eastern Basketmaker II period (400 BCE–400 CE) of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong> </a>(Anasazi) tradition, a subdivision of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative period</strong></a> that saw an increased reliance on maize and maize farming. Basketmaker II houses were first identified at the rock shelters, and the human remains recovered from the North Shelter are among the best-preserved prehistoric remains ever found in the United States.</p> <h2>Early Excavations</h2> <p>Surviving graffiti shows that many people have visited the Falls Creek rock shelters in historical times, but the shelters were first excavated in August 1937 by the amateur archaeologists <strong>Helen Sloan Daniels </strong>and <strong>I. F. “Zeke” Flora</strong>. As head of the National Youth Administration’s Durango Public Library Museum Project from 1936 to 1940, Daniels directed many archaeological excavations in and around Durango. She reported her discovery of the rock shelters to Flora, who dug around the shelters, found a burial crevice, and removed many human remains and other artifacts. Soon Flora wrote the Southwestern archaeologist <strong>Earl H. Morris</strong> to describe the shelters. Morris suspected that the shelters contained Basketmaker II materials and came to Durango in 1938 to conduct excavations.</p> <p>The site includes two shelters, the North Shelter and the South Shelter, at the base of a large sandstone cliff. The shelters were occupied at least from 700 BCE to 600 CE (possibly from 1100 BCE to 800 CE), with the heaviest use around 50 CE. The North Shelter is about seventy-six meters long and eleven meters deep, with a ceiling ten meters above the floor. It is in good condition and has not experienced much vandalism. The rock walls feature <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> in a variety of colors and forms, depicting animals, humans, and geometric designs. Different areas were used for dwelling, storage, trash, and burial. A burial crevice contained evidence of at least twenty-one burials, including two nearly complete naturally mummified bodies of a young woman and a teenage boy.</p> <p>The South Shelter lies about seventy-five meters south of the North Shelter. It is roughly sixty meters long and twenty-eight meters deep, with a ceiling eleven to thirteen meters above the floor. Its walls have some pictographs, but not nearly as many as the North Shelter.</p> <p>The shelters were the first Basketmaker II site found in the upper San Juan River watershed. The discoveries helped archaeologists develop a more precise periodization for Basketmaker II peoples. The shelters also provided important clues about Basketmaker II culture. At the time Morris conducted his excavations, many people believed the Basketmakers had never established permanent houses, but the discovery of the rock shelters proved otherwise. The shelters helped define house types and other domestic features for the Basketmaker II period. In addition, Morris found more bone and stone tools at the shelters than had been recovered in all previous excavations of early Basketmaker sites.</p> <p>In addition to the Basketmaker II remains, the shelters contain some evidence of Basketmaker III occupation from the 500s CE (North) and 600s–700s CE (South).</p> <h2>Recent Research</h2> <p>In 1954 Morris and Robert F. Burgh published a detailed study of the Falls Creek rock shelters and Talus Village. After their work, little additional research was performed at the Falls Creek site until interest in the area experienced a resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1985 the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1988 the San Juan National Forest designated it as the Falls Creek Archaeological Special Interest Area to help preserve its resources. The site has now been closed to the public to protect it from vandalism.</p> <p>From 1996 to 1998, the San Juan National Forest and the State Historical Fund sponsored the Basketmaker Images Project, which surveyed the site and documented its rock art. In 2008 the San Juan National Forest and the State Historic Fund provided grants for another project involving the Falls Creek site. Carried out from 2009 to 2011 by the Mountain Studies Institute and the Hopi Tribe, the Falls Creek Basketmaker II Reanalysis Project involved a comprehensive reassessment of the Basketmaker II culture using artifacts and evidence from the Falls Creek site. As part of the project, in 2009 all Falls Creek remains and artifacts that had been curated at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University, the Henderson Museum at the University of Colorado–Boulder, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a> were repatriated to the Anasazi Heritage Center in Dolores.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango-rock-shelters" hreflang="en">Durango Rock Shelters</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/basketmaker-ii" hreflang="en">Basketmaker II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-puebloan-culture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Puebloan culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-sloan-daniels" hreflang="en">Helen Sloan Daniels</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/zeke-flora" hreflang="en">Zeke Flora</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/earl-morris" hreflang="en">Earl Morris</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rock-art" hreflang="en">rock art</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-period" hreflang="en">Formative Period</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Karen Adams, et al., <em>Reevaluation of Basketmaker II from Falls Creek Rock Shelters</em>, Colorado State Historical Fund Project 2009-01-035 (Mountain Studies Institute, 2011).</p> <p>Philip Duke and Gary Matlock, <em>Points, Pithouses, and Pioneers: Tracing Durango's Archaeological Past</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p> <p>Florence C. Lister, <em>Prehistory in Peril: The Worst and the Best of Durango Archaeology</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997).</p> <p>Earl H. Morris and Robert F. Burgh, <em>Basket Maker II Sites near Durango, Colorado</em> (Washington, DC.: Carnegie Institution, 1954).</p> <p>Robert York, "Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site," National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form (April 12, 1984).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>Durango Public Library Museum Project of the Archaeological Department</em> (Durango, CO: National Youth Administration, 1940).</p> <p>Florence C. Lister and Robert H. Lister, <em>Earl Morris and Southwestern Archaeology</em> (1968; repr., Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1993).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 22:30:57 +0000 yongli 808 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org