%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Steamboat Springs Depot http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/steamboat-springs-depot <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Steamboat Springs Depot</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-23T13:15:24-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 23, 2018 - 13:15" class="datetime">Wed, 05/23/2018 - 13:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/steamboat-springs-depot" data-a2a-title="Steamboat Springs Depot"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsteamboat-springs-depot&amp;title=Steamboat%20Springs%20Depot"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Steamboat Springs Depot was built in 1909, when the <a href="/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railway</strong></a> arrived to connect the <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong></a> Valley with mineral, agricultural, and livestock markets in eastern Colorado and beyond. Abandoned in 1968 with the cessation of passenger service, the two-story red brick depot was deeded to the town of <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong> in 1971, when it began its transformation into a hub for the arts. Today the Steamboat Springs Depot continues to provide a community-oriented and convivial space for an eclectic mix of visitors, from theater enthusiasts to lovers of paintings, fans of cabaret, and expert <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> sculptors.</p> <h2>History</h2> <p>Steamboat Springs had no railroad connection when it was incorporated in 1900. Beginning in 1906, several prominent members of the Yampa Valley community met to lay the groundwork for bringing a railroad to Steamboat Springs. At the time, Denver-based financier <a href="/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a>, then the wealthiest man in Colorado, had incorporated the Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railway Company (DN&amp;P) to build a mainline transcontinental route west from <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Moffat’s DN&amp;P, a route whose fifty-six tunnels were more than those found in the rest of Colorado’s railways combined, was originally meant to take a shorter, alternative route. However, largely as a result of the town offering to pay for the construction of a depot, the railroad agreed to route through Steamboat Springs.</p> <p>After a two-year planning and fundraising period, construction on the depot was finished by 1909. Designed by renowned Denver architect Frank Edbrooke, the partial two-story building featured a red brick exterior with large overhanging eaves. Inside, the eastern half of the first floor contained a passenger waiting area and station office, while the western half provided ample space for large freight and passenger baggage. The second floor of the depot served as living quarters for the stationmaster. The first train arrived in Steamboat Springs on December 19, 1908, before the depot was fully operational; the first passenger train reached town on January 6, 1909.</p> <p>The depot proved to be an economic boon to the area, connecting the region’s growing mines and small agricultural operations with bustling eastern markets. The depot also spurred new development in Steamboat Springs. Across the Yampa River from the depot, the Cabin Hotel opened to house tourists visiting the natural mineral springs nearby. Notably, famed Norwegian ski jumper <a href="/article/howelsen-hill"><strong>Carl Howelsen</strong></a> arrived a few years after the depot was built, helping to turn Steamboat Springs into one of the premier ski-jumping locations in the world.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>The depot closed when passenger service to Steamboat Springs ended in 1968 as a result of improvements to roads and highways in the area. In 1971 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Western</strong> <strong>Railroad </strong>deeded the building to the town of Steamboat Springs, and the Steamboat Springs Art Council began operating out of the depot the following year. However, despite being listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, the depot was slated for demolition. To prevent the loss of the historic depot, in 1980 Eleanor Bliss, a founding member of the Steamboat Springs Arts Council, organized the “Save the Depot” campaign. Bliss helped get the depot rehabilitated for safe, full-time use.</p> <p>No longer the hub of the region’s economy, the Steamboat Springs Depot now attracts visitors of a different kind. The Steamboat Springs Arts Council organizes concerts and plays in the old baggage storage area, while the passenger waiting area features regular art exhibits. Upstairs, the former station master’s quarters serve as office space for the arts council. The building regularly hosts cabaret, writer’s workshops, and holiday events, including the century-old Steamboat Springs Winter Carnival Snow Sculptures event.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/hannigan-frank" hreflang="und">Hannigan, Frank</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs-history" hreflang="en">steamboat springs history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/yampa-valley" hreflang="en">Yampa Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-northwestern-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">denver northwestern &amp; pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-road" hreflang="en">Moffat Road</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Frederic J. Athearn, <em>An Isolated Empire: A History of Northwestern Colorado</em> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1981).</p> <p>Clayton Frasier, “Railroads in Colorado 1858–1948,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (August 1997).</p> <p>Phelps R. Griswold, <em>Railroads of Colorado: A Guide to Modern and Narrow Gauge Trains</em> (Phoenix, AZ: American Traveler Press, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Claude Wiatrowski, Historic Colorado: Day Trips &amp; Weekend Getaways to Historic Towns, Cities, Sites &amp; Wonders (Minneapolis, MN: MBI Publishing, 2009).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 23 May 2018 19:15:24 +0000 yongli 2924 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Mesa Schoolhouse http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-schoolhouse <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mesa Schoolhouse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-05-21T13:36:27-06:00" title="Monday, May 21, 2018 - 13:36" class="datetime">Mon, 05/21/2018 - 13:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-schoolhouse" data-a2a-title="Mesa Schoolhouse"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmesa-schoolhouse&amp;title=Mesa%20Schoolhouse"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The bright-red Mesa Schoolhouse, located off US 40 about two miles south of <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, is among the oldest examples of a one-story wood-frame school building still standing in Colorado. Built in 1916 by Arthur Gumprecht, the schoolhouse served <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a> School District #13 until 1959, when the county consolidated its school districts. The schoolhouse also served as an important community center in rural Routt County, hosting picnics, dances, social activities, and even card games. In 2007 the schoolhouse was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Today the schoolhouse is a museum of the community’s pioneer heritage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Schooling and Socializing</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The first school in Routt County’s Mesa School District was not actually a school at all. Instead, as in many other rural communities in Colorado in 1890, children gathered in a private house to learn. Recognizing the need for a dedicated school building, the community built a log schoolhouse in 1891. This rudimentary building served the children of Mesa School District until carpenter and landowner Arthur Gumprecht completed construction of the current schoolhouse along what is now US Highway 40, about two miles south of Steamboat Springs. Gumprecht’s design included a peaked roof and a small shingled bell tower on the building’s east side. Today the wood building is painted a brilliant shade of red, and the original wood-shingled roof has been replaced by a more durable and protective metal covering.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Children of all ages gathered in the one-room Mesa Schoolhouse from 1916 to 1959 to learn from the same teacher. Similar one-room, one-teacher schools made up a sizable portion of the state’s education system throughout the early part of the twentieth century, especially in rural counties. Most teachers were women, and in addition to instructing students in reading, writing, and arithmetic, educators were expected to fill the roles of moral role model, disciplinarian, janitor, and community organizer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In much the same way that teachers were expected to fill multiple roles, schoolhouses did not serve a single purpose. For much of Colorado’s history, schools were some of the only community-owned, indoor public spaces in rural areas and therefore hosted important community events. Rural schools like the Mesa Schoolhouse often hosted dances, card games, temperance meetings, picnics, and a variety of other community activities.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Consolidation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As recently as 1956, 22 percent of Colorado’s schools were like the Mesa Schoolhouse, with only one room and one teacher serving multiple grades. This number has declined dramatically in the last half-century as improved road systems and the availability of public school buses have made larger schools much more accessible to students living in rural counties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The consolidation of schools has mirrored, and in some ways propelled, the consolidation and standardization of the state’s school systems. In rural counties, single-school districts such as Mesa School District #13 were folded into larger entities, and single-room schools such as the Mesa Schoolhouse were made obsolete by newer schools serving more students.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>School consolidation came to Routt County in 1959, when the Mesa Schoolhouse’s students were sent to new elementary, middle, and high schools in the Steamboat Springs School District. As a result of this consolidation, Mesa Schoolhouse was no longer necessary, and the building was sold to a private owner in 1959. Francis and Thomas Adams then purchased the schoolhouse in 1965 and converted the building into a private residence and hunting lodge. The Adams family added a porch to the building’s exterior before selling the property in 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1998 a group of local organizations including Historic Routt County, the city of Steamboat Springs, and the Yampa Valley Land Trust used a grant from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> to help purchase the Mesa Schoolhouse for use as a museum and community space. Additional State Historical Fund Grants in the early 2000s allowed the building’s interior and exterior to be restored. Today the century-old schoolhouse opens its doors each summer for community events for children and adults. Museum staff dress in historically accurate outfits and demonstrate skills such as candle dipping and wool spinning. But even when the building is empty, the Mesa Schoolhouse, with its eye-catching red paint and prominent location along US 40, remains an enduring reminder of Routt County’s pioneer roots.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bock-samuel" hreflang="und">Bock, Samuel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/routt-county" hreflang="en">routt county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-schoolhouse" hreflang="en">mesa schoolhouse</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/routt-county-history" hreflang="en">routt county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/education" hreflang="en">education</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frontier-schools" hreflang="en">frontier schools</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Mary Officer Brunner, <em>History of Mesa School</em> (1940).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lauren Lafferty Schaffer, “Mesa Schoolhouse,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><strong>Additional Information</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sandy Conlon, “Schoolhouses of Routt County,” <em>Steamboat Magazine</em> 11, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sara J. Pearce, <em>A Guide to Colorado Architecture</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1983).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 21 May 2018 19:36:27 +0000 yongli 2882 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ski Industry http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ski Industry</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1932--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1932.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/vail-ski-resort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/vail_ski_resort_1.jpg?itok=YQeePcmO" width="960" height="720" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/vail-ski-resort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Vail Ski Resort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Vail ski resort has been ranked as the best ski resort in north American by many magazines and web sites. It is famous for its family-friendly atmosphere, unrivaled convenience, accessibility, and affluent, exclusive culture that attracted an elite crop of visitors and residents as well as middle-class ski bums.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3018--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3018.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/steamboat-ski-resort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Steamboat_20190119_0001_0.jpg?itok=P2vSSXEY" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/steamboat-ski-resort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Steamboat Ski Resort </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Steamboat-Ski Town encompasses 165 trails, 3,668 vertical feet and nearly 3,000 skiable acres with six peaks</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-09-13T14:40:46-06:00" title="Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 14:40" class="datetime">Wed, 09/13/2017 - 14:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ski-industry" data-a2a-title="Ski Industry"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fski-industry&amp;title=Ski%20Industry"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s ski industry anchors the state’s thriving tourist economy. Built primarily on national forest lands, the state’s numerous ski resorts attract upwards of 12 million visitors annually, generating billions in revenue. Introduced to the state in the late nineteenth century, downhill skiing’s popularity drove the rapid development of Colorado’s mountain communities following <strong>World War II</strong>. Such growth, combined with concerns over wildlife and air and water quality, placed the ski industry at the center of ongoing debates over development in mountain environments. Today, skiing continues to define Colorado’s high country.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Gold prospectors first brought skiing to the Colorado Rockies beginning in the 1860s. Using skis, mail carriers such as “Father” John Dyer dared the high mountain passes and heavy winter <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snows</strong></a>, traveling between the region’s isolated mining communities. By the end of the century, skiing was an integral part of the culture in mountain towns such as <a href="/article/crested-butte"><strong>Crested Butte</strong></a> and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>. Skiing continued to grow in popularity in the opening decades of the twentieth century, with winter carnivals such as the one held in <strong>Hot Sulphur Springs</strong> in 1911 that drew thousands. In 1921 the newly formed <strong>Denver Ski Club</strong> hosted the National Ski Tournament of America Championship at <a href="/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Mountain</strong></a> outside of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Thousands soon took up the sport, leading to the construction of dozens of small rope-tow ski hills throughout the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Federal Support</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> became intricately involved in the development of ski areas with the opening of <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong> in the 1930s. The pass first drew the attention of skiers when the Colorado Department of Highways began plowing US Highway 40 in 1931. Skiers soon took advantage of the easy access to snow-covered slopes on either side of the highway as it crested the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>. But a lack of facilities, including adequate shelter, led to a demand for greater development. The US Forest Service responded by placing an aging military barracks on Berthoud’s summit to act as a ski lodge. Six years later, The May Company, a Denver department store, financed the installation of the state’s first rope tow at Berthoud. This collaboration between federal and private interests set the precedent for the future development of the ski industry throughout the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Berthoud Pass was not the only ski area to open in Colorado during the 1930s. Aspen locals cut the Roche Run on the side of Ajax Mountain outside the mining town in 1938. The following year the first ski lift in the state was built at the small ski hill, Cement Creek, near <strong>Gunnison</strong>. But it was Denver’s opening of <strong>Winter Park</strong> at the western portal of the <strong>Moffat Tunnel</strong> in 1940 that linked the future of skiing to Colorado’s growing urban population along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The United States’ entry into World War II slowed the development of new ski areas in the state. Yet, the stationing of the US Army’s newly formed <a href="/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong>Tenth</strong> <strong>Mountain Division</strong></a> at <a href="/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a> near <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a> in 1942 proved instrumental in the industry’s postwar growth. Veterans of the famed division played a significant role in developing the Colorado ski industry, founding such resorts as <strong>Vail</strong> and <strong>Snowmass</strong>, operating dozens of ski schools, and opening countless other businesses integral to the sport’s popularity. Between 1945 and 1947 the number of skiers jumped 75 percent statewide, starting a twenty-year boom in the construction of new ski areas that pumped millions of dollars into the state and local economies.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Controversy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of Vail in 1962 marked skiing’s emergence as a major player in Colorado’s economy. The combination of skiing and real estate proved a potent mixture. But as ski areas were transformed into ski resorts, complete with lodging, restaurants, and real estate, Colorado’s once isolated rural communities became a sprawling urban corridor along the newly constructed <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>, further connecting Colorado’s mountains with a rapidly growing Front Range. While celebrated as an economic boon by state boosters, increasing numbers of Coloradans began to worry about the impacts of such rapid growth on their quality of life. Such concerns came to a head with the selection of Denver as the host of the <a href="/article/1976-winter-olympics"><strong>1976 Winter Olympics</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Olympic controversy focused attention on the US Forest Service and ski industry’s role in fostering rural growth. After three years of struggling to locate an adequate site for the events, the Denver Olympic Committee selected <a href="/article/beaver-creek-resort"><strong>Beaver Creek</strong></a>, immediately throwing the proposed ski resort into the center of the Olympic controversy. Beaver Creek and other resorts, including Lake Catamount and Marble Mountain, became targets of criticism for their potential impacts on the region’s environment and quality of life. Colorado voters rejected the Olympics in 1972, bringing an end to a nearly thirty-year boom in ski resort development within Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Corporate Consolidation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The ski industry faced changing economic and regulatory realities during the 1980s. Increased competition led to an arms race among the state’s ski resorts over which one could provide the most terrain, fastest chairlifts, and most extravagant amenities to attract larger market shares of skiers and snowboarders. Apollo Management’s purchase of Vail Associates in 1987 led to an intense period of consolidation. The newly formed Vail Resort’s merger with St. Louis-based Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., owners of <strong>Breckenridge</strong>, <strong>Keystone</strong>, and <strong>Arapahoe Basin</strong> ski resorts, made the corporation the largest ski resort owner in Colorado, controlling nearly 40 percent of the state’s ski market. At the same time, Canadian resort giant Intrawest gained controlling interests in <strong>Copper Mountain</strong> and Winter Park, and the American Ski Company purchased <strong>Steamboat Ski Resort</strong>. Smaller ski areas struggled to compete with larger, amenity-driven resorts, leading to broader criticisms of the industry and the US Forest Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the industry’s consolidation as the backdrop, Vail’s decision to move forward with its planned Category III expansion drew national attention when members of the Earth Liberation Front set fire to the resort’s Two Elk Lodge, Ski Patrol Headquarters, and several other buildings in protest of the resort’s expansion into the habitat of the threatened Canada lynx. The arsons underlined the continued tensions over the ski industry’s economic and environmental impacts. In response to such criticisms, many Colorado resorts joined the National Ski Area Association’s Sustainable Slopes Program in creating a framework of environmental principles, including sustainable planning, optimal water use, and reduction of greenhouse gases.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the opening decade of the twenty-first century, Colorado remained the most popular destination for skiing in North America, attracting more skiers and snowboarders than any other state. Concerns over growth and wildlife habitat remain, but skiing will undoubtedly play an integral role in the future of Colorado’s mountain regions.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/michael-childers" hreflang="und">Michael Childers</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-skiing-colorado-0" hreflang="en">history of skiing in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-ski-resorts" hreflang="en">colorado ski resorts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapahoe-basin" hreflang="en">Arapahoe Basin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beaver-creek" hreflang="en">beaver creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/copper-mountain" hreflang="en">copper mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/telluride" hreflang="en">Telluride</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/snowmass" hreflang="en">snowmass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/1976-winter-olympics" hreflang="en">1976 winter olympics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/winter-olympics-colorado" hreflang="en">winter olympics colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/camp-hale" hreflang="en">Camp Hale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/10th-mountain-division" hreflang="en">10th Mountain Division</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tenth-mountain-division" hreflang="en">tenth mountain division</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/genesee-park" hreflang="en">genesee park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/vail" hreflang="en">Vail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/breckenridge" hreflang="en">Breckenridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-ski-resort" hreflang="en">steamboat ski resort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-history" hreflang="en">ski history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/interstate-70" hreflang="en">interstate 70</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/skiing-rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">skiing rocky mountains</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>John B. Allen, <em>From Skisport to Skiing: One Hundred Years of an American Sport, 1840-1940</em> (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michael W. Childers, <em>Colorado Powder Keg: Ski Resorts and the Environmental Movement</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Annie Gilbert Coleman, <em>Ski Style: Sport and Culture in the Rockies</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Abbot Fay, <em>A History of Skiing in Colorado</em> (Lake City, CO: Western Reflections Publishing, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Fry, <em>The Story of Modern Skiing </em>(University Press of New England, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hal K. Rothman,<em> Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth Century American West</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary Supplee Smith,<em> American Ski Resort: Architecture, Style, Experience </em>(University of Oklahoma Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Riebsame Travis, <em>New Geographies of the American West: Land Use and the Changing Patterns of Place</em> (Island Press, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.snowsportsmuseum.org/">Colorado Ski and Snowboard Museum and Hall of Fame</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.coloradoski.com/">Colorado Ski Country</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://coloradoskihistory.com/areahistory/index.html">Colorado Ski History</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/tmd/">Tenth Mountain Division and Military Records, Denver Public Library</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 13 Sep 2017 20:40:46 +0000 yongli 2738 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Yampa River http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yampa-river <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Yampa River</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2308--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2308.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/early-yampa-river"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Yampa-River-1_0.jpg?itok=_bNyeRO5" width="1000" height="676" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/early-yampa-river" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Early Yampa River </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>“Panoramic view of frame and log houses, churches and commercial buildings on Lincoln Avenue in Steamboat Springs (Routt County), Colorado. Shows the Yampa River in a valley and snow on mountains in the distance.”</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-02T16:41:52-07:00" title="Thursday, February 2, 2017 - 16:41" class="datetime">Thu, 02/02/2017 - 16:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yampa-river" data-a2a-title="Yampa River"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fyampa-river&amp;title=Yampa%20River"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Yampa River snakes 250 miles across northwestern Colorado, primarily in <strong><a href="/article/routt-county">Routt</a> </strong>and <a href="/article/moffat-county"><strong>Moffat</strong></a> Counties. Its watershed encompasses approximately 8,000 square miles in Colorado and Wyoming; in Colorado, the river flows through <strong>Craig</strong>, <strong>Hayden</strong>, <strong>Milner</strong>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, among other communities. The explorer <a href="/article/john-c-fr%C3%A9mont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> coined the name Yampa in 1844, after Snake Indians in the region provided him yampah root, or <em>Perideridia gairdneri</em>, for food.</p> <p>The Yampa is regionally important for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>, recreation, and sustaining adjacent ecosystems. It is home to rare and endangered fish species. Compared to many other rivers in the American West, much of the Yampa River’s natural ecosystem remains relatively undisturbed, both biologically and hydrologically. Flow alterations and human modification of the environment along its banks has nonetheless resulted in some degradation. Protection of the river’s biodiversity and ecosystems will help ensure that the Yampa remains a healthy aquatic resource for future generations.</p> <h2>Features</h2> <p>The Yampa River starts high in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trappers-lake-and-flat-tops-wilderness"><strong>Flat Tops</strong></a> and the <strong>Gore Range</strong> of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, with its headwater streams originating at roughly 11,000 feet. At 7,833 feet, the Bear River and Phillips Creek join near the town of Yampa to form the Yampa River. Running north through Steamboat Springs, the Yampa then turns west and rolls down to Craig in Moffat County. Its major tributaries include the Elk River, the Williams Fork, and its largest branch stream, the Little Snake River. The mouth of the Yampa opens in <a href="/article/echo-park-dam-controversy"><strong>Echo Park</strong></a> in <a href="/article/dinosaur-national-monument"><strong>Dinosaur National Monument</strong></a>, where it joins the <strong>Green River</strong>, a tributary of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>.</p> <p>The Yampa’s flow shifts seasonally, depending on precipitation and the previous winter’s <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snowpack</strong></a>. Snowmelt fills its channels in the spring, typically peaking in May. Water levels drop through the summer and into the fall, reaching annual lows between August and October. Streamflow in May 2015 beat the previous record held in 1920; under the Fifth Street Bridge in Steamboat Springs, the stream ran at 2,970 cubic feet per second (CFS). The Yampa is the only stream of its size in the Upper Colorado River Basin whose seasonal flow levels so closely resemble those of its predevelopment period. With upward of 80 percent of the state’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> coming from snowmelt, warmer weather and drought may potentially impact the water supply.</p> <h2>Riverine Ecosystem</h2> <p>The Yampa’s natural movement shapes its riverine ecosystems, which support a variety of aquatic and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>riparian</strong></a> plant communities and wildlife, including the Colorado pikeminnow (<em>Ptychocheilus lucius</em>), the humpback chub (<em>Gila cypha</em>), the bonytail chub (<em>Gila elegans</em>), and the razorback sucker (<em>Xyrauchen texanus</em>), all of which are listed as endangered species. The Colorado River cutthroat trout (<em>Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus</em>), a possible addition to the federally endangered species list, also swims the Yampa’s waters.</p> <p>Even though <a href="/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>riparian areas</strong></a> occupy only a small portion of the Colorado landscape, they sustain a large portion of the state’s wildlife. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conifers"><strong>Pine and fir</strong></a> forests line the upper reaches of the Yampa, while <strong>cottonwoods</strong> and willow trees dot its lower reaches. Migratory sandhill cranes, nesting blue herons, bald eagles, and other birds are found near the river, as well as <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <strong>deer</strong>, antelope, and other big game species. <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>Beaver</strong></a> colonize many parts of the watershed as well.</p> <h2>Water Source</h2> <p>The Yampa River has historically provided water to Native Americans as well as farmers and ranchers. The Snake people—which includes the Bannock and Shoshone tribes—and the White River <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>, comprised of Parianuche and Yampa (Yamparika, Yampatika) Utes, drank from the river, hunted in the Yampa valley, and gathered food and raw materials for shelter. In the early nineteenth century, fur trappers significantly reduced the area’s <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> populations. The first white settlers in the watershed were the <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a> and ranchers who founded Steamboat Springs in 1874. Ranching flourished over the next half-century, soon joined by coal mining and tourism. Today, ranching, tourism, and coal mining are still major enterprises in the valley, along with agriculture (beans, beets, corn, lettuce, onions, peppers, potatoes, pumpkins, and tomatoes).</p> <p>Commercial use of the river includes tubing, rafting, canoeing, fishing, stand up paddle boarding, and kayaking. While these activities bring in a significant amount of tourism revenue, they are often accompanied by littering, air pollution from vehicles, the introduction of exotic species or sport fishes, and habitat destruction. Agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, as well as pollution from industrial activities such coal mining and oil and gas development also threaten the river’s health. As the Yampa is the lifeblood of the regional economy, federal, state, and local organizations have overseen many conservation measures since the mid-twentieth century.</p> <h2>Conservation Efforts</h2> <p>In the early 1950s, the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> proposed two dams within Dinosaur National Monument, one of which would have been constructed immediately downstream at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers in Echo Park. The <a href="/article/echo-park-dam-controversy"><strong>Echo Park Dam Controversy</strong></a> pitted those who wanted the river canyons of Dinosaur preserved as wilderness and for whitewater recreation against those who wanted to develop hydropower on the rivers of the American West. The proposed dam was defeated by a coalition of conservation groups—most notably the Sierra Club—along with local river runners and concerned citizens across the country, and has been widely recognized as a major milestone in the development of the modern environmental movement.</p> <p>In 1966 the Upper Yampa Water Conservancy District was created to undertake water conservation projects to ensure that the river provides enough water to farmers and ranchers. The district built two major water storage facilities: Yamcolo Reservoir and Stagecoach Reservoir. Yamcolo Reservoir was completed in 1980 and stands 109 feet high; the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> manages its recreation area. Stagecoach Reservoir, completed in 1988 and standing 145 feet high, generates 800 kilowatts of power; <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife</strong></a> manages Stagecoach State Park. The water serves irrigation, municipal, ranching, and industrial uses downstream. These water projects store runoff from winter snows, discharging the water into the stream to augment the Yampa’s low late-season flows. These water projects don’t necessarily alter the overall annual average flow of the river, but they even it out so that there is rarely too little or too much water in the river for agricultural purposes. The riparian ecosystems that depend on seasonal <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, however, are damaged by the absence of seasonally high water.</p> <p>On a floodplain seventeen miles west of Steamboat Springs, <strong>The Nature Conservancy</strong>’s Yampa River Preserve protects 8,800 acres of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wetlands-and-riparian-areas"><strong>wetlands</strong></a> along a ten-mile stretch of the river. Under natural conditions, floods erode the riverbanks and deposit new sediments, causing the Yampa to shift to new channels. Channel shifting distributes soil, nutrients, and water to broad swaths of wetlands along the banks and provides food and habitat to plants and animals. The preserve ensures that this historic flood process will continue, thereby protecting the adjacent riparian ecosystem, which depends on these floods. The long-term goal of the Conservancy is to provide conservation-based alternatives to traditional land management practices. It pursues this through conservation easements, assistance with management plans, and cooperative stewardship groups such as <strong>Friends of the Yampa</strong>.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Though the river remains undammed, the Yampa’s water continues to be a desirable resource for thirsty communities on Colorado’s Eastern Slope. The Yampa Pumpback project, a proposal developed by the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, would store 2,000 cubic feet of the Yampa’s annual flow near Maybell. This water would then be pumped 250 miles to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> and other cities to support agriculture and the growing population along Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Environmentalists oppose the authorization of the Yampa Pumpback project because it would negatively affect the free-flowing character of the Yampa, as well as wildlife habitat and recreation. Residents of Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> also oppose the project; they would prefer to keep the Yampa’s water for further economic development west of the Divide, making the Yampa a site of continuing political controversy in the twenty-first century.</p> <p>As the debate over the pumpback project illustrates, the great number of purposes the Yampa serves jeopardizes its ability to serve any one of them. The river’s many users must work together to ensure that people and the environment continue to benefit from a river so vital to northwest Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/moore-molly" hreflang="und">Moore, Molly</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/porterfield-sara" hreflang="und">Porterfield, Sara</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/yampa-river" hreflang="en">Yampa River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northwest-colorado" hreflang="en">northwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/routt-county" hreflang="en">routt county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moffat-county" hreflang="en">Moffat County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/craig" hreflang="en">Craig</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/echo-park" hreflang="en">echo park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-national-monument" hreflang="en">Dinosaur National Monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rafting" hreflang="en">rafting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water" hreflang="en">water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-storage" hreflang="en">water storage</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Stewart W. Breck, Kenneth R. Wilson, and Douglas C. Anderson, “Beaver Herbivory of Willow Under Two Flow Regimes: A Comparative Study on the Green and Yampa Rivers,” <em>Western North American Naturalist</em> 63, no. 4 (2003).</p> <p>Susan Bruce, “<a href="https://coloradowatertrust.org/newsroom/colorados-water-demands-conflict-with-efforts-to-preserve-the-yampa-river">Colorado Water Demands Conflict with Efforts to Preserve the Yampa River</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, August 1, 2013.</p> <p>Colorado Parks &amp; Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/YampaRiver">Yampa River</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Colorado State University Extension: Routt County, “Vegetables,” 2007.</p> <p>Kurt Culbertson, Derri Turner, and Judy Kolberg, “Toward a Definition of Sustainable Development in the Yampa Valley of Colorado,” <em>Mountain Research Development </em>13, no. 4 (1993).</p> <p>John Charles Frémont, <em>Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, And to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44</em> (Washington, DC: Blair and Rives, 1845).</p> <p>Friends of the Yampa, “<a href="http://friendsoftheyampa.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Yampa-River-Watershed-Planning-Concept-Paper_08_12_11.pdf">Watershed Planning on the Yampa River</a>,” August 12, 2011.</p> <p>Friends of the Yampa, “<a href="https://friendsoftheyampa.com/item/yampa-river-pumpback/">Yampa River Pumpback</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Mark Harvey, <em>A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Environmental Movement</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994).</p> <p>The Nature Conservancy, “<a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/yampa-river-preserve/?redirect=https-301">Colorado: Yampa River Preserve</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Brian D. Richter and Holly E. Richter, “Prescribing Flood Regimes to Sustain Riparian Ecosystems along Meandering Rivers,” <em>Society for Conservation Biology</em> 14, no. 5 (2000).</p> <p>G. W. Roehm, “<a href="https://coloradoriverrecovery.org/documents-publications/technical-reports/isf/yampa/YampaPlan.pdf">Management Plan for Endangered Fishes in the Yampa River Basin and Environmental Assessment</a>” (Denver: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Mountain-Prairie Region, 2004).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=CEC19300702-01.2.35">General Fremont’s Trip Thru Routt and Moffat Counties</a>,” <em>Craig Empire Courier</em> (Craig, CO), July 2, 1930.</p> <p>Randall S. Rosenberger and Richard G. Walsh, “Non-Market Value of Western Valley Ranchland Using Contingent Valuation,” <em>Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics </em>22, no. 2 (1997).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.lenntech.com/rivers-pollution-quality.htm">River Water Quality and Pollution</a>,” Lenntech BV, last modified 2016.</p> <p>Southern Ute Indian Tribe, “<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/">History of the Southern Ute</a>,” 2016.</p> <p>Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, “<a href="https://coloradoriverrecovery.org/events-news/news/NNF-Q&amp;amp;amp;A-CO-2012.pdf">Nonnative Fish Management</a>,” 2012.</p> <p>Upper Yampa Water Conservancy District, “<a href="https://www.upperyampawater.com/about-us/">About the Upper Yampa Water Conservancy District</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Geological Survey, “<a href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/co/nwis/uv?site_no=09239500">USGS 09239500 Yampa River at Steamboat Springs, CO</a>,” last modified 2016.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>American Whitewater, “<a href="https://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/River/search/state/rgWT/level/run/atleast/I/atmost/V%252B/sr/1/">What’s Running?</a>”</p> <p>John Fielder and Patrick Tierney, <em>Colorado’s Yampa River: Free Flowing and Wild from the Flat Tops to the Green </em>(N.L: John Fielder Publishing, 2015).</p> <p>Sam T. Finney, “Colorado Pikeminnow (<em>Ptychocheilus lucius</em>) Upstream of Critical Habitat in the Yampa River, Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Association of Naturalists</em> 51, no. 2 (2006).</p> <p>Scott Franz, “<a href="https://www.steamboatpilot.com/explore-steamboat/after-success-of-2013-summer-season-on-the-yampa-river-some-wonder-how-much-usage-is-too-much/">After Success of 2013 Summer Season on the Yampa River, Some Wonder How Much Usage is Too Much</a>,” <em>Steamboat Today</em>, March 13, 2014.</p> <p>Dunbar Hardy, <em>Paddling Colorado: A Guide to the State’s Best Paddling Routes </em>(Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides, 2009).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Feb 2017 23:41:52 +0000 yongli 2307 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Routt County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/routt-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Routt County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2303--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2303.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/routt-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Routt_County_0.png?itok=f18dfdkj" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/routt-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Routt County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Routt County was established in 1877 and named after John L. Routt, the first governor of the state of Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3019--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3019.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/steamboat-ski-resort-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Steamboat_20190119_0002_1.jpg?itok=EZwIWlsR" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/steamboat-ski-resort-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Steamboat Ski Resort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Steamboat Resort is a major ski area in northwestern Colorado, It is located on Mount Werner, a mountain in the Park Range in the Routt National Forest. The ski area first opened on January 12, 1963.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3020--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3020.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/routt-national-forest"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Steamboat_20180916_0003_0.jpg?itok=1qu__PJN" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/routt-national-forest" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Routt National Forest</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests extend from north central Colorado to central Wyoming. The Forests encompass portions of many mountain ranges including the Gore Range, Flat Tops, Parks Range, Medicine Bow Mountains, Sierra Madre, and Laramie Range. The Forests provide year-round recreation opportunities for thousands of people. They also provide wildlife habitat, timber, forage for livestock, and are a vital source of water for irrigation, domestic use, and industry.</p> <p>Source: <a href="https://www.stateparks.com/routt_national_forest_in_colorado.html">ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3038--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3038.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/buffalo-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Steamboat_20180916_0001_0.jpg?itok=0iouP0XA" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/buffalo-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Buffalo Pass </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This approximately 15-mile stretch of scenic dirt road crosses the diverse habitats within the Park Range of the Rocky Mountains. It rises from sagebrush and gamble oak habitat to lodgepole pine, quaking aspen, and spruce-fir dominated forests. The elevation ranges from 6,700 feet in Steamboat Springs to 10,400 feet at Summit Lake Camp Ground. This road offers spectacular views of the Yampa and North Park valleys below, multiple alpine lakes within walking distance, access to the Mount Zirkel Wilderness, multiple disperse camping sites and Summit Lake Campground with restroom facilities. Additionally, there are numerous hiking, horseback and motorized vehicle trails to suite a range of outdoor activity needs.</p> <p><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/regions/Rocky_Mountain/BuffaloPass/index.shtml">Source: USDA Forest Service - Rocky Mountain Region Viewing Area Buffalo Pass</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-02T16:26:44-07:00" title="Thursday, February 2, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Thu, 02/02/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/routt-county" data-a2a-title="Routt County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Froutt-county&amp;title=Routt%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Routt County is a large county in northwest Colorado, encompassing 2,368 square miles of the Elk and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa River</strong></a> valleys and the Park Range and Elkhead Mountains. It is bordered by the state of Wyoming to the north, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jackson-county"><strong>Jackson</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand</strong></a> Counties to the east, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> to the south, and <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco</strong></a> and <a href="/article/garfield-county"><strong>Garfield</strong></a> Counties to the southwest.</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/steamboat-ski-resort"><img alt="Steamboat Ski Resort" src="/sites/default/files/Steamboat_20190119_0001.jpg" style="width: 480px; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; height: 360px; float: left; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;"></a>Routt County has a population of 24,130. <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, the county seat and largest city, lies in the Yampa valley along US Hwy 40 and is one of the state’s most popular ski destinations. Farther upstream, Colorado State Highway 131 connects the communities of <strong>Oak Creek</strong> and <strong>Yampa</strong>. Downstream from Steamboat Springs, the Yampa flows through pasture- and farmland and the communities of <strong>Milner</strong> and <strong>Hayden</strong>. Yampa Valley Regional Airport, near Hayden, provides seasonal air service to various parts of the country and year-round service to and from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>.</p> <p>Historically, the Routt County area was home to nomadic Ute Indians before the mid-nineteenth century, when gold discoveries near <strong>Hahn’s Peak</strong>, above the Elk River valley, attracted white prospectors. Ranchers and farmers followed the miners, taking advantage of the area’s fertile river valleys. Routt County was established in 1877 and named for then governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/content/john-l-routt"><strong>John L. Routt</strong></a>, the first governor of the State of Colorado. The county assumed its current size after the creation of Moffat County in 1911.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>The mountains and river valleys of present-day Routt County have a long history of human occupation, dating back to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a> of nearly 11,000 years ago. Back then, indigenous hunter-gatherers quarried stone for tools at Windy Ridge, which overlooks the divide between <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walden-north-park"><strong>North</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-county"><strong>Middle</strong> <strong>Park</strong></a> in what is now southeast Routt County.</p> <p>During the warmer months, the Yampa and Elk valleys drew large amounts of game, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>. These animals provided the core sustenance for indigenous peoples from the Paleo-Indians of thousands of years ago through the Yampa Utes, who began living in the area by the fifteenth century AD. The Yampas (also known as Yamparikas or Yampaticas) derived their name from the Yampa plant, which has an edible root not unlike a water chestnut. The plant was a staple part of the Utes’ nonmeat diet.</p> <p>Like earlier native peoples, the Utes were hunter-gatherers who followed a seasonal circuit between the high and low country. They spent summers hunting game in the mountains and returned to lower elevations and the shelter of river valleys for the winter. The Utes were also well acquainted with the mineral-rich hot springs near present-day Steamboat Springs, which they visited often to revive both body and spirit. Utes lived in temporary or mobile wooden dwellings, such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wickiups-and-other-wooden-features"><strong>wickiups</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>. The Yampa Utes traveled widely during the year, ranging west into Utah, north into Wyoming, and east to North Park.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The United States acquired the Routt County area as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, though it remained officially unexplored until <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> trappers arrived in the 1820s. One of these early trappers allegedly provided the inspiration for the name of Steamboat Springs, likening the sound of the springs’ water to that of a chugging steamboat. In 1843 and 1845, American explorer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/keyword/john-c-fremont-0"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a>, guided by trapper-turned-scout <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, traversed the Routt County area to survey a possible railroad route. No route was found, however, and demand for beaver pelts fell off by the 1840s. Irish hunter <strong>George Gore</strong> followed a Ute trail over what is now Gore Pass in 1855, but white interest in the Yampa valley and the rest of present Routt County largely subsided until the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59.</p> <p>In 1862, a year after Congress created the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, German immigrant Joseph Hahn and two other prospectors headed west from Georgetown in search of the next big gold strike. They made their way over Gore Pass into the Yampa valley and continued up the Elk River, where they found gold in a stream at the base of Hahn’s Peak. The onset of winter forced the group to head back east. Hahn returned to the area with another party in 1865, panned for gold, and again left before winter.</p> <p>In summer 1866, Hahn brought a third group to the site. Despite an attack by Utes, who killed some pack animals and made off with some of their possessions, the men panned out a decent amount of gold. This time, Hahn and two of his companions—William Doyle and George Way—decided to stay for the winter. In October Way left to get supplies but never returned. After making it through the winter with almost no provisions, Hahn and Doyle began a desperate snowshoe trek toward <strong>Empire</strong>. The starving men made it as far as Middle Park, where Hahn died and local residents rescued Doyle.</p> <p>About a year after Hahn met his fate, the federal government brokered the <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>, which transferred all Ute lands east of the Continental Divide, as well as the Yampa River valley, to the United States. In return, the Utes were given a large reservation on Colorado’s Western Slope and promised annual payments and supplies, which they would receive at various <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>agencies</strong></a> built throughout the reservation. Having lost the valley that bears their name, the Yampa Utes were to report to the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker"><strong>Meeker</strong></a>.</p> <p>As the Yampa Utes struggled to adjust to life on the new reservation, American geologist <strong>Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden</strong> led a surveying expedition through present-day Routt County in 1873. Hayden’s expedition identified major coal deposits in the Yampa valley, but those deposits would not receive much attention until it was certain the region did not have a future cast in gold.</p> <p>In 1874 several companies expanded on Hahn’s modest mining operations near Hahn’s Peak. In 1875 Chicagoan J. V. Farwell made a considerable investment in the area, building a toll road from Laramie, Wyoming, and setting up a sawmill and a store. The mining settlement took the name <strong>Hahn’s Peak Village</strong>. Since the area was originally included in several different counties, it is difficult to determine exactly how much gold the Hahn’s Peak district produced,&nbsp;but it was apparently enough to stimulate further development in the area.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>While miners pulled gold out of the Hahn’s Peak district, several settlements were developing in the Yampa River valley. <strong>James H. Crawford</strong>, a prospective <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homesteader</strong></a> from Missouri, arrived in the summer of 1874 and was immediately smitten by the valley’s beauty. Crawford built a cabin where the Yampa begins its westward bend, near natural springs that gushed into verdant meadows. Like the prospectors before him, Crawford had to leave the remote valley before the winter snows hit, but he returned the following summer with his family.</p> <p>Over the next few years, the Crawfords lived in friendship with the Yampa Utes, who often camped near the springs and traded with the family. The Crawfords’ cabin became the hub for a small community of white settlers, serving as the area’s first post office, school, and church. In 1884 James Crawford organized the Steamboat Springs Town Company, which platted the town and built the first bathhouse around the springs.</p> <p>In 1873 veteran explorer Colonel&nbsp;Porter Smart located the site of present-day Hayden,&nbsp;naming it&nbsp;for the surveyor&nbsp;who had passed through the area&nbsp;in 1871. One of the first to arrive in Hayden in 1874 was Porter's son Albert and his family, along with his brother Gordon and a number of others, such as&nbsp;Thomas Isles, who were part of&nbsp; the Bear River Colony. Albert Smart established the Hayden post office in 1875 at his homestead near the Yampa River. In 1876 JB Thompson, a former <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agencies-and-agents">Indian agent</a>,</strong>&nbsp;brought his family to the valley and established a trading post near the Smarts.</p> <p>When Routt County was established in 1877, Hayden was appointed the county seat because it was in the center&nbsp;of the new county, whose boundaries&nbsp;extended westward to the Colorado-Utah border. J.B.&nbsp;Thompson served as the County Clerk until a countywide election could be held. The town of Hahn's Peak was chosen in the next election. Hahns&nbsp;Peak proved too remote, however, so in 1912&nbsp;residents voted to move the county seat to Steamboat Springs.</p> <p>Rancher Preston King&nbsp;settled with several other people near present-day Toponas in 1878. But the county’s main influx of white immigrants began after the Utes were forcibly&nbsp;removed to Utah in 1880. That year, cattleman A. W. Salisbury began a workhorse ranch in the Hahn’s Peak area in partnership with boardinghouse operator Bob McIntosh. With the help of one of his five brothers, Charlie Temple drove 1,500 cattle into the Yampa valley in 1884 and acquired a ranch near Hayden. In 1886 the Laughlin family homesteaded near present-day Yampa and Charley Honnald established what is now the Focus Ranch, along the Snake River near the Wyoming border.</p> <p>The arrival of these early ranchers demonstrated to the rest of Colorado what the Utes had known for generations: the meadows watered by the Yampa and its tributaries were ideal for supporting large herds of grazing animals—except now those animals were domesticated cows instead of wild bison. By 1890&nbsp;the US Census of Agriculture reported that “cattle raising is the principal industry” of Routt County and “the greater part of the water” from irrigation ditches was “used for hay and meadow lands.”</p> <h2>Coal Mining</h2> <p>In 1910 Routt County had more than 94,000 head of cattle, but ranching was not the only lucrative industry in the area. In 1908 the <strong>Union Pacific</strong> Railroad reached Steamboat Springs via the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Moffat Road</strong></a>, finally allowing coal, cattle, and farm products to be shipped throughout the state and the nation. With rail access, the economic and population center of the county shifted decisively from the Elk valley to the Yampa valley, and Steamboat Springs was named the new county seat in 1912. The railroad also brought a new wave of settlers, and the Routt County population increased from 3,661 in 1900 to 7,561 in 1910.</p> <p>Coal mining in particular required an efficient means of transport before it could be a major industry in the county. In 1892&nbsp;a US Geological Survey study confirmed &nbsp;large bituminous coal deposits near Oak Creek,&nbsp;<span class="m_8141334106253517332gmail-m_8596187790300088334gmail-scayt-misspell-word" style="background: url(&quot;https://ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/ehaIrPUwCBBpeqho4HohlN7ZiM3xsGXYnJAfv33_WGJqe3SNky7GcaM=s0-d-e1-ft#http://waveline.gif&quot;) 52% 100% repeat-x transparent; padding-bottom: 0px; display: inline;">Twentymile</span>&nbsp;Park, and most of western Routt county, along with anthracite coal deposits in the California Park area.&nbsp;Before the arrival of the railroad, several dozen small coal mines operated in Routt County, providing fuel for local ranchers and farmers. But once&nbsp;companies knew a railroad was on its way, they began buying up these smaller mines in preparation for larger operations.</p> <p>Following the county’s shift toward corporate coal, Sam Bell, John Sharpe, and D. C. Williams—all businessmen from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>—organized the Oak Creek Town, Land and Mining Company in 1907. They platted Bell Town, later renamed Oak Creek, and by 1915&nbsp;the town was home to more than 2,000 people, mostly coal miners and their families. Other coal mines and mining towns could be found in the towns between Milner and Hayden, along what is now US 40 - MacGregor, Coal View, Bear River, and Mt. Harris.</p> <p>Like other coal miners in Colorado, Routt County miners labored in dark, hazardous environments for ten to twelve hours per day, receiving only meager wages in return. Fully aware that their labor kept Colorado’s economy going, many joined unions such as the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america">United Mine Workers of America</a> </strong>(UMWA) to lobby for better pay and working conditions. In 1913 more than 400 Routt County coal miners joined a statewide strike that ended only after martial law was declared. Coal mining continued throughout the twentieth century; by the 1960s, most coal came not from mine shafts but from strip mines, created by heavy machinery moving tons of earth to expose coal deposits.</p> <h2>Skiing and Tourism</h2> <p>Rails shipped coal out of the county, but they also brought in tourists, another valuable part of the local economy. Despite snow sheds and snowplows, early passenger travel along the Moffat Road was fraught with danger, as the railroad’s route over the Continental Divide often sent locomotives through snowdrifts taller than the trains themselves. Nevertheless, by 1909&nbsp;tourists began traveling to Steamboat Springs to enjoy the bathhouse and mountain scenery. The railroad also proved important to the development of Steamboat’s ski industry.</p> <p>In 1914 Norwegian <strong>Carl Howelsen</strong> organized the first Winter Carnival, which hosted Steamboat’s first competitive ski events. Before then, skiing had simply been a necessity in snowy Routt County. But after Howelsen built a ski jump on a steep hill southwest of town in 1915, the carnival and recreational skiing in Steamboat became a tourist dynamo.</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/howelsen-hill"><strong>Howelsen Hill</strong></a>, as the ski area came to be known, underwent many improvements throughout the twentieth century, including the addition of a 150-seat grandstand, a skating rink, and a ski lift powered by a Ford Model T engine. After a $1.1 million renovation, Howelsen Hill hosted the North American Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Championships in 1978. Today the Steamboat Resort welcomes more than 1 million skiers annually.</p> <p>Routt County tourism received another boost in the early twentieth century after President Theodore Roosevelt established the Park Range Forest Reserve (now the Routt National Forest) in 1905. Although the designation may have earned the ire of local ranchers who were subject to grazing regulations, the forest now draws large crowds of campers, hikers, cross-country skiers, and other outdoor enthusiasts. Additionally, <strong>Steamboat Lake State Park</strong>, formed around a picturesque reservoir in the shadow of Hahn’s Peak in 1967, remains a popular destination for boaters and anglers.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today the Routt County economy is mainly driven by the accommodation, construction, and retail sectors, key parts of the county’s tourism industry. Steamboat Ski &amp; Resort Corporation employs 210 people, for instance, while Wyndham Vacation Rentals employs another 160. The county’s largest employer, the Yampa Valley Medical Center in Steamboat Springs, employs 582 people. Another 196 jobs are provided by Peabody Energy, which operates the Twentymile Coal Mine, a strip mine in southern Routt County. The mine provides fuel for coal-fired power plants that provide nearly 65 percent of the power to Routt and Moffat Counties.</p> <p>Routt County also continues its strong ranching tradition. Its flock of more than 8,800 sheep ranks eighth out of Colorado’s sixty-four counties, and its 37,200 cattle and calves are the eighteenth-largest herd in the state. The county raises 3,131 horses and ponies. Beekeeping is also a significant, if less-heralded, agricultural pursuit; the county has more than 1,400 bee colonies, the ninth-most among forty-eight bee-raising counties.</p> <p>While towns such as Hayden remain agriculturally oriented, Steamboat Springs is the county’s cultural and educational hub. In 1972 the town’s historic train <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/steamboat-springs-depot"><strong>depot</strong></a> became the home of the Steamboat Springs Arts Council, which hosts the only professional orchestra in northwest Colorado as well as the annual All Arts Festival and a number of art workshops throughout the year. The city is also home to the <strong>Tread of Pioneers Museum </strong>and the <strong>Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage Program</strong>, both of which act to preserve and promote the history of Routt County and northwest Colorado.</p> <p>Steamboat Springs also hosts a branch campus of <strong>Colorado Mountain College</strong> and the nonprofit Yampatika, an environmental education organization formed in 1992. The group, which hosts youth camps, trains teachers in concepts related to environmental sustainability, and runs the Environmental Learning Center at the city-owned Legacy Ranch, is dedicated to protecting the natural environment that makes Routt County such an attractive place to live and visit.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/routt-county-history" hreflang="en">routt county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/howelsen-hill" hreflang="en">howelsen hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hahns-peak" hreflang="en">hahns peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/yampa-river" hreflang="en">Yampa River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/yampa" hreflang="en">yampa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clark" hreflang="en">clark</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/milner" hreflang="en">milner</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hayden" hreflang="en">hayden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-hahn" hreflang="en">joseph hahn</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-h-crawford" hreflang="en">james h crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal-mining" hreflang="en">coal mining</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jan Michael Kaminski, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SHF_Survey_Hayden2009.pdf">Town of Hayden</a>,” Historic Resources Survey I, Project #2006-M2-013 (Steamboat Springs, CO: Mountain Architecture Design Group, 2009).</p> <p>Charles H. Leckenby, “<a href="http://www.crawfordpioneersofsteamboatsprings.com/pdfs/FoundingOfSSandHahnsPeak.html">The Founding of Steamboat Springs and of Hahns Peak</a>,” <em>The Colorado Magazine</em>, May 1929.</p> <p>Steven F. Mehls and Carol Drake Mehls, <a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/620.pdf"><em>Routt and Moffat Counties, Colorado, Coal Mining Historic Context</em></a> (Denver: History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 1991).</p> <p>Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage, “<a href="http://nwcoloradoheritagetravel.org/hahns-peak-colorado/">Hahn’s Peak, Colorado</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Peabody Energy, “<a href="https://www.peabodyenergy.com/content/279/media-center/fact-sheets/twentymile-mine">Twentymile Mine</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Tom Ross, “<a href="https://www.steamboatpilot.com/news/2003/oct/18/history_in_our/">History in Our Back Yard</a>: Windy Ridge Quartzite Quarry Was Vital to Early American Indians,” <em>Steamboat Today</em>, October 18, 2003.</p> <p>Tom Ross, “<a href="https://www.steamboatpilot.com/news/2009/jan/16/altered_course/">Railroad Came to Steamboat 100 Years Ago</a>,” <em>Steamboat Today</em>, January 16, 2009.</p> <p>Routt County, “<a href="http://www.co.routt.co.us/DocumentCenter/View/619">Rock Creek Stage Stop</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Laureen Lafferty Schaeffer and Jim Crawford, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5RT473.pdf">Crawford House</a>,” National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2005).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Steamboat Springs Arts Council, “<a href="https://steamboatarts.org/about/">About Us</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Matt Stensland, “<a href="https://www.steamboatpilot.com/news/king-coal-the-underground-economic-engine-that-is-routt-countys-twentymile-coal-co/">King Coal: The Underground Economic Engine That is Routt County’s Twentymile Coal Co.</a>,” <em>Steamboat Today</em>, January 20, 2013.</p> <p>Tread of Pioneers Museum, “<a href="https://www.treadofpioneers.org/page.php?id=44">Routt County Ranch Histories</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/censusParts.do?year=1890">Colorado, Contd.</a>,” US Census of Agriculture (1890).</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Routt County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/AgCensus/getVolumeTwoPart.do?volnum=6&amp;year=1910&amp;part_id=1094&amp;number=1&amp;title=Reports%20by%20States:%20Alabama%20-%20Montana">Reports by States: Alabama—Montana</a>,” US Census of Agriculture, vol. 6, part 1 (1910).</p> <p>Yampa Valley Data Partners, “<a href="https://yampavalleypartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/YVDP_RealtorsSBS_EconomicOverview_Q1_2015_FINAL.pdf">Economic Overview: Routt County, Q1 2015</a>,” 2015.</p> <p>Yampatika, “<a href="https://yampatika.org/about/">About Yampatika</a>,” n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://coloradomtn.edu/campuses/steamboat-springs/">Colorado Mountain College in Steamboat Springs</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.crawfordpioneersofsteamboatsprings.com/">Crawford Pioneers of Steamboat Springs, Colorado</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter R. Decker, <em>“The Utes Must Go!” American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://hahnspeakhistoric.com/">Hahns Peak Area Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.com/cities-and-towns/hayden">Hayden (Colorado Tourism)</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.haydenheritagecenter.org/">Hayden Heritage Center</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://nwcoloradoheritagetravel.org/">Northwest Colorado Cultural Heritage</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.co.routt.co.us/">Routt County</a>, Colorado</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/routt-county">Routt County</a> (History Colorado)</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/placestogo/parks/SteamboatLake">Steamboat Lake State Park</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://steamboatsprings.net/">Steamboat Springs</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.steamboatcreates.org/">Steamboat Springs Arts Council</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.steamboat.com/">Steamboat Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.treadofpioneers.org/index.php">Tread of Pioneers Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 02 Feb 2017 23:26:44 +0000 yongli 2304 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/perry-mansfield-performing-arts-school-and-camp <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1774--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1774.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/perry-mansfield-performing-arts-school-and-camp"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Perry-Mansfield_School_of_Theatre_and_Dance.jpg?itok=khQrmPaK" width="1000" height="659" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/perry-mansfield-performing-arts-school-and-camp" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1914 Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield established moved their performing arts camp from Lake Eldora to Strawberry Park near Steamboat Springs, where it continues to operate today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-25T11:01:36-06:00" title="Thursday, August 25, 2016 - 11:01" class="datetime">Thu, 08/25/2016 - 11:01</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/perry-mansfield-performing-arts-school-and-camp" data-a2a-title="Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fperry-mansfield-performing-arts-school-and-camp&amp;title=Perry-Mansfield%20Performing%20Arts%20School%20and%20Camp"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established by <strong>Charlotte Perry</strong> and <strong>Portia Mansfield</strong> in 1913, the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp near <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong> is the oldest continuously operated performing arts camp in the United States. In the early twentieth century, the camp served as an important site for the development of modern dance, choreography, and performing arts education. The camp’s many distinguished faculty and alumni include Agnes de Mille, Louis Horst, Charles Weidman, José Limón, John Cage, Julie Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Mandy Moore, and Jessica Biel.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Establishment and Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1910 Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield met as undergraduates at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Mansfield graduated that year and spent the summer studying ballet in Europe before returning to teach dance in New York City and Nebraska. In the fall of 1912 she visited Perry in Denver. The two young women accompanied Perry’s father on a hunting trip and devised a plan for a summer arts camp in the mountains. The idea was innovative at the time. Summer camps were a recent development, and it was unusual for a rustic camp to offer a performing arts education, especially under the direction of two unmarried women.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 Perry and Mansfield established their initial camp—called the Rocky Mountain Dancing Camp—at a rented house near Lake Eldora in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a>. The camp attracted twelve students, but the location proved troublesome. First, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, the camp faced harsh and unpredictable weather; second, the camp apparently attracted too many curious men from Denver who used binoculars to try to watch the women dancing in the woods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In search of a location that was more remote and had better summer weather, Perry and Mansfield settled on Steamboat Springs. They saved $200 teaching dance lessons in Chicago and in 1914 used the money to buy five acres in Strawberry Park, a few miles north of town. At the time, the property had only a single building, a log-cabin <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> called the Cabeen, which served as Perry and Mansfield’s living quarters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1917 the camp attracted fifty students. Mansfield taught dance classes while Perry focused on technical direction (designs, sets, costumes) and, starting in 1917, taught drama. Initially, they spent winters teaching in Chicago to raise money for the camp, but in 1918, with the camp on more stable financial footing, they moved to Carmel, California, and started a winter arts school. In addition, in 1921 Mansfield started a professional dance company, which studied at the Steamboat Springs camp during the summer and toured the US and Canada for the rest of the year. The dance company lasted until 1930, when the Great Depression and the declining popularity of vaudeville ended it. Perry and Mansfield decided to refocus their energy on their Colorado summer camp, which had been renamed the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts Camp. For the next quarter-century they spent their summers in Steamboat Springs running the camp and their winters in New York City studying and teaching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Influence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp grew steadily through the middle of the twentieth century. From the five acres they started with in 1914, Perry and Mansfield gradually acquired a total of eighty-eight acres by 1949. The buildings they added to the property were placed in an informal layout and had log siding to maintain the area’s rustic feel. In 1918 they built a two-story main lodge, and the main dance studio opened in 1922. Many other cabins and dormitories have been added over the years, with the majority dating to before 1960. Among the camp’s most notable structures are the Louis Horst Studio, an open dance floor built in 1960, and the Julie Harris Theater, built in 1958. One of the few departures from the camp’s rustic style, the Julie Harris Theater was based on a design by Canadian architect Willard Sage—a student of Frank Lloyd Wright’s—who also served as an actor on the camp’s staff.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the camp’s dance program expanded significantly with the addition of modern dance, which emphasized individuality, creativity, and freedom in its movements. At the time, the Perry-Mansfield Camp was one of only a few institutions in the United States to support both classical ballet and modern dance, and it quickly became an important training ground for modern dancers, choreographers, and composers. Much of the camp’s staff consisted of the young women who were creating modern dance as we know it today. Moreover, the camp was one of the first dance schools to train men, with male teachers joining the staff in the 1920s. Most modern dancers spent time at the camp as students or faculty, and choreographers often taught at the camp or used it to test new ideas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As it grew, the camp also offered more traditional summer camp activities, such as pack trips, camping, swimming, and tennis. In 1930 the camp formally added recreation to its existing arts program, and in 1934 equestrian instructor Elizabeth Shannon began offering horseback riding, which became an important component of the camp’s curriculum. The camp added several riding rings, and every Monday campers took a horseback ride in the nearby Mount Zirkel Wilderness.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to its important role in the development of American dance, the camp’s cultural influence was extensive. Locally, it held performances in Steamboat Springs and in 1950 helped start the Steamboat Springs Square Dance Festival. It also hosted the region’s first Symposium of the Arts in 1952, which was instrumental in the establishment of the Colorado Council on the Arts (now <strong>Colorado Creative Industries</strong>). In equestrian sports, the camp became home in 1953 to the first National Rating Center for Riding in the Rocky Mountain region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp’s reputation attracted a growing number of students. In the early years campers were primarily young women from wealthy families in the East. The Burlington Zephyr train even had private sleeper cars to accommodate them and staff members traveling to Perry-Mansfield from New York and Chicago. By the middle of the twentieth century, people from all over the world attended the camp. In the summer of 1959, it had 276 students, including some from Latin America, Europe, and Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stephens College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1963, after five decades of leading the camp, Perry and Mansfield began to step away from it. They decided to donate the camp to Stephens College, a women’s college in Columbia, Missouri, with a strong performing arts program. After a four-year transition period, Stephens took full control in 1967. The camp became a summer campus for Stephens, with the college renting out the cabins when they were not in use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield retired to Carmel, California. In the early 1970s they received the Colorado Governor’s Award for Excellence in the Arts in recognition of their lifelong contributions to the arts and arts education.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Return to Independence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When financial pressures forced Stephens College to sell the camp in 1991, local citizens formed a group called Friends of Perry-Mansfield to keep the camp open and save the property from development. With the help of a $60,000 loan from Steamboat Springs, the group quickly raised enough money for a down payment on the property. Friends of Perry-Mansfield took over operation of the camp, and by 1994 the group raised enough money to pay off its mortgage and own the camp outright.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Friends of Perry-Mansfield have revitalized and expanded the camp’s programs. In 1997 the camp started a New Works Festival to help playwrights jump-start new productions. In 2001 the camp launched a five-year fundraising campaign to renovate existing buildings and add new performance venues. With help from the Gates Family Foundation, the Boettcher Foundation, and the State Historical Fund, the camp was able to renovate the Cabeen and other historic buildings. The camp now has four dance studios, two theaters, two art studios, two writing studios, a costume shop, and a music lab, and it offers a variety of dance, theater, and equestrian programs for students from elementary school to college.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/charlotte-perry" hreflang="en">Charlotte Perry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/portia-mansfield" hreflang="en">Portia Mansfield</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/performing-arts" hreflang="en">performing arts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/summer-camps" hreflang="en">summer camps</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dance" hreflang="en">dance</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Marty Alexandroff, “Perry-Mansfield School of the Theatre and Dance [5RT976],” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andy Bockelman, “Perry-Mansfield through the Years,” Steamboat Today, June 9, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lucile Bogue, Dancers on Horseback: The Perry-Mansfield Story (San Francisco: Strawberry Hill Press, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Hair, “Once Endangered, Perry-Mansfield Thrives Again,” Steamboat Today, July 25, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tricia Henry, “Perry-Mansfield School of Dance and Theatre,” Dance Research 8, no. 2 (1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://perry-mansfield.org/">Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365925635/">"Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School &amp; Camp,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, January 5, 2017.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp is near Steamboat Springs. It is the oldest performing arts camp in the United States. Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield started it in 1913.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Establishment and Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1910 Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield met at Smith College in Massachusetts. Mansfield studied ballet in Europe after she graduated. Then, she taught dance in New York City and Nebraska. In 1912 she visited Perry in Denver. They travelled to the mountains. Together, they came up with the idea for a summer arts camp in Colorado. This was a creative idea at the time. There were not many summer camps and an arts camp was unusual. It was also uncommon for two unmarried women to set up a business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 they started the Rocky Mountain Dancing Camp. The camp was located at a house in <strong>Boulder County</strong>. Twelve young women attended the camp. But there were some problems. The camp had bad weather because it was at a high elevation. Plus, too many curious men used binoculars to watch the young women dancing in the woods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield looked for a new location. They decided on <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>. It had good summer weather and was far away from the city. They taught dance lessons in Chicago and made $200. In 1914 they used the money to buy five acres in Steamboat Springs. The property had only one building. It was a log cabin they called the “Cabeen.” Perry and Mansfield lived there.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1917 the camp had fifty students. In 1918 a two-story lodge was built. A dance studio opened in 1922. Mansfield taught the dance classes. Perry taught design, sets, costumes and drama. At first, they spent their winters in Chicago. They had to work to raise money for the camp. In 1918 they moved to Carmel, California. There, they started a winter arts school. They returned to Colorado every summer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1921 Mansfield started a professional dance group. They practiced at the camp during the summer. For the rest of the year the group performed around the United States. The dance company ended in 1930, when the <strong>Great Depression</strong> started. Traveling shows were not as popular, and people did not have money to attend performances.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield focused on their Colorado summer camp. They renamed it the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts Camp. For the next twenty-five years, they spent their summers in Steamboat Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Influence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp had five acres it started in 1914. By 1949 the camp had eighty-eight acres. Over the years, new buildings were added to the property.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the camp added “modern dance” to its program. This dance style was different from traditional dance. It was about dancing with creativity and freedom. The camp was one the few places that taught modern dance. Many teachers at the camp were young women who were leaders in the modern dance movement. The camp was also one of the first dance schools to teach male dancers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1930s, the camp added more summer camp activities. These included camping, swimming, and tennis. In 1934 the camp began offering horseback riding. The camp added riding rings and campers took horseback rides in the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp supported the arts in the community. It held performances in Steamboat Springs. In 1950 helped start the Steamboat Springs Square Dance Festival. It held a Symposium of the Arts in 1952. This later became the Colorado Council on the Arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early years, campers were young women from wealthy families in the East. The trains from the East had private sleeper cars for camp students. By the 1950s, people from all over the world attended the camp. In 1959 it had 276 students. These included students from Latin America, Europe, and Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stephens College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1963, after fifty years of leading the camp, Perry and Mansfield decided to retire. They donated the camp to Stephens College, a women’s college in Columbia, Missouri. It was a summer campus for Stephens College for around twenty-five years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield retired to Carmel, California. In the 1970s, they were given the Colorado Governor’s Award for Excellence in the Arts. It was to honor all they had done for the arts and arts education.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Return to Independence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephens College decided to sell the camp in 1991. A group called “Friends of Perry-Mansfield” was formed. They wanted to buy the camp and keep it open. The town of Steamboat Springs helped out with a loan of $60,000. The group raised enough money to buy the property. Friends of Perry-Mansfield took over running the camp.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Friends of Perry-Mansfield fixed up the camp. The Gates Foundation, the Boettcher Foundation, and the State Historical Fund donated money. The Cabeen and other historic buildings were fixed up. Now, the camp has four dance studios, two theaters, two art studios, and two writing studios. It also has a costume shop and a music lab. It offers dance, theater, and horse riding programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many famous people attended or taught at the camp. Some included Agnes de Mille, José Limón, John Cage, Julie Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Mandy Moore, and Jessica Biel.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp is located near Steamboat Springs. It is the oldest continuously operated performing arts camp in the United States. Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield established it in 1913. The camp was an important site for the development of modern dance. The camp has had many famous faculty and alumni, including Agnes de Mille, José Limón, John Cage, Julie Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Mandy Moore, and Jessica Biel.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Establishment and Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1910 Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield met at Smith College in Massachusetts. Mansfield spent the summer studying ballet in Europe after she graduated. She returned and taught dance in New York City and Nebraska. In 1912 she visited Perry in Denver. The two young women traveled to the mountains, and together came up with the idea for a summer arts camp in Colorado. The idea was innovative at the time; summer camps were a recent development, and a performing arts camp was unusual. It was also uncommon for two unmarried women to set up a business.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 Perry and Mansfield started the Rocky Mountain Dancing Camp, located at a rented house near Lake Eldora in <strong>Boulder County</strong>. The camp had twelve students, but the location proved troublesome, as it faced harsh and unpredictable weather because of the altitude. Plus, the camp attracted too many curious men from town who used binoculars to watch the women dancing in the woods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield looked for a new location. They settled on <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong> because it had better summer weather and was remote. To finance the camp, they taught dance lessons in Chicago and made $200. In 1914 they used the money to buy five acres in Strawberry Park, north of Steamboat Springs. The property had only one building—a log cabin they called the “Cabeen.” It served as Perry and Mansfield’s living quarters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1917 the camp attracted fifty students. Mansfield taught dance classes. Perry taught drama and focused on designs, sets, and costumes. They spent winters teaching in Chicago to raise money for the camp. In 1918, with the camp on more stable financial footing, they moved to Carmel, California. There they started a winter arts school.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1921 Mansfield started a professional dance company. The group practiced at the Steamboat Springs camp during the summer. Then they toured the United States and Canada for the rest of the year. The dance company ended in 1930. This was due to a combination of factors, including the Great Depression and the declining popularity of vaudeville.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield decided to refocus their energy on their Colorado summer camp. They renamed it the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts Camp. For the next twenty-five years, they spent their summers in Steamboat Springs running the camp. Their winters were spent in New York City studying and teaching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Influence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From the five acres it started with in 1914, the camp gradually acquired a total of eighty-eight acres by 1949. New buildings were added to the property, and they had log siding to maintain the camp’s rustic feel. In 1918 a two-story main lodge was built and a dance studio opened in 1922. Many other cabins and dormitories have been added over the years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the camp’s dance program expanded to include “modern dance.” This new dance style emphasized individuality, creativity, and freedom. The camp was one of the only places that taught both ballet and modern dance. It became an important training ground for modern dancers, choreographers, and composers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many teachers at the camp were young women who were leaders in the modern dance movement. The camp was also one of the first dance schools to train men, with male teachers joining the staff in the 1920s. Most modern dancers spent time at the camp as students or teachers. Choreographers also taught at the camp or used it to test new ideas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As it grew, the camp began to offer traditional summer camp activities. In 1930 the camp added recreation to its arts program. Activities included camping, swimming, and tennis. In 1934 it began offering horseback riding. The camp added several riding rings and campers took horseback rides in the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp had extensive cultural influence. Locally, it held performances in Steamboat Springs. In 1950 it helped start the Steamboat Springs Square Dance Festival. It also hosted a Symposium of the Arts in 1952. This helped start the Colorado Council on the Arts. In 1953 the horseback-riding program became a National Rating Center for Riding.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp’s reputation attracted a growing number of students. In the early years, campers were young women from wealthy families in the East, but by the middle of the twentieth century people from all over the world attended the camp. In the summer of 1959, it had 276 students, including campers from Latin America, Europe, and Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stephens College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1963, after fifty years of leading the camp, Perry and Mansfield decided retire. They donated the camp to Stephens College, a women’s college in Columbia, Missouri, with a strong performing arts program. Stephens took full control in 1967. The camp became a summer campus for Stephens, with the college renting out the cabins when they were not in use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield retired to Carmel, California. In the early 1970s, they received the Colorado Governor’s Award for Excellence in the Arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Return to Independence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Financial pressures forced Stephens College to sell the camp in 1991. Local citizens formed a group called “Friends of Perry-Mansfield.” They hoped to keep the camp open and save the property from development. With the help of a $60,000 loan from Steamboat Springs, the group raised enough money for a down payment on the property. Friends of Perry-Mansfield took over operation of the camp. By 1994 the group raised enough money to pay off its mortgage and owned the camp.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Friends of Perry-Mansfield revitalized and expanded the camp’s programs. In 1997 the camp started a program to help playwrights with new productions. In 2001 the camp launched a five-year fundraising campaign. The Gates Family Foundation, the Boettcher Foundation and the State Historical Fund contributed. With the money, new performance spaces were added. The Cabeen and other historic buildings were renovated. The camp now has four dance studios, two theaters, two art studios, and two writing studios. It also has a costume shop and a music lab. Dance, theater, and equestrian programs are offered for students from elementary school to college.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts School and Camp is the oldest continuously operated performing arts camp in the United States. It is located near <strong>Steamboat Springs </strong>and was established by Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield in 1913. The camp served as an important site for the development of modern dance, choreography, and performing arts education. The camp has many distinguished faculty and alumni, including Agnes de Mille, Louis Horst, Charles Weidman, José Limón, John Cage, Julie Harris, Dustin Hoffman, Mandy Moore, and Jessica Biel.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Establishment and Early Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1910 Charlotte Perry and Portia Mansfield met as undergraduates at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Mansfield graduated and spent the summer studying ballet in Europe. She returned to teach dance in New York City and Nebraska. In the fall of 1912 she visited Perry in Denver. As the two young women accompanied Perry’s father on a hunting trip, they devised a plan for a summer arts camp in the mountains. The idea was innovative at the time. Summer camps were a recent development, and it was unusual for a rustic camp to offer a performing arts education, especially under the direction of two unmarried women.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 Perry and Mansfield established the Rocky Mountain Dancing Camp. This first camp was located at a rented house near Lake Eldora in <a href="/article/boulder-county">Boulder County</a>. The camp attracted twelve students, but the location proved troublesome. First, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, the camp faced harsh and unpredictable weather. Second, the camp apparently attracted too many curious men from Denver who used binoculars to try to watch the women dancing in the woods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield looked for a new location. They settled on Steamboat Springs because it was remote and had better summer weather. They saved $200 teaching dance lessons in Chicago. In 1914 they used the money to buy five acres in Strawberry Park, a few miles north of Steamboat Springs. At the time, the property had only one building—a log-cabin homestead. Perry and Mansfield used it as their living quarters and called it the “Cabeen.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1917 the camp attracted fifty students. Mansfield taught dance classes while Perry taught drama, design, sets, and costuming. Initially, they spent their winters teaching in Chicago to raise money for the camp. In 1918, with the camp on more stable financial footing, they moved to Carmel, California, where they started a winter arts school.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1921 Mansfield started a professional dance company that studied at the Steamboat Springs camp during the summer. They toured the United States and Canada for the rest of the year. In 1930, however, several factors, including the Great Depression and the declining popularity of vaudeville, led the company to disband.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield decided to refocus their energy on their Colorado summer camp, which had been renamed the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts Camp. For the next twenty-five years, they spent their summers in Steamboat Springs running the camp and their winters in New York City studying and teaching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth and Influence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp grew steadily through the middle of the twentieth century. From the five acres they started with in 1914, Perry and Mansfield gradually acquired a total of eighty-eight acres by 1949. New buildings were added to the property. They were placed in an informal layout and had log siding to maintain the camp’s rustic feel. In 1918 they built a two-story main lodge, and the main dance studio opened in 1922. Many other cabins and dormitories have been added over the years, with the majority built before 1960.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp’s most notable structures include the Julie Harris Theater, built in 1958, and the Louis Horst Studio, an open dance floor built in 1960. The Julie Harris Theater is one of the few departures from the camp’s rustic style. It was based on a design by Canadian architect Willard Sage, an actor on the camp’s staff and a student of architect Frank Lloyd Wright.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the camp’s dance program expanded significantly with the addition of modern dance. This new dance style emphasized individuality, creativity, and freedom in its movements. The camp was one of only a few schools in the United States that taught both classical ballet and modern dance. It became an important training ground for modern dancers, choreographers, and composers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Much of the camp’s staff consisted of young women who were creating modern dance as we know it today. Also, the camp was one of the first dance schools to train men, with male teachers joining the staff in the 1920s. Most modern dancers spent time at the camp as students or teachers. Choreographers often taught at the camp or used it to test new ideas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1930 the camp started to offer more traditional summer camp activities. These included camping, swimming, and tennis. In 1934 equestrian instructor Elizabeth Shannon began offering horseback riding. This became an important component of the camp’s curriculum. The camp added several riding rings, and campers took horseback rides into the nearby Mt. Zirkel Wilderness.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp’s cultural influence was extensive. It held local performances in Steamboat Springs, and in 1950 it helped start the Steamboat Springs Square Dance Festival. It also hosted the region’s first Symposium of the Arts in 1952. This was instrumental in the establishment of the Colorado Council on the Arts (now Colorado Creative Industries). In 1953 the camp became home to the first National Rating Center for Horse Riding in the Rocky Mountain region.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The camp’s reputation attracted a growing number of students. In the early years, campers were primarily young women from wealthy families in the East. The Burlington Zephyr train even had private sleeper cars to accommodate students and staff members traveling to the camp from New York and Chicago. By the middle of the twentieth century, people from all over the world attended the camp. In the summer of 1959, it had 276 students, including some from Latin America, Europe, and Asia.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Stephens College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1963, after five decades of leading the camp, Perry and Mansfield decided to retire. They donated the camp to Stephens College, a women’s college in Columbia, Missouri, with a strong performing arts program. After a four-year transition period, Stephens took full control in 1967. The camp became a summer campus for Stephens, with the college renting out the cabins when they were not in use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perry and Mansfield retired to Carmel, California. In the early 1970s, they received the Colorado Governor’s Award for Excellence in the Arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Return to Independence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Financial pressures forced Stephens College to sell the camp in 1991. Local citizens formed a group called Friends of Perry-Mansfield to keep the camp open and save the property from development. With the help of a $60,000 loan from Steamboat Springs, the group raised enough money for a down payment. Friends of Perry-Mansfield took over operation of the camp. By 1994 the group raised enough money to pay off the mortgage and own the camp outright.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Friends of Perry-Mansfield have expanded the camp’s programs. In 1997 the camp started a New Works Festival to help playwrights jump-start new productions. In 2001 the camp launched a fundraising campaign. The Gates Family Foundation, the Boettcher Foundation, and the State Historical Fund all contributed. With the money, the camp added new performance venues and renovated the Cabeen and other historic buildings. The camp now has four dance studios, two theaters, two art studios, two writing studios, a costume shop, and a music lab. It offers a variety of dance, theater, and equestrian programs for students from elementary school to college.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 25 Aug 2016 17:01:36 +0000 yongli 1773 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org 1976 Winter Olympics http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1976-winter-olympics <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">1976 Winter Olympics</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1536--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1536.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-olympic-logo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NEW%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=-UItuqOI" width="960" height="688" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-olympic-logo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Olympic Logo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">A view of the ski-jumping competition showing the Olympic symbol.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1537--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1537.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/governor-love"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NEW%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=og1Y3pS7" width="512" height="476" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/governor-love" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor Love</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Governor John Love formed the Colorado Olympic Committee in the 1960s to build a case for the state to host the 1976 Winter Olympics.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1538--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1538.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/governor-lamm"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Untitled-1_0.jpg?itok=-F9aHjH1" width="1000" height="657" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/governor-lamm" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor Lamm</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Richard Lamm’s opposition to hosting the 1976 Winter Olympics vaulted him from the Colorado House of Representatives to the governor’s mansion in 1975.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-07-29T11:15:49-06:00" title="Friday, July 29, 2016 - 11:15" class="datetime">Fri, 07/29/2016 - 11:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/1976-winter-olympics" data-a2a-title="1976 Winter Olympics"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2F1976-winter-olympics&amp;title=1976%20Winter%20Olympics"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the early 1960s, Governor <strong>John A. Love</strong> and other business leaders worked to bring the 1976 Winter Olympics to Colorado. Despite winning the bid from the International Olympic Committee in 1970, the voters of Colorado decided not to fund the winter games, causing the event to be moved to Innsbruck, Austria. The rejection of the 1976 Olympic Games illustrates the growing power of environmental groups that shook up Colorado’s political establishment in the 1960s and 1970s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1960s <strong>ski industry</strong> leaders approached Governor Love about bringing the Olympics to Colorado. The governor agreed to pursue an Olympic bid on the assumption that the games would bolster the state’s economy by drawing attention to Colorado’s burgeoning tourist industry. Love formed the Colorado Olympic Committee, which was composed of local business leaders and worked in secret, meeting behind closed doors. The press was allowed almost no access. This committee later evolved into the <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Olympic Committee (DOC) after it successfully persuaded the federal government to support Colorado’s bid for the 1976 Winter Olympics.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The DOC ran into opposition early on when it arrived in the small mountain town of Indian Hills. Local residents found themselves bewildered and frightened as committee members arrived unannounced and began to survey the land. The committee also encountered resistance when it visited <strong>Evergreen</strong>. Residents there voiced similar concerns, namely, that the committee needed to be more transparent and address concerns about potential environmental damage resulting from construction. To that end, residents of the town turned to the environmental group Mountain Area Planning Council (MAPC). The council agreed to intercede with the DOC on behalf of the residents of Evergreen and Indian Hills but had little success. The committee trivialized the communities’ anxiety about potential environmental impact. Frustrated with a lack of progress, Indian Hills formally organized the Plan Our Mountain Environment (POME) group in opposition to hosting the Olympics in the town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Citizens for Colorado’s Future</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The most prominent opposition group to the Olympic Games, Citizens for Colorado’s Future (CCF), had modest beginnings. The CCF began as a small group of researchers based out of the University of Colorado, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, who intended to study the potential impact of hosting the games. The findings of CCF’s were that hosting the games would be detrimental to many of the proposed locations. An analysis of <strong>Copper Mountain</strong>, for example, warned that the planned construction could lead to soil erosion, loss of aesthetic appeal, and significant forest depletion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado politicians took note of CCF’s findings. Colorado representatives <strong>Richard Lamm</strong> and Bob Jackson introduced a bill that would block state funding for the 1976 Olympics, but the legislation died in committee. Although these statesmen were unable to effect an immediate change, their attention to the Olympics issue illustrates the changing political atmosphere of Colorado in 1971. That state representatives, however few, tried to block the Olympics suggests an elevated level of importance ascribed to questions of growth and the environment. With Lamm’s assistance, the CCF formally organized into a potent political activist group. Coloradans opposed the Olympics on a variety of grounds, ranging from environmental to economic and even to concerns over the lack of minority participation in the DOC. The CCF was able to unite these elements into a loose coalition, even as the diversity of its members simultaneously threatened the fragile alliance.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ballot Initiative</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Both the CCF and Lamm fought to keep the Olympic issue in the public eye. Their determination attracted the support of major environmental groups such as the Sierra Club and Zero Population Growth. When representative Lamm nearly pushed a bill through the legislature that would have terminated state funding for the games, the CCF was emboldened to put the issue to popular vote.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olympic opponents managed to collect more than 77,000 voter signatures to place the question of state and city funding for the games on the November 1972 ballot. While the DOC was concerned by the mounting political pressure, it remained confident that federal and private funding would suffice in the unlikely event that the initiative passed. This confidence was shattered when the US Senate Interior Committee declared that federal funding would be contingent on the outcome of the November ballot. The DOC scrambled to organize a political response. At the behest of the committee, major news outlets such as the <em>Denver Post</em> wrote pro-Olympic articles stressing the economic benefits of hosting the games. Some Coloradans, however, were already beginning to doubt the financial boons the DOC promised. Not only did costs frequently run over budget, but the committee had already spent more than $1 million and had nothing to show for it. Furthermore, the DOC failed to address environmental concerns raised by opposition groups. On November 7, 1972, Coloradans overwhelmingly voted against funding the games.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Significance</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Resistance to hosting the 1976 Winter Olympics took place during the rise of the modern environmentalist movement. These concerns combined with the stagnant economy of the 1970s to produce a diverse opposition. One local newspaper criticized the proposed bobsled run by calling it a “mile-long, refrigerated concrete snake which, as there are only 100 competitors in the world, has very limited afteruse” and which would leave “permanent scars.” Neither environmentalism nor economic issues probably would have been enough alone to stop the games. Together, however, they provided potent opposition.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The casualties of the anti-Olympic movement extended beyond the scope of the games. Entrenched politicians such as US representative Gordon Allot and US senator <a href="/article/wayne-aspinall"><strong>Wayne Aspinall</strong></a> lost their seats, and the pro-development <strong>Denver Water</strong> Board found itself under attack by environmental groups. The environmental movement produced winners as well. Lamm ousted former Governor Love in 1975 by running on a pro-environment, anti-Olympic platform. Colorado’s decision to not fund the games also had international repercussions. Innsbruck, Austria, was hastily chosen as a replacement for Colorado, as it still possessed the infrastructure from the previous winter games. Colorado became the first and only case in which a city refused to host the Olympics after winning an official International Olympic Committee bid.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sanderson-timothy" hreflang="und">Sanderson, Timothy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/1976-winter-olympics" hreflang="en">1976 winter olympics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/winter-olympics-denver" hreflang="en">winter olympics denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-1976-olympics" hreflang="en">denver 1976 olympics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/richard-lamm" hreflang="en">Richard Lamm</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalist-movement" hreflang="en">environmentalist movement</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-olympics" hreflang="en">colorado olympics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-love-0" hreflang="en">john love</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wayne-aspinall" hreflang="en">wayne aspinall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Baird B. Brown and Charles W. Howe, <em>Economic and Environmental Impact of the 1976 Winter Olympics Alpine Events</em> (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sam W. Brown Jr., “The ‘76 Winter Olympics: Snow Job in Colorado,” <em>New Republic</em> 166, no. 5 (January 29, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Timothy Lange, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.orgbitstream/handle/10976/114/UCCSWeekly_19721107.pdf?sequence=1&amp;amp;amp;isAllowed=y">Keeping the Olympics Out of Colorado</a>,” <em>UCCS Weekly</em> 1, no. 12 (November 7, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jack Moore, “When Denver Rejected the Olympics in Favour of the Environment and Economics” <em>Guardian</em> (London), April 7, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Laura Katz Olson, <em>Power, Public Policy, and the Environment: The Defeat of the 1976 Winter Olympics in Colorado</em> (PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Philpott, <em>Vacationland: Tourism and Environment in the Colorado High Country</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cynthia Psarakis, “<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35441125">The Olympics That Weren’t</a>” <em>NBC News</em>, February 18, 2010.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jean-Loup Chappelet, “Olympic Environmental Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games,” <em>International Journal of the History of Sport</em> 25, no. 14 (2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Riley E. Dunlap and Angela G. Mertig, <em>American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970–1990</em> (Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen Essex and Brian Chalkley, “Mega-Sporting Events in Urban and Regional Policy: A History of the Winter Olympics,” <em>Planning Perspectives. </em>19, no. 2 (2004).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 29 Jul 2016 17:15:49 +0000 yongli 1534 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Howelsen Hill http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/howelsen-hill <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Howelsen Hill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1616--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1616.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/carl-howelsen"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Howelsen%20Hill%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=qQejhLvn" width="450" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/carl-howelsen" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Carl Howelsen</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Skiing pioneer Carl Howelsen organized Steamboat Springs's first Winter Carnival in 1914. For the next year's carnival Howelsen developed the ski area that was later named Howelsen Hill.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--858--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--858.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ski-jumping-howelsen-hill"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Howelsen%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=Ji_eOKEw" width="965" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ski-jumping-howelsen-hill" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ski Jumping at Howelsen Hill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Carl Howelsen chose the location of Howelsen Hill because the terrain made it perfect for ski jumping.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--860--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--860.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/howelsen-hill-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Howelsen_Hill_Ski_Area%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=r0QH2f-6" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/howelsen-hill-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Howelsen Hill Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Howelsen Hill recently celebrated its 100th anniversary. In addition to its jumping complex, the ski area also features downhill skiing and miles of Nordic trails.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-09T15:40:35-07:00" title="Monday, November 9, 2015 - 15:40" class="datetime">Mon, 11/09/2015 - 15:40</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/howelsen-hill" data-a2a-title="Howelsen Hill"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhowelsen-hill&amp;title=Howelsen%20Hill"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Howelsen Hill in Steamboat Springs is the oldest ski area in continuing use in Colorado and one of the few international ski jump competition sites in the United States. Built in 1915 by skiing pioneer <strong>Carl Howelsen</strong> (1877–1955) and the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club for the city’s second Winter Carnival, the small ski area has served as the training ground for nearly 100 Olympic skiers. It is owned by the city and recently celebrated its 100th anniversary.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Skiing began as a necessity in Steamboat Springs, a way for people to get around in snowy winters. In 1914 skiing became recreation. That year Carl Howelsen (born as Karl Hovelsen in Norway) organized Steamboat’s first Winter Carnival. Held on Woodchuck Hill (now the site of Colorado Mountain College) in February, the Winter Carnival featured the town’s first competitive skiing events, a ski jumping competition and cross-country ski races. The Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club was founded to plan and promote the carnival. It was the first winter sports club in the West and the first in the Rocky Mountains to join the National Ski Association.</p> <p>For its second year, the Winter Carnival moved to a hill just southwest of downtown. The Steamboat Springs Company owned the hill and had just developed it into Elk Park, a wild-game park. Howelsen chose the site because its steep terrain made it good for ski jumping. Under his direction, the Winter Carnival Committee started to clear timber from Elk Park in December 1914. Soon a wooden scaffold and takeoff were in place, and Howelsen made the first ski jump there on February 6, 1915. After a few more modifications, the area officially opened later that month when the second Winter Carnival was held there.</p> <p>In its early years, the ski area was known to locals as “Big Hill” or “A Hill” or “Big H.” During the fourth Winter Carnival, in 1917, the ski area was renamed in honor of Howelsen. All the elk were removed from the park by 1920.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has been primarily associated with ski jumping since it opened, though it offers a variety of skiing terrain. The area has hosted jumping championships at a variety of levels, including several national championships. The national ski jumping record was set there for the first time in 1916 and for the last time in 1980.</p> <h2>Improvements</h2> <p>Howelsen Hill has been modified continuously since 1914 to maintain the ski area and keep the ski jumps safe. Town volunteers did most of the engineering and construction work until the 1950s, clearing vegetation, building jumps, developing drainage systems, and installing lifts. The first amenities at Howelsen Hill were a 150-seat grandstand, a toboggan slide, and a skating rink, all built in 1920. Later in the 1920s, Howelsen Hill added its first Alpine slalom hill to complement its existing ski jump and Nordic trails.</p> <p>More improvements came in the 1930s, including some construction that used Works Progress Administration funds in 1935–36. A spotlight mounted on a building in town and directed at the ski runs allowed Howelsen Hill to introduce night skiing in 1937, making it one of the first ski areas to do so. That year the city of Steamboat Springs assumed ownership of the ski area.</p> <p>In 1934 a boat tow originally used for carting construction materials up the mountain was used for the first time as a ski lift. Skiers who previously had had to hike to the top of the ridge carrying their skis could now ride up in a boatlike sled that seated eight, pulled by a winch powered by the engine and transmission of a Ford Model T. In 1937 an electric motor replaced the Model T engine, and the tow began to use two sleds that each seated ten people plus their skis. A rope tow was added in 1945, and a year later the base lodge was finished.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill hosted the National Ski Jumping Championships for the first time in 1946. This spurred a four-year effort to improve the ski area, using money from bonds and a two-cent cigarette sales tax. In 1948 the hill added a new T-bar to take skiers all the way to the top of Emerald Mountain, about 1,000 feet above Howelsen Hill. Like most Howelsen Hill improvements up to that time, the T-bar was assembled and installed by locals. The period of the late 1940s and early 1950s was the only time when Howelsen Hill began to grow into something larger than a local ski area.</p> <p>The T-bar operated for only six years, however, before mechanical failures caused the portion from the top of Howelsen Hill to Emerald Mountain to be dismantled. In 1959 the Denver architect Eugene Sternberg drew up a master plan for developing Howelsen Hill into a resort community financed by a rich backer, along the lines of <a href="/article/walter-paepcke"><strong>Walter Paepcke</strong></a>’s <a href="/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>, but the plan never went anywhere. With recreational skiers flocking to the large resort that opened across town at Storm Mountain in 1963, Howelsen Hill continued as a small ski area that attracted primarily locals and ski jumpers.</p> <h2>The Olympics and After</h2> <p>In the early 1970s, when it looked as if Denver would host the <strong><a href="/article/1976-winter-olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a></strong>, the Denver Olympic Committee announced that the Nordic skiing events would be held at Howelsen Hill, which would receive $100,000 to improve its facilities before the games. But the Winter Olympics proved controversial in Colorado. In May 1972, the ninety-meter jump burned at Howelsen Hill in a suspected arson by people opposed to local participation in the Olympics. In November, Colorado voters rejected funding for the Olympics, causing Denver to withdraw as host.</p> <p>After Howelsen Hill lost a ski jump and its potential Olympic funding, Steamboat Springs resident and Denver Olympic Committee member John Fetcher led an effort to build a new, international-regulation Nordic jump facility at the ski area. The facility, which cost $1.1 million, was funded by donations from residents and from the Kettering, Gates, Adolph Coors, and Bonnie Belle Foundations. The complex was dedicated in January 1978, when Howelsen Hill hosted the North American Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Championships.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has seen ongoing maintenance and renovation since the 1980s. An Olympic-size ice rink was installed at the base of the hill in 1986, and the area has become a year-round sports park with summer biking, hiking, and equestrian trails; a rodeo arena; ball fields; bike and skate parks; and basketball, tennis, and volleyball courts. In 2010 Howelsen Hill received $900,000 from Great Outdoors Colorado lottery funds to upgrade lighting and install a year-round K38 ski jump.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill is still home to the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and is a popular lunchtime skiing destination for locals because of its proximity to downtown. The ski area now encompasses about thirty acres, with sixteen Alpine trails and thirteen miles of Nordic trails in addition to the jump complex.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/skiing" hreflang="en">skiing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carl-howelsen" hreflang="en">Carl Howelsen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-jumping" hreflang="en">ski jumping</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/winter-olympics" hreflang="en">Winter Olympics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/steamboat-springs-winter-sports-club" hreflang="en">Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Laureen Schaffer, “Howelsen Hill,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (August 30, 2000).</p> <p>Sureva Towler, <em>The History of Skiing at Steamboat Springs</em> (Denver: Frederic Printing, 1987).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jim Stanko, Sureva Towler, and Judy Seligson, <em>The Historical Guide to Routt County</em> (Steamboat Springs, CO: Routt County Board of County Commissioners, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Howelsen Hill was one of the first modern ski areas in Colorado. Before 1914, skiing was a way for people in Steamboat Springs to get around in snowy winters. Skiing pioneer <strong>Carl Howelsen</strong> (1877-1955) organized Steamboat’s first Winter Carnival in February 1914. It had two events—a ski jumping competition and cross-country ski races. This first Winter Carnival was held on Woodchuck Hill in Steamboat Springs. The Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club was formed to plan and support the carnival. This was the first winter sports club in the West, and the first in the Rocky Mountains to join the National Ski Association.</p> <p>The next year the Winter Carnival was moved to a different area called Elk Park, which the Steamboat Springs Company had just developed as a wild-game park. Howelsen chose this site because of the steep slopes, which made it good for ski jumping. Under his direction, the Winter Carnival Committee started to clear timber from Elk Park. A wooden platform and takeoff were in place for the new ski jump. Howelsen made the first ski jump there on February 6, 1915. After a few more changes, the area officially opened later that month when the second Winter Carnival was held there.</p> <p>During the fourth Winter Carnival, in 1917, the ski area was renamed in honor of Howelsen. All the elk were removed from the park by 1920. The national ski jumping record was set there for the first time in 1916 and for the last time in 1980.</p> <h2>Improvements</h2> <p>Town volunteers did most of the building and repairs for the ski jumps and ski area. These volunteers helped with clearing vegetation, building jumps, developing drainage systems, and installing ski lifts. In 1920 a 150-seat grandstand, a toboggan slide, and a skating rink were built. Later that year, Howelsen Hill added its first Alpine slalom hill. By 1927, night skiing was made possible by a spotlight mounted on a building in town and pointing at the ski run. The city of Steamboat Springs became the owner of the ski area that year. The ski jumps and ski area continued to be kept up by town volunteers until the 1950s.</p> <p>At first, skiers had to hike to the top of the ridge in order to ski down Howelsen Hill. When the first ski tow was built, eight skiers could ride in a boat-like sled that was pulled by a cable. A Ford Model T engine powered the lift. More modern tows were built as the years passed. In 1963 a new, bigger ski area opened across town. Howelsen Hill continued as a small ski area that attracted mostly locals and ski jumpers.</p> <h2>The Olympics and After</h2> <p>In the early 1970s, Denver was considered as a possible city to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, and Howelsen Hill was the site chosen by the Denver Olympic Committee for the Nordic skiing events. Colorado voters rejected the idea of hosting the Winter Olympics, and the Winter Olympics were not held in Colorado. With hard work by many passionate people, Howelsen Hill has received many improvements over time, allowing it to become a year-round sports park.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill is still home to the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and is a popular place for people who live in Steamboat Springs. It is close enough to town that local residents can go there during their lunchtime. The ski area now covers about thirty acres, with sixteen Alpine trails and thirteen miles of Nordic trails, as well as the ski jumping area.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Howelsen Hill in Steamboat Springs is the oldest ski area still used in Colorado and one of the few international ski jump competition sites in the United States. Built in 1915 by skiing pioneer <strong>Carl Howelsen</strong> (1877–1955) and the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club, the small ski area has served as the training ground for nearly 100 Olympic skiers. It is owned by the city and recently celebrated its 100th anniversary.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Skiing began in Steamboat Springs as a way for people to get around in snowy winters. But in 1914 Carl Howelsen (born as Karl Hovelsen in Norway) organized Steamboat Springs’s first Winter Carnival. Held on Woodchuck Hill (now the site of Colorado Mountain College) in February, the Winter Carnival featured the town’s first competitive skiing events—a ski jumping competition and cross-country ski races. The Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club was founded to plan and promote the carnival. It was the first winter sports club in the West and the first in the Rocky Mountains to join the National Ski Association.</p> <p>For its second year, the Winter Carnival moved to a hill just southwest of downtown. The Steamboat Springs Company owned the hill and had just developed it into Elk Park, a wild-game area. Howelsen chose the site because its steep terrain made it good for ski jumping. Under his direction, the Winter Carnival Committee started to clear timber from Elk Park in December 1914. Soon a wooden platform and takeoff were in place, and Howelsen made the first ski jump there on February 6, 1915. After a few more changes, the area officially opened later that month for the second Winter Carnival.</p> <p>In its early years, the ski area was known to locals as “Big Hill,” “A Hill,” or “Big H.” During the fourth Winter Carnival, in 1917, the ski area was renamed in honor of Howelsen. All the elk were removed from the park by 1920.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has been primarily associated with ski jumping since it opened, though it offers a variety of skiing terrain. The area has hosted jumping championships at a variety of levels, including several national championships. The national ski jumping record was set there for the first time in 1916 and for the last time in 1980.</p> <h2>Improvements</h2> <p>Howelsen Hill has been altered constantly since 1914 to maintain the ski area and keep the ski jumps safe. Town volunteers did most of the engineering and construction work until the 1950s, clearing vegetation, building jumps, developing drainage systems, and installing lifts. The first features at Howelsen Hill were a 150-seat grandstand, a toboggan slide, and a skating rink, all built in 1920. Later in the 1920s, Howelsen Hill added its first Alpine slalom hill.</p> <p>More improvements came in the 1930s, including some construction that used Works Progress Administration funds in 1935–36. A spotlight mounted on a building in town made Howelsen Hill one of the first ski areas to introduce night skiing in 1937. That year the city of Steamboat Springs accepted ownership of the ski area.</p> <p>In 1934 a boat tow originally used for carting construction materials up the mountain was used for the first time as a ski lift. Skiers who earlier had to hike to the top of the ridge carrying their skis could now ride up in a boat-like sled that seated eight, pulled by a cable powered by a Ford Model T engine. In 1937 an electric motor replaced the Model T engine, and the tow began to use two sleds that each seated ten people, plus their skis. A rope tow was added in 1945, and a year later the base lodge was finished.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill hosted the National Ski Jumping Championships for the first time in 1946. This spurred a four-year effort to improve the ski area. In 1948 the hill added a new T-bar to take skiers all the way to the top of Emerald Mountain, about 1,000 feet above Howelsen Hill. Like most Howelsen Hill improvements up to that time, the T-bar was assembled and installed by locals. The T-bar operated for only six years before mechanical failures led workers to dismantle a portion of it.</p> <p>With recreational skiers flocking to the large resort that opened across town at Storm Mountain in 1963, Howelsen Hill continued as a small ski area that mostly attracted locals and ski jumpers.</p> <h2>The Olympics and After</h2> <p>In the early 1970s, when it looked as if Denver would host the 1976 Winter Olympics, the Denver Olympic Committee announced that the Nordic skiing events would be held at Howelsen Hill. The hill would receive $100,000 to improve its facilities before the games. But the Winter Olympics proved controversial in Colorado; in May 1972, the ninety-meter jump at Howelsen Hill burned, and it was suspected that the fire was started by people who were opposed to Colorado hosting the Olympics. In November Colorado voters rejected funding for the Olympics, causing Denver to withdraw as host.</p> <p>After Howelsen Hill lost a ski jump and its potential Olympic funding, Steamboat Springs resident and Denver Olympic Committee member John Fetcher led an effort to build a new, international-regulation Nordic jump facility at Howelsen. The facility, which cost $1.1 million, was funded by donations from residents and from the Kettering, Gates, Adolph Coors, and Bonnie Belle Foundations. The complex was dedicated in January 1978, when Howelsen Hill hosted the North American Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Championships.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has seen ongoing upkeep and repair since the 1980s. An Olympic-size ice rink was installed at the base of the hill in 1986, and the area has become a year-round sports park with summer biking, hiking, and horse-riding trails, a rodeo arena, ball fields, bike and skate parks, and basketball, tennis, and volleyball courts. In 2010 Howelsen Hill received $900,000 from Great Outdoors Colorado lottery funds to upgrade lighting and install a year-round K38 ski jump.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill is still home to the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and is so close to downtown that locals can ski on their lunch breaks. The ski area now encompasses about thirty acres, with sixteen Alpine trails and thirteen miles of Nordic trails in addition to the jump complex.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Howelsen Hill in Steamboat Springs is the oldest ski area still used in Colorado and one of the few sites for international ski jumping in the United States. Built in 1915 by skiing pioneer <strong>Carl Howelsen</strong> (1877–1955) and the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club, the small ski area has served as the training ground for nearly 100 Olympic skiers. It is owned by the city and recently celebrated its 100th anniversary.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Skiing began in Steamboat Springs as a way for people to get around in snowy winters. In 1914, however, skiing became recreation when Carl Howelsen (born as Karl Hovelsen in Norway) organized Steamboat’s first Winter Carnival. Held on Woodchuck Hill (now the site of Colorado Mountain College) in February, the Winter Carnival featured the town’s first competitive skiing events—a ski jumping competition and cross-country ski races. The Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club was founded to plan and promote the carnival. It was the first winter sports club in the West and the first in the Rocky Mountains to join the National Ski Association.</p> <p>For its second year, the Winter Carnival moved to a hill just southwest of downtown. The Steamboat Springs Company owned the hill and had just developed it into Elk Park, a wild-game area. Howelsen chose the site because its steep terrain made it good for ski jumping. Under his direction, the Winter Carnival Committee started to clear timber from Elk Park in December 1914. Soon a wooden scaffold and takeoff were in place, and Howelsen made the first ski jump there on February 6, 1915. After a few more modifications, the area officially opened later that month for the second Winter Carnival.</p> <p>In its early years, the ski area was known to locals as “Big Hill,” “A Hill,” or “Big H.” During the fourth Winter Carnival, in 1917, the ski area was renamed in honor of Howelsen. All the elk were removed from the park by 1920.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has been primarily associated with ski jumping since it opened, though it offers a variety of skiing terrain. The area has hosted jumping championships at a variety of levels, including several national championships. The national ski jumping record was set there for the first time in 1916 and for the last time in 1980.</p> <h2>Improvements</h2> <p>Howelsen Hill has been modified continuously since 1914 to maintain the ski area and keep the ski jumps safe. Town volunteers did most of the engineering and construction work until the 1950s, clearing vegetation, building jumps, developing drainage systems, and installing lifts. The first amenities at Howelsen Hill were a 150-seat grandstand, a toboggan slide, and a skating rink, all built in 1920. Later in the 1920s, Howelsen Hill added its first Alpine slalom hill to complement its existing ski jump and Nordic trails.</p> <p>More improvements came in the 1930s, including some construction that used Works Progress Administration funds in 1935–36. A spotlight mounted on a building in town made Howelsen Hill one of the first ski areas to introduce night skiing in 1937. That year the city of Steamboat Springs assumed ownership of the ski area.</p> <p>In 1934 a boat tow originally used for carting construction materials up the mountain was used for the first time as a ski lift. Skiers who previously had to hike to the top of the ridge carrying their skis could now ride up in a boat-like sled that seated eight and was pulled by a winch powered by the engine and transmission of a Ford Model T. In 1937 an electric motor replaced the Model T engine, and the tow began to use two sleds that each seated ten people and their skis. A rope tow was added in 1945, and a year later the base lodge was finished.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill hosted the National Ski Jumping Championships for the first time in 1946. This spurred a four-year effort to improve the ski area. In 1948 the hill added a new T-bar to take skiers all the way to the top of Emerald Mountain, about 1,000 feet above Howelsen Hill. Like most Howelsen Hill improvements up to that time, the T-bar was assembled and installed by locals. The T-bar operated for only six years, however, before mechanical failures caused the portion from the top of Howelsen Hill to Emerald Mountain to be dismantled.</p> <p>With recreational skiers flocking to the large resort that opened across town at Storm Mountain in 1963, Howelsen Hill continued as a small ski area that attracted primarily locals and ski jumpers.</p> <h2>The Olympics and After</h2> <p>In the early 1970s, when it looked as if Denver would host the 1976 Winter Olympics, the Denver Olympic Committee announced that the Nordic skiing events would be held at Howelsen Hill, which would receive $100,000 to improve its facilities before the games. But the Winter Olympics proved controversial in Colorado. In May 1972, the ninety-meter jump at Howelsen Hill burned in a suspected arson by people opposed to local participation in the Olympics. In November, Colorado voters rejected funding for the Olympics, causing Denver to withdraw as host.</p> <p>After Howelsen Hill lost a ski jump and its potential Olympic funding, Steamboat Springs resident and Denver Olympic Committee member John Fetcher led an effort to build a new, international-regulation Nordic jump facility at the ski area. The facility, which cost $1.1 million, was funded by donations from residents and from the Kettering, Gates, Adolph Coors, and Bonnie Belle Foundations. The complex was dedicated in January 1978, when Howelsen Hill hosted the North American Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined Championships.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill has seen ongoing maintenance and renovation since the 1980s. An Olympic-size ice rink was installed at the base of the hill in 1986, and the area has become a year-round sports park with summer biking, hiking, and equestrian trails, a rodeo arena, ball fields, bike and skate parks, and basketball, tennis, and volleyball courts. In 2010 Howelsen Hill received $900,000 from Great Outdoors Colorado lottery funds to upgrade lighting and install a year-round K38 ski jump.</p> <p>Howelsen Hill is still home to the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and is so close to downtown that locals can ski on their lunch breaks. The ski area now encompasses about thirty acres, with sixteen Alpine trails and thirteen miles of Nordic trails in addition to the jump complex.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 09 Nov 2015 22:40:35 +0000 yongli 857 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org