%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Barr Trail http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barr-trail <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barr Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1958--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1958.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barr-trail-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Barr-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=TnregC53" width="1090" height="862" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barr-trail-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barr Trail Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1918–21, Fred Barr built his burro trail from the top of the Manitou Incline to the summit of Pikes Peak. In 1922 he established Barr Camp as a place for his trips to spend the night on their way up the mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1960--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1960.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/upper-pikes-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Barr_Media2_0.jpg?itok=uecHm4Qg" width="1000" height="751" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/upper-pikes-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Upper Pikes Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Most nineteenth-century trails up Pikes Peak followed creek drainages to Lake Moraine (center left), then ascended the southeast ridge (center right) and took it to the summit. In contrast, Barr Trail—whose switchbacks are just visible in the foreground—ascended the steep eastern slope of the mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-27T11:38:23-06:00" title="Thursday, October 27, 2016 - 11:38" class="datetime">Thu, 10/27/2016 - 11:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barr-trail" data-a2a-title="Barr Trail"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbarr-trail&amp;title=Barr%20Trail"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Barr Trail is a 12.6-mile trail that climbs about 7,500 feet from <strong>Manitou Springs</strong> to the summit of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, with an average grade of 11 percent. Surveyed and constructed by Fred Barr in 1918–21, Barr Trail was the first trail to reach the summit via the mountain’s steep east slope. Today the iconic trail is the main pedestrian path up Pikes Peak, used by about 150,000 hikers and runners each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Routes up Pikes Peak</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Native Americans made it to the summit of Pikes Peak many times, but the first recorded ascent of the mountain occurred in July 1820, when three members of <strong>Stephen Long</strong>’s expedition—the naturalist Edwin James and two soldiers, Joseph Verplank and Zachariah Wilson—reached the summit in two days from just south of what is now <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. They took <strong>Fountain Creek</strong> to Ruxton Creek and followed it until they reached Pikes Peak’s southeast ridge around Sackett Mountain. From there they hiked on the ridge until they reached the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many early routes up Pikes Peak followed similarly circuitous paths that avoided the mountain’s steep east slopes by swinging south, gaining the southeast ridge, and then turning north along the ridge to the summit. In the early 1870s, for example, the engineer E. S. Nettleton developed a trail that followed Bear Creek southwest from Colorado Springs to Jones Park and Lake Moraine, then ascended the southeast ridge to the summit. A toll trail built in the early 1880s went up Ruxton Creek from Manitou Springs until it joined the existing trail on the southeast ridge. And when the <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway</strong></a> was built in 1889–91, it also followed Ruxton Creek to the southeast ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the nineteenth-century trails up Pikes Peak, there was only one exception to the general preference for avoiding the mountain’s east slopes. The Fremont Trail, built in 1871, started at Iron Springs along Ruxton Creek. Instead of following the creek, however, it headed north toward <strong>Ute Pass</strong>, climbed the slopes of Mt. Manitou, and then traveled west to treeline, where it left climbers to pick their own way among the rocks to reach the summit. It was shorter than the trails that went up the southeast ridge but considerably steeper.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building Barr Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1910s, several of the early trails to the top of Pikes Peak had been abandoned, victims of the success of the Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway and the <strong>Pikes Peak Highway</strong>. Meanwhile, a local man named Fred Barr had secured a burro concession at the top of the <strong>Manitou Incline</strong>, which had started to take tourists up the side of Rocky Mountain and Mt. Manitou in 1908. Barr’s Mt. Manitou and Pikes Peak Burro Livery took tourists on rides around the summits of the small mountains near the top of the Incline.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime in the mid-1910s, Barr started to plan a new trail to take tourists all the way up Pikes Peak’s east slopes to the summit. Work on what is now Barr Trail began in 1917, when the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> paid Barr and a ten-man crew to build a trail from Manitou Springs to No Name Creek. Today, this is the lower three miles of Barr Trail. Then, in 1918, Barr surveyed a trail from the top of the Incline to Pikes Peak. Intersecting the Forest Service trail at No Name Creek and probably incorporating some parts of the old Fremont Trail in his plan, Barr finished his survey at the summit on Christmas Eve. It took Barr and his trail-building crew more than two years to finish the trail, which opened to the summit in 1921.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barr used his trail to lead burro trips from the top of the Incline to the summit of Pikes Peak. In 1922, with a concession from the US Forest Service, he established a tent camp along the trail at an elevation of 10,200 feet, where members of his trips could spend the night before waking early to reach the summit in time for sunrise. He gradually expanded and upgraded the camp, known as Barr Camp, building the main cabin in 1924 and two more in 1936. The area also had a barn for Barr’s burros.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barr Trail Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since Barr’s death in 1940, the Forest Service and nonprofits such as Friends of the Peak have helped maintain Barr Trail and Barr Camp. The US Forest Service rebuilt the trail in 1948, following Barr’s route. In 1964 the Forest Service added a small A-Frame shelter near the trail at treeline, on the site of a cabin that Barr built in the summer of 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Burros continued to travel up and down Pikes Peak until about 1959. After that, Barr Camp was vacant and suffered from vandalism for several years. In 1964 the Mennonite Church took over the camp’s lease, restored the buildings and grounds, and staffed the camp during the summer. The camp continued to suffer from vandalism when it was not staffed, however, and the Mennonite Church decided it could no longer maintain the area. In the early 1970s one of the cabins burned, and at some point the burro barn was also destroyed. The Forest Service was prepared to tear down the remaining two cabins, but a group of local hikers saved the camp by stationing someone there year-round starting in 1979. Still staffed by year-round, live-in caretakers, Barr Camp now hosts about 25,000 visitors per year and 2,500 overnight guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Forest Service estimates that 150,000 people use Barr Trail each year, including hundreds of runners who participate in the <strong>Pikes Peak Marathon</strong>, which has taken place annually on Barr Trail since 1956.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fred-barr" hreflang="en">Fred Barr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edwin-james" hreflang="en">Edwin James</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-trails" hreflang="en">historic trails</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James McChristal, <em>Pikes Peak: Legends of America’s Mountain</em> (Raton, NM: Sierra Grande Press, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Scott Rappold, “<a href="https://gazette.com/fred-barr-the-life-of-the-trailmaster-of-the-rockies/article/1506886/">Fred Barr: The Life of the ‘Trailmaster of the Rockies,’”</a> <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, October 6, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Morris W. Abbott, <em>The Pike’s Peak Cog Road</em> (San Marino, CA: Golden West Books, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://barrcamp.com/">Barr Camp</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matt Carpenter, <a href="http://www.skyrunner.com/ppcourse.htm">“The Pikes Peak Barr Trail: Home of the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon,”</a> Skyrunner.com.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 27 Oct 2016 17:38:23 +0000 yongli 1959 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Pikes Peak http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1501--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1501.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pikes-peak-garden-gods"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Pikes-Peak_0.jpg?itok=EwOkiSc_" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pikes-peak-garden-gods" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak from Garden of the Gods</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pikes Peak, which features a paved highway, cog railway, and donut shop, is just one of many famous places in Colorado that have been made through interactions of land, labor, and leisure.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1500--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1500.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/zebulon-pike"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ZebulonPikeByPeale%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=87tyTZQB" width="285" height="318" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/zebulon-pike" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Zebulon Pike</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Portrait of Zebulon Pike, the military explorer who attempted to climb Pikes Peak during his expedition of 1806-7.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1502--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1502.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pikes-peak-colorado-city"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/20100002_0.jpg?itok=KS6zHY8e" width="1000" height="793" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pikes-peak-colorado-city" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak from Colorado City</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Montage of Pikes Peak from Colorado City, showing what is likely Fountain Creek.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-24T10:46:59-06:00" title="Friday, June 24, 2016 - 10:46" class="datetime">Fri, 06/24/2016 - 10:46</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak" data-a2a-title="Pikes Peak"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpikes-peak&amp;title=Pikes%20Peak"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>At the southern tip of Colorado’s <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, just west of the city of <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, Pikes Peak is the most famous mountain in the state. The <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteener</strong></a> is one of the most important peaks in Colorado history and plays an essential role in the state’s tourism industry.</p><div style="left:-8593028736532432px;position:absolute;"><p>Pikes Peak, standing majestically in the heart of Colorado, draws countless tourists each year, offering breathtaking vistas and thrilling adventures. Among the throngs of visitors, there's a notable influx of online casino enthusiasts seeking both natural beauty and digital entertainment. For these visitors, who love gambling, travel and comfort, convenience is paramount and that's where payment methods like Paysafecard and Trustly come into play, which you can find at these casinos: <a href="https://paysafecardcasinonl.com/payments/paysafecard-vs-trustly/">https://paysafecardcasinonl.com/payments/paysafecard-vs-trustly/</a>. With Paysafecard, players can swiftly and securely fund their online casino accounts without the need for bank details, ensuring privacy and peace of mind while travelling. Trustly, on the other hand, offers seamless transactions, allowing players to deposit and withdraw funds with ease, all while enjoying the splendor of Pikes Peak.</p></div><p>Standing 14,115 feet, Pikes Peak was formed by the geologic event known as the Laramide Orogeny, which shaped most of the Rocky Mountains. Pikes Peak is estimated to have emerged about 50 million years ago. The mountain was formed through years of erosion of molten rock; however, it is not considered a volcano. Pikes Peak is located in the Pike National Forest, but the toll road to the summit is operated by the city of Colorado Springs.</p><h2>History</h2><p>Recent <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon dating</strong></a> indicates that<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong> Clovis</strong></a> people were the first to inhabit the area, roughly around 11,000 BC. More recently, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Utes</strong></a>, <strong>Comanches</strong>, <strong>Arapahos</strong>, and <strong>Cheyennes</strong> also frequented the area. Utes traveled between their winter and summer camps over the fault between Pikes Peak and the Rampart Range, also known as Ute Pass and the path of modern US Highway 24. The Utes knew the mountain as <em>Tava</em>, "Sun Mountain," and the band of Utes that lived in the region called themselves <em>Tabeguache</em>, "the people of Sun Mountain." The Arapaho, too, had their own name for the peak, calling it <em>heey-otoyoo’</em>, which means "long mountain."</p><p>Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Pikes Peak became part of the United States. In 1806, Lieutenant <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong></a>, after whom the peak is named, was sent on an expedition to locate the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red Rivers. The expedition also aimed to explore the new territory and its natural resources, as well as establish friendly relations with Native American nations. On November 15 he spotted the magnificent peak and referred to it as “the Grand Peak.” Hoping to get a better view of the surrounding terrain and watersheds, Pike and several of his men tried to climb the mountain on November 26. However, Pike had underestimated its size, and due to the lack of proper gear and to treacherous weather conditions, the climb was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, he and his comrades were the first recorded explorers to attempt an ascent of the mountain. “The Grand Peak now appeared at the distance of 15 or 16 miles from us,” Pike wrote in his journal, “and as high again as what we had ascended, and would have taken a whole day’s march to have arrived at its base, when I believe no human being could have ascended to its pinical [<em>sic</em>].”</p><p>Dr. Edwin James made the first recorded summit of Pikes Peak in June 1820. James was part of Major <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long"><strong>Stephen Long</strong></a>’s expedition, and when the party reached the base of Pikes Peak, James had to convince a tired Long to allow him to climb the massive mountain and record his findings.</p><p>Before being officially recognized as Pikes Peak, the mountain had two names—Pikes Peak and James Peak—used interchangeably for almost forty years. Official approval came when US Army explorer <a href="/article/john-c-fr%C3%A9mont"><strong>John C. Frémont</strong></a> referred to the mountain as Pikes Peak in sketches on maps he published prior to the California Gold Rush.</p><p>Pikes Peak was also a symbol for emigrants coming west during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>. Beginning in 1858, prospectors from all over the United States migrated to the region, hoping to strike it rich. Emigrants crossing the plains took heart when they saw Pikes Peak on the horizon, as the landmark was a sign that their arduous journey was nearing an end. Some of the argonauts’ wagons sported the phrase “Pikes Peak or Bust.” The slogan was something of a misnomer, since most of the diggings at the time lay considerably to the north. But once coined, the motto stuck, demonstrating the importance of the mountain to the region’s image.</p><h2>Tourism</h2><p>Sometimes called “America’s Mountain,” Pikes Peak has been an icon of the dramatic scenery in Colorado and the American West. It has inspired literature and countless paintings, pamphlets, photographs, and souvenirs. It became a leisure destination for thousands each year. One particularly influential visitor was <strong>Katharine Lee Bates</strong>. After ascending Pikes Peak in 1893, the poet and Wellesley College professor was inspired to compose the lines that later became the lyrics to “America the Beautiful.” Bates’s poem encapsulated the industrializing nation’s nostalgic attitude toward nature and, once set to composer Samuel Ward’s melody, helped make spectacular western scenery a cornerstone of American patriotism. Pike’s Peak is America’s “purple mountain majesties.”</p><p>Manipulation of its natural landscape made Pikes Peak a focal point for tourism. In 1888 the Cascade to Pikes Peak Wagon Road was completed, <span style="color:rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.8px;">offering carriage rides to the summit for those who did not want to hike or ride horseback. The current highway closely follows the route of this earlier road.</span> In 1890 the <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway Company</strong></a> opened service on a cog railway that carried passengers to the summit in much greater comfort than Zebulon Pike’s party had enjoyed. It still delights tourists today and is the highest cog railway in North America.</p><p>In 1908 local resident and tour guide Fred Barr began taking tourists on burro treks up&nbsp;the slopes of the surrounding mountains,&nbsp;and in 1921 he and a work crew finished <a href="/article/barr-trail"><strong>Barr Trail</strong></a>, a burro route to the top of Pikes Peak. At an elevation of 10,200 feet, he built a set of cabins and a barn known as&nbsp;Barr Camp. Two of the cabins&nbsp;still stand&nbsp;today.</p><p>In 1916 the Pikes Peak Highway, closely following the old wagon road, enabled automobiles to reach the summit. In 1922 a booster promised visitors, “The maximum grade [of the mountain] is ten percent; all makes of cars make the trip, but <em>your </em>car does the best, no matter what kind of car you drive.”&nbsp;With the development of the highway to the summit, racers were more interested in speeding to the top. The <strong>Pikes Peak International Hill Climb</strong> is an individual auto race in which drivers’ times determine the winner.</p><p>The Pikes Peak Highway, however, brought some negative environmental impacts to the surrounding areas, most notably in the Severy Creek Basin. Runoff from the highway dramatically increased erosion, washing millions of tons of sediment into nearby drainages. In 1998 the clogged streams and wetlands prompted the Sierra Club to file a lawsuit for violations of the Clean Water Act. The lawsuit initiated a program to pave the road all the way to the summit and implement erosion control structures. The project was completed in 2011. The Rocky Mountain Field Institute then began work to reverse the damage caused by the massive erosion.</p><p>The establishment of the highway also facilitated scientific research. From the base to the summit, the efficiency of engines diminishes drastically. In 1918 Sanford Moss used Pikes Peak for engine research to design an airplane engine that could withstand greater altitudes. He increased air injection to the engine to make up for the lack of oxygen at the high altitudes. More efficient aircraft engines were eventually created thanks to his research.</p><p>Over time, Pikes Peak became a source of great wealth. The more than 600,000 people who reach the top enjoy the Summit House’s gift shop, observation deck, and restaurant (famous for its donuts enhanced by high-altitude effects on baking). In addition to the cog railway and highway, the mountain hosts biking, running, and even skateboarding races. Hiking, fishing, and other outdoor activities attract visitors to its slopes.</p><p>Colorado Springs realtors and local economists have credited Pikes Peak with drawing new residents to the region. The mountain is estimated to add roughly 15 percent to the value of any house with a summit view, and it attracts a highly skilled labor force that is willing to accept salaries below national averages just to live and work near the peak. In 2008 a writer for the <em>Colorado Springs Business Journal</em> speculated that “America’s Mountain” added $8.4 billion to the local economy.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/barthel-andrew" hreflang="und">Barthel, Andrew</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/lukas-sarah" hreflang="und">Lukas, Sarah</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mcweeney-kyle" hreflang="und">McWeeney, Kyle</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/katharine-lee-bates" hreflang="en">katharine lee bates</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/zebulon-pike" hreflang="en">zebulon pike</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs-mountain" hreflang="en">colorado springs mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert L. Brown, <em>The Great Pikes Peak Gold Rush </em>(Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1985).</p><p>Harvey Carter, <em>Pikes Peak Region</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Dentan Printing, 1956).</p><p>City of Colorado Springs, “<a href="https://www.springsgov.com/Page.aspx?NavID=86">History</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Halka Chronic, <em>Roadside Geology of Colorado </em>(Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing, 1980).</p><p>John Hazlehurst, “<a href="https://www.csbj.com/2008/04/25/pikes-peak-rock-solid-economic-stability/">Pikes Peak: Rock Solid Economic Stability</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Business Journal</em>, April 25, 2008.</p><p>James McChristal, <em>Pikes Peak: Legends of America’s Mountain</em> (Raton, NM: Sierra Grande Press, 1999).</p><p>John O’Byrne,<em> “Pikes Peak or Bust” and Historical Sketches of the Wild West</em> (Colorado Springs: Denver Bookbinding, 1922).</p><p>Jared Orsi, <em>Citizen Explorer: The Life of Zebulon Pike</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).</p><p>Zebulon Pike, “Diary of an Expedition,” November 26, 1806.</p><p>Pikes Peak Cog Railway, “<a href="https://www.cograilway.com/about-us/">About the Train</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Donald Sherman, “<a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com:443/history-of-flight/hill-climb-2023375/?all">Hill Climb</a>,” <em>Air and Space Magazine</em> (May 2001).</p><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p><p>Michael Waters, “Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas,” <em>Science</em> 315 (February 2007).</p><p>US National Geodetic Survey “<a href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=JK1242">Data Sheet: Pikes Peak</a>,” 2004.</p><p>University of Colorado-Boulder, "<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/csilw">Arapaho Place Names</a>," n.d.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>City of Colorado Springs, “<a href="https://coloradosprings.gov/drivepikespeak">Pikes Peak: America’s Mountain</a>.”</p><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/pikes-peak-things-see-do">Pikes Peak: Things to See &amp; Do</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p><a href="https://www.pikes-peak.com/">Pike Peak Country Attractions</a></p><p><a href="https://ppihc.org/">Pikes Peak International Hill Climb</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Jun 2016 16:46:59 +0000 yongli 1496 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fourteeners http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fourteeners</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--561--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--561.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mount-elbert"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/201410175334-Mt-Elbert-Summit-Late-Fall_0.jpg?itok=6y3GiIB9" width="1090" height="613" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mount-elbert" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mount Elbert</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,400 feet, Mount Elbert is the second-highest point in the contiguous United States and king of Colorado's "Fourteeners" - mountain peaks 14,000 feet or higher.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--645--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--645.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/crestone-needle-and-crestone-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Crestone-Needle-and-Crestone-Peak_0.jpg?itok=_qpWLnYr" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/crestone-needle-and-crestone-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Crestone Needle and Crestone Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Crestone Needle (14,197 feet) and Crestone Peak (14,294 feet) seen from Humboldt Peak (14,064 feet). These neighboring Fourteeners are three of ten peaks above 14,000 feet in the Sangre de Cristo range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--646--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--646.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pikes-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Pikes-Peak-Portrait_0.jpg?itok=RTuhQCN0" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pikes-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,115 feet, Pikes Peak acted as a beacon for many overland migrants, who used the distant landmark for navigation just as French trappers and native peoples had in the past. "Pikes Peak or Bust!" became a popular saying for those who migrated west seeking fortune or adventure in the nineteenth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--909--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--909.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hiking_20150712_0053-copy_0.jpg?itok=kTiZUk-A" width="1090" height="694" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak Sunrise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,259 feet, <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> is the tallest mountain and only fourteener in Rocky Mountain National Park. The peak is named for Major Stephen Long, who is said to be the first to spot the great mountains on behalf of the U.S. Government on June 30, 1820.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--936--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--936.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mount-Sneffels-at-Sunset-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=Hk-q-m99" width="1090" height="875" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mt. Sneffels at Sunset</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,157 feet, Mt. Sneffels is the highest peak in the Sneffels Range and the highest point in <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. It is named after the Icelandic volcano Snæfell, which was featured in Jules Verne's novel <em>A Journey to the Center of the Earth.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-20T10:30:08-06:00" title="Thursday, August 20, 2015 - 10:30" class="datetime">Thu, 08/20/2015 - 10:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners" data-a2a-title="Fourteeners"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffourteeners&amp;title=Fourteeners"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><div style="display:none;">For UK thrill seekers looking to add a new kind of excitement to their adventures, <a href="https://notgamstop.com/independent-betting-sites/">independent bookmakers UK</a> offer a unique thrill similar to conquering the Fourteeners. Similar to the daunting task of conquering a 14,000-foot peak, navigating the diverse landscape of online betting platforms requires strategy, skill, and a dose of courage. These platforms, with their diverse betting options and competitive odds, entice players to embark on a journey of risk and reward, mirroring the adrenaline rush felt during a challenging mountain climb. Just as mountain climbers are attracted to the panoramic views and rugged terrain of a 14-kilometer high mountain, UK players are captivated by the diverse offers and attractive bonuses of independent betting sites. Just like reaching the top of a tall mountain, winning a jackpot on a successful bet can be a feeling of triumph and euphoria.</div><p>Colorado is home to fifty-eight&nbsp;of the nation's ninety-six mountain peaks&nbsp;standing at or above&nbsp;14,000 feet in elevation. Known colloquially as “Fourteeners,” these peaks&nbsp;dominate Colorado’s skyline and shape the way people live and identify with nature in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> West. Throughout Colorado’s history, these majestic mountains have captured the human imagination and have been used for everything from hunting grounds to climate research outposts.</p><div style="height:0.3px;overflow:hidden;"><p>Fourteeners in the western Rocky Mountains, towering peaks that reach over 14,000 feet in elevation, are not just a draw for outdoor adventurers. They've become an unexpected hotspot for esports betting enthusiasts, particularly those keen on Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) odds. These majestic summits provide the perfect backdrop for esports enthusiasts especially who are into <a href="https://esportzbet.com/cs-go-odds">csgo odds</a> to immerse themselves in the thrill of competitive gaming while surrounded by breathtaking natural beauty. As esports continues to gain mainstream popularity, fans are finding unique ways to merge their love for gaming with their passion for the great outdoors. CS:GO, a highly competitive first-person shooter game, has captivated a global audience with its intense gameplay and strategic depth. Betting on CS:GO matches adds an extra layer of excitement for fans, who closely follow teams, players, and tournament results to stay ahead of the odds.</p></div><p>Colorado’s Fourteeners are dispersed throughout the state’s Rocky Mountain backbone, rising in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan</strong></a>, Sawatch, Elk, Mosquito, Tenmile, San Miguel, <strong>Sangre de Cristo</strong>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front</strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>mountain ranges. According to the Colorado Geological Survey, the tallest is <strong>Mount Elbert</strong> at 14,440 feet; several of the&nbsp;smallest Fourteeners&nbsp;stand just barely&nbsp;above 14,000.</p><div style="height:1px;overflow:hidden;">Nestled amidst the glitz and glamor of the Las Vegas Strip, <a href="https://transplantepi.org/pure-vegas-casino/">pure vegas casino</a> is a true beacon for those seeking a different kind of thrill. However, for adventurers who crave a different kind of thrill, the allure of conquering the Fourteener beckons. While the twinkling lights and clanging slot machines of a casino can be dazzling, the rugged majesty of a 14,000-foot peak presents a very different challenge. When climbers lace up their boots and set their sights on the summit, they trade the hustle and bustle of the city for the serene solitude of the mountains. While the stakes may be higher than at a blackjack table, the rewards of reaching the summit are immeasurable, offering panoramic views stretching to the horizon and a sense of accomplishment that rivals any jackpot. Whether you're drawn to the bright lights of a casino or the rugged beauty of the mountains, both Pure Vegas and the high Fourteeners are a testament to the human spirit's endless quest for adventure and excitement.</div><p>There is some disagreement among mountaineers over how much taller a peak needs to stand above&nbsp;its neighbors&nbsp;to&nbsp;qualify as a Fourteener, but most agree that,&nbsp;in addition to being over 14,000 feet in elevation, a Fourteener&nbsp;must stand between 250 and&nbsp;500 feet higher than the mountain’s next-highest feature (a measurement called "prominence").</p><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/pikes-peak-sunrise"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorao_Springs_20170521_0022_0.jpg?itok=7dnogN3z" alt="Pikes Peak Sunrise" width="480" height="320"></a>Responsibility for managing most of Colorado’s Fourteeners falls to the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> or the Bureau of Land Management. Two exceptions are <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, which lies within the boundaries of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, and Culebra Peak, which is privately owned. Mountains like Longs Peak and those in the Elk and Gore Ranges are the most popular because they are closer to Denver, but Coloradans have been known to drive many hours to experience the thrill of climbing new peaks. Some of Colorado’s Fourteeners require specialized mountaineering gear, but most can be summitted without the assistance of rock-climbing equipment. For example, <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> outside Colorado Springs can be summitted in a car or by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>cog railway</strong></a>. Nearly all of the Fourteeners have some history of mining activity and a few, like Pikes Peak, have hosted ski areas. Today, Fourteeners figure as prominently in the hearts and minds of Coloradans as they do in the state’s rugged skyline.</p><h2>Native Traditions and First Ascents</h2><p>As the region’s most prominent landforms, Fourteeners held religious and geographic significance for many of Colorado’s Native Americans. Serving as destinations for spiritual revelation and as markers of territorial boundaries, Fourteeners played (and continue to play) important roles in native life long before any whites laid eyes on these impressive peaks.</p><p>Archival and archaeological evidence suggests that Ute and Arapaho peoples were some of the state’s first mountaineers. Though most of these native hikers left little behind that might serve as proof of their ascents, stories like that of an Arapaho elder named Old Man Gun Griswold and his eagle trap can give us an idea of why Native Americans would have wanted to climb Fourteeners. In 1914, Old Man Griswold’s son, also named Gun Griswold, made the trip from the Wind River Reservation to Rocky Mountain National Park to visit his old hunting grounds. On this trip, the younger Griswold ran into explorer Oliver Toll and told the story of a trap his father built on Longs Peak’s 14,259-foot summit. According to Toll, Old Man Gun would climb to the top of Longs Peak and wait patiently in a stone shelter for a passing eagle to come investigate a coyote carcass he would leave out as bait. When an eagle lit near the carcass, Old Man Gun would leap from his shelter and grab the eagle by the feet. Though subsequent explorers did not see any physical evidence of Griswold’s blind, anyone who has been to the four-acre summit will tell you that a small stone shelter there would be easy to mistake as simply another pile of boulders.</p><h2>Euro-American Explorers</h2><p>Spanish, French, and American explorers made up the next group of Colorado’s early mountaineers. Beginning in the early eighteenth century, Spaniards in search of mineral wealth and new trade routes ventured deep into the heart of Colorado’s Fourteener country. Hostile landscapes and Native American resistance kept the Spanish from leaving much of a physical record of their journey, but their presence is remembered in the names of <strong>Blanca</strong>, El Diente, San Luis, and La Plata Peaks and in the striking designation given to Southern Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo (“Blood of Christ”) Range.</p><p>French and American explorers, trappers, and traders also frequented Colorado’s high country throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, searching for new opportunities for trade and knowledge of the region’s economic potential. French <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur traders</strong></a> found Colorado’s prominent mountains the perfect navigational landmarks as they traversed the state seeking animal pelts.</p><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, the US government commissioned surveys and expeditions that would catalog the locations and elevations of Colorado’s highest peaks. Several Fourteeners bear the names of the men who led these expeditions. Later in the nineteenth century, the mountains named for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Stephen Long</strong></a> featured prominently in the imaginations of overland migrants coming across the<a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong> plains</strong></a>. Signs painted on the sides of wagons in the nineteenth century proudly declaring “Pikes Peak or Bust” remind us that the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> Fourteeners were potent symbols of Colorado’s mineral wealth and served as distant landmarks for overland migrants, just as they had done for the French trappers and native peoples who preceded them. Today, Pike and Long remain in our memory as some of the first whites to lay eyes on the formidable mountains that now bear their names, though many other trappers and traders knew of the mountains before either explorer crossed the Mississippi River.</p><h2>Tourism and Adventure</h2><p>Accessing the state’s most impressive mountains in the early days of Colorado mountaineering involved hiring guides, loading mules, and trekking on foot or on horseback through extremely rugged terrain. Before 1900, wealthy tourists and Colorado-based “thrill seekers” (as early climbers were known) established trails and climbing routes to the summits of most Fourteeners and solidified their knowledge of the tallest peaks in the Colorado Rockies.</p><p>One such thrill seeker was <strong>Isabella Bird</strong>, the first Anglo-American woman to climb a Colorado Fourteener. Born in Yorkshire, England, Isabella Bird came to Colorado in 1871 searching for a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> that would be good for her health. Bird was awed by the sight of the mountains and published an inspirational account of her ascent of Longs Peak. As mountaineering became more popular, climbers repurposed the roads miners and loggers carved into mountainsides to carry carloads of climbers into the heart of the high country. The founding of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a> in 1912 helped turn mountain climbing into one of the state’s signature pastimes by sponsoring annual summit outings.</p><p>Amid Colorado's sprawling landscapes, where majestic peaks pierce the sky, adventurers relish the challenge of conquering the Fourteen Thousanders. These towering peaks, each rising to more than 14,000 feet, attract climbers and hikers from around the world, drawn to the thrill of conquering their formidable heights. Against this breathtaking backdrop, online casino enthusiasts in Canada can find their own excitement with offers like 20 free spins no deposit <a style="color:#494354;" href="https://gamblizard.ca/free-spins/20-free-spins-no-deposit/">get here</a>. As they spin the virtual reels, players can imagine themselves climbing these monumental peaks, feeling the rush of excitement similar to reaching the summit. While the allure of the Fourteen beckons with its rugged beauty and adrenaline-pumping adventure, online casinos offer a different kind of excitement that can be accessed from the comfort of your home. Canadian players enjoy the opportunity to experience the excitement without spending a dime, thanks to attractive promotions such as 20 free spins. It's a chance to embark on a different kind of adventure, where the stakes are high and the rewards are just a spin away.&nbsp;</p><h2>Modern Mountain Climbing and the Outdoor Experience</h2><p>Though demand for soldiers and material kept mountaineers off the peaks during World War II, the US Army’s<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong> Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> training facility at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a> in the Eagle River Valley helped set the stage for the resurgence of mountain climbing after the war. Trained for mountain warfare in the high peaks of Europe, 10<sup>th</sup> Mountain Division soldiers were expert skiers and mountaineers. As they returned home, a few members of the 10<sup>th</sup> Mountain Division started opening ski areas like <strong>Vail Resort</strong> because they loved being in the mountains and wanted to share their love with others. By the early 1960s, Colorado’s ski resorts were introducing tourists and Coloradans alike to the joys of high-altitude recreation. In the 1960s and 1970s, other factors, including increased leisure time, a rise in automobile ownership, and improvements in outdoor equipment, also helped put 14,000-foot summits within reach for more people. Today, observations by US Forest Service personnel indicate that more than 500,000 ascents are made every year.</p><p>The popularity and geographic prominence of Fourteeners in Colorado has led to the growth of distinct communities that identify strongly with a particular peak. Towns like <strong>Minturn</strong>, <strong>Buena Vista</strong>, <strong>Leadville</strong>, and <strong>Ouray</strong> have organized economically and socially around nearby mountains. This has transformed several of Colorado’s Fourteeners into potent symbols of community and also transformed these small mountain towns into popular jumping-off points for visitors wishing to experience the surrounding nature.</p><p>Development of a community identity surrounding Fourteeners is not limited by physical space. In the last several decades, the desire to climb all fifty-eight of Colorado’s Fourteeners has become a uniting force for “peak baggers.” These intrepid hikers might drive from all four corners of the state – or even from outside Colorado – to summit distant and rugged mountains. The most committed peak baggers may summit several or even all of the mountains in a year, often during winter months when the opportunity to ski down the mountain makes the task of descending significantly less tiresome.</p><h2>Mountains as Environmental Markers</h2><p>Colorado’s high peaks have also become increasingly important sites for scientists studying the effects of climate change. Because high-elevation ecosystems like those found on the slopes of Fourteeners are very sensitive, small variations in climatic conditions can produce big changes in the lives of plants and animals. In Colorado’s high country, relatively warm winters in recent years have contributed to a dramatic increase in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>mountain pine beetle</strong></a> (<em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>) population. In colder years, sustained freezing weather kills mountain pine beetle larvae in the winter and reduces the number of adult pine beetles that emerge from their burrows in the spring. But a two-decade-long warm spell has allowed the mountain pine beetle to produce more offspring and attack trees at higher elevations than ever before. Visitors to Fourteeners in the Front, Gore, Elk, and Sawatch Ranges may notice that entire hillsides have been turned brown because mountain pine beetles have killed so many of their host trees. While fire suppression policies and other human-related environmental disturbances have promoted the pine beetles’ spread, the brown forests now surrounding many famous Fourteeners are evidence of these mountains’ role as sentinels of environmental change.</p><p>Colorado’s Fourteeners have represented many different things to various groups of people. Whether seen as a spiritual retreat, an iconic landmark, a living laboratory, or simply an opportunity for exploration and adventure, Fourteeners will continue to shape the way people learn and play in Colorado.</p><h2>Colorado Fourteeners</h2><table style="width:633px;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">Mountain Name</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">Elevation (feet)</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">1. Mt. Elbert</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,400</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">2. Mt. Massive</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,421</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">3. Mt. Harvard</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,421</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">4. Blanca Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,345</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">5. La Plata Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,336</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">6. Uncompahgre Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,321</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">7. Crestone Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,294</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">8. Mt. Lincoln</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,293</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">9. Castle Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,279</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">10. Grays Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,278</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">11. Mt. Antero</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,276</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">12. Torreys Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,275</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">13. Quandary Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,271</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14. Mt. Evans</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,265</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">15. Longs Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,259</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">16. Mt. Wilson</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,246</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">17. Mt. Cameron</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,238</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">18. Mt. Shavano</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,231</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">19. Mt. Princeton</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,204</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">20. Mt. Belford</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,203</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">21. Mt. Yale</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,200</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">22. Crestone Needle</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,197</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">23. Mt. Bross</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,172</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">24. Kit Carson Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,165</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">25. Maroon Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,163</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">26. Tabeguache Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,162</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">27. Mt. Oxford</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,160</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">28. El Diente</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,159</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">29. Mt. Democrat</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,155</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">30. Mt. Sneffels</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,150</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">31. Capitol Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,130</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">32. Pikes Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,115</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">33. Snowmass Mountain</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,099</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">34. Mt. Eolus</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,083</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">35. Windom Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,082</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">36. Challenger Point</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,081</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">37. Mt. Columbia</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,077</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">38. Missouri Mountain</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,074</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">39. Humboldt Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,064</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">40. Mt. Bierstadt</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,060</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">41. Conundrum Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,060</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">42. Sunlight Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,059</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">43. Handies Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,058</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">44. Culebra Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,047</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">45. Ellingwood Point</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,042</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">46. Mt. Lindsey</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,042</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">47. North Eolus</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,039</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">48. Little Bear Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,037</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">49. Mt. Sherman</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,036</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">50. Redcloud Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,034</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">51. Pyramid Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,025</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">52. North Maroon Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,019</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">53. Wilson Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,017</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">54. Wetterhorn Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,015</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">55. San Luis Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,014</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">56. Huron Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,010</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">57. Mount of the Holy Cross</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,009</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">58. Sunshine Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,001</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Drawn from “<a href="http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Fourteeners%20Official%20List%20A.pdf">Official List of Colorado Fourteeners</a>,” Colorado Geological Survey.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bock-samuel" hreflang="und">Bock, Samuel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountains" hreflang="en">colorado mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">colorado rocky mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountaineering-colorado" hreflang="en">mountaineering in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/list-colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">list of colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/14ers" hreflang="en">14ers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountain-climbing-colorado" hreflang="en">mountain climbing colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Isabella L. Bird, <em>A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains</em> (London: John Murray, 1881)</p><p>Kevin S. Blake, “Colorado Fourteeners and the Nature of Place Identity,” <em>Geographical Review</em> 92 (April 1, 2002).</p><p>Walter R. Borneman and Lyndon J. Lampert, <em>A Climbing Guide to Colorado’s Fourteeners</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1994).</p><p>C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1997).</p><p>William M. Bueler, <em>Roof of the Rockies: A History of Colorado Mountaineering</em> (Golden: Colorado Mountain Club Press, 2000).</p><p>Colorado Geological Survey, "<a href="http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Fourteeners%20Official%20List%20A.pdf">Official List of Colorado Fourteeners</a>," Colorado Geological Survey.</p><p>Jeffry B. Mitton and Scott M. Ferrenberg, “Mountain Pine Beetle Develops an Unprecedented Summer Generation in Response to Climate Warming,” <em>American Naturalist</em> 179 (May 1, 2012).</p><p>Gerry Roach, <em>Colorado’s Fourteeners: From Hikes to Climbs</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2011).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.14ers.com/">Colorado Fourteeners</a></p><p>​Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-mountains-6-famous-peaks">Colorado Mountains: 6 Famous Peaks</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p><a href="https://www.14ers.org/">The Colorado Fourteeners Initiative</a></p><p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/historyculture/index.htm">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>.”</p><p><a href="https://www.peakbagger.com/Default.aspx">Peak Bagger</a></p><p>William Riebsame, Hannah Gosnell, and David Theobald, eds., <em>Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region</em> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Aug 2015 16:30:08 +0000 yongli 558 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Longs Peak http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longs-peak <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--529--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--529.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/diamond-wall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Media-3-Longs-Peak-First-Light_1.jpg?itok=LSMPPUOV" width="1000" height="668" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/diamond-wall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Diamond Wall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Beginning in the 1960's, a new generation of technical climbers with improved equipment and ropes began to demand access to the sheer Diamond Wall on the East Face of Longs Peak.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1940--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1940.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/climbers-diamond-wall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Longs_Peak_Diamond_Wall_0.jpg?itok=iuAcPVRG" width="1090" height="880" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/climbers-diamond-wall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Climbers on the Diamond Wall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Can you find the sixteen&nbsp;climbers in this photo of the Diamond Wall on the East Face of Longs Peak?</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--528--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--528.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/keyhole-route"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Media%202%20The-Keyhole-at-Sunrise_0.jpg?itok=6utwCi2h" width="1090" height="692" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/keyhole-route" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Keyhole Route</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Keyhole Route to the summit of Longs Peak has remained popular among non-technical climbers, with roads and amenities being built between 1915 and the 1960s to facilitate access to the trailhead.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--530--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--530.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mount-meeker-and-longs-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Media-4-Meeker-and-Longs-April-Snow_0.jpg?itok=tER5un1R" width="1000" height="668" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mount-meeker-and-longs-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mount Meeker and Longs Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Historically, Longs Peak played a large role in the seasonal migrations, hunting practices, and cosmology of the Ute and Arapaho, who knew Mount Meeker (left) and Longs Peak (right) as the "Two Guides" for their prominent roles as landmarks in the region.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--909--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--909.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hiking_20150712_0053-copy_0.jpg?itok=kTiZUk-A" width="1090" height="694" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak Sunrise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,259 feet, <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> is the tallest mountain and only fourteener in Rocky Mountain National Park. The peak is named for Major Stephen Long, who is said to be the first to spot the great mountains on behalf of the U.S. Government on June 30, 1820.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-07-27T15:41:32-06:00" title="Monday, July 27, 2015 - 15:41" class="datetime">Mon, 07/27/2015 - 15:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longs-peak" data-a2a-title="Longs Peak"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flongs-peak&amp;title=Longs%20Peak"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Longs Peak is an icon of the Rocky Mountain landscape. At 14,259 feet, it is one of Colorado’s tallest mountains, the only <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteener</strong></a> in <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>. For more than a century, the mountain has inspired adventuresome men and women to test themselves against its bouldered slopes, sheer rock faces, and alpine weather. The mountain was named for the American explorer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stephen-h-long"><strong>Stephen H. Long</strong></a>, who led an expedition to the area in 1820. During the 1910s, the decade of Rocky Mountain National Park’s founding, hundreds of mountain enthusiasts climbed Longs Peak every year. Now, in the early twenty-first century, more than 30,000 individuals climb all or partway to the summit each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Protected Wilderness Site</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Longs Peak’s status as a protected wilderness site makes it ideal for studying wilderness landscapes and their relationship to modern urban industrial society. The mountain gained federal protection because urban Americans came to believe that travel in undeveloped natural settings afforded them aesthetic, recreational, moral, and social opportunities not available in Denver and other fast-growing cities. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, America’s affluent city dwellers became champions of protected forests and parks, defining them as antidotes to the degrading effects of urban life.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Advocates hailed the virtues of the “great outdoors,” focusing on what humans could gain in newly protected areas rather than through natural resource preservation, which was little understood. While extolling the sublime and primitive experiences to be had at natural sites, visitors depended on modern conveniences to facilitate access to undeveloped areas. Recreational hikers and climbers have relied on modern technologies, services, and social networks. Railroads and airplanes; cars and roadways; hotels and restaurants; backcountry clothing, camping, and climbing gear; climbing guides, urban mountaineering clubs, and youth organizations – all of these have made travel to Longs Peak’s trailheads and summit possible. Visitors have also benefited from modern park management: marked trails and visitor information, shelter cabins and horse corrals, outdoor privies and emergency rescues. Indeed, backcountry adventure has become so accessible that Longs Peak’s East Trail, Keyhole Route, and summit have been too crowded during the summer months for most visitors to enjoy anything approaching wilderness solitude.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Modern technologies and infrastructure have not fully mediated the natural forces on Longs Peak. Visitors still face very real dangers in the alpine environment, and park managers expect climbers to assume responsibility for their own well-being. Recently, having acquired greater understanding of Longs Peak’s fragile ecology, park managers have also asked climbers to assume responsibility for the area’s environment and to leave no trace of their presence. Visitors rightly view it as an undeveloped wilderness site and one of nature’s finest creations, but it is also the product and emblem of an urban industrial society.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For generations, Longs Peak played a part in the seasonal migrations, hunting practices, and cosmology of Ute and Arapaho Indians. The Arapaho called Longs Peak and Mount Meeker the “Two Guides,” or <em>nesótaieux</em>, because of their physical prominence and role as landmarks for the entire region. After 1820, US surveyors, miners, traders, settlers, and soldiers gradually wrested control of the Rockies from native tribes and began turning Denver and other sites along the eastern edge of the mountains into an urban-industrial corridor. Tourism was one of the region’s emerging industries, and mountaineering was a recreational draw. A handful of Americans moved to the Estes Park area and carved out hardscrabble lives as climbing guides and hoteliers for a small number of tourists and climbers. As rail and automobile routes expanded and visitation increased, the wealth and ambitions of this rugged cohort grew apace. None was more important than <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/enos-mills"><strong>Enos Mills</strong></a>, who moved to Estes Park as a young man, guided innumerable climbers to the Longs Peak summit on non-technical routes, became owner of the popular Longs Peak Inn, and campaigned tirelessly for the establishment of Rocky Mountain National Park. The park was founded in 1915, just one year before the National Park Service’s Organic Act assigned all national parks the task of balancing conservation and recreation. According to the act, parks must conserve “the scenery and the natural and historical objects and wild life therein” but must also provide “for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for future generations.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In truth, visitor enjoyment rather than resource preservation drove priorities at Rocky Mountain National Park for many decades. From 1915 until the 1960s, park managers focused their attention on developing an accessible “front-country” within park boundaries. Paved roads, campgrounds, amphitheaters, wayside viewing areas, short nature trails, a ski resort, and a skating rink gave visitors ample opportunity to appreciate the park’s stunning landscape without great exposure to its natural dangers. Yearly visitation to the park rose steadily, from 31,000 in 1915 to over 1.6 million in 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Reaching the Summit</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Longs Peak remained a premier destination in the northern Rockies for alpine enthusiasts, even if it was not a focal point of park management. New roads and other amenities in and around the park eased climbers’ access to Longs Peak’s trailheads. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a>’s numerous chapters guided hundreds of members up the mountain each year. Climbers also came from across the country (and around the world) by rail and car and stayed in local inns or park campgrounds before stepping onto the East or North Longs Peak trails. Non-technical climbers followed these trails to the Boulderfield and then took the Keyhole Route to the summit. Over time, increasing numbers of technical climbers left the East Trail at Chasm Junction and sought the summit by way of Longs’ East Face, which included in its upper portion the sheer Diamond Wall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Episodically, events at Longs Peak forced park managers to grapple with the exigencies of the backcountry. Thus, after thirty-five-year-old Agnes Vaille, an experienced mountaineer, died of hypothermia on the North Face in January 1925, Superintendent <strong>Roger Toll</strong> had to contend with the park’s responsibility for backcountry climbers. A climber and wilderness enthusiast himself, Toll opted for a system of limited intervention. Mountaineers remained largely responsible for their own well-being, but Toll ordered a partial rerouting of the East Longs Peak trail, the construction of emergency shelter cabins at Chasm Lake and the Keyhole, and the installation of steel cables on Longs’ North Face to assist climbers. In addition, he directed the construction of a shelter cabin (with telephone and horse barn) in the Boulderfield, to be run as a primitive hotel concession during the summer months. Finally, Toll assigned more park rangers to interact with visitors and educate them about the hazards and natural wonders of Longs. Toll hoped the park’s new system of limited management would increase climbers’ odds of survival while also encouraging them to behave responsibly and enjoy the peak.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Toll’s policy of limited intervention at Longs Peak went unchanged until the early 1960s, when a new generation of technical climbers with improved skills, new climbing equipment, and synthetic ropes demanded access to the Diamond Wall. Park managers initially rebuffed their requests but eventually relented, instituting a system of climbing permits. The park also improved its capacity for technical rescues and increased the presence of rangers. The growth of technical climbing, along with greater popular appreciation for wilderness in the 1960s and 1970s, had the perverse effect of increasing both natural resource damage and the risk of accidents on Longs Peak. Simultaneously, the passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964 increased the park’s responsibility for wilderness protection.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The park never discarded its tradition of leaving climbers largely responsible for their own well-being, but in an era of significant crowding and resource damage, more substantial interventions were required. The park dismantled the Cable Route in 1973 because it was deemed incompatible with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Beginning in the 1970s, park managers undertook scientific study of the natural ecology at Longs and elsewhere in the backcountry. Park managers also limited visitor access to backcountry campsites and areas with unmarked trails and began to educate climbers in minimal-impact ethics but chose not to limit the number of visitors allowed on Longs’ trails or summit. In the present day, climbers still hold primary responsibility for their safety and enjoyment on Longs, but they are now held morally responsible for resource preservation. And while Longs remains a massive peak in an unpredictable alpine setting, it also remains crowded during the summer months, a site of social interaction rather than wilderness solitude.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/alexander-ruth-m" hreflang="und">Alexander, Ruth M. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longs-peak" hreflang="en">Longs Peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longs-peak-colorado" hreflang="en">Longs Peak Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountains-estes-park" hreflang="en">mountains estes park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeff Achey<strong>,</strong> Dudley Chelton, and Bob Godfrey, <em>Climb! The History of Rock Climbing in Colorado</em> (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers Books, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Isabella L. Bird, <em>A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ethan Carr, <em>Mission 66: Modernism and the National Park Dilemma </em>(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Walter Fricke Jr., <em>A Climber’s Guide to the Rocky Mountain National Park Area</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John D. Gorby, <em>The Stettner Way: The Life and Climbs of Joe and Paul Stettner</em> (Golden: Colorado Mountain Club Press, 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Kamps, “Bolt Ethics,” <em>Summit</em>, 1966.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hugh E. Kingery and Elinor Eppich Kingery, <em><a href="http://catalog.denverlibrary.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?doSearch+6964+10+_+//TW/Colorado%5fMountain%5fClub+-0+-1">The Colorado Mountain Club:</a> <a href="http://catalog.denverlibrary.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?doSearch+6964+10+_+//W/the%5ffirst%5fseventy%2dfive%5fyears%5fof%5fa%5fhighly%5findividual%5fcorporation%2c%5f1912%2d1987+-0+-1">The First Seventy-Five Years of a Highly Individual Corporation, 1912–1987</a> </em>(Evergreen, CO: Cordillera, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Enos Abijah <a href="http://catalog.library.colostate.edu/search/aMills%2C+Enos+Abijah%2C+1870-1922./amills+enos+abijah+1870+1922/-3,-1,0,B/browse">Mills, </a><em>The Adventures of a Nature Guide</em> (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1920).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jack C. Moomaw, <em>Recollections of a Rocky Mountain Ranger </em>(Estes Park, CO: YMCA of the Rockies, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Parks Conservation Association Center for State of the Parks (Program), <em>State of the Parks, a Resource Assessment: Rocky Mountain National Park</em> (Fort Collins, CO: National Park Conservation Association, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul Nesbit, <em><a href="http://catalog.denverlibrary.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?doSearch+12384+10+_+//TW/Paul%5fNesbit%27s%5fLongs%5fPeak+-2+-1">Longs Peak:</a> Its Story and a Climbing Guide</em>, 11th ed., rev. and updated by Stan Adamson (Broomfield, CO: Grey Wolf Books, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James H. Pickering, “Tragedy on Longs Peak: Walter Kiener's Own Story,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 1 (1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chip Salaun, “The Diamond: A Different Perspective,” <em>Climbing</em> (May-June 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard W. Sellars, <em>Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History </em>(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roger W. Toll and Robert Sterling Yard, <em>Mountaineering in the Rocky Mountain National Park</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Morton Turner, “From Woodcraft to ‘Leave No Trace’: Wilderness, Consumerism, and Environmentalism in Twentieth Century America,” <em>Journal of Environmental History</em> (July 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://alpinist.com/"><em>Alpinist</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/boulder-county-news"><em>Boulder County News</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.climbing.com/"><em>Climbing Magazine</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://denver-westeners.org/purpose"><em>Denver Westerners</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.eptrail.com/"><em>Estes Park Trail</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen Meyers and Adrian Garcia, “<a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/local/2014/06/25/deadly-allure-longs-peak/11379673/">The Deadly Allure of Longs Peak</a>,” <em>The Coloradoan</em>, June 25, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.mountainproject.com/"><em>Mountain Project</em></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Park Service<em>, </em>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/planyourvisit/longspeak.htm">Longs Peak Keyhole Route</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cmc.org/About/Newsroom/TrailandTimberline.aspx"><em>Trail and Timberline</em></a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 27 Jul 2015 21:41:32 +0000 yongli 507 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org