%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Bison Reintroduction http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison-reintroduction <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison Reintroduction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3836--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3836.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-rocky-mountain-arsenal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_RockyMtnArsenal_2016_0.jpg?itok=FkND1hVh" width="1090" height="784" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-rocky-mountain-arsenal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Rocky Mountain Arsenal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado has been at the center of <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> recovery efforts since the early 1900s. In 2007 a conservation herd of sixteen bison was moved from the National Bison Range in Montana to the <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong> Wildlife Refuge in <a href="/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>, Colorado. The herd has since expanded to a population of more than 180 in 2020.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3837--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3837.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-reduction-nineteenth-century"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/dwindling-bison-herds_0.jpg?itok=IbARkubH" width="995" height="1199" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-reduction-nineteenth-century" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison Reduction in Nineteenth Century</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3834--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3834.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_herd_at_Genesee_Park-2012_03_10_0603_0.jpg?itok=jJjdNsxE" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Brought back from the brink of extinction, Colorado is now home to several <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> herds that are re-establishing the keystone species in their native shortgrass prairie habitat. These bison were photographed at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> near <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>I-70</strong></a> in 2012.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-20T08:10:20-07:00" title="Sunday, November 20, 2022 - 08:10" class="datetime">Sun, 11/20/2022 - 08:10</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison-reintroduction" data-a2a-title="Bison Reintroduction"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbison-reintroduction&amp;title=Bison%20Reintroduction"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Conservation efforts and reintroduction of the <strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison">American bison</a></strong> (<em>Bison bison</em>) in Colorado began in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> during the early twentieth century. By that time, the bison population had declined precipitously since the mid-nineteenth century because of overhunting and the development of cities, <strong>railroads</strong>, and farms. Efforts to protect bison were rooted in the decline of Indigenous populations, the end of Colorado’s status as a “frontier” state, and a growing conservation movement that lamented the costs of urbanization and industrialization.</p> <p>Since the early 1900s, tribal, state, county, and university efforts to help bison populations recover in Colorado have been largely successful. Today there are more than 100 bison across multiple managed herds in the state, and the bison population across the West numbers around 25,000. As Colorado’s conservation herds continue to grow, management processes have become more precise, and the herds are readily available for research, engagement, or viewing across the state. In 2016 President Barack Obama declared the bison the official mammal of the United States.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Bison are the largest mammal in North America and a keystone species of the <strong>shortgrass prairie ecosystem</strong>. In 1800 there were more than 30 million bison across the American West. They roamed the Colorado plains in thick herds, sustaining the prairies and the <strong>Lakota</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Pawnee</strong>, and other Indigenous nations.</p> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> era dealt the first blow to the bison. In the 1830s, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a>, and others became centers of the bison robe trade, which offered Indigenous nations access to American and European cookware, weaponry, and tools. At a time when many Indigenous nations were struggling or came into conflict because of the United States’ aggressive expansion, access to these goods gave nations such as the Cheyenne and Arapaho an advantage over others. Native Americans killed many more bison than they needed for survival to maintain this advantage.</p> <p>The robe trade did not last long, but things did not improve for bison. The Comanche, arguably the most powerful nation on the plains at the time, not only overhunted the animals to sustain a large raiding-and-trading empire but also built up massive horse herds that competed with the bison for grazing territory. A drought beginning in the 1840s starved many bison, and white colonists added to the pressure as they crossed the plains on wagon trails, killing thousands of the animals for food and other needs.</p> <p>Steeped in the mythology of <strong>Manifest Destiny</strong>, US soldiers, miners, boosters, and politicians also came to understand that killing the bison would weaken Indigenous nations. In 1868 General William T. Sherman suggested that the federal government organize a “grand buffalo hunt” on the plains to cause harm to Indigenous nations and make way for mines, railroads, and cities. While it was never an explicit government policy, eliminating the bison proved effective. Food scarcity contributed to the forced removal of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other Plains peoples from Colorado in the late 1860s.</p> <p>Market forces also continued to run roughshod over the bison. In the 1870s, tanners developed a more efficient method for creating bison leather, and railroad expansion allowed for easier transportation of the heavy hides. By 1873 white hunters, sometimes with ammunition from the military, were killing nearly fifty bison a day. By the time Colorado became a state in 1876, hunting and habitat destruction from farms, cities, and railroads left only a few hundred bison south of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>Platte River</strong></a>. The northern herd suffered a similar fate in the early 1880s.</p> <h3><strong>Conservation</strong></h3> <p>American observers began to see the significance of the bison’s decline as early as 1875, when a bill to ban bison hunting made it to President Ulysses Grant’s desk. Grant vetoed it, however, as the US Army was still fighting Indigenous nations (including those who had already been forced out of Colorado). As the nineteenth century drew to a close, the US army <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>massacred</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>force-marched</strong></a>, and starved Native Americans off their lands, and Congress <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dawes-act-general-allotment-act"><strong>privatized reservation lands</strong></a>, much of which were sold off to non–Indigenous people.</p> <p>With Indigenous nations severely depopulated and no longer perceived as a threat, white immigrants now lamented the loss of bison, especially as the animals became an important part of the frontier mythology portrayed by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-%E2%80%9Cbuffalo-bill%E2%80%9D-cody"><strong>William “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a>. While Cody’s popular Wild West Shows made the bison a symbol of a romanticized American West, <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="sportsmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lia8b8dmas3encgdq" data-wsc-lang="en_US">sportsmen</span> grew concerned that there would soon be no more trophies to hunt. Sentiment turned against wanton bison killing. In 1886, for example, the<em> Denver Tribune-Republican</em> admonished a group of bison hunters in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a>, calling for the state “to enact a law prohibiting the killing of buffaloes at any season of the year.”</p> <p>Theodore Roosevelt can be counted as one of the many Americans, and perhaps the most influential, who did an about-face on bison. In the 1880s, he advocated for the bison’s disappearance to make way for American homesteading and ranching. But by his presidency in the early 1900s, he had changed his mind. He became one of the founding members of the American Bison Society, which sought to reestablish North America’s bison population. At a 1907 meeting in New York, the society reported some 2,250 bison left on the continent, with 1,400 in the United States. Later that year, the society completed the first animal reintroduction in the United States, when it moved fifteen bison from the Bronx Zoo to a wildlife refuge in Oklahoma. One year later, the group successfully persuaded Congress to create the National Bison Range on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. Meanwhile, President Roosevelt’s establishment of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>National Forests</strong></a> across the country reflected this growing interest in conservation, as the environmental costs of industrialization became clearer and <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="sportsmen" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lia8b8sryb5s4dv7j" data-wsc-lang="en_US">sportsmen</span> wanted to preserve disappearing trophy species.</p> <h3><strong>Efforts in Colorado</strong></h3> <p>In 1908 eighteen bison at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo"><strong>Denver Zoo</strong></a> were all that remained of the animal in the state. In 1914 the city acquired more bison from Yellowstone National Park and moved the growing herd to a 165-acre natural enclosure at <a href="/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a>. In 1938 the Denver herd had again outgrown its environs, so twenty bison were moved to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-park"><strong>Daniels Park</strong></a> in <a href="/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas County</strong></a>. These two <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Park</strong></a> herds have continued to expand and still roam across hundreds of acres on the outskirts of the metro area.</p> <p>Elsewhere in Colorado, small herds of bison have been reintroduced or preserved on ranches and public spaces. At <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/keyword/rocky-mountain-arsenal"><strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong></a> National Wildlife Refuge in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>, a conservation herd of sixteen bison was reintroduced in 2007 from the National Bison Range in Montana. It has since expanded to a population of more than 180 in 2020.</p> <p>&nbsp;The 2015 reintroduction of ten bison to Soapstone Prairie Natural Area and Red Mountain Open Space in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a> has proven successful. Facilitated by the US Department of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Larimer County, and the City of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, this bison herd shares genetic links to the last-surviving wild bison in Yellowstone National Park. The result of diverse scientific and agricultural research endeavors, the Laramie Foothills Herd now numbers close to eighty animals and has provided seed stock for other herds in Colorado.</p> <h2>Brucellosis</h2> <p>The principal obstacle to the healthy reintroduction of bison to Colorado is brucellosis, the disease caused by the bacterium <em>Brucellosis abortus</em>. This bacterium causes the sudden death of the bison fetus in utero, threatening the viability of reintroduction efforts and the growth of wild herds. The disease, which affects a variety of domesticated and wild mammals, has nearly been eradicated, save for remnant populations of the bacterium in the Yellowstone bison and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> herds. Any bison reintroduction effort requires careful stewardship to avoid introducing the disease to new herds.</p> <p>&nbsp;Identifying and eradicating the bacterium are together a significant part of the efforts at the Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd in Larimer County. Using assisted reproductive technologies like artificial insemination, in-vitro embryo production, embryo transfers, and the careful washing of sperm and embryos, researchers ensure that the Laramie Foothills Conservation Herd is expanding safely and curtailing the spread of the disease.</p> <p>Research on the Laramie Foothills herd has informed other bison preservation efforts throughout the state. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas County</strong></a>, a herd of ten bison was introduced with the help of Colorado State University, the Southern Plains Land Trust, and the nonprofit Defenders of Wildlife. This herd, located at the Heartland Ranch Nature Preserve, is doing well on the plains in southern Colorado.</p> <h2>Indigenous Conservation Efforts</h2> <p>In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county"><strong>La Plata County</strong></a>, the Southern Ute Tribe has been carefully tending a bison herd reintroduced in the 1980s. The Southern Ute Cultural Department leads the initiative to distribute bison meat for tribal members, powwows, and tribal functions. The Cultural Department also provides opportunities for education about the bison’s central role in Southern Ute culture.</p> <p>The Southern Ute Tribe is one of the sixty-nine tribes operating collectively as the InterTribal Buffalo Council (ITBC). This intertribal coalition works to preserve bison herds across nineteen US states, including Colorado. The ITBC’s efforts have been successful, as it now represents more than 2,000 heads of bison nationwide.</p> <p>In 2021 the city and county of Denver gifted more than a dozen bison to the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes’ bison program serves similar functions like the one on the Southern Ute Reservation, coordinating access to bison meat as well as research and management of the herd.</p> <h2>Viewing Opportunities</h2> <p>Just ten minutes from downtown Denver, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge hosts more than 300 species of prairie life, including a bison herd. West of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, the Genesee Park herd can often be seen from the roadside overlook off exit 254 on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a>. Halfway between the south Denver suburbs and Castle Rock, Daniels Park also features bison observation areas. In Larimer County, the Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd can be seen from elevated viewing areas at Soapstone Prairie Natural Area or Red Mountain Open Space.</p> <p>Opportunities to observe, research, and rely upon the American bison were nearly lost in the late nineteenth century, but preservation and reintroduction efforts have turned small remnant populations into thriving herds. As Colorado’s herds benefit from research and diverse management solutions, the population will continue to grow, creating more seed herds and solidifying the bison’s resurgence in its ancestral prairie home.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sean-mccollum" hreflang="und">Sean McCollum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-history" hreflang="en">bison history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-reintroduction" hreflang="en">bison reintroduction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-extinct" hreflang="en">bison extinct</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-herds-colorado-0" hreflang="en">buffalo herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-herds-colorado" hreflang="en">bison herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodore-roosevelt" hreflang="en">theodore roosevelt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eastern-plains" hreflang="en">eastern plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-bison" hreflang="en">southern ute bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-ranch" hreflang="en">bison ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/genesee-park" hreflang="en">genesee park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-bison-herd" hreflang="en">colorado bison herd</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoo" hreflang="en">Denver Zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-genocide" hreflang="en">indigenous genocide</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/removal-indigenous-people-colorado" hreflang="en">removal of indigenous people colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-removal-coloardo" hreflang="en">indian removal coloardo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-indians" hreflang="en">Plains Indians</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, “<a href="https://www.cheyenneandarapaho-nsn.gov/project/buffalo-program">Buffalo Program</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>City of Denver, “<a href="https://www.denvergov.org/Government/Agencies-Departments-Offices/Agencies-Departments-Offices-Directory/Parks-Recreation/Parks/Mountain-Parks/Bison-Conservation#:~:text=Denver%20Parks%20and%20Recreation%20maintains,and%20the%20City%20of%20Denver.">Bison Conservation</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2019/06/22/colorado-bison-herd-growth/#:~:text=The%20herd%20at%20a%20natural,calves%20born%20just%20this%20year.">Colorado Bison Herd Growing Much Faster Than Expected</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, June 22, 1019.</p> <p>Colorado Prairie Initiative, “<a href="https://www.grasslandsunlimited.org/our-work/bison-reintroduction/">Bison Reintroduction</a>,<a href="file:///C:/Users/Nick%20Johnson/Desktop/CO%20Encyclopedia/Articles%20Edited%20for%20WW/Need%20Editing/%22Bison%20Reintroduction,%22">”</a> n.d.</p> <p>Defenders of Wildlife, “<a href="https://defenders.org/newsroom/10-bison-arrive-southeastern-colorado-marking-start-of-new-conservation-herd#:~:text=Last%20Friday%2C%20Southern%20Plains%20Land,Nature%20Preserve%20in%20southeastern%20Colorado.">10 Bison Arrive in Southeastern Colorado, Marking Start of New Conservation Herd</a>,” December 14, 2020.</p> <p>Pekka Hämäläinen, <em>The Comanche Empire </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=MEH18861030-01.2.13&amp;srpos=60&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd-------0------">In Commenting on the Exploits of Two Denver Hunters</a>,” <em>Meeker Herald</em>, October 30, 1886.</p> <p>Andrew C. Isenberg, “The Returns of the Bison: Nostalgia, Profit, and Preservation,” <em>Environmental History </em>2, no. 2 (April 1997).</p> <p>Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd, “<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/naturalareas/pdf/bison-management-plan2018.pdf?1646423767">Management Plan 2018</a><u>,</u>” City of Fort Collins, July 31, 2018.</p> <p>Shanna Lewis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/12/17/wild-bison-return-to-colorados-great-plains/">Wild Bison Return to Colorado’s Great Plains</a>,” <em>CPR</em>, December 17, 2020.</p> <p>The Nature Conservancy, “<a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/colorado/stories-in-colorado/zapata-ranch-bison/">Bringing Bison Back to the San Luis Valley</a>,” January 11, 2021.</p> <p>The Nature Conservatory, “<a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/zapata-ranch/">Zapata Ranch, Colorado</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>J. Weston Phippen, “‘<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/05/the-buffalo-killers/482349/">Kill Every Buffalo You Can! Every Buffalo Dead Is an Indian Gone,</a>’” <em>Atlantic,</em> May 13, 2016.</p> <p>Southern Ute Indian Tribe, “<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/natural-resources/wildlife-resource-management/bison-program/">Bison Program</a>,” n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT18861023.2.9&amp;srpos=59&amp;e=-------en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd-------0------">Talk From the Democrat-Press</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, October 23, 1886.</p> <p>Ted Steinberg, <em>Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).</p> <p><a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=ADT19071025.2.34&amp;srpos=38&amp;e=-------en-20--21-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd----1907---0------">To Save Buffaloes: Herd Shipped From New York to Oklahoma Reserve</a>,” <em>Aspen Daily Times</em>, October 25, 1907.</p> <p>Uncover Colorado, “<u><a href="https://www.uncovercolorado.com/wildlife/buffalo-herd-nature-preserve/">Buffalo Herd Nature Preserve,</a></u>” n.d.</p> <p>US Fish and Wildlife, “<a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/rocky-mountain-arsenal">Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CTR19070124.2.76&amp;srpos=4&amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-bison+herd----1907---0------">Would Increase Buffalo Herd</a>,” <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, January 24, 1907.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Andrew C. Isenberg, <em>The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 </em>(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).</p> <p>Dale F. Lott, <em>American Bison: A Natural History </em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).</p> <p>Louis S. Warren, <em>Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sun, 20 Nov 2022 15:10:20 +0000 Nick Johnson 3838 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org John Wesley Iliff http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-wesley-iliff <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John Wesley Iliff</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T14:22:34-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 14:22" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 14:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-wesley-iliff" data-a2a-title="John Wesley Iliff"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjohn-wesley-iliff&amp;title=John%20Wesley%20Iliff"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>If there is a name in Colorado history that is synonymous with cattle and ranching, it is John Wesley Iliff (1831–78). At the time of his death, Iliff owned approximately 35,000 head of cattle and thousands of acres stretching from northeast Colorado to Wyoming. His method of ranching forever changed the American diet by making beef available at low cost for the average citizen.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff was born in Ohio on December 18, 1831, to wealthy Methodist parents who wanted their son (named for the founder of Methodism) to be a minister. They encouraged him to attend Ohio Wesleyan University, but school could not hold John’s interest. His father, Thomas Iliff, was a cattleman himself and instilled in his son an understanding of the complexities of raising large herds. Young Iliff believed he could use that knowledge to create his future in the West. In 1849 he asked his father for a small loan and left Ohio at the age of eighteen.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1857 he opened his first store in Ohio City (now known as Princeton, Kansas), but two years later he heard rumors of gold strikes farther west and decided to head to <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Much like fellow Coloradan <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Charles Boettcher</strong></a>, Iliff saw an opportunity to sell goods to miners instead of going to the mines himself. In 1859 he and two partners opened a dry goods store called the Commercial Emporium of the Pike’s Peak Gold Regions. The success of this store helped to finance Iliff’s next venture: cattle ranching.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Revolutionizing Western Ranching</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On the road to Denver, Iliff noted the large herds of fat, happy <strong>buffalo</strong> that grazed on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>. He wondered if he could be successful with cattle. He decided to experiment to see whether cattle would survive the long, harsh winters on prairie grasses alone. At first, he purchased cattle from immigrants headed west, but he soon combined his herd with Texas Longhorns that were driven across the state on the Goodnight-Loving Trail on their way to ranches in Wyoming and Idaho. The long grasses on the plains proved an ideal food source and the cows wintered well, selling for high prices in the spring.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Feeding his herds on the open range created an opportunity for large profits. As the US government forced the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> off their Colorado land, cattle could graze for free on thousands of acres. For a scant $10,000 investment, Iliff soon became the largest landowner in northeast Colorado, with approximately 15,500 acres. While grazing on the range was free, buying land secured Iliff the accompanying water rights along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>. Access to water meant everything on the arid Colorado plains. Within a few years, Iliff built nine different cattle camps with adobe shelters so the cows could live year-round. He soon sold cattle to Indigenous people, army posts like Fort Laramie, the city of Cheyenne, and railroad construction crews; the latter contract proved the most lucrative.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Contracts</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As soon as the Union Pacific Railroad announced its plans to build the transcontinental railroad via Cheyenne and southern Wyoming, Iliff made plans to drive cattle to the area to feed construction crews. Iliff spent the late 1860s living in Cheyenne but returned to Colorado often. In 1869 former territorial governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> awarded him the contracts to feed construction crews along the newly planned Denver Pacific Railroad connecting Denver to Cheyenne. Large profits from these railroad contracts helped Iliff expand his ranches that stretched between <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> and Julesburg.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Personal Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff was widely regarded as a simple, traditional cowboy. He believed that working alongside his men with his own hands helped him to better understand the cattle business. He often did so, even after he and his second wife moved to Denver. He forbade the use of alcohol in his camps and was known as a fair businessman. Although he had not fulfilled his parents’ wishes to become a minister himself, he wished there were more ministers in the area to help guide the colonists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff met Sarah Elizabeth Smith in 1863, and they married on January 11, 1864. Their son William Seward Iliff was born on October 20, 1865, but Sarah died in December. Iliff left his young son in the care of his in-laws and focused on building his cattle empire.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Iliff met <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-iliff-warren"><strong>Elizabeth Sarah Fraser</strong></a> in 1868 in Wyoming, and they married on March 3, 1871. At the time she met John, Elizabeth sold Singer sewing machines. The couple lived in Cheyenne until 1874, when they moved to a large mansion, known as Shaffenburg Place, in downtown Denver. The couple had two children, Louise on August 15, 1875, and John Wesley, Jr., on December 13, 1877. Iliff’s youngest son only outlived him by a year; he died on April 8, 1879.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Death</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In December 1877, Iliff fell ill, and on February 9, 1878, he died of gallbladder complications. He left no will, and the courts awarded his wife Elizabeth stewardship of his land and finances, worth an estimated $10 million. This made her the wealthiest cattle magnate in the United States and one of the only women in that profession. Her sharp business acumen helped to grow Iliff’s business and wealth. She later sold the ranches and cattle, and the profits made her one of the wealthiest women in the state. Elizabeth and her second husband, Methodist bishop Henry Warren, would later make a large donation to establish the <strong>Iliff School of Theology</strong>, fulfilling John’s dream of educating ministers to serve in the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The present <strong>cattle industry</strong> is composed of many individual ranchers and conglomerate ranchers that own and sell thousands of cattle to beef-processing facilities. These facilities then ship beef all over the country, making it a staple of the American diet. This practice originated in the late nineteenth century with magnates like Iliff. By the 1870s, Iliff was known internationally as the “Cattle King of Colorado” and boasted a herd of      35,000. He pioneered the practice of sheltering cattle on the plains and encouraged the use of new technologies that helped to make beef readily available to consumers. Today, raising cattle for beef on large ranches like Iliff’s is a multibillion-dollar industry in Colorado. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-iliff" hreflang="en">john iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-iliff-biography" hreflang="en">john iliff biography</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-wesley-iliff" hreflang="en">John Wesley Iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cattle-ranching-colorado" hreflang="en">cattle ranching colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-cattle-ranching-colorado" hreflang="en">history of cattle ranching colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley-history" hreflang="en">greeley history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/iliff-school-theology" hreflang="en">Iliff School of Theology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Tom Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 4th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fay Abbott, <em>Famous Coloradans</em> (Paonia, CO: Mountaintop Books, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phillip F. Anschutz, <em>Out Where the West Begins</em> (Denver: Cloud Camp Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Maurice Frink, <em>When Grass Was King: Contributions to the Western Range Cattle Industry Study </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1956).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradobusinesshalloffame.org/john-w-iliff.html">John W. Iliff</a><u>,</u>” Colorado Business Hall of Fame, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/97601620/john-wesley-iliff">“John Wesley Iliff Junior,”</a> Find A Grave, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Riding High: Colorado Ranchers and 100 Years of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill O’Neal, <em>Historic Ranches of the Old West</em> (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, and Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 9th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jeremy Rifkin, <em>Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture</em> (New York: Dutton Books, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 20:22:34 +0000 yongli 3607 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beef-industry-colorado-plains <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-15T14:47:51-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 15, 2021 - 14:47" class="datetime">Tue, 06/15/2021 - 14:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beef-industry-colorado-plains" data-a2a-title="Beef Industry on the Colorado Plains"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbeef-industry-colorado-plains&amp;title=Beef%20Industry%20on%20the%20Colorado%20Plains"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s beef industry traces its roots back to the latter half of the nineteenth century, when cowboys drove cattle across the plains in some of the most iconic imagery of the American West. However, the state’s modern beef industry did not begin until after <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, when stock raisers began adopting feedlots and other industrial methods. By the 1960s, these changes had given way to a beef-processing industry centered on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> of northeast Colorado, a historically important ranching region. Today, beef and beef processing represent a multi-billion-dollar industry in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Background</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>American</strong> <strong>Civil War</strong></a>, the Chisolm, Western, and Lonestar cattle trails brought cattle from Kansas into eastern Colorado. The violent removal of Indigenous people during the 1860s allowed large ranchers such as <strong>John Wesley Iliff</strong> to graze their cattle on the wide-open prairies. This practice had its price, however. By the mid-1880s, the prairie grasses were denuded by large herds and harsh droughts. The brutal winter of 1886–87, known as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-die"><strong>Great Die Up</strong></a>, killed off thousands of cattle on the prairie; almost a quarter of the large herds was lost. This event started a shift that led to the enclosure of cattle ranches and to feedlots after World War I.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1916 Grazing Homestead Act and the 1934 Taylor Grazing Act helped to privatize and support cattle-ranching interests, some would claim at the expense of farmers. Technical advancements such as refrigerated rail cars also opened markets for Western ranchers to sell their beef from coast to coast. Improvements in irrigation, such as the 1947 invention of the center-pivot irrigation system, allowed year-round food production for herds, which supported more stationary ranches. The increased availability and lower price of beef in turn changed the American diet as well as the beef-processing industry. Consumption of beef increased exponentially in the next twenty years. In Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, production of dressed beef increased threefold between 1950 and 1987.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Facilities</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Between 1950 and 1964, the number of cattle feedlots increased from approximately 1,400 to almost 20,000 in Colorado. Cattle feeders in northeast Colorado were dissatisfied with the cattle markets in Denver and inconvenienced by the need to ship their cattle 120 miles for less-than-desirable prices. To better support local feeders, beef-processing facilities opened in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sterling-0"><strong>Sterling</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Greeley</em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>In Greeley the Monfort family is synonymous with beef. Between the end of World War I and the 1970s, company founder Warren Monfort built a vast beef empire that began with large feedlots and ended with an innovative, streamlined meatpacking process. The wealthy rancher partnered with and eventually bought out Capital Packing to open a large packaging facility for which his herds were the primary supplier. In 1969 Capital Packing processed more than 300,000 cattle and grossed more than $150 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Sterling</em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Sterling’s beef-processing facility, known as Sterling Colorado Beef Company, opened in January 1966. Operated by four cattle-feeding firms, it promised a $20 million market for local cattle and an estimated $450,000 payroll. By April it processed approximately 500 head of cattle a day with a workforce of more than 100. Ten years later, the Sterling Colorado Beef Company reorganized and became a producers’ cooperative. The goal was to support a better market for the large cattle feeders in northeastern Colorado. The co-op consisted of 185 feeders and six outside investors, providing a much-needed infusion of capital for the facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3><em>Fort Morgan </em></h3>&#13; &#13; <p>The Fort Morgan Dressed Beef facility opened in 1966. Construction took longer than initially planned, but the $650,000 facility began operation in May. The factory was equipped to process approximately 2,400 cattle per week. Before it opened, management offered tours for the public, and large crowds arrived to view the completed facility. Management promised that sixty employees would eventually work at the facility.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, plagued by financial difficulties, the factory went bankrupt within a year and was sold to American Beef Packers. This Iowa-based company turned the factory around and funded a half-million-dollar expansion project.  By 1968 the factory could process 1,500 cattle per day and employed 200 locals on a payroll of more than $2 million. The factory committed to serving local feeders, and more than 50 percent of the cattle it processed were from ranches within eighty miles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>An economic downturn in the 1970s presented challenges for the beef industry, and the factory suffered. Beef consumption in the United States began a long, slow decline. Disputes with the city of Fort Morgan over odor and sewage also caused problems. Following a truck strike and an attempt to reorganize the company, American Beef Packers declared bankruptcy in 1975.  </p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1976 the factory reopened under the Morgan County Beef Company, a local consortium of feeders. This group owned the factory for the next three years. Under its leadership the workforce expanded, as the factory eventually employed 375 workers on a payroll of $4 million. By 1979 Morgan County Beef Company merged with the Sterling Colorado Beef Company. In 1980 the enlarged Sterling Beef Company announced an expansion of the Fort Morgan factory, including a new bone-breaking facility. It opened two years later at a cost of approximately $6 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>1980s and 1990s</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The next two decades were difficult ones for the beef industry. Pork and chicken producers ran an effective marketing campaign touting the health benefits of eating their products, causing a drop in demand for beef. The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease,” in the early 1990s also contributed to the downturn in beef consumption. To address this decline, ranchers began to emphasize the quality of their product to consumers, specifically by marketing “grass-fed” beef products, which required only a simple shift in food sources at feedlots. Colorado’s processing facilities also offered different cuts of beef that were easier to cook in the hope of increasing consumption.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Northeastern Colorado’s beef processors weathered this turbulent period in different ways. In Sterling, the Sterling Colorado Beef Company factory processed thousands of cattle in the late twentieth century, but the cooperative was not without its problems. Despite an 8,400-square-foot expansion of the factory in 1993, demand for beef outpaced the supply of cows in the Sterling area, which led the Excel Beef Company to close the facility in 1997.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Greeley, the Capital Packing facility endured ups and downs before being purchased by ConAgra foods in 1987. During a large-scale reorganization of the company, ConAgra sold its beef division to Swift &amp; Co. in 2002. The facility, now owned by JBS USA, is currently the largest employer in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Fort Morgan, Excel, a subsidiary of the Cargill company, purchased the beef factory in 1987 and made it into one of the largest employers in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morgan-county"><strong>Morgan County</strong></a>. With more than 2,000 employees, the Fort Morgan plant has one of the largest beef-processing workforces in the country. During the 1990s, <strong>Temple Grandin</strong>, a nationally known advocate for humane treatment of cattle, helped to redesign the plant’s holding pens.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The success of the JBS facility in Greeley and the Cargill plant in Fort Morgan has attracted immigrants and changed the social landscape in those towns. In the early 2000s, Cargill was the largest employer of Latino workers in Morgan County. After Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) targeted Latino workers in Greeley, refugee-focused US immigration policy brought an increasing number of Somali refugees to the area. The shifting workforce added new dynamics to the usual worker-employer tensions. In the 2010s, Cargill had to settle a discrimination suit after Muslim employees were fired over prayer breaks, while JBS experienced strikes over health care and, in 2020, a deadly <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> outbreak at the plant.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2019 beef was Colorado’s top agricultural export, amounting to approximately $4 billion (10 percent of the state’s agricultural exports). Consumer preferences now favor grass-fed beef and transparency in how animals get from ranch to factory to plate. Consumers also express concerns about the environmental impact of cattle ranching, specifically the large-scale emission of methane, a greenhouse gas. The industry recognizes the need to make its practices more sustainable, and emphasizes that grass-fed beef can improve soil health and carbon capture on grazing lands. Today, beef consumption is rebounding, and production in Colorado has increased over the last four years. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/campbell-alyse" hreflang="und">Campbell, Alyse</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-beef-industry" hreflang="en">colorado beef industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-ranching" hreflang="en">colorado ranching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ranching" hreflang="en">ranching</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-wesley-iliff" hreflang="en">John Wesley Iliff</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/open-range" hreflang="en">open range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cargill" hreflang="en">cargill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morgan-county" hreflang="en">Morgan County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/logan-county" hreflang="en">logan county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sterling" hreflang="en">Sterling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-morgan" hreflang="en">Fort Morgan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Philip F. Anschutz, <em>Out Where the West Begins</em> (Denver: Cloud Camp Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Avery, “<a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2020/01/16/beyond-the-burger-colorados-beef-industry-holds-up.html">Beyond the Burger</a>,” <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, January 16, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Barker, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2014/03/21/tender-beef-a-big-success/">Tender Beef a Big Success</a>,”<em> Fort Morgan Times</em>, March 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Beef Plant Opening, 4 Year College Are Discussed by C. of C.,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, March 31, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cargill, “<a href="https://www.cargill.com/about/cargill-history-timeline">Our History</a><u>,</u>” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anne Delaney, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2020/07/24/jbs-buys-greeley-lamb-plant-mountain-states-rosen/">JBS Acquires Assets, Facilities From Closure of Greeley Mountain State Rosen Plant</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, July 24, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caitlin Dewey, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/28/american-diet-needs-fixing/">How to Fix the American Diet</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, December 28, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marianne Goodland, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2019/09/04/colorado-beef-industry-launches-education-campaign/">Colorado Beef Industry Launches #BetterWithBeef Education Campaign</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, April 24, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/10/Monfort-Inc.html">History of Monfort, Inc</a>, Reference for Business, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Jackson, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2002/11/26/conagra-beef-sold/#:~:text=ConAgra%20Beef%20Co.,will%20be%20renamed%20Swift%20%26%20Co.">ConAgra Beef Sold</a>,” <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, November 26, 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Callie Jones, “<a href="https://www.journal-advocate.com/2018/11/14/growth-in-the-beef-market/">Growth in Beef Industry</a>,” <em>Sterling Journal-Advocate</em>, May 8, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barb Keenan, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/09/06/portraits-of-the-past-beef-industry-follows-similar-path-as-beets/">From Beets to Beef</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 3, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John La Porte, “Ag, Oil, Housing Area Economy Mainstays,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, September 18, 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John La Porte, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2011/02/02/cargill-featured-on-oprah/">Cargill Featured on Oprah</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, February 2, 2011.<br />&#13; Nancy Matsumoto, “<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science">Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better for The Planet? Here’s the Science</a>,” NPR, August 13, 2019.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Morgan County: Colorado, U.S.A. A Land of Immigrants, Cultivating a Thriving Community</em> (Morgan County, Colorado: One Morgan County, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Open House Attracts Thousands,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, April 25, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Open House of New Dressed Beef,” <em>Fort Morgan Times, </em>April 22, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill O’Neal, <em>Historic Ranches of the Old West</em> (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jennifer Patten, <em>In View of the Mountains: A History of Fort Morgan, Colorado </em>(Fort Morgan, CO: Commercial Printers, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Earl Pomeroy, <em>The American Far West in the 20th Century</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jeremy Rifkin, <em>Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture</em> (New York: Dutton Books, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christy Steele, <em>Cattle Ranching in the American West</em> (Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sterling Beef Plant Construction Begun,”<em> The Denver Post</em>, May 26, 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Sterling Packing Plant Exceeds Expectations,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, September 23, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Zach Schwindt, “<a href="https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2018/07/02/cargill-opens-local-hiring-center/">Cargill Opens Local Hiring Center</a>,” <em>Fort Morgan Times</em>, July 2, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl Ubbelohde, Maxine Benson, Duane A. Smith, <em>A Colorado History</em>, 9th ed. (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Clement E. Ward, “<a href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/urdbrr/49822.html">Cooperative Meat Packing, Lessons Learned From Sterling Colorado Beef Company</a>,” Research Reports 49822, United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, 1981.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Riding High: Colorado Ranchers and 100 Years of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Jun 2021 20:47:51 +0000 yongli 3555 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chicago-Colorado Colony http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chicago-Colorado Colony</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T12:21:54-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 12:21" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 12:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chicago-colorado-colony" data-a2a-title="Chicago-Colorado Colony"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchicago-colorado-colony&amp;title=Chicago-Colorado%20Colony"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a> near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. Financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisting mostly of immigrants from the Midwest, the colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources—most importantly, <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>’s <strong>Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built a robust <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> system that allowed Longmont to prosper as a major agricultural hub along the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> for nearly a century. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it eventually adopted the idealistic slogan of “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had somewhat less idealistic origins as part of a scheme to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way; the railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony, </strong>established that year in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With Pratt as secretary, the Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. Unitarian minister Robert Collyer served as president, with newspaperman Sidney H. Gay as vice president. Another prominent investor was former Illinois lieutenant governor William Bross. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee consisting of former lumberman Seth Terry and several other colony representatives to what was then <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteader</strong></a> near the small community of <a href="/article/burlington-boulder-county"><strong>Burlington</strong></a>, located along St. Vrain Creek. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune </em>published similar ads. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>Colorado’s climate</strong></a>, said to be a cure for many maladies, already had a sterling reputation in the humid Midwest, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm, and an additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, Terry and some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington, arriving at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. Terry, later elected the colony’s first president, laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the area’s striking view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, leading Terry to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate, but they were undaunted.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps more important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches, which allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Initial crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins, and colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was now to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon, and water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into numerous other ditches to water crops and to provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park, named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871—as well as the territory’s first public library, founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson, a philanthropist who lived on the East Coast. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse. Seth Terry’s fourteen-year-old son William attended school there and became the first librarian.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution, and anyone caught with alcohol in the early days had to return their land to the colony. However, residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued, resulting in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the community it founded continued to prosper, the Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The initial work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists—especially the irrigation ditches they built—allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch, for example, has been enlarged six different times since its construction and currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working, pragmatic attitudes of their predecessors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the Union Colony after which it was modeled, the Chicago-Colorado Colony became a manifestation of communitarian ideals in Colorado. But unlike Horace Greeley’s venture, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was founded on equal parts corporate scheming and utopian idealism. As such, the colony serves as an example of how opposing ideologies of communitarianism and capitalism nonetheless combined to build stable communities in the nineteenth-century American West.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont-history" hreflang="en">longmont history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-colorado-colony" hreflang="en">chicago-colorado colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nc-pratt" hreflang="en">n.c. pratt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/seth-terry" hreflang="en">seth terry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-byers" hreflang="en">william byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">denver pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-collyer" hreflang="en">robert collyer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bross" hreflang="en">william bross</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-greeley" hreflang="en">Horace Greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colony" hreflang="en">Colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/farming" hreflang="en">farming</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert R. Crifasi, <em>A Land Made from Water: Appropriation and the Evolution of Colorado’s Landscape, Ditches, and Water Institutions </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mabel Downer Dunning, <em>The Chicago-Colorado Company Founding of Longmont</em>, ed. Mildred Neeley, Clara Williams, Muriel Harrison, Colleen Cassell, and Mildred Brown (Longmont, CO: n.p., 1975).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>St. Vrain Valley Historical Association, <em>They Came to Stay: Longmont, Colorado, 1858–1920 </em>(Longmont, CO: Longmont Printing, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carah Wertheimer, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2016/09/04/the-rise-and-fall-of-north-longmont-a-century-old-tale-of-saloons-water-rights-and-the-ballot-box/">The rise and fall of North Longmont: A century-old tale of saloons, water rights and the ballot box</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 4, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James F. Willard, ed., <a href="https://archive.org/stream/experimentsincol00jame/experimentsincol00jame_djvu.txt">Experiments in Colorado Colonization 1869–1872</a> (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1926).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Karen Antonacci, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/01/31/happy-144th-birthday-longmont/">Happy 144th birthday, Longmont</a>,” <em>Longmont Times-Call</em>, January 31, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of Longmont. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of people from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major farming community. Many of Longmont’s streets are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was initially part of a plan to sell railroad land. The US government wanted to encourage railroad building. The government gave railroads land on either side of their tracks. The railroads could sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> and <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder <strong>William Byers</strong> wanted to build a farming colony in this area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee met Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest. They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for their colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres. They secured 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To get new residents, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised good harvests. The<em> Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble getting Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists got a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived in early March 1871. They set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug many small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont</strong>. It was paid for by wealthy Chicagoans and made up mostly of immigrants from the Midwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. The colony established some of Colorado’s first public parks. It was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was originally part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West, the US government granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then sell the land to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of DP's real estate subsidiary. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed a farming community modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong> in <strong>Greeley</strong> would work.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company was formed in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader</strong> near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. The committee was impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest.  They chose the area near Coffman’s homestead for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company. They secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with ads that promised large harvests. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many illnesses. That meant the colony didn't have trouble persuading Chicagoans to come. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some 250 colonists arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of <strong>Longs Peak </strong>to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members. There were 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who moved to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others came from the Union Colony.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most important part of the colony was the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had begun digging a primary ditch that they called Excelsior. However, the colony ran out of money, and the ditch was never completed. The colonists then formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch. The ditch was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it went into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks. Lake Park was named for Lake Michigan. It was completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was also founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land. However, saloons were allowed by 1873. The fight over alcohol continued for several years. There were some bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916. In 1916, Colorado passed statewide prohibition. Liquor become legal in Longmont when national prohibition ended in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the creation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists made Longmont one of the most productive farming communities in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony (1871–73) established the city of <strong>Longmont </strong>near the confluence of <strong>St. Vrain</strong> and Left Hand Creeks in 1871. It was financed by wealthy Chicagoans and consisted mostly of immigrants from the Midwest. The colony was an agricultural community that emphasized thrift, temperance, and the communal use of resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inspired by <strong>Horace Greeley’s Union Colony</strong>, members of the Chicago-Colorado Colony built an <strong>irrigation</strong> system that made Longmont a major agricultural hub. Many of Longmont’s streets—including Bross, Collyer, Gay, Pratt, and Terry—are named for colony founders. In addition to establishing some of Colorado’s first public parks, the Chicago-Colorado Colony was also home to the state’s first public library.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though it adopted the slogan “industry, temperance, and morality,” the Chicago-Colorado Colony had less idealistic origins. It was part of a plan to sell railroad land. To encourage railroad building in the American West during the nineteenth century, the US government routinely granted railroads land on either side of their right-of-way. The railroads could then offer the land for sale to pay for railroad construction or to make a profit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the <strong>Denver Pacific Railroad</strong> (DP) was looking to sell land along its right-of-way between <strong>Denver</strong> and Cheyenne. Chicagoan Col. <strong>Cyrus N. Pratt</strong> was the general agent of the National Land Company, the real estate subsidiary of the DP. Pratt, along with <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> founder and fellow DP investor <strong>William Byers</strong>, believed an agricultural colony modeled after the <strong>Union Colony</strong>, established that year in present-day <strong>Greeley</strong>, made a perfect client.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony Company incorporated in Chicago on November 20, 1870. In January 1871, while Pratt helped secure some 300 investors in Chicago, Byers led a committee to what was then <strong>Colorado Territory.</strong></p>&#13; &#13; <p>During a tour of the Front Range that included a visit to the Union Colony, the committee crossed paths with Enoch J. Coffman, a <strong>homesteader </strong>near the small community of <strong>Burlington</strong>. Impressed with Coffman’s wheat harvest, the committee chose the area near Coffman’s homestead—the confluence of St. Vrain and Left Hand Creeks—for the location of the colony. The Chicago-Colorado Colony quickly bought 23,000 acres from the National Land Company and secured an additional 37,000 acres from the federal government and other landowners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To recruit new residents for the colony, Byers filled the <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> with advertisements that promised potential colonists bountiful harvests and instant prosperity. The <em>Chicago Tribune</em> published similar ads. <strong>Colorado’s climate</strong> was said to be a cure for many maladies, so the colony had little difficulty persuading Chicagoans to make the journey across the plains. For $150 plus an initiation fee of $5, colonists received a forty-acre farm. An additional $50 bought a lot in town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the land was secured, some 250 colonists took a train to Erie, Colorado, and then wagons to Burlington. They arrived at the site of their new home in early March 1871. They built a temporary shelter and set to work digging ditches and building homes. They laid out a town and named it Longmont, after the view of Longs Peak to the west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of May 1871, the colony had 390 members, including 151 from Illinois and another 89 from Colorado. Thirty-six came from Massachusetts. Of the Coloradans who relocated to Longmont, about 75 came from Burlington. Others, including doctors Conrad Bardill and Joseph B. Barkley, came from the Union Colony. Longmont’s first winter was mild, colonists to mistakenly believe that the colony would not suffer during the coldest months. The next year’s harsh winter changed the settlers’ perception of the climate.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More important to the colony than anything else were the irrigation ditches. The ditches allowed farming and provided drinking water to Longmont. By the summer of 1871, colonists had dug numerous small ditches in town and near their fields. Crops included wheat, strawberries, and pumpkins. Colonists also raised turkeys and cattle for meat and dairy. Illinoisan Jarvis Fox built the colony’s first flour mill in 1872.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1871, colonists had also begun digging an eighteen-foot-wide primary ditch that they called the Excelsior. The colony soon ran out of money, however, and the ditch was never completed. Improvising, the colonists formed the Highland Ditch Company to build and manage their primary ditch, which was to be called the Highland. Money from a Chicago investor helped pay for the construction of a headgate at the mouth of St. Vrain Canyon. Water from the St. Vrain began flowing into the eight-mile-long, twelve-foot-wide Highland Ditch on March 30, 1873. From there, it was diverted into other ditches to water crops and provide drinking water to Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony was home to one of Colorado’s first public parks—Lake Park. The park was named for Lake Michigan and completed in 1871. The territory’s first public library was founded in 1871 by Elizabeth Thompson. The library doubled as Longmont’s first schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Temperance was enshrined in the colony’s constitution. In the early days, anyone caught with alcohol had to return their land to the colony. Residents soon put the temperance law to the test, and saloons were allowed as early as 1873. A protracted fight between proponents of drink and of temperance ensued. This resulted in periodic bans on liquor between 1875 and 1916, when Colorado instituted statewide prohibition. Legal liquor finally prevailed in Longmont with the lifting of national prohibition in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chicago-Colorado Colony essentially ended with the incorporation of the city of Longmont in 1873. The company continued selling off property until it formally dissolved in 1890.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The work of the Chicago-Colorado colonists allowed Longmont to become one of the most agriculturally productive places in Colorado for nearly a century. The Highland Ditch has been enlarged six times since its construction. It currently irrigates more than 20,000 acres each year. Residents of Longmont maintain the hard-working attitude of the colonists.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 19:21:54 +0000 yongli 2816 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Painter Family http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/painter-family <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Painter Family</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2192--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2192.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hereford-heifer-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Painter-Family-Media-1_1.jpg?itok=mUAvxy03" width="1000" height="687" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hereford-heifer-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hereford Heifer</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Snow falls as a Hereford Heifer eats hay on a ranch just west of Fowler, in January 2007. The Painter family successfully raised and bred Hereford cattle in the early twentieth century, defying the grim prospects that most ranchers faced at the time.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T11:00:17-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 11:00" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 11:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/painter-family" data-a2a-title="Painter Family"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpainter-family&amp;title=Painter%20Family"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Painter was a prosperous ranching family in Colorado during the early 1900s. Even though ranching went into universal decline following a brutal winter in 1886, the Painter family remained successful due to equal parts luck, persistence, and scientific management of their cattle herds. They successfully introduced several new species of cattle that were better adapted to both the changing markets and the changing landscape. The Painters were some of the wealthiest early occupants of <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>, and the published diaries of Mary Davis Painter have cemented the family’s place in the historical narrative.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Arrival in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1881 John Edmund Painter and his brother, Joseph, came to Colorado from England after listening to their uncle talk about his adventures working with a geological survey team in the American west. Later, brothers Edgar and William, accompanied by their mother, Emily, joined them. By the time Mary started her diary, her father, John, and her uncles had been ranching on Colorado’s eastern plains for more than twenty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Painter brothers began with little and struggled to establish themselves as ranchers. In the early days, John and Joseph spent winter nights inside a small board-and-batten house on their southern Weld County <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> near present-day Roggen, burning cow dung in the stove to cook and stay warm. John Herschel Parsons, an early partner of the Painter brothers, recalled that “during blizzards, fine <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> would sift through every crack in the windward side and pile up in heaps on the floor.” After weatherproofing the home with their wagon cover, they cooked meals of wild pronghorn, fried flapjacks, and coffee. They devoured their meals, wrote Parsons, not realizing at the time that they were living and acting in “a great drama that was soon to be finished.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The End of Open-Range Ranching</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>That drama, an open-range cattle bonanza that lasted from just after the Civil War until the mid-1880s, was played out on one unimaginably vast pasture extending from Texas to Montana and from the advancing line of agricultural settlement in Kansas and Nebraska west to the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>. Cattle owners profited from a strong demand for beef from urban consumers, the military, and mining camps. Set loose to graze on the public domain, cattle thrived in the ecological niche emptied of the bison. In Colorado, the first entrepreneurs—some of them freighters or failed prospectors—established ranches on prairie pastures recently occupied by <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> Indians, who were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma in the late 1860s. Large outfits from Texas drove herds of longhorns north, fattened the animals on the nutritious native grasses, and then shipped them east via railroad. Rising profits encouraged corporate investment, much of it from Great Britain. Intermingled herds dutifully multiplied on the open range. By 1880, about 4 million cattle roamed Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Cowboys sorted them out twice a year at district roundups, branding new calves in the spring and selecting slaughterhouse-bound beasts in the fall. The industry made some men rich, such as northern Colorado’s “Cattle King” <strong>John Iliff</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Would-be farmers, lured by the <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>’s 160-acre-per-family allowance, plowed up great swaths of the prairie and closed it off with barbed-wire fences. Cooperative associations dug ditches to irrigate crops, further impeding the movement of cattle. Northwest of the Painter ranches, members of the <strong>Union Colony</strong> established what they hoped would become an agrarian utopia centered on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> and promptly enclosed their entire corporate holdings with a single fence. “This is not so much a question in regard to fences,” wrote colony founder and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley-tribune-building"><strong><em>Greeley Tribune</em></strong></a> editor <a href="/article/nathaniel-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, “as in regard to order and decency, for our town and colony will be disgraced by cattle running at large through our streets.” Gradually, Colorado’s northeastern plains, already overstocked with cattle, did not seem open anymore.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Just three years after the Painters claimed their homestead, an unusually harsh winter decimated what was left of the open-range system. Sometime during the first week of January 1886—twenty-one years before Mary Painter wrote the first week’s entries in her diary—a blizzard froze eastern Colorado and much of the plains region, killing off undernourished and weak cattle by the thousands. The <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> reprinted stories from Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas that assessed the debacle. Entire herds, driven by “a nipping norther,” froze in piles along fences, some still standing. One reporter found hundreds of cattle with Platte River brands piled up dead on the north bank of the <strong>Arkansas River</strong>, over 100 miles from the ranch. Somehow, most of the Painters’ cattle survived.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Adaptation and Prosperity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Even though the brothers still had their herd, John Painter recognized the newspaper stories for what they were: the final act of the open-range drama. Men and animals had to adapt to new conditions. After that winter, some of the British “remittance men”—second or third sons of landed English gentry who lived on generous allowances—went home. As historian Lee Brown writes in <em>The American West</em>, only the “men with the bark on” stayed. The Painters may have been British, but they were self-made and determined to succeed on the changing frontier.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the character of the land and people changed and the open-range era came to a close, the Painters prospered. John and Joseph married Alice and Florence Musgrave, sisters visiting Colorado with the Painter matriarch, Emily MacKenzie Painter. John and Alice bought a ranch several miles north of the original homestead, naming it “Lakeside” for the seven man-made lakes on the property. At its pinnacle, the ranch encompassed 60,000 acres of rolling dry prairie and supported 1,000 purebred Hereford cattle. Uncle Joseph (called Edward) and Florence moved to <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, where Joseph engaged in the wholesale coal business with some success. Later he returned to Weld County, purchased the Stone Ranch near Masters, and served as a Weld County commissioner. Uncle William married Grace Mitchell Clark in 1900, also moved to Denver, then returned to the ranch after the birth of his son Stafford to manage the original Painter brothers stock company. Uncle Edgar, living and working with William, remained a bachelor.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In her diary, Mary recorded the activities of her aunts and uncles, but mostly kept track of her father, mother, sister Emily, and brothers James and Austin. They lived in a triangular region of largely treeless grazing land between the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> on the north and Burlington &amp; Missouri Railroad and the small town of Roggen on the south. Today, this area is bordered by US Highway 34 and Interstate 76, with the towns of Roggen, Masters, and Wiggins marking the corners of the triangle. Mary’s father and Joseph also maintained homes in Denver and traveled often between city and country by train.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the Painters established homes and grew roots in Weld County, the landscape itself changed. Increased settlement by farmers and overgrazing of the public range led to the development of smaller ranches fenced with barbed wire. Shorthorns, the dominant cattle breed of the day, had problems surviving on the increasingly devastated grassland or in especially harsh winters without supplemental feed. John Painter envisioned a different breed with a hardy constitution, capable of living off the sparse grass of Colorado’s high plains. He found what he was looking for in the red-bodied, white-faced Hereford. Like other cattle breeders with British roots, Painter had an eye for good animals. The word “thoroughbred,” which appears frequently in Mary’s diary, was used in the Painter family in reference to all purebred animal life. There is little doubt that John and his brothers learned to appreciate and breed good animals from their father, who had been a well-respected horse breeder in England.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The “Painter Type”</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Mary noted the establishment of her family’s now-famous cattle herd in her diary. In 1906, her father purchased seventy-five registered, or purebred, Herefords from the Gudgell and Simpson operation at Independence, Missouri. The Painters made several successful showings throughout the country with these animals, but they sought further improvements. On January 30, 1907, Mary remarked on the ranch’s additional purchases of purebred cattle by writing, “Papa and Austin went to Roggen to get the therobreds [<em>sic</em>].” On February 1 she added, “Papa, Albert [a ranch hand], and Austin weand therbred [<em>sic</em>]. An announcement in the <em>Greeley Tribune</em> the same day reported that “J.E. Painter has shipped in a carload of thoroughbred Herefords which he purchased in Denver.” Mary’s diary and the corroborating newspaper article make it clear that John Painter tried to improve his recently purchased herd with new and better bloodlines within a year of his original purchase.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Several years later, John looked to his native country for a bull with a wide back and loins to correct the one genetic failing of the noble whiteface. Like felines, Herefords had large forequarters and slim hindquarters. Because of this, “cat-hammed” Herefords produced less beef. Mansell Boy, a bull acquired in 1914, corrected the problem by siring a subset of Herefords known throughout North and South America as the “Painter Type.” Mary wrote little about cattle-breeding methods or the names of specific bulls. She complained once that while the “men and Papa and boys fixed cattle us girls did all the house work. Why?” At first glance, this remark seems to show a girl’s frustration at being left out of what might have been considered men’s work at the time. Indeed, several entries begin with “us girls painted” or “us girls looked at dolls” and end with “boys worked.” However, as her diary entries show, Mary did her share of ranch work, and had plenty of fun in the process.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Painters Leave Ranching</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Austin, James, Mary, and Emily sold the entire Painter herd at auction. The dispersal received nationwide attention within the ranching industry and earned the Painter clan a small fortune. The <em>American Hereford Journal</em> devoted three articles to the subject, while the <em>Denver Daily Record Stockman</em> recalled John Painter’s legacy as a leader in Hereford breeding and range conservation. Though the year marked the end of the famous Painter Type, descendants of the herd influenced the breed for several more generations. Despite the dispersal, Painter’s legacy remains strong in northeastern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>His children, especially Mary, made sure that happened by supporting animal- and youth-oriented causes with their own money and with their father’s estate. In the early 1970s, Mary and her husband donated money to establish the John E. Painter Unit for the Greeley Boys Club. Mary died in 1983. Although her father’s accomplishments have received most of the attention from newspaper writers and historians, her diary nonetheless reminds its contemporary readers that despite their relative fortune and fame, the Painters lived a simple life. In Mary’s world, the weather was always “fare” or “fine” and John Painter, known to some as a cattle king, was just “Papa.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Ben Fogelberg, “‘Papa bought some cattle’: The Diary of Mary Davis Painter,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em>, 23, no. 3 (2003).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/painter" hreflang="en">Painter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/painter-type" hreflang="en">Painter Type</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hereford" hreflang="en">Hereford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/painter-family" hreflang="en">Painter Family</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-davis-painter" hreflang="en">mary davis painter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ranching-colorado" hreflang="en">ranching in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weld-county" hreflang="en">weld county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>John K. Matsushima and William D. Farr, <em>A Journey Back: A History of Cattle Feeding in Colorado and the United States</em> (Colorado Springs: Cattlemen’s Communications, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ora Brooks Peake, <em>The Colorado Range Cattle Industry</em> (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1937).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 18:00:17 +0000 yongli 2193 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The First National Western Stock Show http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/first-national-western-stock-show <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The First National Western Stock Show</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-03T10:56:05-06:00" title="Wednesday, August 3, 2016 - 10:56" class="datetime">Wed, 08/03/2016 - 10:56</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/first-national-western-stock-show" data-a2a-title="The First National Western Stock Show"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffirst-national-western-stock-show&amp;title=The%20First%20National%20Western%20Stock%20Show"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The origins of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s annual <strong>National Western Stock Show</strong>, today one of the city’s biggest tourism draws, date to 1898, a time when American cities competed for the attention of various national organizations in the hope of hosting conventions to bring in revenue. The first stock show helped revive the sagging spirit of a city reeling from the <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of</strong> <strong>1893</strong></a>. The stock show remains such a large draw that a new complex is under construction for the organization as of 2016.</p> <h2>Denver in Decline</h2> <p>Barely forty years old in 1898, Denver boasted a population of more than 100,000 and regarded itself as the hub of the western livestock industry. <em>The</em> <em>Denver Republican</em> touted the Mile High City as “the best cattle center in the west.” That claim—which would be contested by Chicago, Fort Worth, Kansas City, and other meat markets—carried a note of urgency. In 1898 Denver still needed a salve to restore the pride and wealth lost in the 1893 crash in silver prices that had abruptly ended the bonanza mining era. The crash caused pain across the state, but hit Denver particularly hard. The city proper was haunted by unfinished and empty houses; its subdivisions on the outskirts were repossessed by the prairie dogs. An estimated 10,000 people left Denver after 1893, the most since the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>.</p> <p>Reviving Colorado’s flagging spirit was a prime objective of the 1898 stock show. From the earliest days of settlement, Denver booster and newspaper editor <a href="/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a> had promoted ranching as an economic staple that could survive mining busts. To prove that Colorado could support livestock, Byers established a 160-acre “ranche” on the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> in 1863, with thirty-five acres under cultivation and the rest for grazing. He later helped persuade his fellow newspaperman, <strong>Horace Greeley</strong> of the <em>New York Tribune</em>, to buy 72,000 acres and establish the<strong> Union Colony </strong>in 1870. Byers assured Greeley that his namesake town would become a great ranching center. To encourage agriculture, Byers and territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> founded the Colorado Agricultural Society. The organization bought forty acres east of Denver, in what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>, for a fairground. There the society hosted an annual fair to showcase crops and livestock and honor creative farmers and ranchers. The event helped make Denver the Rocky Mountain West’s major agricultural market city.</p> <p>In the wake of the 1893 Silver Crash, Coloradans turned to farming and ranching in a determined crusade to restore the good times. Railroads replaced their ore freight with wheat, <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a>, cattle, sheep, and hogs. In Denver, investors shifted their capital from ore-processing operations to food-processing and distribution facilities. The smells of stockyards, canneries, breweries, and flour mills replaced acrid smelter smoke as agricultural products became more important to Denver than precious metals. By 1900, the total value of Colorado livestock climbed to $40 million, and agriculture was on its way to replacing gold and silver mining as the state’s top industry.</p> <p>In 1898 Denver boosters used the state’s new agricultural identity to attract the National Stock Growers’ Convention. Local newspapers promoted the event weeks in advance. <em>The</em> <em>Denver Republican</em> characterized it as not just a regional event, but as a meeting of those “whose herds and flocks supply meat for the world.” Civic and business leaders claimed the stock show would ensure Denver’s standing as America’s biggest cattle city. “Denver’s importance as a trading point has long since been recognized by Eastern cattle men,” proclaimed <em>The Denver Republican</em> on January 25, 1898. To support such claims, boosters needed only point to the convention’s list of prominent attendees. It included many of the country’s leading livestock officials, such as James Wilson, US secretary of agriculture; <strong>Gifford Pinchot</strong>, chief forester of the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>; R. M. Allen, manager of the Standard Cattle Company based in Ames, Nebraska; and Colonel Hooker, Arizona’s most prominent cattleman.</p> <h2>Grand Barbecue</h2> <p>No event during the convention garnered more enthusiastic headlines than the grand barbecue that was promised to follow the stock show. The January 10 edition of the <em>Republican</em> looked forward to “Six Tons of Meat,” including a “Feast of Quails,” two bears, 150 possums, and—fitting for a feast at a livestock convention—“large troughs” of gravy.</p> <p>To round out the menu, four buffalo were shipped from a ranch near Cheyenne, and five freshly shot <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a> arrived from <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt County</strong></a>. Contributions poured in to support the barbecue, including 200 pounds of table salt from Montrose &amp; Gates, 200 pounds of brown sugar from J. D. Best &amp; Co., and 250 pounds of coffee from Miller Osborne Spice Company. Nearly every brewery in the region applied for the privilege of supplying the beverages, but Denver’s largest brewery, <strong>Zang’s</strong>, won the prestigious honor by offering all of the beer free of charge.</p> <p>As the big weekend approached, the convention’s Arrangements Committee decorated the headquarters in the Ernest and Cranmer Block at Seventeenth and Curtis Streets with large American flags and placed the head of a large longhorn steer above the entrance. The committee also contacted the directors of Denver’s very successful Festival of Mountain and Plain, and committee members recruited such well-known Coloradans as banker <a href="/article/david-h-moffat"><strong>David Moffat</strong></a> and newspaperman Byers for the Reception Committee, chaired by Governor<strong> Alva Adams</strong>. Byers volunteered to serve as a waiter during the barbecue, which was expected to draw from 20 to 25,000 people. To discourage disorderly conduct and boisterous behavior, Police Chief John Farley assigned extra patrolmen to the barbecue and provided a boxcar to be used as a makeshift jail.</p> <h2>Convention Opens</h2> <p>The stock growers’ convention opened on Tuesday, January 25, 1898, with welcoming speeches from Governor Alva Adams and Mayor <strong>Thomas S. McMurray</strong>. The gathering’s size impressed <em>The</em> <em>Denver Republican</em>, which lauded the convention as the “Greatest Gathering of the Kind Ever Attempted.” The <em>Rocky Mountain News</em> added that “almost every stockman of prominence in the West is here or on the way and the attendance from the Eastern states is far better than the most hopeful expected. The hotels are full to the roof and running over, but there seems to be still room at the top, and as yet everyone is being cared for, though late arrivals are compelled to do some hustling to find a bed.”</p> <p>The hustling was hardly limited to the quest for lodgings—it also extended to the search for a good deal on livestock. “There are hundreds of men here with cattle to sell and hundreds more who want to buy,” noted the <em>Rocky Mountain News </em>in its Wednesday addition. “And in all the hotel lobbies yesterday cattlemen were busy dickering and talking, but very few trades were made. They are feeling around and getting an idea of prices. The real trading will not come before tomorrow or the day after . . . until a few trades are made and prices established, most of the cattlemen will hold back.” Noting the large delegations of Texas, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming ranchers, the <em>Denver Republican</em> declared the convention as “an advertisement for the city and state that cannot be measured in dollars and cents.”</p> <p>On Wednesday, delegates established the National Live Stock Association. Three of the five officers were Denver men: John W. Springer, Arthur Williams, and Charles F. Martin. Springer outlined the body’s agenda—regulate quarantine procedures with “the least amount of governmental interference compatible with the general public good,” and maintain equitable freight rates.</p> <h2>Chaos Ensues</h2> <p>A holiday atmosphere reigned on the day of the barbecue. The city courthouse and local banks closed at noon, and the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy operated on a special schedule, with trains departing for the stockyards every fifteen minutes from <a href="/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a>. At the stockyards, hungry throngs of Denverites beat the delegates to the barbecue. A mob of nearly 30,000 people broke into the barbecue grounds and surged forward with a wild roar. Police officers and state militia cavalry troops tried to hold back the crowd, as terrified waiters threw chunks of beef and loaves of bread at the mob.</p> <p>Fearing a serious riot, the police responded with force. Newspapers in the following days reported episodes of police brutality. One officer stabbed a youth, and others struck men and women with their sabers and clubs. Despite the rapidly deteriorating situation, crowds continued to pour into the Denver Union Stockyards. Looters claimed innumerable beer barrels, 1,000 steel knives, 2,000 tin cups, 50 platters, 25 iron pails, and 25 steel flesh hooks, along with an undisclosed number of cleavers, hatchets, carvers, and beer glasses.</p> <p>Articles about the disastrous barbecue filled the front pages on Friday, but the delegates already seemed to have forgotten the fiasco. In fact, despite the fervent efforts of Texans, Nebraskans, and Utahans, that very day they chose Denver to host the following year’s convention. The second annual convention of the National Live Stock Association took place January 24–26, 1899. Roughly 1,000 delegates and three times as many visitors attended, but the tone was notably more subdued compared to the previous year. Denver newspapers did not rile up the populace before the event, and no coverage appeared until the convention’s opening day, when <em>The</em> <em>Denver Republican</em> headlined blandly: “Denver is Ready for Delegates. All Preparations Complete for Receiving the Cattlemen.” Unsurprisingly, nothing was said about the Great Barbecue debacle of 1898.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from Darcy Cooper Schlichting and Thomas J. Noel, “‘Ill-Smelling Bones and a Bad Reputation’: Denver’s Struggle to Stage a Stock Show,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 24, no. 4.</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-western-stock-show" hreflang="en">National Western Stock Show</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stock-show" hreflang="en">Stock Show</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-stock-show" hreflang="en">Denver Stock Show</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/early-stock-show" hreflang="en">Early Stock Show</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/national-western-stock-show">National Western Stock Show</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p> <p><a href="https://nationalwestern.com/">National Western Stock Show and Rodeo</a></p> <p>Thomas J. Noel,&nbsp;<em>Riding High: Colorado Ranchers and 100 Years of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2005).</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365590954/">"National Western Stock Show,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, October 22, 2015.</p> <p>Willard E.&nbsp;Simms, <em>Ten Days Every January: A History of the National Western Stock Show</em> (Denver: Western Stock Show Association, 1980).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 03 Aug 2016 16:56:05 +0000 yongli 1565 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Grand Valley Irrigation http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-valley-irrigation <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Valley Irrigation</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2471--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2471.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/irrigation-ditches-grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand_Valley_Irrigation_01.jpeg?itok=xKLtn_en" width="1000" height="717" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/irrigation-ditches-grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> Irrigation Ditches in Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By 1886 the Grand Valley Canal was completed, watering about 45,000 acres. But by the early 1900s the valley’s rampant agricultural growth demanded even more water, prompting several additional irrigation projects.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-01T13:06:03-06:00" title="Monday, August 1, 2016 - 13:06" class="datetime">Mon, 08/01/2016 - 13:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-valley-irrigation" data-a2a-title="Grand Valley Irrigation"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgrand-valley-irrigation&amp;title=Grand%20Valley%20Irrigation"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The story of <a href="/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> in Colorado’s Grand Valley speaks volumes about the reciprocal relationship between land and community in the arid American West. Early white colonizers of Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> espoused concepts of landscape and <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> control that physically transformed the landscape from salt brush desert to green garden. In turn, the metamorphosis of landscape fashioned the valley’s unique community.</p><p>Building irrigation ditches engendered a culture in which individuals valued both personal grit and collective action. The Grand Valley’s story of survival within the arid landscape reflects the process by which a culture interacts with nature, and how people shape and are shaped by their environment.</p><h2>Location and Geology</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/grand-valley"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:272px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand_Valley_Irrigation_02_2.jpg" alt="Grand Valley " width="480"></a> The Grand Valley, named for the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>—once known as the “Grand River”—that runs through it, is located on the Western Slope of Colorado’s <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. Averaging 4,700 feet in elevation and roughly twelve miles in width, the arid valley stretches some thirty miles between the towns of <strong>Palisade</strong> and Mack. The Colorado River meets the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> in the city of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. On September 26, 1881, shortly after the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Nuche</strong></a> were driven from the area,&nbsp;three men—James W. Bucklin, Richard D. Mobley, and George A. Crawford—saw the promise of a town at the confluence of the rivers. Like many who colonized the American West, water represented to them the hope of the future. The geology and hydrology of the Grand Valley allowed for individual farmers to stake their futures on water.</p><p>The physical realities of geology and hydrology, however, mandated that the settlers of the Grand Valley join to build irrigation systems. Shallow groundwater is not accessible in the region due to the Mancos Shale that underlies most of the Grand Valley. As a result, irrigation water must either come from drilling deep down to the Jurassic sandstone or from diverting water from the Colorado or <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a>. Both of these are expensive, difficult endeavors, which required early settlers to work cooperatively. The water used within the Grand Valley originates in the snowpack of the northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, <strong>Middle Park</strong>, <strong>Gore Range</strong>, <strong>Elk Mountains</strong>, <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>, and other smaller ranges in northern and central Colorado. Runoff from these distant mountains would provide life for the newly developing town.</p><h2>A Community Rooted in Irrigation</h2><p>The founders of Grand Junction recognized the agricultural potential of the area’s sunny climate and abundant runoff. On October 13, 1881, George Crawford officially established the Grand Junction Town Company for the purposes of obtaining water and establishing law. One year later, the company oversaw the building of the Pioneer Ditch and the Pacific Slope Ditch. In October 1882, the newly established <em>Grand Junction News</em> recognized the importance of ditches for the valley’s future and proclaimed, “All that is needed is more capital to ditch the valley and good farmers with good means to cultivate it.” Here, the newspaper reflected the desires of early white settlers across the American West: lay down roots within a good community, make the land into something productive, and prosper individually and collectively.</p><p>While settlers shaped the land, the land shaped their community. The building and maintenance of irrigation systems demanded both grit and teamwork. Virgil Hickman, an early settler of the Grand Valley, remembered as a young boy watching the construction of one of the early town dams and vividly recalled the backbreaking work required to build them.</p><p>The urgent need for dams across the valley resulted in group labor and use of horse teams and wagons to supply the town with water. For example, the building of Pioneer Ditch required the collaboration of twenty-two men, a considerable number for a small, new, and struggling community with few extra hands to spare. But their canal building eventually brought orchards to fruition and strengthened bonds within the developing community.</p><p>Water from these early irrigation projects provided for the growth of pears, peaches, and apples, and peaches soon became the fruit of choice in the Grand Valley. At the turn of the century, “Peach Day” became a yearly event that further served as a bonding agent for the growing town.</p><h2>Irrigation Expansion</h2><p>By 1886 the Grand Valley Canal was completed, watering about 45,000 acres. But by the early 1900s the valley’s rampant agricultural growth demanded even more water, prompting several additional irrigation projects.</p><p>From 1904 to 1906, five distinct irrigation districts were created that still serve the Grand Valley today. Furthermore, the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>US</strong> <strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> (USBR), established in 1902 as the Reclamation Service, collaborated with the newly created irrigation districts to build the Grand Valley Project. The project officially began in 1912 and involved the construction of several canals, a dam, and a power plant, constituting one of the region’s main water sources for the rest of the twentieth century.</p><p>Increased agricultural and population demands created high water use through open ditches and channels. In turn, the water resources of the Grand Valley began suffering from high levels of salinity. By the 1980s the USBR and Grand Valley irrigation districts started shifting open ditch canals to a lined or piped system with salinity control to improve water quality.</p><p>By the year 2000, the Grand Valley Project turned toward water resource management, which included improvements to existing canals in order to make water usage more efficient by limiting the amount of water diverted from the river.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/albers-samantha-arbeiter" hreflang="und">Albers, Samantha Arbeiter </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-grand-valley" hreflang="en">irrigation in grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river-irrigation" hreflang="en">colorado river irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction-irrigation-history" hreflang="en">grand junction irrigation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-irrigation-history" hreflang="en">colorado irrigation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope-irrigation" hreflang="en">western slope irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope-water" hreflang="en">western slope water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wayne-aspinall" hreflang="en">wayne aspinall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mack" hreflang="en">mack</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-crawford" hreflang="en">george crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley-canal" hreflang="en">grand valley canal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canals" hreflang="en">canals</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ken Baird, Don MacKendrick, and Karl Johnson, “M.C. Historical Society Panel on Mesa County History,” transcript OH-495, May 24, 1982 (Grand Junction, CO: Historical Museum and Institute of Western Colorado and Mesa County Library Biographical Library).</p><p>Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Grand+Valley+Project">Grand Valley Project</a>,” last modified May 10, 2011.</p><p>Halka Chronic, <em>Roadside Geology of Colorado </em>(Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1980).</p><p>Robert Hine, <em>Community on the American Frontier: Separate but not Alone</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).</p><p>&nbsp;“A Few News Items,” <em>Colorado Fruit Grower Magazine</em> 9 (January 1906).“Irrigation,”<em> Grand Junction News, </em>October 28, 1882.</p><p>Steven Mehls, <em>The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p><p>Mesa County Water Association, “<a href="http://www.mesacountywater.org">Grand Valley Irrigation History</a>,” February 14, 2009.</p><p>“Peach Day,”<em> Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction, CO), September 11, 1900.</p><p>“Virgil Hickman,” Interview by Joe Schwarz, April 3, 1980, transcript OH-349 #1, 2–4 (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of the West, 1980).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Don Davidson, “The Grand River Ditch: A Short History of Pioneering Irrigation in Colorado’s Grand Valley,” <em>Journal of the Western Slope</em>&nbsp;1, no. 4 (Fall 1986).</p><p>Mark Fiege, <em>Irrigated Eden: The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the American West</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).</p><p>Arthur F. McEvoy, “Toward an Interactive Theory of Nature and Culture: Ecology, Production, and Cognition in the California Fishing Industry,” <em>Environmental Review </em>11 (Winter 1987).</p><p>Richard Ott, ed., <em>When the River Was Grand </em>(Palisade, CO: Gazette Press, 1976).</p><p>Mary Rait, “Grand Junction, Colorado” (master’s thesis, University of Colorado, 1931).</p><p><a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/collections/">Mesa County Oral History Collection</a></p><p>William H. Nelson Water Collection, <a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/library/special-collections/index.html">Colorado Mesa University Special Collections</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Aug 2016 19:06:03 +0000 yongli 1541 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Sunflowers http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sunflowers <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sunflowers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3813--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3813.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/common-sunflower"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Devils_Backbone__20100913_4236_0.jpg?itok=H2BldoUE" width="600" height="896" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/common-sunflower" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Common Sunflower</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Common Sunflower is a leafy and fast-growing variety that grows up to nine feet tall and is native to the dry plains, prairies, meadows, and foothills of the western United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3814--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3814.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/common-sunflower-devils-backbone-open-space"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Devils_Backbone__20100913_4267_0.jpg?itok=9bNryLMs" width="600" height="896" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/common-sunflower-devils-backbone-open-space" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Common Sunflower at Devil&#039;s Backbone Open Space</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Common sunflowers are often found near semi-desert, foothills, and local highways.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-10T10:13:11-06:00" title="Tuesday, May 10, 2016 - 10:13" class="datetime">Tue, 05/10/2016 - 10:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sunflowers" data-a2a-title="Sunflowers"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsunflowers&amp;title=Sunflowers"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Sunflowers, several species of which are native to Colorado, are grown as ornamental garden plants, for their edible seeds, and as commercial crops for confection seeds and oil. Sunflowers offer many ecological and economic benefits to commercial agriculture because they demand few inputs, such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> or nitrogen, and do not require the soil to be tilled. These characteristics make sunflowers a good candidate for crop rotations. Recent research has been looking into hybrid sunflowers that would produce fiber for paper and rubber.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Types</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There are many types of sunflowers. Most agricultural varieties are hybrids that have been bred for seed size or oil content. The five kinds of sunflowers that are native to Colorado include both perennial and annual varieties and consist of the common sunflower, Maximilian sunflower, Nuttall’s sunflower, prairie sunflower, and bush sunflower. All sunflowers share certain characteristics: they are upright, with deep taproots and hairy stems that can grow from two to ten feet tall. Their leaf shape ranges from oval to triangular, and flowers are located at the end of their branches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The common sunflower (<em>Helianthus annus</em>) is an annual with many two- to three-inch-wide flowers on branching stems. They are a leafy and fast-growing variety with erect stalks from three to nine feet tall. While these flowers are grown commercially, they are not the same as the large hybrid crops. Common sunflowers are native to dry plains, prairies, meadows, and foothills of the western United States, Canada, and Mexico, but can be successfully cultivated just about anywhere in Northern America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Maximilian sunflower (<em>Helianthus maximilianii</em>) can be found growing wild all over the Americas. They produce clumps of flowers three feet wide on ten feet tall stems. This drought-tolerant perennial grows well in Colorado. Nuttall’s sunflower (<em>Helianthus nuttalli</em>) is native to the damp bases of the Colorado foothills. It grows six feet tall and has long leaves. The prairie sunflower (<em>Helianthus petiolaris</em>) is often seen along roadways of the Colorado plains. This bushy plant grows well in sandy soils, producing many flowers roughly two inches wide. Bush sunflowers (<em>Helianthus pumilus</em>) are native to the dry hills of Colorado. Their leaves have a sandpaper-like texture and the flowers range from one to two and a half inches wide.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cultivation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly 6 million acres of sunflowers were planted in the United States during the late 1970s; that number dropped rapidly during the 1980s before bouncing back in the 1990s. This pattern of boom and bust has been repeated several times over the past twenty years, and acreage of confection sunflowers and especially oilseed sunflowers in Colorado has fluctuated greatly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996 oilseed sunflowers were planted on 45,000 acres across Colorado. The dramatic increase in acreage during the 1990s is due in part to the efforts of <a href="/article/agricultural-extension-service"><strong>Colorado State University Extension</strong></a> agronomist Ron Meyer, who worked to develop and extend Colorado sunflower production. At their peak in 2000, sunflowers covered up to 300,000 acres in Colorado, but acreage fell to 215,000 by 2005, according to the National Agricultural Statistical Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interest in sunflowers and other oilseed crops was renewed in 2006 thanks to a national initiative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and create domestic sources for clean energy. However, this did not result in a permanent increase in production. According to the 2013 Colorado Agriculture Statistics publication, the state produced a total of 124.2 million pounds of sunflowers in 2011, but only 55.2 million pounds in 2012. In fall 2015 Colorado dropped from the fourth-largest producer of sunflowers in the United States to the seventh. But after years of planting fewer and fewer acres in sunflowers, Colorado farmers are beginning to see that sunflowers are a practical and lucrative crop.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ecological Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 sunflower farmers either did not till at all or used minimum tillage. This is important because no-till practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide by 50 percent thanks to soil carbon storage.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since sunflowers are native to North America, parasitic insects have had centuries to evolve along with the plants. Recent studies have shown that most parasitism rates are higher in native sunflowers than in their cultivated cousins. Increased planting of cultivated varieties has led to an 80 percent reduction in the amount of herbicide used on sunflowers from 1996 to 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because sunflowers need little water, they can be grown as a dryland crop. Considering that the cost of full flood irrigation is around fifty dollars per acre, crops that can survive on less water make financial as well as ecological sense. Growing sunflowers in dryland agriculture improves diversification, which helps to manage soil moisture and to interrupt cycles of weeds, disease, and parasitism.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Adding sunflowers to commercial crop rotations not only reduces the danger of pest attacks but also enhances the soil. Sunflowers also reduce the need for expensive chemical inputs, and rotations that incorporate sunflowers have been shown to provide good economic returns. Studies have found that a rotation of winter wheat-sunflower-fallow (uncultivated) yields an annual average of between 862 and 1,162 pounds of crops (wheat and sunflowers combined) per acre, with a profit of about $23.50 per acre. That is nearly double the profit of a winter wheat-fallow rotation, which averages $12.99 per acre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Varieties of oilseed sunflower that have recently come on the market, such as high oleic, are increasingly in demand due to the health benefits of the oil, which is high in omega-3 and vitamin E. As a result, twenty Whole Foods Stores in Colorado have begun to carry high-oleic sunflower oil. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, Colorado farmers brought in a total of 52 million pounds of sunflower seed in 2014, 112 percent more than 2013, from 30 percent fewer acres. In 2015 Colorado farmers expanded their sunflower fields by 20 percent for both confection and oilseed crops, committing 45,000 acres to oilseed and 12,000 acres to confection sunflowers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/tressler-alexandra" hreflang="und">Tressler, Alexandra</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunflowers" hreflang="en">sunflowers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-sunflowers" hreflang="en">colorado sunflowers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunflower-types" hreflang="en">sunflower types</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunflower-farms" hreflang="en">sunflower farms</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sunflower-seed" hreflang="en">sunflower seed</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abdelfettah Berrada, “<a href="http://hermes.cde.state.co.us/drupal/islandora/object/co%3A11137">2011 Field Crops Research Results</a>,” Colorado Agricultural Experiment</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Station TR-12–17 (2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Abdelfettah Berrada and Mark W. Stack, “Southwestern Colorado Research Center Research<br />&#13; Report (2005-2009 Results),” Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station TR10–16, no. Extension (2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Brown, “<a href="https://www.greeleytribune.com/2013/09/21/weld-ne-colo-sunflower-industry-drooping/">Weld, NE Colo. Sunflower Industry Drooping</a>,” <em>The Greeley Tribune</em>, September 10, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David McCart, Kim Dillivan, Tom Hooten, Jerry Johnson, Scott Haley, Lyndsay Jones, Joel<br />&#13; Schneekloth, Bob Hammon, Michael Stamm, and Joe Brummer, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.orghandle/10217/89267">Southwestern Colorado<br />&#13; Research Center 2013 Results</a>,” ed. Abdelfettah Berrada, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station TR14–13 (2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul J. Ode, Laurence D. Charlet, and Gerald J. Seiler, “Sunflower Stem Weevil and Its Larval Parasitoids in Native Sunflowers: Is Parasitoid Abundance and Diversity Greater in the U.S. Southwest?” <em>Environmental Entomology</em> 40, no. 1 (February 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://cowildflowers.com/">Eastern Colorado Wildflowers – Common Names Index</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://extension.colostate.edu/">Colorado State University Extension – Information You Can Use</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/">USDA – National Agricultural Statistics Service Homepage</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Sunflowers are grown for their attractive flowers, edible seeds, and oil.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Types</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There are many types of sunflowers. Most agricultural varieties are hybrids. They have been bred for seed size or oil content.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>There are five kinds of sunflowers native to Colorado. They include both perennial and annual varieties. All sunflowers share certain traits. They are upright, with deep taproots and hairy stems. Sunflowers can grow from two to ten feet tall. Their leaf shape ranges from oval to triangular. The flowers are located at the end of the branches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The common sunflower is an annual. It has many two- to three-inch-wide flowers on branching stems. They are a leafy and fast-growing variety. Their stalks grow from three to nine feet tall. These flowers are grown on farms. However, they are not the same as large hybrid crops. Common sunflowers are native to the western United States. They can be grown just about anywhere in Northern America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Maximilian sunflower can be found growing wild all over the Americas. They produce clumps of flowers three feet wide on ten-foot-tall stems.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nuttall’s sunflower is native to the bases of the Colorado foothills. This sunflower grows six feet tall and has long leaves.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The prairie sunflower can be seen on the Colorado plains. The bushy plant grows well in sandy soils. They produce many flowers that are about two inches wide.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bush sunflowers grow in the dry hills of Colorado. Their leaves have a sandpaper-like texture. The flowers range from one to two and a half inches wide.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cultivation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly 6 million acres of sunflowers were planted in the United States during the late 1970s. That number dropped during the 1980s before bouncing back in the 1990s. This pattern of has been repeated several times over the past twenty years. In Colorado, 45,000 acres of oilseed sunflowers were planted in 1996. At their peak in 2000, sunflowers covered up to 300,000 acres. Acreage fell to 215,000 by 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interest in sunflowers and other oilseed crops increased in 2006. This was due to a national initiative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, it did not result in a permanent increase in production. Colorado produced a total of 124.2 million pounds of sunflowers in 2011. Farmers only grew 55.2 million pounds in 2012. In fall 2015, the state dropped from the fourth-largest producer of sunflowers in the United States to the seventh.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ecological Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010, sunflower farmers either did not till at all or used minimum tillage. This is important because no-till practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because sunflowers need little water, they can be grown as a dryland crop. The cost of full flood irrigation is around fifty dollars per acre. Crops that can survive on less water make financial sense.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Adding sunflowers to commercial crop rotations enhances the soil. A rotation of winter wheat-sunflower-fallow (uncultivated) yields between 862 and 1,162 pounds of crops per acre. That's a profit of about $23.50 per acre. That is nearly double the profit of a winter wheat-fallow rotation. That rotation averages $12.99 per acre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Oilseed sunflowers are in demand due to the health benefits of the oil. Sunflower oil is high in omega-3 and vitamin E. Colorado farmers harvested 52 million pounds of sunflower seed in 2014. That was 112 percent more than 2013. In 2015 Colorado farmers expanded their sunflower fields by 20 percent.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Sunflowers are grown as ornamental garden plants, for their edible seeds, and for oil. They do not require the soil to be tilled. This makes sunflowers a good candidate for crop rotations. Recent research has been looking into hybrid sunflowers that would produce fiber for paper and rubber.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Types</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There are many types of sunflowers. Most agricultural varieties are hybrids. They have been bred for seed size or oil content.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The five kinds of sunflowers native to Colorado include both perennial and annual varieties. They consist of the common sunflower, Maximilian sunflower, Nuttall’s sunflower, prairie sunflower, and the bush sunflower. All sunflowers share certain traits. They are upright, with deep taproots and hairy stems. Sunflowers can grow from two to ten feet tall. Their leaf shape ranges from oval to triangular. The flowers are located at the end of the branches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The common sunflower is an annual with many two- to three-inch-wide flowers on branching stems. They are a leafy and fast-growing variety. Their stalks grow from three to nine feet tall. While these flowers are grown commercially, they are not the same as the large hybrid crops. Common sunflowers are native to dry plains, prairies, meadows, and foothills of the western United States. They can be grown just about anywhere in Northern America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Maximilian sunflower can be found growing wild all over the Americas. They produce clumps of flowers three feet wide on ten-foot-tall stems. This drought-tolerant perennial grows well in Colorado. Nuttall’s sunflower is native to the bases of the Colorado foothills. It grows six feet tall and has long leaves. The prairie sunflower is often seen along roadways of the Colorado plains. This bushy plant grows well in sandy soils, producing many flowers roughly two inches wide. Bush sunflowers are native to the dry hills of Colorado. Their leaves have a sandpaper-like texture. The flowers range from one to two and a half inches wide.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cultivation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly 6 million acres of sunflowers were planted in the United States during the late 1970s. That number dropped during the 1980s before bouncing back in the 1990s. This pattern of has been repeated several times over the past twenty years. The acreage of oilseed sunflowers in Colorado has fluctuated greatly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, 45,000 acres of oilseed sunflowers were planted across Colorado. At their peak in 2000, sunflowers covered up to 300,000 acres. Acreage fell to 215,000 by 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interest in sunflowers and other oilseed crops was renewed in 2006. This was due to a national initiative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, this did not result in a permanent increase in production. The state produced a total of 124.2 million pounds of sunflowers in 2011. Colorado only 55.2 million pounds in 2012. In fall 2015, the state dropped from the fourth-largest producer of sunflowers in the United States to the seventh.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ecological Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010, sunflower farmers either did not till at all or used minimum tillage. This is important because no-till practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide by 50 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since sunflowers are native to North America, parasitic insects have had time to evolve with the plants. Most parasitism rates are higher in native sunflowers than in their cultivated cousins. Increased planting of cultivated varieties led to an 80 percent decrease in the amount of herbicide used on sunflowers from 1996 to 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because sunflowers need little water, they can be grown as a dryland crop. The cost of full flood irrigation is around fifty dollars per acre. Crops that can survive on less water make financial sense.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Adding sunflowers to commercial crop rotations enhances the soil. A rotation of winter wheat-sunflower-fallow (uncultivated) yields between 862 and 1,162 pounds of crops per acre. That's a profit of about $23.50 per acre. That is nearly double the profit of a winter wheat-fallow rotation, which averages $12.99 per acre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Oilseed sunflowers are in demand due to the health benefits of the oil. Sunflower oil is high in omega-3 and vitamin E. Colorado farmers brought in a total of 52 million pounds of sunflower seed in 2014. That was 112 percent more than 2013, from 30 percent fewer acres. In 2015 Colorado farmers expanded their sunflower fields by 20 percent. The committed 45,000 acres to oilseed and 12,000 acres to confection sunflowers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Sunflowers  are grown as ornamental garden plants, for their edible seeds, and for oil. Sunflowers demand few inputs like water or nitrogen. They do not require the soil to be tilled. This makes sunflowers a good candidate for crop rotations. Recent research has been looking into hybrid sunflowers that would produce fiber for paper and rubber.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Types</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There are many types of sunflowers. Most agricultural varieties are hybrids that have been bred for seed size or oil content. The five kinds of sunflowers native to Colorado include both perennial and annual varieties. They consist of the common sunflower, Maximilian sunflower, Nuttall’s sunflower, prairie sunflower, and the bush sunflower. All sunflowers share certain traits. They are upright, with deep taproots and hairy stems that can grow from two to ten feet tall. Their leaf shape ranges from oval to triangular. The flowers are located at the end of their branches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The common sunflower (Helianthus annus) is an annual with many two- to three-inch-wide flowers on branching stems. They are a leafy and fast-growing variety with erect stalks from three to nine feet tall. While these flowers are grown commercially, they are not the same as the large hybrid crops. Common sunflowers are native to dry plains, prairies, meadows, and foothills of the western United States, Canada, and Mexico. They can be successfully cultivated just about anywhere in Northern America.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximilianii) can be found growing wild all over the Americas. They produce clumps of flowers three feet wide on ten feet tall stems. This drought-tolerant perennial grows well in Colorado. Nuttall’s sunflower (Helianthus nuttalli) is native to the damp bases of the Colorado foothills. It grows six feet tall and has long leaves. The prairie sunflower (Helianthus petiolaris) is often seen along roadways of the Colorado plains. This bushy plant grows well in sandy soils, producing many flowers roughly two inches wide. Bush sunflowers (Helianthus pumilus) are native to the dry hills of Colorado. Their leaves have a sandpaper-like texture and the flowers range from one to two and a half inches wide.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cultivation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nearly 6 million acres of sunflowers were planted in the United States during the late 1970s. That number dropped rapidly during the 1980s before bouncing back in the 1990s. This pattern of boom and bust has been repeated several times over the past twenty years. The acreage of oilseed sunflowers in Colorado has fluctuated greatly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996 oilseed sunflowers were planted on 45,000 acres across Colorado. At their peak in 2000, sunflowers covered up to 300,000 acres in Colorado. Acreage fell to 215,000 by 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Interest in sunflowers and other oilseed crops was renewed in 2006 due to a national initiative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, this did not result in a permanent increase in production. According to the 2013 Colorado Agriculture Statistics publication, the state produced a total of 124.2 million pounds of sunflowers in 2011, but only 55.2 million pounds in 2012. In fall 2015, Colorado dropped from the fourth-largest producer of sunflowers in the United States to the seventh. After years of planting fewer acres, Colorado farmers are beginning to see that sunflowers are a practical crop.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ecological Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 sunflower farmers either did not till at all or used minimum tillage. This is important because no-till practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide by 50 percent.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since sunflowers are native to North America, parasitic insects have had centuries to evolve along with the plants. Recent studies have shown that most parasitism rates are higher in native sunflowers than in their cultivated cousins. Increased planting of cultivated varieties has led to an 80 percent reduction in the amount of herbicide used on sunflowers from 1996 to 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because sunflowers need little water, they can be grown as a dryland crop. The cost of full flood irrigation is around fifty dollars per acre. Crops that can survive on less water make financial sense.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Benefits</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Adding sunflowers to commercial crop rotations enhances the soil. Rotations that incorporate sunflowers have been shown to provide good economic returns. Studies have found that a rotation of winter wheat-sunflower-fallow (uncultivated) yields an annual average of between 862 and 1,162 pounds of crops per acre, with a profit of about $23.50 per acre. That is nearly double the profit of a winter wheat-fallow rotation, which averages $12.99 per acre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Varieties of oilseed sunflower that have recently come on the market are increasingly in demand due to the health benefits of the oil. Sunflower oil is high in omega-3 and vitamin E. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, Colorado farmers brought in a total of 52 million pounds of sunflower seed in 2014. That was 112 percent more than 2013, from 30 percent fewer acres. In 2015 Colorado farmers expanded their sunflower fields by 20 percent for both confection and oilseed crops, committing 45,000 acres to oilseed and 12,000 acres to confection sunflowers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 10 May 2016 16:13:11 +0000 yongli 1367 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Bee Family Farm http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bee-family-farm <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Bee Family Farm</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1277--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1277.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/john-and-fanny-bee-children-arleigh-arthur-emma"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bee%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=9NR7RfcG" width="299" height="450" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/john-and-fanny-bee-children-arleigh-arthur-emma" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">John and Fanny Bee with children Arleigh, Arthur, Emma</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The family came to the Fort Collins area in 1882.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1278--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1278.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/1910-water-well"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bee%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=962YPDxe" width="714" height="576" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/1910-water-well" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">1910 Water well</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arleigh Bee dug the well to supplement the irrigation water.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1279--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1279.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/children-enjoying-animals"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bee-Media-3%20%281%29.jpg?itok=rZgnWbwl" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/children-enjoying-animals" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Children enjoying the animals</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Children visiting the Bee Family Centennial Farm Museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-02-24T15:25:13-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 24, 2016 - 15:25" class="datetime">Wed, 02/24/2016 - 15:25</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bee-family-farm" data-a2a-title="The Bee Family Farm"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbee-family-farm&amp;title=The%20Bee%20Family%20Farm"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Bee Family Farm is a historic farm located between <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> and Wellington. In operation as a working farm since 1894, it is now an outdoor museum that preserves and displays the family’s historic artifacts, buildings, and fields to help visitors experience the history of farming in Northern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As urban growth continues along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, city and county planners aim to provide open space and buffers between growing communities. The area’s farm families must adapt to these new conditions in order to survive. But adapting to change has been a constant theme for many of these families, whose ancestors <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaded</strong></a> this land. The story of the Bee Family reflects the Anglo-American western migration and settlement of Colorado, as each generation has had to adapt to new economic conditions and develop new ways of managing the use of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> and land. The history of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a>, the <strong><a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry">sugar beet industry</a></strong>, and livestock raising can all be traced through the history of the Bee Family Farm.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Family Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>John Bee came to America with his family when he was nine years old in 1853. The family settled in Upper Sandusky, Ohio. At seventeen he went to Mills County, Iowa, and lived with one of five uncles who had settled there. He farmed and taught school in the winter, and in 1868 he married Fanny Cotton. John suffered from asthma, so in 1882 he moved his family to the dry <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> of Colorado. The dry climate helped his health but made farming difficult. After developing his <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> for five years, he rented an irrigated farm north of Fort Collins and moved there. In the meantime, Fanny’s sister Lizzie and her husband, Al Morse, moved to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> area. Morse raised horses and hired out to help build many of the irrigation canals and reservoirs in the area. In the beginning, several of the irrigation companies went bankrupt, causing economic hardships for their workers. The Morse family sold its homestead and was able to buy the present 160-acre Bee Farm in 1894, but hardship continued. Al Morse and the couple’s only child, Whitwill, passed away by 1899.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>John and Fanny’s son Arleigh took over the farm for his Aunt Lizzie. In 1902 John and Fanny sold their homestead to the <strong>North Poudre Irrigation Company</strong> to be used as a reservoir site, and moved their home to Lizzie’s farm. Irrigation water finally arrived at the farm in 1905, making it possible to raise other crops besides small grains and grass hay.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1903 Fort Collins had joined Loveland and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> in building a sugar beet refining plant. The <a href="/article/great-western-sugar-company"><strong>Great Western</strong> <strong>Sugar Company</strong></a> had constructed railroads and built factories and with the irrigation system in place, the sugar beet industry was ready to grow. The Bees planted their first crop in 1905 and continued growing beets for most of the next 100 years. The cultivation of sugar beets was very labor intensive, as the crop had to be thinned, hoed, and harvested by hand. At various times German Russian families, Mexican migrants, and, during World War II, German prisoners of war<strong>, </strong>all worked on the farm. The sugar beets provided a degree of stability for the farm economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arleigh continued to use horses for the farmwork and raised sheep during the 1920s and 1930s. The sheep ate sugar beet leaves and beet pulp, a by-product of the refining process. Most farms in the area fed 1,000 to 4,000 head of sheep each winter, which gave the Fort Collins area the title of “Lamb Feeding Capital of the World.” The Colorado Agricultural College (today <strong>Colorado State University</strong>) chose the ram as its mascot, and Fort Collins High School became the Lambkins. The Bee Farm raised sheep until World War II, when synthetic fabrics came into use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Even with the reservoirs, irrigation water was not very reliable, so in 1910 Arleigh dug a well to supplement the ditch water. It was all dug by hand and lined with brick. The dry years of the 1930s increased the need for more dependable water, so the <a href="/article/colorado%e2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson Project</strong> </a>was approved by Congress and was completed in the early 1950s. This gave Northern Colorado farmers a greater assurance that they would have the water they needed for their crops. It also assured a dependable domestic water source.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arleigh’s son Francis graduated from the Colorado Agricultural College in 1939 and started farming with his father. He married Sylvia Saue in 1942, and they had seven children. Francis continued to irrigate with dirt ditches and furrow irrigation. He also saw many advances in farm technology. Before two of Francis’s sons joined the farming operation in 1971, concrete ditches with siphon tubes were put in to make the water use much more efficient. The farm transitioned to a center pivot sprinkler in 1997, becoming even more water efficient.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preserving Agricultural History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As more land is developed and people continue to migrate to Colorado, the state has placed more emphasis on the preservation of agricultural history. In 1986, for example, Governor Dick Lamm and the state Department of Agriculture partnered with the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>) to create the Centennial Farm program, which helps to recognize and preserve historic farms and ranches. In 1994 the Colorado Department of Agriculture and the State Historical Fund awarded the Bee Family Farm the <strong>Centennial Farm Award</strong> for 100 years of family ownership. The farm was also placed on the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Registry of Historic Places</strong> in 2002.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As regional land prices increased and the demand for water shifted from agricultural to domestic, the family decided to cease farming. It sold 140 acres of the farm to Colorado State University for the <strong>Agriculture Research Development and Education Center</strong>. A conservation easement with <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County </strong></a>and the City of Fort Collins was granted in November of 2003. The easement will create a buffer between the town of Wellington and Fort Collins.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Because of the farm’s rich history and extensive collection of agricultural artifacts, the family retained ten acres and set up a nonprofit corporation to operate the Bee Family Centennial Farm Museum. The Farm Museum opened in 2008 and allows children and adults to visit the farm animals, view artifacts, and participate in activities centered around 1900s farm life. There are eight buildings with original furnishings or equipment, including the two-room homestead house, a home built in 1942, a garage, a milk barn, and a machine shed. Elementary school children enjoy activities such as grinding corn, milking a wooden cow, washing clothes on a scrub board, and throwing irrigation tubes. Visitors also turn out for the museum’s annual Vintage Base Ball Game in the spring and Pioneer Living Day in the fall. The mission of the museum is to teach visitors about the farming history of Northern Colorado in a traditional, engaging, and authentic way.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/harrison-elizabeth-bee" hreflang="und">Harrison, Elizabeth Bee </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/centennial-farms" hreflang="en">Centennial Farms</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bee-farm" hreflang="en">bee farm</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bee-family" hreflang="en">bee family</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agricultural-history" hreflang="en">agricultural history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Harry and Arlene Ahlbrandt, <em>Wellington’s First 100 Years 1905–2005 Pictorial History Book</em> (Fort Collins, CO: Self-published, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bee Family Archives, <a href="http://www.beefamilyfarm.com/">Bee Family Centennial Farm Museum</a>, Fort Collins, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Candy Hamilton, <em>Footprints in the Sugar</em> (Ontario, OR: Hamilton Bates, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/centennial-farms-ranches">Centennial Farms</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Andrew J. Morris, Ed., <em>The History of Larimer County, Colorado</em> (Dallas, TX: Curtis Media Corporation, 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adam Thomas, <em>Boxelder Pioneers: A History of the Bee Family and Their Farm</em> (CSU Department of History HY586, May 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Wellington Heritage Writers, <em>History of Wellington, Colorado and The Boxelder Valley 1864–1996</em> (Fort Collins, Colorado: Vestige Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ansel Watrous, <em>History of Larimer County Colorado</em> (Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1911).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365913844/">"Centennial Farms,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, December 15, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Adam Thomas, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_m2s06PANH0">All Good Gifts: The Story of Bee Family Farm</a>, Part 1 of 2,” YouTube video, 9:13, posted by Historitecture, January 15, 2010.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 Feb 2016 22:25:13 +0000 yongli 1123 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Sugar Beet Industry http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sugar Beet Industry</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1093--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1093.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-ford-factory"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-13206_0.jpg?itok=F_qi6zkK" width="1000" height="692" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-ford-factory" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Ford Factory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The American Beet Sugar Company built the Rocky Ford Factory in 1901.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1094--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1094.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/sugar-beet-field"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/MCC-1079_0.jpg?itok=q6MiypYx" width="1000" height="806" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/sugar-beet-field" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sugar Beet Field</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A Colorado sugar beet field between 1900 and 1910.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1095--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1095.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/sugar-beet-loading"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/MCC-3210_0.jpg?itok=m1MW8m6k" width="1000" height="794" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/sugar-beet-loading" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sugar beet loading</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A young man helps load sugar beets in Northern Colorado, c. 1920</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1096--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1096.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/boiler-room-fort-collins-factory"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-10891_0.jpg?itok=GpUADHnI" width="1000" height="975" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/boiler-room-fort-collins-factory" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boiler Room, Fort Collins Factory</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside the boiler room of the Great Western Sugar Company's factory in Fort Collins, c. 1905.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1097--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1097.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beet-field-workers-1926"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Sugar-Beet-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=O8oSifs9" width="1000" height="1416" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beet-field-workers-1926" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beet Field Workers, 1926</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Benito Gonzáles and Francisca and Francisco García worked in Greeley beet fields in the 1920s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1099--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1099.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mexican-workers-beet-fields-1943"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/AA00001099_00001_0.jpg?itok=x0G0L6NQ" width="1000" height="804" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mexican-workers-beet-fields-1943" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mexican Workers in beet fields, 1943</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>N/A</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-02T16:15:46-07:00" title="Monday, November 2, 2015 - 16:15" class="datetime">Mon, 11/02/2015 - 16:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry" data-a2a-title="Sugar Beet Industry"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fsugar-beet-industry&amp;title=Sugar%20Beet%20Industry"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Today sugar beet production is a small part of Colorado’s economy, but in the twentieth century it was the most important agricultural activity in the state. Of more than twenty sugar-refining factories, most built between 1899 and 1920, only the <a href="/article/fort-morgan"><strong>Fort Morgan</strong></a> factory remains in operation. In recent years, the US <strong>Environmental Protection Agency</strong> has provided financial assistance to former “sugar towns” to clean up deserted factory grounds contaminated with asbestos and decades’ worth of lime waste. The sugar beet industry’s importance to Colorado history extends beyond these ruins.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Beginnings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Industry historians often note that at the turn of the twentieth century, the dramatic growth of sugar beet production proved that white immigrants living in Colorado could make the desert bloom. The sugar beet industry also diversified an economy reliant on <strong>mining</strong> and <strong>ranching</strong>, as rural Colorado towns came to produce millions of pounds of white granulated sugar. In addition, the industry’s dependence on seasonal migrant workers set a precedent for the production of labor-intensive crops in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the close of the nineteenth century, newly constructed sugar factories across the American West began to produce white refined sugar from sugar beets grown in local fields. The 1898 Spanish-American War further spurred the industry’s expansion, when many American sugar refiners and consumers tried to push Caribbean-produced sugar out of US markets. Fostered by local and federal support, Colorado became a leading sugar-producing state. However, this agricultural transformation was at the expense of Native American land rights.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> with Plains Indians that followed the 1864 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> greatly reduced Native American landholdings in Colorado. These treaties removed the <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Apache</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, and <strong>Kiowa </strong>nations from Colorado, eventually resettling them on smaller reservations in Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. The United States unilaterally ratified the 1867 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> without the consent of the groups listed above. This opened the Platte and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> valleys to white immigrants, who believed that American capital, European technology, and commercial farming would civilize Colorado. By 1882 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> Indian removal opened the Grand Valley to agricultural settlers. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, Denver’s Chamber of Commerce, the Agricultural College of Colorado (now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>), and rural elites such as Rocky Ford’s <strong>George W. Swink</strong> worked to get the attention of land and water companies. These companies sold cheap mortgages and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-law"><strong>water rights</strong></a> to potential farmer-settlers and to beet sugar companies hoping to establish a German-origin industry in the American West. They succeeded in convincing East Coast capitalists that Colorado had friendly politicians, farmer interest, and fertile river lands and that regional nonwhite workers would come for spring planting and leave with the harvest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The sugar beet industry expanded rapidly in Colorado. American sugar companies helped German and French sugar beet experts immigrate to the United States and imported seeds and factory machinery across the Atlantic. In 1899, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Charles Boettcher</strong></a>, a German immigrant who made a fortune as a hardware merchant in Colorado’s mining boom, financed the state’s first sugar factory in <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. Within a decade, his<strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-western-sugar-company">Great Western Sugar Company</a></strong> opened ten factories in the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river">South Platte River</a> </strong>valley with support from Henry Havemeyer of the New York Sugar Trust. By 1910 Holly Sugar, the American Beet Sugar Company, and the National Sugar Manufacturing Company had expanded in the Arkansas River valley. Yet Colorado sugar towns needed more than European expertise and technologies to get off the ground; they also needed workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Work of Making Sugar</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sugar beet cultivation required careful work that could only be done by hand. Since many of Colorado’s new white American landowners viewed field labor as below their class and race, industry founders faced the challenge of finding an adequate labor force. The industry’s labor needs embroiled Colorado in a global debate between workers seeking to make a living and capitalists seeking cheap workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the wake of slavery’s abolishment in the nineteenth century throughout the Americas, cane sugar producers experimented with various labor systems. In Louisiana, sugar cane plantation owners replaced enslaved African Americans with Chinese contract workers. However, the United States banned Chinese workers in 1882 and outlawed contract labor in 1885. Sugar beet growers found it difficult to recruit field laborers at the wages they wanted to pay. Henry Oxnard, the president of the American Beet Sugar Company, solved his company’s labor needs in California and Nebraska by substituting Native American and Mexican workers for Chinese and white workers, a practice replicated in Colorado. Sugar beet growers to the east and west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> employed Native American workers from regional Indian schools and reservations. Companies also recruited workers from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado"><strong>Hispano</strong> <strong>communities</strong></a> in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Native American and Hispano workers took sugar beet work in order to survive the changes that American colonization brought to their lives after the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848 and during the ensuing Indian Wars.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado sugar companies also recruited diverse fieldworkers from communities marginalized in white American towns and labor markets. Over the course of the twentieth century, the list of preferred fieldworkers included Hispano, Native American, German Russian, Japanese, Tejano, Mexican, Filipino, and South Asian. These workers were often noncitizens, recent immigrants or refugees, and nonwhite. From its first years, the industry also employed incarcerated workers. Teenagers in trouble with the law, Japanese Americans imprisoned at the Granada Internment Camp during World War II, and German and Italian prisoners of war all labored in Colorado beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Seasonally, sugar beet factories employed 100 to 200 workers, typically white American men, who in the 1930s and 1940s unionized and gained some bargaining power. However, each harvest required thousands of nonunionized fieldworkers. These individuals are often left out of Colorado histories, yet they contributed the bulk of human energy needed to convert beets into sugar. Without their labor, the sugar beet industry and other labor-intensive agricultural industries in Colorado would not have prospered.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/perez-bernadette-jeanne" hreflang="und">Pérez, Bernadette Jeanne </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">colorado sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">history of sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">history of colorado sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-sugar-beets" hreflang="en">colorado sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-labor" hreflang="en">sugar beet labor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-labor-history" hreflang="en">colorado labor history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-agriculture" hreflang="en">colorado agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-farms" hreflang="en">sugar beet farms</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-factories" hreflang="en">sugar beet factories</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-western-sugar-company" hreflang="en">great western sugar company</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Sarah Deutsch, <em>No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rubén Donato, <em>Mexicans and Hispanos in Colorado Schools and Communities, 1920–1960</em> (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Moon-Ho Jung, <em>Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation</em> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>April Merleaux, "The Political Culture of Sugar Tariffs: Immigration, Race, and Empire, 1898–1930," <em>International Labor and Working-Class History</em> 81 (July 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dena Markoff Sabin, <em>How Sweet It Was! The Beet Sugar Industry in Microcosm: The National Sugar Manufacturing Company, 1899 to 1967</em> (New York: Garland Publishing, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul Schuster Taylor, <em>Mexican Labor in the United States </em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1928).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dennis Valdés, "Settlers, Sojourners, and Proletarians: Social Formation in the Great Plains Sugar Beet Industry, 1890–1940," <em>Great Plains Quarterly</em> (January 1990).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eric Brown, "Weld Farmers, Organizations Renew Call for Immigration Reform as House Continues to Punt on Issue," <em>Greeley Tribune</em>, July 9, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/research/agbib/research-sugar-beets.html">Colorado State University Libraries, Colorado Agriculture Bibliography</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/archives/greatwestern/">Colorado State University Libraries, Great Western Sugar Digital Collection</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://history.fcgov.com/archive/ethnic/mexican.php">Fort Collins History Connection</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Frosch, "Inmates Will Replace Migrants in Colorado Fields," <em>New York Times</em>, March 4, 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mae M. Ngai, <em>Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America</em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365005651/">"The Boettchers,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, May 2, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365913844/">"Centennial Farms,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, December 15, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.unco.edu/colorado-oral-history-migratory-labor-project/">University of Northern Colorado, Colorado Oral History and Migratory Labor Project</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Zaragosa Vargas, <em>Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America</em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 02 Nov 2015 23:15:46 +0000 yongli 744 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rock Art of Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rock Art of Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1839--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1839.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archaic-8000-1000-bc-and-late-archaic-1000-bc-ad-200"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=vGftP2nP" width="1000" height="628" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archaic-8000-1000-bc-and-late-archaic-1000-bc-ad-200" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archaic (8000–1000 BC) and Late Archaic (1000 B.C to A.D. 200)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Examples of Archaic era depictions of animals (“zoomorphs”) and humans (“anthropomorphs”). Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1840--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1840.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/formative-era-game-drives-and-driving-gestures-200-bc-ad-1300"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nwLkwydA" width="1000" height="1012" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/formative-era-game-drives-and-driving-gestures-200-bc-ad-1300" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Formative Era Game Drives and Driving Gestures, 200 B.C.–A.D. 1300</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During the Formative Era there is a transition of body shapes for game animals characterized by the short legged, round bodied quadrupeds with smaller horns or antlers. Bows and arrows are depicted, and game drives are shown with animated stick figures using the “driving” gesture. Drawings are from western Colorado (A, by Carol Patterson) and southeastern Colorado (B, by Linda Olson).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1842--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1842.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/formative-era-anthropomorphs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=TIvL0DPR" width="1000" height="997" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/formative-era-anthropomorphs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Formative Era Anthropomorphs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Formative Era, AD 500 to 1000 (Fremont and Ancestral Pueblo) and AD 1000 to 1300 (Numic Expansion). Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1843--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1843.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/protohistorichistoric-era-ad-1300-1700-and-ad-1700-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=WYYhQBEo" width="1000" height="974" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/protohistorichistoric-era-ad-1300-1700-and-ad-1700-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Protohistoric/Historic Era (AD 1300 to 1700 and AD 1700 to 1900)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Ute historic rock art typically has the horse, buffalo and bear paws. Large pedestrian shield figures may identify Paiute who didn’t ride horses. Plains tribes typically have the horned headdress, horses, and V-necked bodies. In the Southwest, the Utes painted domestic scenes of tribal life. Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1844--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1844.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-rock-art-maps"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=8e6_I8MM" width="1000" height="415" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-rock-art-maps" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Rock Art Maps</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A Ute petroglyph at Shavano Valley is overlaid on a topographic map of the Uncompahgre Plateau. The second panel shows a rock art map from the Smith Fork of the Gunnison overlaid on a topographic map of the Gunnison Gorge and oriented to the south, with a correspondence to the Ute trail location and its alignment with the Gunnison Gorge. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1845--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1845.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/conceptual-realism"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=vPJBOa4P" width="1000" height="417" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/conceptual-realism" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Conceptual Realism</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Conceptual realism is used to emphasize the important parts of an animal for spiritual or ritual purposes. Examples here are of the bear with flexed paws from the Formative through the Historic Era. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1846--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1846.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/evolution-horse-and-cultural-preferences"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-7_0.jpg?itok=Ms6lLvq0" width="1000" height="398" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/evolution-horse-and-cultural-preferences" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Evolution of the Horse and Cultural Preferences</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Over time from Protohistoric to Historic, the early depictions of the horse by the Utes show exaggerations of the neck and legs using conceptual realism. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1847--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1847.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mythograms"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-8_0.jpg?itok=UYrJBfnF" width="1000" height="593" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mythograms" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mythograms</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mythograms for the Ute include the bear paw, the bear and tree, ‘Cosmic Tree’, and creator Sinavi (creator wolf). For the Navajo, there are paintings of the Mountain Way Ceremony and the Yei God, Ghaan’ask’idii. Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-29T14:34:37-06:00" title="Thursday, October 29, 2015 - 14:34" class="datetime">Thu, 10/29/2015 - 14:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado" data-a2a-title="Rock Art of Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frock-art-colorado&amp;title=Rock%20Art%20of%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado is home to a rich variety of prehistoric and historic art carved on cliff sides and boulders. Most rock art is found in river basins. The mountain areas that cut a wide vertical swath through the state are relatively devoid of rock art. There are the two types of rock art: pecked art, which is called petroglyphs, and paintings, which are called pictographs. Native Americans frequently refer to the figures as “Indian writings” and were able to read and write them on rocks for thousands of years. After European settlement, tribal relocations, and generations of boarding schools, most of the tribal knowledge of what the rock art means has been lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado has a substantial amount of rock art categorized within four general time periods: the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/The%20Archaic%20Period%20in%20Colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a>, Protohistoric, and Historic. Each time period has several styles that can be identified, differing by region. Rock art from the Archaic period is rare and often so faded that it is barely visible. The Formative era produced many distinct styles that are specific to certain regions of the state. The Protohistoric and Historic eras have styles and cultural affiliations with Native American cultures. In the western half of the state, the Numic tribes (<strong>Shoshone</strong>, <strong>Ute</strong>, and <strong>Paiute</strong>) dominated the region from the late 1500s to 1880s. On the eastern plains the rock art has cultural affiliations with the <strong>Apache</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, and <strong>Comanche</strong>, who moved across the northern, eastern, and southern plains of Colorado from the 1700s through the 1860s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Methodology and Interpretation: How old is it and what does it mean?</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Rock art is difficult to date and place within established archaeological chronologies. Age estimations are based on style, weathering effects to the rock surface, and direct dating if possible with relative dates from soils and archaeological material associated with the panels. A chronology of styles is based upon a large database of sites throughout the state. At the time of contact with Europeans, early explorers—and, later, anthropologists—collected ethnographic information from Native Americans; anthropologists use this information to interpret historic petroglyphs through a method called ethnographic analogy. Interpretations of rock art based on archaeology and ethnography include depictions of game drives, battle scenes, geographic maps, and tribal ceremonies. Native American consultants have suggested that some rock art images may represent spiritual entities, rain or cloud deities, spirits of the deceased, or symbols of mythic characters and religious themes from their cultures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Archaic period (3000 BC–AD 400)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Archaic era, animals are often depicted with long tapering legs and a large body, and with great branching horns. They are often found in context with anthropomorphs that are thin and tall and have long arms. Atlatls are portrayed during this era. Animals have cloven feet and sometimes show the dewclaws in profile (as if flattened out on either side of the foot). During this era, animals are portrayed as larger than humans, which may be a reflection of the Archaic worldview, in which game animals were the central focus.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Formative Period</strong> (200 BC–AD 1300)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Formative era there is a transition to body shapes for game animals characterized by the short-legged, round-bodied quadrupeds with smaller horns or antlers. During this period the animals also become smaller and the humans more animated. Atlatls wane as bows and arrows take center stage. Game drives are shown with animated stick figures making the “driving” gesture while other figures are aiming arrows with bows at the advancing animals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong> </a>rock art found in the southwestern portion of the state is typified by Pueblo hairstyles and sometimes square body styles. In contrast, in the northwestern portion of the state, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont</strong>-</a>style figures have V-shaped or trapezoidal bodies and occasionally horns or elaborate headdresses.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Protohistoric period (AD 1300–1700)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Protohistoric period, it is possible to determine Numic (Ute and Paiute) from Ancestral Pueblo by their body style and cultural symbol affiliations. For the Numic, game animals, trail maps, bear paws, and tree images are consistent with this style. During the later Protohistoric era, body shapes become abbreviated into stick figures with bows. The Ancestral Puebloans emigrated from Colorado by around AD 1300 and are not present in the Protohistoric and Historic eras. Through the next four centuries, the Numic people spread out across Colorado, with the Ute inhabiting the high country and inner mountains and the Paiute remaining in the canyons and desert areas of southern Colorado and eastern Utah. Shoshones inhabited the northwestern areas of Colorado but remained mostly in Wyoming. The Comanche split off from this Shoshonean linguistic group around the 1700s and moved out onto the northern plains of Colorado. Algonquians (Cheyenne and Arapaho) moved westward into the Colorado plains, pushing the Comanche south across the eastern plains along with the Kiowa and Apache.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Historic Era (AD 1700–1900)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With the introduction of the horse, many native peoples adapted to an equestrian lifestyle. Along with horses came mobility, wealth, trading capacities, and power. Horses are a constant in the eastern Plains Indian rock art, as well as <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hunts, and tribal battles, while in the west the Ute historic rock art features cowboy hats, fringed leggings, top hats, and peace medallions that were popular around the time of Lincoln’s presidency and the beginning of the reservation period.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Numic traditions witnessed the spread of Shoshonean people throughout the Colorado Plateau. The distinction between Utes and Paiutes can be traced to the ability to support a horse culture. Large pedestrian shields could not be accommodated on horseback. It is suggested that pedestrian figures holding large shields may have been Paiutes and that mounted figures with small shields were Utes. The Utes dominated the Uncompahgre Plateau but intrusions by Paiutes from the San Juan Basin were common.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Maps</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Numic tradition is characteristic of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle that relies heavily on knowledge of game trails, hunting strategies, procurement of wild foods, and knowing the location of good water sources. Many petroglyph panels are found to depict maps of the trails that navigate the local and difficult terrains. They may describe game drive strategies as well as locations of springs and water sources and other resources. Examples of petroglyph maps can be found at the<a href="/article/shavano-valley-rock-art-site"><strong> Shavano Valley Petroglyph site</strong></a> and at <strong>Map Rock</strong> in the Smith Fork of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes are oriented to the south, in contrast with Europeans, who orient their maps to the north. To the Utes, the south is where the sun comes from and sunrise direction from east to west (clockwise) is the preferred direction of travel. Figure 5 is a direct overlay showing how closely the petroglyph map fits over the physical land features to the south of the panel location.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Conceptual Realism</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Other panels show the stylistic form of bear paws and bears with square heads, short ears, and a curved back. The paws are flexed so that all the toes are shown. This technique is referred to as “conceptual realism.” It is used to emphasize the important parts of an animal for spiritual or ritual purposes; it shows what one understands rather than what one sees.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The horse was often exaggerated with a long neck and very short legs. The horse is drawn the way the author understands the animal. The long neck and foreshortened legs illustrate the way it feels to be riding a horse and looking down at its long neck in front and foreshortened legs below.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Mythograms</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado was home to a variety of linguistic groups that migrated through the area. Each of these groups had their own creation story and pantheon of religious deities. Some of these stories and entities were recorded by ethnographers in the late 1800s. Scholars call these systems “mythograms,” and they are used as diagnostic cultural markers in rock art.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mythograms of the Navajo Yei gods are found in west-central Colorado. One is found at the north end of Shavano Valley in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a> and is painted in dark charcoal, white, and blue, colors representing the female <em>Yei</em> of the Mountain Way Ceremony. Another is the Navajo god <em>Ghaan’ask’idii</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado has a rich prehistoric art history representing the migrations and settlement patterns of people from Archaic hunter-gatherers to Formative-era hunter-gatherers with some agricultural influences, and finally the Protohistoric cultures that occupied the area at the time of European contact. The pictorial record shows a gradual shift from displays of large animals at river convergences and hunting vantage points to smaller animals and larger humans concurrent with a transition from atlatls to bows and arrows. Lifestyles shifted with the introduction of the horse, and the resulting mobility brought prosperity resulting in depictions of buffalo hunts, rabbit drives, and fierce battle scenes. Cognitive changes were represented in religious iconography, such as <em>Sinavi</em> the Ute creator depicted as a man with big hands and feet or a canine (wolf or dog), bear paws signaling the Bear Dance ceremonies for healing, and the cosmic tree of life, or shaman’s tree. On the plains, the buffalo dominated the iconography with hunts and depictions of conflicts. The Native American heritage of picture writing, or “Indian writings,” can be found in the canyons and cliff sites throughout the state of Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/patterson-carol" hreflang="und">Patterson, Carol</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-national-park" hreflang="en">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustaf-nordenskiold" hreflang="en">Gustaf Nordenskiold</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Stephen G. Baker, "Historic Ute Culture Change in West-Central Colorado," in <em>Archaeology of the Eastern Ute: A Symposium</em>, ed. Paul R. Nickens, Occasional Papers No. 1 (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen G. Baker, "Historic Ute Archaeology: Interpreting the Last Hour Wickiup," <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 69 (Winter 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William G. Buckles, "The Uncompahgre Complex: Historic Ute Archaeology and Prehistoric Archaeology on the Uncompahgre Plateau in West Central Colorado" (PhD diss., University of Colorado [Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1971]).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sally Cole, <em>Legacy on Stone</em>, 1st ed. (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl E. Conner and Richard Ott, "Petroglyphs and Pictographs of the BLM Grand Junction District: Volumes I and II," unpublished manuscript (Grand Junction, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ron Kessler, <em>San Luis Valley Rock Art</em> (Monte Vista, CO: Adobe Village Press, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen, <em>Plains Indian Rock Art</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lawrence Loendorf, <em>Thunder and Herds: Rock Art of the High Plains</em> (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill McGlone, Ted Barker, and Phil Leonard, <em>Petroglyphs of Southeast Colorado and the Oklahoma Panhandle</em> (Kamas, UT: Mithras, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Cross Mountain Petroglyph Site 5MF.2691 Re-Evaluation," unpublished manuscript (Craig, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Dine' Ceremonial Paintings in Western Colorado, Navajo Cultural Association," in <em>Papers Presented at the Twenty-fourth Annual Symposium of the Utah Rock Art Research Association</em>, ed. Carol B. Patterson, Utah Rock Art XXIV (Salt Lake City: Utah Rock Art Research Association, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Shavano Valley Petroglyph Signage and Interpretive Project, unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Montrose Youth and Community Foundation, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Squint Moore and Rock Art," <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 73 (Summer 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Clifford Duncan, "Deer Creek, Dominguez Canyon Rock Art Documentation and Interpretive Signage for the River Heritage Project," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, Clifford Duncan, and Alan Watchman, "Leonard Basin / Palmer Gulch Rock Art Documentation (Archaeological Assessment), Project 2006-AS-005, unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Alan Watchman, "Gunnison Gorge Rock Art Documentation, 5DT.813 Re-evaluation," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Greg Williams, "Escalante Bridge Rock Art Site 5DT4, Petroglyph and Pictograph Documentation," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Reed and Michael D. Metcalf, <em>Colorado Prehistory:</em> <em>A Context for the Northern Colorado River Basin</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan D. Reed and Rachel Smith Gebauer, "A Research Design and Context for Prehistoric Cultural Resources in the Uncompahgre Plateau Archaeological Project's Study Area, Western Colorado," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Alpine Archaeological Consultants, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anne M. Smith, <em>Ethnography of the Northern Utes</em>, Papers in Anthropology 17 (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico, 1974).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Carol Patterson, “<a href="https://www.dixierockart.webs.com/Technical-Presentations/Ute-Rock-Art-of-the-Uncompahgre-Plateau.pdf">Ute Rock Art of the Uncompahgre Plateau</a>,” 2010.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 29 Oct 2015 20:34:37 +0000 yongli 734 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Richard Wetherill http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Wetherill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--552--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--552.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/richard-wetherill"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Richard-Wetherill_0.jpg?itok=Hb375v4B" width="500" height="774" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/richard-wetherill" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Wetherill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Portrait of Richard Wetherill (1858-1910), the nineteenth-century rancher who stumbled across the ruins of Mesa Verde.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-22T10:53:58-06:00" title="Thursday, October 22, 2015 - 10:53" class="datetime">Thu, 10/22/2015 - 10:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill" data-a2a-title="Richard Wetherill"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frichard-wetherill&amp;title=Richard%20Wetherill"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer who lived in southwest Colorado. Although&nbsp;he&nbsp;is often credited with&nbsp;"discovering" some&nbsp;of the most&nbsp;significant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> archaeological&nbsp;sites&nbsp;in&nbsp;the Four Corners area, the sites had already been known to various Indigenous people, including Ute, Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo, long before Wetherill arrived. Wetherill's&nbsp;findings got the&nbsp;attention of the&nbsp;white public and led to many expeditions that resulted in collections at both Colorado museums and prestigious East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures&nbsp;in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> region date to the late 1700s, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William H. Jackson</strong></a> produced exquisite photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. However, it was not until 1888, when Wetherill and Charlie Mason encountered&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace"><strong>Cliff Palace</strong></a> and exhibited artifacts from there and surrounding sites <a href="https://1depositcasinouk.com/">1 deposit casino uk.com</a> , that the white public became interested in Colorado’s ancient past. That winter,&nbsp;Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon when Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. He knew what he was looking at because it had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason investigated that day and collected a small number of items that they could carry easily. Thus began Wetherill’s career as an explorer of&nbsp;Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill, a Quaker family who in 1880 settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were known as supporters of Native Americans at a time when such sentiments were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers, assisted occasionally by others, are credited with recording more than 180 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwelling</strong></a> archaeological sites in the area. <strong>History Colorado</strong>, then known as the Colorado Historical Society, purchased the first and fourth Mesa Verde collection made by Richard and others in 1888–89 and 1893, respectively.</p><p>At the time of his rise to prominence, Wetherill’s formal training in the field of archaeology was in its infancy. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gustaf-nordenski%C3%B6ld-and-mesa-verde-region"><strong>Gustaf Nordenskiöld</strong></a>, a Swedish scientist, excavating sites&nbsp;in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld instructed Wetherill in scientific methods, including how to count the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>rings on trees</strong></a> to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more deeply than his brothers and expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah, where he is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker” and recognizing that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. He is also credited with being one of, if not the first, to recognize the importance of stratigraphy, or the study of rock layers. He also explored Keet Seel, a major cliff dwelling site in Arizona.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers, whose collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History, and George Pepper, who worked for Harvard. Wetherill went on to explore <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a> and finally moved there at the age of forty. While at Chaco, he explored, raised sheep, and started a<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong> trading post</strong></a> business. He unsuccessfully applied for permission to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> there. Wetherill seemed to have run into conflict with professional archaeologists and was even accused of unethical business practices and mistreatment of Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906, focusing on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. While conflicting details surround his death, it appears he was killed as retaliation for one of his ranch workers beating a Navajo man whom the worker had accused of theft. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/goff-sheila" hreflang="und">Goff, Sheila</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-national-park" hreflang="en">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustaf-nordenskiold" hreflang="en">Gustaf Nordenskiold</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Frank McNitt, <em>Richard Wetherill, Anasazi: Pioneer Explorer of Southwestern Ruins</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966).</p><p>Robert Sanchez, “Ghosts on the Mesa,” <em>5280</em> 19, no. 9 (March 2012).</p><p>Richard Wilshusen and Sheila Goff, “Living West—and North: The Legacy of Early Archaeological Collections at History Colorado,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (November–December 2013).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Fred M. Blackburn and Ray A. Williamson, <em>Cowboys and Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch</em> (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997).</p><p>Willa Cather, <em>The Professor's House</em> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925).</p><p>Kathryn Gabriel, ed., <em>Marietta Wetherill: Reflections on the Life with the Navajos in Chaco Canyon</em>. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1992).</p><p>David Harrell, "We Contacted Smithsonian: The Wetherills at Mesa Verde," <em>New Mexico Historical Review </em>62, no. 3 (July 1987).</p><p>Carolyn Miles Osborne, <em>The Wetherill Collections and Perishable Items from Mesa Verde</em> (Los Alamitos, CA: Self-published, 2004).</p><p><a href="https://wetherillfamily.com/index.htm">Wetherill Family Website</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He "discovered" significant archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. The sites were known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. However, Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. Items from his expeditions ended up in collections in Colorado museums and East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. In 1888, Wetherill and Charlie Mason found Cliff Palace. That winter, the men were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. It had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. The men explored and collected small items. This began Wetherill's career.</p><p>Richard was one of six children. He came from a Quaker family. In1880, his family settled in Mancos Canyon. They became cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such feelings were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers recorded more than 180 cliff dwelling sites.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training when he rose to fame. Yet he produced remarkable notes and maps. This is due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld was a Swedish scientist. He instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age.</p><p>Wetherill pursued exploration more than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He coined the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill is credited with being one of the first to recognize the importance of stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History. He went on to explore Chaco Canyon and moved there at the age of forty. There, Wetherill explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He applied to homestead there but was denied. Wetherill came into conflict with professional archaeologists. They accused him of unethical business practices. Wetherill gave up exploring in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed after one of his ranch workers beat a Navajo man. The ranch worker had accused the Navajo man of stealing. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He is credited with "discovering" significant archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. The sites were known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. However, Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. Items from his expeditions ended up in collections in Colorado museums and East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. In 1888, Wetherill and Charlie Mason found Cliff Palace. That winter, Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. It had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason explored and collected small items. This began Wetherill’s career exploring Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill. He came from a Quaker family. In1880, they settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such feelings were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers recorded more than 180 cliff dwelling sites.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training in archaeology when he rose to fame. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld was a Swedish scientist. He instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill recognized that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. He is also credited with being one of the first to recognize the importance of stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History. Wetherill went on to explore Chaco Canyon. He moved there at the age of forty. There, Wetherill explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He applied to homestead there but was denied. Wetherill came into conflict with professional archaeologists. He was accused of unethical business practices and mistreating Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed in retaliation after one of his ranch workers beat a Navajo man. The ranch worker had accused the Navajo man of stealing. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He is often credited with "discovering" some of the most significant Ancestral Pueblo archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. However, the sites had been known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. They led to expeditions that resulted in collections in Colorado museums and prestigious East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced exquisite photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. However, it was not until 1888, when Wetherill and Charlie Mason encountered Cliff Palace and exhibited artifacts from there and surrounding sites, that the white public became interested in Colorado’s ancient past. That winter, Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. He knew what he was looking at because it had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason investigated. They collected small items that they could carry easily. Thus began Wetherill’s career as an explorer of Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill. He came from a Quaker family who in 1880 settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were known as supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such sentiments were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers are credited with recording more than 180 cliff dwelling archaeological sites in the area. History Colorado, then known as the Colorado Historical Society, purchased the first and fourth Mesa Verde collection made by Richard and others in 1888–89 and 1893.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training in archaeology when he rose to prominence. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld, a Swedish scientist, excavating sites in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more deeply than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill recognized that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. Wetherill is also credited with being one of, if not the first, to recognize the importance of stratigraphy, or the study of rock layers. He also explored Keet Seel, a major cliff dwelling site in Arizona.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History, and George Pepper, who worked for Harvard. Wetherill went on to explore Chaco Canyon. He moved there at the age of forty. While at Chaco, he explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He unsuccessfully applied for permission to homestead there. Wetherill seemed to have run into conflict with professional archaeologists and was even accused of unethical business practices and mistreatment of Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed as retaliation for one of his ranch workers beating a Navajo man whom the worker had accused of theft. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 22 Oct 2015 16:53:58 +0000 yongli 691 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Agricultural Extension Service http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agricultural-extension-service <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Agricultural Extension Service</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--593--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--593.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-state-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/campus-rec-west_0_0.jpg?itok=sZvxaBz9" width="634" height="319" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-state-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Originally named Colorado Agricultural College, Colorado State University was established under the Morrill Act of 1862, which granted land for the establishment of agricultural colleges throughout the country. CSU's Agricultural Extension Service is a legacy of the university's land-grant heritage and has played a major role in agricultural development in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2025--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2025.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dust-bowl"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CSU%20Agricultural%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=SHyt7mgh" width="559" height="400" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dust-bowl" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dust Bowl</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During crises such as the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, Colorado Agricultural Extension helped Colorado farmers by overseeing the local implementation of federal relief programs.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T13:57:49-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 13:57" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 13:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agricultural-extension-service" data-a2a-title="Agricultural Extension Service"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fagricultural-extension-service&amp;title=Agricultural%20Extension%20Service"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The agricultural extension service in Colorado (1887–present) links individuals, organizations, and communities with research experts to address agrarian issues. These issues encompass rural problems associated with farming and ranching, as well as urban topics such as cooperative gardens and residential gardening.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, commercial agriculture first developed on the eastern <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>, and the region served as a major focus for extension work, especially during the extension service’s early years. The service also helped agriculturalists develop solutions in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and Rocky Mountain areas, where it worked to overcome short growing seasons, uneven terrain, and limited moisture. Stock raising was emphasized in these areas, although <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> also allows fruit orchards to thrive.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Purpose</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>CSU Extension helps citizens identify and solve local agricultural problems by distributing the best current research and practices. Land-grant university researchers interact with local agriculturalists through extension agents, who use on-site demonstrations and publications to both gather and communicate solutions. Although CSU Extension initially emphasized crop and livestock production issues, it expanded to include a broader range of concerns, such as energy conservation, consumer education, and financial management.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to the 1860s, farmers in Colorado met mining and urban food needs on their own. In 1863, leaders from the Denver area organized the first state agricultural society. Rather than educate, this group coordinated events at which farmers could market their products. The state’s first agricultural fair debuted three years later.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Access to academic expertise remained a rarity for US farmers until the Morrill Act of 1862 provided for American land-grant colleges. These institutions enabled more Americans to go to college and focused academic research on practical issues facing citizens.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Early forms of agricultural outreach began with the 1870 founding of the state’s land-grant college, Colorado Agricultural College (renamed several times, now Colorado State University [CSU]). After its opening, the college organized farmers’ institutes – scheduled instructional events for local agriculturalists directed by academics. These institutes served as forerunners to agricultural extension. After this, all community agricultural outreach was coordinated from CSU. The formal beginning of extension emerged with the Hatch Act of 1887, which reflected a national desire to apply the scientific method to agriculture. To move beyond academic knowledge, the federal act created experiment stations within states that had land-grant colleges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, agricultural extension remained separated across states, with no national coordination until the early twentieth century. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 brought the federal government into partnership with states and counties, bringing additional funding and enacting the US cooperative extension system.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Organizational History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the early twentieth century, the extension service emphasized soils, crops, and animals. Other aspects included home economics and children’s education. Extension agents conducted group and individual demonstrations across subjects, from planting seeds and plowing soils to animal husbandry and disease prevention. The semiarid climate of the eastern plains, the state’s main agricultural production zone, preoccupied agents. Salinity and seepage, wind-blown furrows, pests, weeds, and dust storms also confounded plains farmers, and they turned to agents for help.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role in Crises</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, CSU Extension, along with its national counterparts, worked to boost local agricultural output. The war brought more money to employ agents and scientists working toward the extension’s goals of production expansion and commodity conservation. The new philosophy and practice targeted inefficiencies and waste, resulting in dramatic increases in crop and livestock yields. To achieve these results, extension agents encouraged greater control of insect and rodent pests, as well as better nutrition through proper diet and storage of canned foods, and they coordinated with the national and local bureaucracy to market crop surpluses and farm laborers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After World War I, the extension service served as a vital resource during agricultural downturns. The postwar influenza outbreak saw agents converting spaces into temporary soup kitchens, while during the Great Depression (1929–39) and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong> </a>(1930s) crises, CSU Extension disseminated information about federal programs and coordinated implementation. World War II revived extension’s service as an arm of federal policy, particularly in the area of labor. During this conflict it collaborated with the federal government to determine which men should serve on farms and which on the battlefield.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The end of the twentieth century saw a tempering of the service’s bureaucratic approach, with an emphasis on intra-regional dialogue and public service. Most extension agents now work with small-acreage landowners or new farmers rather than large producers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years, CSU Extension has embraced urban agriculture, hiring its first coordinator in 2011. Urban-oriented extension emphasizes food policy and process – retail, distribution, and waste management – rather than merely production. This version of extension helps urban entrepreneurs navigate the pitfalls of turning residential backyards and vacant lots into for-profit gardens by assisting them not only with growing but also with food safety guidelines and marketing recommendations. This urban face of extension recognizes that unlike rural agriculturalists, city growers encounter unique regulatory constraints on production that include noise pollution, smells, and small-animal waste disposal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Structure</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Extension is directly administered at the county level. As an institution it is funded through participating counties, the state legislature, and the US Department of Agriculture. Most, but not all, counties participate in the agricultural extension system. Each county that participates in the extension service has at least one representative (although the agent may serve multiple counties). This agent serves as a liaison, relaying local needs to the broader institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Challenges – Past and Present</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to 1930, many farmers resisted extension work. Certain established farming communities remained skeptical of the service’s academic approach and expertise. In addition, many counties were unwilling to pay for it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, CSU Extension seeks to balance both rural and urban interests and to weigh promoting expertise with listening to local needs. This reflects recent actions by a principal source of its financial support – the Colorado General Assembly – which has often remained in the hands of legislators who have little understanding of agricultural extension’s legacy in the state. During the agricultural downturn in the early 1980s, many new urban legislators from populous Denver metro areas questioned funding for extension, considering it merely a rural agency. In turn, many lawmakers from rural counties opposed new urban programs. By the end of the decade, a pruned extension service had revamped its sectional focus to address interdependence between rural and urban regions and to emphasize listening to diverse Colorado constituents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the course of the twentieth century, the extension service shifted from a top-down approach, with knowledge circulated by college experts, to a more collaborative model in which the service responds to local needs. It has also adapted to serve smaller agriculturalists over large producers. Agriculture extension continues today under the sponsorship of CSU, headquartered at its flagship campus in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/scherer-joel" hreflang="und">Scherer, Joel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">csu agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/extension-service-colorado" hreflang="en">extension service in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">colorado agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joel-scherer" hreflang="en">joel scherer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5<sup>th</sup> ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Association of Public and Land Grant Universities, “National System, Local Connection,” <em>Cooperative Extension: Translate, Engage, Transform</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Cooperative Extension, “<a href="https://www.extension100years.net/">About Smith-Lever Act</a>,” <em>Colorado Cooperative Extension: Celebrating 100 Years</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Public Radio, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/extending-extension-city-farmers">Extending Extension to City Farmers</a>."</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Public Radio, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmtNELXxm4I">100 Years of Extension in Colorado,</a>” interview.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/research/agbib/project-background.html">Background on Colorado Agriculture</a>,” <em>Colorado Agricultural Bibliography</em>, Colorado State University Libraries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.orghandle/10217/100022">History of Colorado Cooperative Extension</a>,” Colorado State University Libraries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Beyond the Ivory Tower: A History of Colorado State University Cooperative Extension</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s University: A History of Colorado State University, 1970–2003</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roud McCann, <em>Agricultural Extension in Colorado: A Record in Word and Picture</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado A&amp;M College, 1924).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Morrison, “<a href="https://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/communications/publications/agmag/archive/2012/spring/history-of-the-hatch-act-of-1887.htm">History of the Hatch Act, 1887</a>,” <em>Louisiana Agricultural Magazine</em> (Spring 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Institute of Food and Agriculture, “Extension: About Us,” United States Department of Agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol O’Meara, “CSU Extension Celebrates 100 Years,” <em>Colorado Gardener</em> (Summer 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joel Scherer, “The Great American Garden: Farming Myth, Food Production, and Sustainability on the Western Prairie, 1880–1946” (seminar paper, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Smith-Lever Act,” United States Department of Agriculture.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://extension.colostate.edu/">Colorado State University Agricultural Extension</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>J. H. McClelland and Blanche E. Hyde. <em>History of the Extension Service of Colorado State College</em> (Fort Collins: Extension Service, Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 1941).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“100 Years of Extension in Colorado: An Interview with Bruce Bosley, CSU Extension Agent for Logan and Morgan Counties, Cropping Systems and Natural Resources,” Colorado Public Radio, YouTube Website</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 19:57:49 +0000 yongli 592 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org