%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Making Sense of Here: An Introduction to the Place Section http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/making-sense-here-introduction-place-section <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Making Sense of Here: An Introduction to the Place Section</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * 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field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-National-Monument-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=BdhgvgWE" width="1090" height="872" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado National Monument near <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> encompasses more than 20,000 acres of spectacular canyons and rock formations.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-16T10:15:28-07:00" title="Thursday, February 16, 2017 - 10:15" class="datetime">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 10:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/making-sense-here-introduction-place-section" data-a2a-title="Making Sense of Here: An Introduction to the Place Section"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmaking-sense-here-introduction-place-section&amp;title=Making%20Sense%20of%20Here%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Place%20Section"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><em>Colorado is quite a place.</em></p><p>Thousands of residents and visitors have arrived independently at that insight, without the guidance of experts.</p><p>Through the verticality of the state’s mountains, the horizontality of its plains, and the dynamic mixture of verticality and horizontality in the exposed strata of its canyon walls, the places of Colorado come well equipped to dazzle the eyes and stretch the minds of any sentient human beings. In these scenic locales, you could station armies of specialists and scholars at lecterns, podiums, and chairs aligned for panel discussions, and the public’s response to this barrage of knowledge might be lacking in gratitude: “Excuse us, but you’re blocking our wondrous view.”</p><p>And so, given the power of many Colorado’s places to exercise their own authority to make a case for themselves, why did the editors of the <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em> decide to devote one section of this online festival of knowledge and expertise to the subject of “Place”?</p><p>Good question, well worth asking.</p><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/diamond-wall"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:321px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Media-3-Longs-Peak-First-Light_1.jpg?itok=LSMPPUOV" alt="Diamond Wall on Longs Peak" width="480"> </a>For all of their capacity to make forceful impressions on the human mind and soul, Colorado’s places often register short of forthrightness and full disclosure. Even the most beautiful of places—<em>particularly</em> the most beautiful of places—conceal the full story of their transformations over time. Colorado’s <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a> provide geographically prominent examples of places that continue to present themselves as pristine, insulated from time, untouched and unchanged by human presence, power, ambition, desire, improvidence, or enthusiasm for progress. But these high-alpine ecosystems are dynamic rather than static, and a changing climate and a rapidly expanding population of hearty and adventurous Coloradans have accelerated the pace of change in ways that humans are still trying to understand.</p><p>So when it comes to thinking about Colorado places, the insights of scholars, specialists, and experts turn out to be far from dismissible and irrelevant. The authors of the entries in this “Place” section have worked hard to reveal what lies just beneath the surface of the stories of Colorado’s places. At every place explored here, different groups of people have come or gone, returned or stayed, settled in contentedly or wished ardently that they were elsewhere. The human relationships brought into being, in particular places, by these arrivals and departures, have sometimes been amicable and congenial, sometimes uncomfortable and tense, and sometimes brutal and violent to the point of terror. When the passage of time has hidden these tales in places that still masquerade as simple and unstoried, the authors of these “Place” entries restore these obscured tales to memory and to our contemplation.</p><p>Meanwhile, other historical changes explored in these entries are far more evident to observers with minimal professional training in historical detection. Over decades, people have affected Colorado’s places in innumerable ways by putting in place (literally!) trails, roads, railroad tracks, camps, homes, stores, banks, gardens, farms, orchards, stables, corrals, mines, dams, reservoirs, ditches, mills, factories, schools, colleges, courthouses, governmental offices, restaurants, hotels, ski lifts, and airports (and that, every reader has noted, is a tragically, but necessarily incomplete list).</p><p>And now we reach the bedrock justification for recognizing the subject of “Place” as deserving of inclusion in this <em>Encyclopedia</em>. While human beings have wrought significant change in Colorado’s places by building structures of wood, brick, stone, iron, and steel, they have worked even more energetically—and more consequentially—at building <em>structures of meaning</em> that claim places for their own purposes and that the places, in turn, occupy on their own terms.</p><p>At once unforgettable and unforgivable for his abuse o’ apostrophes, the popular poet Edgar Guest wrote a famous remark about “home” that has unavoidable bearing at this point. Yes, it might, in Guest’s fractionated words, “take a heap o’ livin’ in a house t’make it home.” In an injury to the ear and mind that some readers may never forgive, we can productively modify Guest’s troubled sentence to the benefit of this <em>Encyclopedia</em> section:</p><p><strong>It takes a heap o’ livin’, as well as a heap o’ constructin’ meanin’, to make a place </strong><em><strong>a place</strong>.</em></p><p>In (blessedly) other words, the surface of the earth is continuous, even when it is submerged in water. Thus, the supply of square miles, or even square inches, qualified for classification as a “place” is so extensive that it is beyond our comprehension. Colorado’s supply of potential places may be even greater than many people realize: as political scientist Tom Cronin has observed, if this state were flattened out, and if its mountainous terrain got reconfigured as horizontal plains, the state would compete with Texas or Alaska in its dimensions (unless Alaska received the same be-flattened treatment in the calculation of square miles).</p><p>A defined unit of the surface of the earth is not going to make it as a <em>place </em>until human beings have worked it over, in either material terms or cognitive terms, or both. To qualify as a place, then, a locale has to be transformed in some way by human activity. In Colorado, material and cognitive activities have come together to produce lasting impacts, allowing human beings to create cities of improbable size in places where water is scarce. Stephen Grace’s article on the <a href="/article/alva-b-adams-tunnel"><strong>Alva B. Adams Tunnel</strong></a> and Greg Silkensen’s writing on the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%93big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado–Big Thompson</strong></a> project both remind us that the major population centers of Colorado’s northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>—the cities of <strong>Boulder</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>, <strong>Louisville</strong>, <strong>Loveland</strong>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>—rely on the 200,000 acre-feet of water that annually flow through the Adams tunnel. Without this yearly injection of water from the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, Colorado’s biggest towns would barely qualify as places at all! Locales aplenty in Colorado have undergone this transformative investment of human effort in putting them to use: as sites providing the raw material seized upon by loggers or by preservationists of intact forests, by fortune-seeking miners or by crusading writers lamenting the disturbances wrought by the miners.</p><p>And this deposits us at a very important point about the past, present, and future of the idea of place in Colorado.</p><p>In the 1990s, the subspecies of <em>homo sapiens</em>, endowed with the honorific name of Western Public Intellectuals, became enthralled with the idea of a <em>sense of place</em>. In hindsight, this train of thought—more accurately, this train of hope—took passengers on a delightful journey through the western past and present. Those of us who rode this train believed that a sense of place arose from a recognition that the US west was our chosen home, and we were thereby called to serve as the grateful stewards and guardians of the land where we had found our bearings.</p><p>But an unwelcome question rode the train with us as an extremely annoying fellow passenger: what has happened when people who have come into possession of differing and conflicting senses of place have struggled against each other to take possession of the <em>same</em> place?</p><p>The answers to that question, as they are recorded in this <em>Encyclopedia</em>, locate themselves along a spectrum from indifference and drift, to negotiated peace, to unresolved and irredeemable antagonism. Place section authors highlight forgotten spots such as <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-chinatown"><strong>Denver’s Chinatown</strong></a> that slid out of collective memory as the men and women who made up the community responded to intolerable discrimination by leaving Denver in search of a more-accepting place to make a living. Other sites, such as the <strong>Amache concentration camp </strong>that imprisoned Japanese Americans during World War II, sit in the middle of our spectrum. Former bunkhouses remain as grown-over foundations providing symbolic and physical evidence of a reckoning with past injustices. Other places slide up and down this scale with maddening impunity. <a href="/article/fort-lewis-college"><strong>Fort Lewis College</strong></a>, which grants a tuition-free education to American Indian students, got its start as a military outpost in the nation’s war against Native peoples. The transformation from fort to college barely registers in memory for some while standing for others as an indispensable avenue for the education and advancement of American Indian peoples.</p><p>Who—if anyone—holds the authority and standing to serve as a referee when several senses of place overlap and pitch into in a tug-of-war over the destiny of the same locale?</p><p>In the early twenty-first century, in our unsettled region and rattled nation, this is a question receiving different answers every day.</p><p>It is our hope that the scholars, specialists, and experts who wrote the entries in this <em>Encyclopedia</em>’s consideration of “Place” be recognized as holders of authority and standing, and also our hope that the recipients of this recognition will put it to good use.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * 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field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-historian" hreflang="en">state historian</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/patty-limerick" hreflang="en">patty limerick</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-history" hreflang="en">western history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/amache" hreflang="en">amache</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chinatown" hreflang="en">Chinatown</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 17:15:28 +0000 yongli 2347 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rick Trujillo http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rick-trujillo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rick Trujillo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-06-10T13:33:13-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 10, 2020 - 13:33" class="datetime">Wed, 06/10/2020 - 13:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rick-trujillo" data-a2a-title="Rick Trujillo"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frick-trujillo&amp;title=Rick%20Trujillo"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Richard “Rick” Trujillo (1948–) is a Colorado mountain runner best known for starting the Imogene Pass Run in 1974 and winning the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak-ascent-and-marathon"><strong>Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon</strong></a><strong>{</strong> six times in the 1970s, long before trail and mountain running became popular activities. Later in his career, Trujillo helped scout the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hardrock-hundred-endurance-run"><strong>Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run</strong></a> course through the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> and also made two record attempts on Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>. He was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in <strong>Montrose</strong> on March 13, 1948, Rick Trujillo moved to <strong>Ouray</strong> with his family when he was a year or two old. As a young boy, he hiked trails around town. He then discovered his love of running, and specifically mountain running, while on the track team at Ouray High School in the early 1960s. He also excelled at traditional track, road, and cross-country races, winning the state championship in the mile three times in high school and then continuing to run on the college team at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, Trujillo earned All-America honors in cross-country for his seventh-place finish at the 1967 national championship race. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in geology, which he chose in part to learn about the mountainous terrain on which he liked to run, and moved back to Ouray, where he got a job at the <strong>Camp Bird Mine</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pikes Peak and Imogene Pass</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After college, Trujillo gave up track races, but continued to run competitively on the roads until he learned about the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon, a trail race that took runners from <strong>Manitou Springs</strong> to the summit of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> and back. He signed up in 1973 for his first real mountain race and won in 3 hours, 39 minutes, setting a new course record. He returned and won each of the next four years, lowering his course record to 3:31 in 1975, and then came back again to notch a sixth victory in 1979.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While training for the Pikes Peak Marathon in 1974, Trujillo decided to run from Ouray to <a href="/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a> on rough old mining roads over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-peabody"><strong>Imogene Pass</strong></a> (13,114 feet). That run inspired him and locals in Telluride to start a new race, the 17.1-mile Imogene Pass Run, held annually in September. Trujillo won the race in its first three years and again in 1979. He served as race director for many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Colorado Mountain Feats</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1990s, Trujillo shifted to even longer-distance mountain runs. In 1992 he used his knowledge of the San Juan Mountains to help plan and scout the course for the first Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run, where he later finished second in 1994 and first in 1996, at age forty-eight.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1995, when Hardrock was canceled because of deep snow on the course, Trujillo teamed up with Ricky Denesik of Telluride to try to climb all fifty-four of Colorado’s recognized 14,000-foot peaks as fast as possible. That summer they finished in 15 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes, the second-fastest known time to that point. Two years later they attempted to set a new record, but Trujillo had to drop out during a storm on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grays-peak-national-recreation-trail"><strong>Grays Peak</strong></a>. He continued to support Denesik, who forged ahead and set a new record of 14 days, 16 minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2014 Trujillo was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame. Still a resident of Ouray, he continues to volunteer at the Hardrock Hundred and serve as president of the Imogene Pass Run board of directors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rick-trujillo" hreflang="en">Rick Trujillo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak-marathon" hreflang="en">Pikes Peak Marathon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/imogene-pass-run" hreflang="en">Imogene Pass Run</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-running" hreflang="en">Trail Running</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/running" hreflang="en">Running</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountain-running" hreflang="en">mountain running</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hardrock" hreflang="en">Hardrock</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Tim Bergsten, “<a href="http://pikespeaksports.us/forum/topics/mountain-running-legend-rick-trujillo-to-speak-at-pikes-peak-mara?groupUrl=roadtrailrunning">Mountain-Running Legend Rick Trujillo to Speak at Pikes Peak Marathon Expo</a>,” Pikes Peak Sports, August 6, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marty Coffin Evans, “<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/coloradan/2015/03/01/rick-trujillo-mountain-runner">Rick Trujillo, Mountain Runner</a>,” <em>Coloradan</em>, Spring 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://live-raceresults.com/imogene/historical-data/">Historical Data</a>,” Imogene Pass Run, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Meyer, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/04/12/whats-up-for-running-pioneer-rick-trujillo-the-glory/">What’s Up? For Running Pioneer Rick Trujillo, the Glory</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 12, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rick Trujillo and Teddy Kaiser, “<a href="http://www.thedogteam.com/14ers-Web_Pages/Colorado_Fourteeners/Colorado_Fourteeners.html">History</a>,” Mighty Mountain Megamarathon, n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Richard “Rick” Trujillo (1948–) is a Colorado mountain runner. He is best known for starting the Imogene Pass Run in 1974. He won the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon{ six times in the 1970s. That was long before trail and mountain running became popular activities. Trujillo helped scout the Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run course through the San Juan Mountains. He also made two record attempts on Colorado’s Fourteeners. He was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Rick Trujillo was born in Montrose on March 13, 1948. He moved to Ouray with his family when he was a year or two old. As a young boy, he hiked trails around town. He discovered his love of running while on the track team at Ouray High School in the early 1960s. He excelled at traditional track, road, and cross-country races. He won the state championship in the mile three times in high school. He continued to run on the college team at the University of Colorado. In Boulder, Trujillo earned All-America honors in cross-country for his seventh-place finish at the 1967 national championship race. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in geology. He chose his major in part to learn about the mountainous terrain on which he liked to run.  Trujillo moved back to Ouray and got a job at the Camp Bird Mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pikes Peak and Imogene Pass</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After college, Trujillo gave up track races. He continued to run competitively on the roads. Then, he learned about the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon. The marathon was a trail race. It took runners from Manitou Springs to the summit of Pikes Peak and back. He signed up in 1973 for his first real mountain race. He won in 3 hours, 39 minutes. His time set a new course record. He returned and won each of the next four years.  Trujillo lowered his course record to 3:31 in 1975. He came back to notch a sixth victory in 1979.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While training for the Pikes Peak Marathon in 1974, Trujillo decided to run from Ouray to Telluride. His route took him on old mining roads over Imogene Pass (13,114 feet). That run inspired him to start a new race. The 17.1-mile Imogene Pass Run is held annually in September. Trujillo won the race in its first three years and again in 1979. He served as race director for many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Colorado Mountain Feats</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1990s, Trujillo shifted to even longer-distance mountain runs. In 1992 he used his knowledge of the San Juan Mountains to help scout the course for the first Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run. He finished second in 1994 and first in 1996.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1995, the Hardrock was canceled because of deep snow. Trujillo teamed up with Ricky Denesik of Telluride. The men decided to climb all fifty-four of Colorado’s 14,000-foot peaks as fast as possible. They finished in 15 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes. It was the second-fastest known time to that point. Two years later they attempted to set a new record. Trujillo had to drop out during a storm on Grays Peak. He continued to support Denesik. Denesik set a new record of 14 days, 16 minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2014 Trujillo was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame. He's still a resident of Ouray. Trujillo continues to volunteer at the Hardrock Hundred. He also serves as president of the Imogene Pass Run board of directors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Richard “Rick” Trujillo (1948–) is a Colorado mountain runner. He is best known for starting the Imogene Pass Run in 1974 and winning the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon{ six times in the 1970s, long before trail and mountain running became popular activities. Later in his career, Trujillo helped scout the Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run course through the San Juan Mountains. He also made two record attempts on Colorado’s Fourteeners. He was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Montrose on March 13, 1948, Rick Trujillo moved to Ouray with his family when he was a year or two old. As a young boy, he hiked trails around town. He then discovered his love of running while on the track team at Ouray High School in the early 1960s. He also excelled at traditional track, road, and cross-country races. He won the state championship in the mile three times in high school. He continued to run on the college team at the University of Colorado. In Boulder, Trujillo earned All-America honors in cross-country for his seventh-place finish at the 1967 national championship race. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in geology. He chose his major in part to learn about the mountainous terrain on which he liked to run.  Trujillo moved back to Ouray and got a job at the Camp Bird Mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pikes Peak and Imogene Pass</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After college, Trujillo gave up track races. He continued to run competitively on the roads until he learned about the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon. The marathon was a trail race that took runners from Manitou Springs to the summit of Pikes Peak and back. He signed up in 1973 for his first real mountain race. He won in 3 hours, 39 minutes, setting a new course record. He returned and won each of the next four years, lowering his course record to 3:31 in 1975, and then came back again to notch a sixth victory in 1979.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While training for the Pikes Peak Marathon in 1974, Trujillo decided to run from Ouray to Telluride on rough old mining roads over Imogene Pass (13,114 feet). That run inspired him and locals in Telluride to start a new race, the 17.1-mile Imogene Pass Run, held annually in September. Trujillo won the race in its first three years and again in 1979. He served as race director for many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Colorado Mountain Feats</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1990s, Trujillo shifted to even longer-distance mountain runs. In 1992 he used his knowledge of the San Juan Mountains to help plan and scout the course for the first Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run, where he later finished second in 1994 and first in 1996, at age forty-eight.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1995, when Hardrock was canceled because of deep snow on the course, Trujillo teamed up with Ricky Denesik of Telluride to try to climb all fifty-four of Colorado’s recognized 14,000-foot peaks as fast as possible. That summer they finished in 15 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes, the second-fastest known time to that point. Two years later they attempted to set a new record, but Trujillo had to drop out during a storm on Grays Peak. He continued to support Denesik, who forged ahead and set a new record of 14 days, 16 minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2014 Trujillo was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame. Still a resident of Ouray, he continues to volunteer at the Hardrock Hundred and serve as president of the Imogene Pass Run board of directors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Richard “Rick” Trujillo (1948–) is a Colorado mountain runner. He is best known for starting the Imogene Pass Run in 1974 and winning the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon{ six times in the 1970s. Later in his career, Trujillo helped scout the Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run course through the San Juan Mountains and also made two record attempts on Colorado’s Fourteeners. He was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame in 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Montrose on March 13, 1948, Rick Trujillo moved to Ouray with his family when he was a year or two old. As a young boy, he hiked trails around town. He then discovered his love of running, and specifically mountain running, while on the track team at Ouray High School in the early 1960s. He also excelled at traditional track, road, and cross-country races, winning the state championship in the mile three times in high school and then continuing to run on the college team at the University of Colorado. In Boulder, Trujillo earned All-America honors in cross-country for his seventh-place finish at the 1967 national championship race. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in geology, which he chose in part to learn about the mountainous terrain on which he liked to run, and moved back to Ouray, where he got a job at the Camp Bird Mine.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pikes Peak and Imogene Pass</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After college, Trujillo gave up track races, but continued to run competitively on the roads until he learned about the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon, a trail race that took runners from Manitou Springs to the summit of Pikes Peak and back. He signed up in 1973 for his first real mountain race and won in 3 hours, 39 minutes, setting a new course record. He returned and won each of the next four years, lowering his course record to 3:31 in 1975, and then came back again to notch a sixth victory in 1979.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While training for the Pikes Peak Marathon in 1974, Trujillo decided to run from Ouray to Telluride on rough old mining roads over Imogene Pass (13,114 feet). That run inspired him and locals in Telluride to start a new race, the 17.1-mile Imogene Pass Run, held annually in September. Trujillo won the race in its first three years and again in 1979. He served as race director for many years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Colorado Mountain Feats</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1990s, Trujillo shifted to even longer-distance mountain runs. In 1992 he used his knowledge of the San Juan Mountains to help plan and scout the course for the first Hardrock Hundred Endurance Run, where he later finished second in 1994 and first in 1996, at age forty-eight.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1995, when Hardrock was canceled because of deep snow on the course, Trujillo teamed up with Ricky Denesik of Telluride to try to climb all fifty-four of Colorado’s recognized 14,000-foot peaks as fast as possible. That summer they finished in 15 days, 9 hours, 55 minutes, the second-fastest known time to that point. Two years later they attempted to set a new record, but Trujillo had to drop out during a storm on Grays Peak. He continued to support Denesik, who forged ahead and set a new record of 14 days, 16 minutes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2014 Trujillo was inducted into the Colorado Running Hall of Fame. Still a resident of Ouray, he continues to volunteer at the Hardrock Hundred and serve as president of the Imogene Pass Run board of directors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 10 Jun 2020 19:33:13 +0000 yongli 3286 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chaffee County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chaffee County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2238--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2238.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chaffee-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1280px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Chaffee_County.svg__0.png?itok=Rnpo-yqV" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chaffee-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chaffee County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Chaffee County was formed in 1879 and named for Jerome Chaffee, a mining investor and one of Colorado’s first US senators.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-30T16:45:48-07:00" title="Monday, January 30, 2017 - 16:45" class="datetime">Mon, 01/30/2017 - 16:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaffee-county" data-a2a-title="Chaffee County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchaffee-county&amp;title=Chaffee%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Chaffee County lies in central Colorado on the eastern slope of the <strong><a href="/article/rocky-mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> </strong>and along the Upper Arkansas River valley. It is bordered by <a href="/article/lake-county"><strong>Lake</strong></a> and <strong><a href="/article/park-county">Park</a> </strong>Counties to the north, Park and <strong><a href="/article/fremont-county">Fremont</a> </strong>Counties to the east, <strong><a href="/article/saguache-county">Saguache County</a> </strong>to the south, and <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a> to the west. Chaffee County’s unique shape is due to the western boundary following the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> and the eastern boundary generally following the <a href="/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> and the <strong>Mosquito Range.</strong> The elevation in Chaffee county ranges from 7,000 feet to over 14,000 feet; the county is home to fifteen <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>—mountains rising over 14,000 feet—the most of any county in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County has a population of 17,809. <a href="/article/salida"><strong>Salida</strong></a> (population 5,236), along <strong>Highway 50 </strong>in the heart of the Arkansas Valley, is the county seat and largest town. <strong>Buena Vista</strong> (pop. 2,617) sits in central Chaffee County along <strong>Highway 24</strong> and is popular for whitewater rafting. The town of Poncha Springs lies in the southern part of the county at the junction of Highways 50 and <strong>285</strong>. Unincorporated towns include Granite, along Highway 24 in the north; Nathrop, along highway 24 between Buena Vista and Salida; and <strong>Monarch</strong> in the west along Highway 50.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>From about the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people occupied present-day Chaffee County, primarily the Arkansas River valley. The Utes were hunter-gatherers who subsisted on various mountain roots and berries as well as on <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, and small game. The Utes followed seasonal migration patterns, tracking game into the high country during the summer and wintering along the foothills and in river bottoms. The Utes obtained horses through their interaction with the Spanish to the south, and the animals allowed Utes to expand their hunting grounds. By the early nineteenth century, the <strong>Arapaho</strong> and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> occasionally wintered near the Arkansas River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Explorers, Trappers, and Gold Seekers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The French first arrived in the Arkansas River valley in the eighteenth century. <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>Trading</strong></a> and trapping, particularly <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a><a href="/article/beaver"><strong>s</strong></a>, began in the early nineteenth century, but the valley was considered dangerous for Europeans on account of the presence of Ute and Arapaho peoples. Despite this, early Coloradans, including <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a><strong>,</strong> trapped and wintered in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the start of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> in 1859, thousands of prospectors traveled to Colorado with hopes of finding their fortunes in the Rocky Mountains. Cache Creek became the first notable white settlement in Chaffee County. It began in 1860 with a population of 300, and by the following year the town had 3,000 residents. This area included a three-mile stretch of river and an additional two miles on the Cache Creek. The Chalk Creek and Monarch areas quickly became other sites for gold seekers in the area. These sites produced high yields of gold during the Colorado Gold Rush period between 1859 and 1867.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the establishment of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861, present-day Chaffee County became part of Lake County. It has since been split into a number of counties in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Economic Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following the end of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold panning</strong></a> and sluicing in the late 1860s, white homesteaders began to establish farms and ranches along the river. As more whites moved into the Arkansas River valley, relations with the Utes ranged from amicable to hostile. The Ute leader <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, for example, was often friendly and even helped some homesteaders cross the river, but other Utes ordered whites off the land. The <strong><a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868">Treaty of 1868</a> </strong>relocated the Utes to a large reservation on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, allowing for the development of farms and ranches in the valley. Farmers grew hay, alfalfa, lettuce, oats, and vegetables. In the 1860s <a href="/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a> built a toll road that ran over Poncha Pass to transport grains and produce to market. On Chalk Creek, Charles Nachtrieb built the area’s first water-powered grist mill.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado became a state in 1876. On February 8, 1879, the state government divided Lake County into northern and southern parts. The southern portion was named Chaffee County after <strong>Jerome Chaffee</strong>, a businessman and politician who had invested in local mines. The town of Granite, in northern Chaffee County, was designated the county seat, but later that year residents voted to move the county seat to Buena Vista, a more centrally located city.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista was settled in 1864 and incorporated in 1879. People were drawn to the area for mining but settled in Buena Vista due to the valley’s fertile land. To the south, Nathrop began as the ranch of Charles Nachtrieb in 1865. In 1880 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> (D&amp;RG) finished laying narrow-gauge tracks into Chaffee County, ending the line in the town of South Arkansas, later renamed Salida. Thereafter, Nathrop prospered as a railroad town between Buena Vista and Salida, developing a prosperous town center around the rail depot built just north of Nachtrieb’s ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While the D&amp;RG continued west to <strong>Gunnison</strong> over Marshall Pass, <strong>Jay Gould</strong>’s Denver, South Park &amp; Pacific Railroad (DSP&amp;P) also completed a line into Chaffee County, running to Buena Vista and later north to <strong>Leadville</strong>. A third line, the Colorado Midland Railroad, was the first standard-gauge railway to run into the Arkansas valley, arriving in Buena Vista in 1887. It also eventually reached Leadville. These three primary railroads served passengers and brought supplies and minerals to and from the towns and mines in Chaffee County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the late nineteenth century, numerous mines operated throughout Chaffee County, producing gold, silver, iron ore, copper, and zinc. The Mary Murphy Mine in the Chalk Creek District, operated by the Mary Murphy Gold and Silver Mining Company of St. Louis, was the most famous. It held deposits of gold, silver, zinc, and lead, and by 1881 it was producing thirty tons of ore per day. Located on Murphy Mountain, the mine was two miles from the D&amp;RG railroad and two miles from the town of <a href="/article/st-elmo"><strong>St. Elmo</strong></a>. Meanwhile, the Colorado Coal and Iron Company (CC&amp;I) ran the highly productive Calumet Iron Mine north of Salida. Mining in Chaffee County peaked between 1885 and 1888, when production of gold, silver, and lead totaled more than $1 million each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1893 repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which guaranteed a market for silver, sent the Colorado economy into a downward spiral. The price of silver dropped from around $1 per ounce in 1890–91 to around $0.60 by the turn of the century. While the county’s gold and silver mines were able to continue production throughout the 1890s and into the twentieth century, the Panic of 1893, as it was known, caused a shift toward the production of more industrial materials such as coal and iron. Smelting also became an important part of Chaffee County’s economy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1900 independent smelters operated in Romley, which supported the Mary Murphy and Monarch Mines. Most other smelters were run by the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) from Denver, which merged with Guggenheim, an international smelting company, in 1901. Following World War I, the smelter in Smeltertown, northwest of Salida, shut down due to a reduction in mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 1, 1916, W. H. Boyer, an African American miner, staked a manganese ore claim in Wells Gulch. This twenty-acre deposit produced high-grade manganese, which was shipped to the steelworks in Pueblo to be made into steel for military use during World War I. In August 1916 William Hillzinger and Charles Fulford bought the mine, where they discovered a tungsten deposit. The auxiliary find set off a rush to the area, with numerous people staking out claims on the large tungsten deposit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Granite and ore mining continued into the 1920s. In 1928 the contract for granite for the Denver City and County Building was awarded to Mt. Princeton Granite, quarried at Mt. Princeton, east of Nathrop. The Salida Granite Company had its most productive era in the 1920s, and the pink granite of this quarry, located in the Turret District, north of Salida, was used in the construction of the Mormon Battalion Monument in New Mexico. The Great Depression of the 1930s slowed much of this industry, as the economic stagnation halted demand for construction materials.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postmining Economy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early and middle twentieth century, mining companies consolidated throughout Chaffee County, decreasing the number of mines and jobs. In 1930 the Monarch Mine was bought by <a href="/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</strong></a> (CF&amp;I)—formerly Colorado Coal &amp; Iron—and it became the largest mining operation in Colorado and one of the few mines left in the county.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over the course of the twentieth century the base of the Chaffee County economy gradually shifted from mining to a combination of new industries, including corrections and tourism. In 1925 Horace Frantzhurst built the <strong>Frantzhurst Fish Hatchery</strong> just north of Salida. The hatchery raised trout and operated from 1925 to 1953. In 1956 the <a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Division of Wildlife</strong></a> bought the hatchery and renamed it the Mt. Shavano Fish Hatchery and Rearing Unit. This hatchery helped to supply Colorado’s streams and rivers with fish where they had dwindled due to overfishing beginning at the turn of the century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1928 Chaffee County voted to move the county seat for a second time, from Buena Vista to Salida, which was then the most populous city. In 1932 construction of the new Chaffee County Courthouse in Salida was completed. It was designed by Walter DeMordaunt and is one of only a few Colorado courthouses built in the art deco style. It was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties in 1996.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1939 a federal Works Progress Administration (WPA) project built the <strong>Salida Hot Springs </strong>complex. <strong>Monarch Ski</strong> <strong>Area</strong> represents another WPA project in the county. The ski area officially opened in 1939, though skiers had been using the mountain since 1914. The WPA built a rope tow on a slope called Gunbarrel, which was used to ferry skiers to the top of the slope. The WPA then gave the site to the city of Salida.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1950s the city sold Monarch for $100 to a private owner. This led to increased development. Electricity, water, and indoor plumbing were added to the lodge. The owners cut additional slopes and added a T-bar tow system. The 1960s brought a chairlift and additional changes. In 1968 Elmo Bevington purchased Monarch, and additional lifts, lodges, and expansions extended into the 2000s. In 2002 a group led by Bob Nicolls purchased the ski area and continued its development. Today, Monarch is worth over $7 million.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The corrections business had been a consistent employer in Chaffee County since 1891, when the first state reformatory was built near Buena Vista. The facility began as a reformatory for juvenile offenders and housed between 94 and 153 juvenile inmates in its first two decades of operation. A medical unit was added in 1920, and in 1947 an academic program was established for the juvenile inmates. In 1978 the reformatory became an adult, medium-custody facility: the Buena Vista Correctional Facility. In 1991 a boot camp was added. It was then officially named the Buena Vista Correctional Complex due to its capacity to hold both medium- and minimum-custody inmates. The site now has a capacity for up to 1,259 inmates and is one of the largest correctional facilities in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, Chaffee County is a destination for outdoor adventure seekers. It hosts winter sports at the <strong>Monarch Ski Area</strong>. Each summer, hundreds of mountaineers arrive to climb the county’s fifteen Fourteeners, including Mts. Columbia, Harvard, Oxford, Princeton, and Yale, members of the famous <strong>Collegiate Peaks</strong>. Other activities include biking, river rafting on the Arkansas, and visits to local hot springs. A popular site for rafting, hiking, and fishing is the newly designated <a href="/article/browns-canyon-national-monument"><strong>Browns Canyon National Monument</strong></a>, located between Salida and Buena Vista. President Barack Obama established the monument in 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The largest employers in Chaffee County today are the tourism and recreation industry and federal and state agencies, including the Buena Vista Correctional Complex. While they were essential to the county’s early development, ranching and agriculture currently represent a very small portion of the county’s economy. Due to a relatively mild climate and affordable housing Chaffee County has recently attracted many retirees to its borders. Chaffee County represents a common shift in many local Colorado economies from mining to recreation and tourism.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaffee-county" hreflang="en">chaffee county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lake-county" hreflang="en">Lake County</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mining" hreflang="en">mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ski-industry" hreflang="en">ski industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.chaffeecountytimes.com/special_sections/summer_recreation/ers/article_c269f81a-23ac-11e5-82dc-7f47b5d795f2.html">14ers</a>,” <em>Chaffee County Times</em>, July 26, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gerald Berry, “Monarch History,” Monarch Ski Area, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://buenavistacolorado.org/the-chamber/">Buena Vista Correctional Complex</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Buena Vista Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://buenavistacolorado.org/history/">Buena Vista History, Colorado Area History</a>,” June 5, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County Administration, “<a href="http://www.chaffeecounty.org/About-Chaffee-County">About Chaffee County</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaffee County Visitors Bureau, “<a href="https://www.colorfulcolorado.com/">Buena Vista &amp; Salida: Hot Springs and Cool Adventures</a>,” <em>Buena Vista &amp; Salida Colorado</em>, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dick Dickson, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/1998-february/quarry-days-in-the-ute-trail-area">Quarry Days in the Ute Trail Area</a>,” <em>Colorado Central Magazine</em>, February 1, 1998.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles W. Henderson, “Mining in Colorado: A History of Discovery, Development and Production,” US Geological Survey (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Earle Kittleman, “<a href="http://salida.com/history/index.htm">Chaffee County Colorado 125th Anniversary Timeline</a>,” Salida, Colorado: Gem of the Rockies, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Salida Chamber of Commerce, “Welcome to: ‘<a href="http://www.salida.com/salida-colorado-about.html">Colorado’s Art of Adventure</a>,’” 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>June Shaputis and Suzanne Kelly eds., <em>A History of Chaffee County </em>(Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>State Demography Offices, “<a href="https://www.gigshowcase.com/EndUserFiles/31046.pdf">Region 13: Chaffee, Custer, Fremont &amp; Lake Counties</a>,” Department of Local Affairs, October 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Forest Service, “<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/browns-canyon-national-monument">Browns Canyon National Monument</a>,” February 19, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/Programs/SHF_Survey_ChaffeeCounty2013.pdf">Chaffee County Historical Resources Survey</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-collegiate-peaks">Colorado Scenic Byway: Collegiate Peaks</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>George G. Everett, <em>Under the Angel of Shavano</em> (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1963).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jim and Louis Rowe, <em>Portal Into the Past</em> (Granite, CO: Clear Creek Canyon Historical Society of Chaffee County, 1976).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ruby G. Williamson, <em>Down With Your Dust: A Chronicle of the Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado, 1860–1893 </em>(Gunnison, CO: B&amp;B Printer, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 30 Jan 2017 23:45:48 +0000 yongli 2240 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Barr Trail http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barr-trail <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barr Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1958--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1958.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barr-trail-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Barr-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=TnregC53" width="1090" height="862" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barr-trail-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barr Trail Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1918–21, Fred Barr built his burro trail from the top of the Manitou Incline to the summit of Pikes Peak. In 1922 he established Barr Camp as a place for his trips to spend the night on their way up the mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1960--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1960.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/upper-pikes-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Barr_Media2_0.jpg?itok=uecHm4Qg" width="1000" height="751" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/upper-pikes-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Upper Pikes Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Most nineteenth-century trails up Pikes Peak followed creek drainages to Lake Moraine (center left), then ascended the southeast ridge (center right) and took it to the summit. In contrast, Barr Trail—whose switchbacks are just visible in the foreground—ascended the steep eastern slope of the mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-27T11:38:23-06:00" title="Thursday, October 27, 2016 - 11:38" class="datetime">Thu, 10/27/2016 - 11:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barr-trail" data-a2a-title="Barr Trail"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbarr-trail&amp;title=Barr%20Trail"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Barr Trail is a 12.6-mile trail that climbs about 7,500 feet from <strong>Manitou Springs</strong> to the summit of <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, with an average grade of 11 percent. Surveyed and constructed by Fred Barr in 1918–21, Barr Trail was the first trail to reach the summit via the mountain’s steep east slope. Today the iconic trail is the main pedestrian path up Pikes Peak, used by about 150,000 hikers and runners each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Routes up Pikes Peak</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Native Americans made it to the summit of Pikes Peak many times, but the first recorded ascent of the mountain occurred in July 1820, when three members of <strong>Stephen Long</strong>’s expedition—the naturalist Edwin James and two soldiers, Joseph Verplank and Zachariah Wilson—reached the summit in two days from just south of what is now <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. They took <strong>Fountain Creek</strong> to Ruxton Creek and followed it until they reached Pikes Peak’s southeast ridge around Sackett Mountain. From there they hiked on the ridge until they reached the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many early routes up Pikes Peak followed similarly circuitous paths that avoided the mountain’s steep east slopes by swinging south, gaining the southeast ridge, and then turning north along the ridge to the summit. In the early 1870s, for example, the engineer E. S. Nettleton developed a trail that followed Bear Creek southwest from Colorado Springs to Jones Park and Lake Moraine, then ascended the southeast ridge to the summit. A toll trail built in the early 1880s went up Ruxton Creek from Manitou Springs until it joined the existing trail on the southeast ridge. And when the <a href="/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway</strong></a> was built in 1889–91, it also followed Ruxton Creek to the southeast ridge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the nineteenth-century trails up Pikes Peak, there was only one exception to the general preference for avoiding the mountain’s east slopes. The Fremont Trail, built in 1871, started at Iron Springs along Ruxton Creek. Instead of following the creek, however, it headed north toward <strong>Ute Pass</strong>, climbed the slopes of Mt. Manitou, and then traveled west to treeline, where it left climbers to pick their own way among the rocks to reach the summit. It was shorter than the trails that went up the southeast ridge but considerably steeper.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building Barr Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1910s, several of the early trails to the top of Pikes Peak had been abandoned, victims of the success of the Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway and the <strong>Pikes Peak Highway</strong>. Meanwhile, a local man named Fred Barr had secured a burro concession at the top of the <strong>Manitou Incline</strong>, which had started to take tourists up the side of Rocky Mountain and Mt. Manitou in 1908. Barr’s Mt. Manitou and Pikes Peak Burro Livery took tourists on rides around the summits of the small mountains near the top of the Incline.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime in the mid-1910s, Barr started to plan a new trail to take tourists all the way up Pikes Peak’s east slopes to the summit. Work on what is now Barr Trail began in 1917, when the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> paid Barr and a ten-man crew to build a trail from Manitou Springs to No Name Creek. Today, this is the lower three miles of Barr Trail. Then, in 1918, Barr surveyed a trail from the top of the Incline to Pikes Peak. Intersecting the Forest Service trail at No Name Creek and probably incorporating some parts of the old Fremont Trail in his plan, Barr finished his survey at the summit on Christmas Eve. It took Barr and his trail-building crew more than two years to finish the trail, which opened to the summit in 1921.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barr used his trail to lead burro trips from the top of the Incline to the summit of Pikes Peak. In 1922, with a concession from the US Forest Service, he established a tent camp along the trail at an elevation of 10,200 feet, where members of his trips could spend the night before waking early to reach the summit in time for sunrise. He gradually expanded and upgraded the camp, known as Barr Camp, building the main cabin in 1924 and two more in 1936. The area also had a barn for Barr’s burros.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barr Trail Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since Barr’s death in 1940, the Forest Service and nonprofits such as Friends of the Peak have helped maintain Barr Trail and Barr Camp. The US Forest Service rebuilt the trail in 1948, following Barr’s route. In 1964 the Forest Service added a small A-Frame shelter near the trail at treeline, on the site of a cabin that Barr built in the summer of 1930.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Burros continued to travel up and down Pikes Peak until about 1959. After that, Barr Camp was vacant and suffered from vandalism for several years. In 1964 the Mennonite Church took over the camp’s lease, restored the buildings and grounds, and staffed the camp during the summer. The camp continued to suffer from vandalism when it was not staffed, however, and the Mennonite Church decided it could no longer maintain the area. In the early 1970s one of the cabins burned, and at some point the burro barn was also destroyed. The Forest Service was prepared to tear down the remaining two cabins, but a group of local hikers saved the camp by stationing someone there year-round starting in 1979. Still staffed by year-round, live-in caretakers, Barr Camp now hosts about 25,000 visitors per year and 2,500 overnight guests.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Forest Service estimates that 150,000 people use Barr Trail each year, including hundreds of runners who participate in the <strong>Pikes Peak Marathon</strong>, which has taken place annually on Barr Trail since 1956.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fred-barr" hreflang="en">Fred Barr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edwin-james" hreflang="en">Edwin James</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-trails" hreflang="en">historic trails</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>James McChristal, <em>Pikes Peak: Legends of America’s Mountain</em> (Raton, NM: Sierra Grande Press, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Scott Rappold, “<a href="https://gazette.com/fred-barr-the-life-of-the-trailmaster-of-the-rockies/article/1506886/">Fred Barr: The Life of the ‘Trailmaster of the Rockies,’”</a> <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, October 6, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Morris W. Abbott, <em>The Pike’s Peak Cog Road</em> (San Marino, CA: Golden West Books, 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://barrcamp.com/">Barr Camp</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Matt Carpenter, <a href="http://www.skyrunner.com/ppcourse.htm">“The Pikes Peak Barr Trail: Home of the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon,”</a> Skyrunner.com.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 27 Oct 2016 17:38:23 +0000 yongli 1959 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Carrie Welton http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carrie-welton <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Carrie Welton</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1686--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1686.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/longs-peak-seen-east-sunrise"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2433vr8_0.jpg?itok=3wNwfSti" width="768" height="1024" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/longs-peak-seen-east-sunrise" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak seen from the east at sunrise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Longs Peak, at 14,259 feet (4346 m), is the highest peak, and only fourteener, in Rocky Mountain National Park.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1683--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1683.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bear-lake-and-longs-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Carrie-Welton-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=x_rvArGr" width="1000" height="718" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bear-lake-and-longs-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bear Lake and Longs Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park with Longs Peak in the distance. In the fall of 1884 the mountaineer Carrie Welton made an ill-fated climb up Longs Peak, dying of injuries and exposure in a snowstorm on her descent.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1684--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1684.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/keyhole"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1935829_119272291467_2442260_n_0.jpg?itok=3qa9Nj5Q" width="604" height="453" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/keyhole" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Keyhole</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After the Keyhole 13,200', the route becomes more difficult.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1685--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1685.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/homestretch"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1935829_119272351467_3585471_n_0.jpg?itok=YqIrLfx6" width="453" height="604" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/homestretch" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Homestretch </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Homestretch of the East Longs Peak trail. The summit is at the end of the Homestretch.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-15T14:33:28-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2016 - 14:33" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2016 - 14:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/carrie-welton" data-a2a-title="Carrie Welton"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcarrie-welton&amp;title=Carrie%20Welton"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Carrie Welton (1842–84) was a relatively well-known socialite and amateur mountaineer who climbed Colorado <a href="/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a> in the 1880s. When Welton perished during an ill-advised autumn ascent of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> in 1884, she became the focal point of a national discussion concerning backcountry safety and etiquette. Today, as Colorado’s outdoor recreation remains a large draw for tourists around the globe and thousands of hikers summit Longs Peak every year, Welton’s story remains a cautionary tale and a reminder of the mountain’s dangers.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Caroline Josephine Welton, known to her family and friends as “Carrie,” was born on June 7, 1842. By the time she was eleven years old, the Welton family had moved back to Waterbury, Connecticut, where her father, Joseph, purchased interests in both the Waterbury Brass and the Oakville Pin companies. Success and prosperity quickly followed, culminating a decade later, in 1863, with the purchase of Rose Hill Cottage, a handsome stone mansion on Prospect Street. The Weltons spared no expense in securing their daughter’s education, sending her off to Miss Edwards’s School in New Haven and the Mears-Burkhardt School in New York, after which she studied drawing and oil painting in New York with several well-known artists of the day. None of this, including attentions paid by Waterbury society and its eligible bachelors, seemed to have mattered much to Carrie Welton.</p> <p>From the age of twenty, the center of her life was her beloved horse, Knight, a gift from her father. Welton loved animals—she kept cats, dogs, and rabbits—but Knight was her favorite. She installed him in a velvet-draped stall in the Rose Hill stables, equipped him with special shoes and tack trimmed with silver, and fed him oats from a bone china bowl hand-painted with pansies and gold lettering bearing Knight’s name. Welton and her spirited black horse became familiar figures around town as she rode through the woods, fields, and streets of Waterbury in all sorts of weather.</p> <p>Long before she left home for Colorado, Welton had earned a reputation among her contemporaries as a woman of social graces “with a propensity to do uncommon things” and “a reputation for courage and physical endurance.” She was also impulsive, headstrong, and accustomed to having her own way and confronting life on her terms. On March 26, 1874, Joseph Welton, by then the president of Waterbury Brass, died after sustaining a kick from Knight. Joseph had seen to it that his wife and daughter were well taken care of, although the distribution of his estate was odd in one respect: Rose Hill was divided, with Jane Welton getting the house and Carrie getting the grounds.</p> <p>Both women initially sought consolation through travel, and in 1875–76 the pair visited California. By 1880, their relationship had changed. For reasons never entirely clear, there was a deep and lasting estrangement. Though disagreements over money were sometimes cited, the causes were more likely rooted in their personalities. Jane was known as stern and majestic and was as headstrong and determined to have her way as her daughter. Whatever the reason for their quarrel, Jane and Carrie were content to go their separate ways. After 1880, Carrie never returned to Rose Hill, and in 1883 she removed her mother as the executor of her will.</p> <h2>Colorado</h2> <p>By 1884, Welton had become what was then regarded as a spinster, whose life was plainly in transition. She traveled, coming West in the spring to explore Yellowstone National Park for several weeks before moving on to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>. This was Welton’s second visit to Colorado. It would later be intimated that she suffered from a heart condition and lived with Augusta A. Warren in one of her two boardinghouses. The highlight of this visit would be a summiting of 14,110-foot <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>, which Welton completed despite encountering a severe storm. She took up residence in the splendid Antlers Hotel that had opened that June. Carrie and Augusta—now fast friends—shared a love of nature and the outdoors. During the weeks following her arrival, Augusta took Welton to Bear Creek Canyon, where she kept a homesteader cabin, and to other attractions, including Manitou Springs.</p> <p>Welton was determined not only to repeat her success at Pikes Peak but to accomplish the mountain’s first ascent of the season. The winter of 1883–84 had been exceptionally cold, and well into summer the trail remained impassable, clogged by deep snows. An augur of things to come, Welton had been warned that the undertaking was foolish and dangerous. Somehow obtaining the services of two guides, she departed Manitou at midnight and reached the summit after a cold, tedious trip. From Colorado Springs, she went north to Denver by rail, where she stayed with friends at the<a href="/article/brown-palace-hotel"><strong> Brown Palace Hotel</strong></a>. Welton’s love of the mountains drew her to <strong>Estes Park</strong> during the week of September 14, 1884, where she took up residence at the Estes Park Hotel. On Monday, September 22, she announced her intention to ascend 14,255-foot Longs Peak, a significantly more technical and difficult climb than Pikes Peak. Theodore Whyte, Dunraven’s resident manager, attempted to dissuade her from the attempt, citing Colorado’s unpredictable September weather and the remaining winter snows that rendered the north and west faces of the peak unclimbable.</p> <h2>Longs Peak</h2> <p>Buoyed by her successful climb of Pikes Peak, Welton was adamant about making the bid for Longs. On Monday afternoon, leaving behind a small package at the hotel but taking her jewelry, she engaged Henry S. Gilbert, a local livery operator, to take her to Lamb’s Ranch. By 1884, the <strong>Reverend Elkanah Lamb </strong>(1832–1915), the first professional guide to the Longs Peak region, had turned the guide business over to his son, Carlyle (1862–1958). It was with the younger Lamb that Welton made arrangements for the eight-mile ascent of Longs Peak the following day. The pair left on horseback early the next morning.</p> <p>Although the day broke warm and pleasant, it took some five hours to make the first six miles. As on Pikes Peak, the snows of the preceding winter were still very deep, often obscuring the trail. The going proved difficult for the horses, and Carlyle and Carrie decided to leave them well below the usual tethering place at the Boulder Field, the tumbled mass of rocks at the east edge of the peak’s formidable face. This decision, made in sunshine while the two climbers were still fresh, is what likely cost Welton her life.</p> <p>At the Keyhole the weather began to turn against them. They encountered a strong, chilling wind and dark clouds, a sign of worse weather still to come. Carlyle, an experienced climber who had summited the peak for the first time at age seventeen, wisely advised retreat—even if they succeeded in taking the summit, there would not be any view. Welton would have none of it. She had heard such objections from her guides on Pikes Peak. Her response, Carlyle later told his father, was that “she had never undertaken anything and given it up.” And so they proceeded up the imposing east face under gathering storm clouds.</p> <p>Even at the time, general knowledge held that it was best to be off the summit well before noon to avoid the inevitable afternoon storms, many of which are quite fierce. By the time Welton and her guide reached the summit it was frigid and very late—after 3 p.m., by Lamb’s account. Welton was weary, and the stay at the summit proved brief. As Lamb had feared, dark clouds had intensified, a sign that a storm had already set in below them. Leaving the summit, the clouds briefly lifted; but now, as they recrossed the Narrows and headed down the Trough, they found themselves caught in a fearsome snowstorm—the worst Lamb had ever seen in the mountains. Their descent became increasingly slow, and Welton began to complain of exhaustion. Over the next two hours they failed to cover even a mile of ground. The pair struggled to the Keyhole, but by then Welton had grown entirely numb from the cold and could not stand unassisted. The moment of crisis and decision had come—it was now 10 p.m.</p> <h2>Death</h2> <p>The pair descended a short distance below the Keyhole, and Lamb called a halt. Sitting down, he confided in Welton that he too could barely stand after the exertion of helping her across the Narrows and down the Trough. The only chance that either of them had for survival, he told her, was for him to leave her and go ahead for help. At first, Welton objected to being left alone, but eventually she relented. The pair situated Welton as best they could against the biting cold and fierce winds, and Lamb stumbled into the darkness, continuing his descent. The storm lifted momentarily, and the moonlight aided him in his rapid descent. He reached the horses and rode one while leading the other five miles through the storm to his father’s ranch. The Lambs immediately began a return trip up the mountain, reaching timberline at 1 a.m. the next morning, but a gale made progress maddeningly slow as they continued up the moraine toward the Boulder Field. Just before daybreak, the elder Lamb reached the edge of the uplift. He would never forget the sight waiting for him: “I came in sight of the tragic spot, where Carrie J. Welton lay at rest, having died alone amid the wind’s mad revelry and dismal dirge, and which was holding high carnival over her body by blowing every section of her garments in its unrelenting fury, seemingly sporting with its victim in demonical triumph. I remember, with clear distinctness, my involuntary expression as I approached the body: ‘I fear, my young lady, that you are past saving.’”</p> <p>Welton had struggled about ten feet from the spot where Carlyle left her and had fallen over a rock, badly bruising her head and wrist. She lay in a snowbank, still wearing her silk sun mask, next to the ivory-handled riding whip upon which she had hoped to record her mountaineering achievements. On October 17, 1884, she was laid to rest in a service held at Rose Hill Cottage. In the following weeks and months, newspapers across the country weighed in on the ethics of Lamb’s decision to leave Welton and go for help, prompting a national conversation about wilderness safety at a time when outdoor recreation was still in its infancy.</p> <p><strong>Adapted from James H. Pickering, “‘Alone Amid the Wind's Mad Revelry’: The Death of Carrie Welton,”&nbsp;<em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em>&nbsp;18, no. 3 (1998).</strong></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carrie" hreflang="en">Carrie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/welton" hreflang="en">Welton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carrie-welton" hreflang="en">Carrie Welton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountain-climbing-colorado" hreflang="en">mountain climbing colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountain-climbers" hreflang="en">colorado mountain climbers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountaineers" hreflang="en">mountaineers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountaineering-history" hreflang="en">mountaineering history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longs-peak" hreflang="en">Longs Peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dougald MacDonald,&nbsp;<em>Longs Peak: The Story of Colorado’s Favorite Fourteener</em> (Englewood, CO: Westcliffe, 2004).</p> <p>James H.&nbsp;Pickering, <em>This Blue Hollow: Estes Park, the Early Years, 1859-1915</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2016 20:33:28 +0000 yongli 1681 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fourteeners http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fourteeners</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--561--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--561.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mount-elbert"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/201410175334-Mt-Elbert-Summit-Late-Fall_0.jpg?itok=6y3GiIB9" width="1090" height="613" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mount-elbert" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mount Elbert</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,400 feet, Mount Elbert is the second-highest point in the contiguous United States and king of Colorado's "Fourteeners" - mountain peaks 14,000 feet or higher.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--645--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--645.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/crestone-needle-and-crestone-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Crestone-Needle-and-Crestone-Peak_0.jpg?itok=_qpWLnYr" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/crestone-needle-and-crestone-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Crestone Needle and Crestone Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Crestone Needle (14,197 feet) and Crestone Peak (14,294 feet) seen from Humboldt Peak (14,064 feet). These neighboring Fourteeners are three of ten peaks above 14,000 feet in the Sangre de Cristo range.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--646--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--646.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/pikes-peak"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Pikes-Peak-Portrait_0.jpg?itok=RTuhQCN0" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/pikes-peak" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pikes Peak</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,115 feet, Pikes Peak acted as a beacon for many overland migrants, who used the distant landmark for navigation just as French trappers and native peoples had in the past. "Pikes Peak or Bust!" became a popular saying for those who migrated west seeking fortune or adventure in the nineteenth century.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--909--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--909.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Hiking_20150712_0053-copy_0.jpg?itok=kTiZUk-A" width="1090" height="694" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/longs-peak-sunrise" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Longs Peak Sunrise</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,259 feet, <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> is the tallest mountain and only fourteener in Rocky Mountain National Park. The peak is named for Major Stephen Long, who is said to be the first to spot the great mountains on behalf of the U.S. Government on June 30, 1820.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--936--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--936.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mount-Sneffels-at-Sunset-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=Hk-q-m99" width="1090" height="875" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mt-sneffels-sunset" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mt. Sneffels at Sunset</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>At 14,157 feet, Mt. Sneffels is the highest peak in the Sneffels Range and the highest point in <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray County</strong></a>. It is named after the Icelandic volcano Snæfell, which was featured in Jules Verne's novel <em>A Journey to the Center of the Earth.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-20T10:30:08-06:00" title="Thursday, August 20, 2015 - 10:30" class="datetime">Thu, 08/20/2015 - 10:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners" data-a2a-title="Fourteeners"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffourteeners&amp;title=Fourteeners"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><div style="display:none;">For UK thrill seekers looking to add a new kind of excitement to their adventures, <a href="https://notgamstop.com/independent-betting-sites/">independent bookmakers UK</a> offer a unique thrill similar to conquering the Fourteeners. Similar to the daunting task of conquering a 14,000-foot peak, navigating the diverse landscape of online betting platforms requires strategy, skill, and a dose of courage. These platforms, with their diverse betting options and competitive odds, entice players to embark on a journey of risk and reward, mirroring the adrenaline rush felt during a challenging mountain climb. Just as mountain climbers are attracted to the panoramic views and rugged terrain of a 14-kilometer high mountain, UK players are captivated by the diverse offers and attractive bonuses of independent betting sites. Just like reaching the top of a tall mountain, winning a jackpot on a successful bet can be a feeling of triumph and euphoria.</div><p>Colorado is home to fifty-eight&nbsp;of the nation's ninety-six mountain peaks&nbsp;standing at or above&nbsp;14,000 feet in elevation. Known colloquially as “Fourteeners,” these peaks&nbsp;dominate Colorado’s skyline and shape the way people live and identify with nature in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> West. Throughout Colorado’s history, these majestic mountains have captured the human imagination and have been used for everything from hunting grounds to climate research outposts.</p><div style="height:0.3px;overflow:hidden;"><p>Fourteeners in the western Rocky Mountains, towering peaks that reach over 14,000 feet in elevation, are not just a draw for outdoor adventurers. They've become an unexpected hotspot for esports betting enthusiasts, particularly those keen on Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) odds. These majestic summits provide the perfect backdrop for esports enthusiasts especially who are into <a href="https://esportzbet.com/cs-go-odds">csgo odds</a> to immerse themselves in the thrill of competitive gaming while surrounded by breathtaking natural beauty. As esports continues to gain mainstream popularity, fans are finding unique ways to merge their love for gaming with their passion for the great outdoors. CS:GO, a highly competitive first-person shooter game, has captivated a global audience with its intense gameplay and strategic depth. Betting on CS:GO matches adds an extra layer of excitement for fans, who closely follow teams, players, and tournament results to stay ahead of the odds.</p></div><p>Colorado’s Fourteeners are dispersed throughout the state’s Rocky Mountain backbone, rising in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan</strong></a>, Sawatch, Elk, Mosquito, Tenmile, San Miguel, <strong>Sangre de Cristo</strong>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front</strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>mountain ranges. According to the Colorado Geological Survey, the tallest is <strong>Mount Elbert</strong> at 14,440 feet; several of the&nbsp;smallest Fourteeners&nbsp;stand just barely&nbsp;above 14,000.</p><div style="height:1px;overflow:hidden;">Nestled amidst the glitz and glamor of the Las Vegas Strip, <a href="https://transplantepi.org/pure-vegas-casino/">pure vegas casino</a> is a true beacon for those seeking a different kind of thrill. However, for adventurers who crave a different kind of thrill, the allure of conquering the Fourteener beckons. While the twinkling lights and clanging slot machines of a casino can be dazzling, the rugged majesty of a 14,000-foot peak presents a very different challenge. When climbers lace up their boots and set their sights on the summit, they trade the hustle and bustle of the city for the serene solitude of the mountains. While the stakes may be higher than at a blackjack table, the rewards of reaching the summit are immeasurable, offering panoramic views stretching to the horizon and a sense of accomplishment that rivals any jackpot. Whether you're drawn to the bright lights of a casino or the rugged beauty of the mountains, both Pure Vegas and the high Fourteeners are a testament to the human spirit's endless quest for adventure and excitement.</div><p>There is some disagreement among mountaineers over how much taller a peak needs to stand above&nbsp;its neighbors&nbsp;to&nbsp;qualify as a Fourteener, but most agree that,&nbsp;in addition to being over 14,000 feet in elevation, a Fourteener&nbsp;must stand between 250 and&nbsp;500 feet higher than the mountain’s next-highest feature (a measurement called "prominence").</p><p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/pikes-peak-sunrise"><img style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorao_Springs_20170521_0022_0.jpg?itok=7dnogN3z" alt="Pikes Peak Sunrise" width="480" height="320"></a>Responsibility for managing most of Colorado’s Fourteeners falls to the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> or the Bureau of Land Management. Two exceptions are <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, which lies within the boundaries of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, and Culebra Peak, which is privately owned. Mountains like Longs Peak and those in the Elk and Gore Ranges are the most popular because they are closer to Denver, but Coloradans have been known to drive many hours to experience the thrill of climbing new peaks. Some of Colorado’s Fourteeners require specialized mountaineering gear, but most can be summitted without the assistance of rock-climbing equipment. For example, <a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a> outside Colorado Springs can be summitted in a car or by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway"><strong>cog railway</strong></a>. Nearly all of the Fourteeners have some history of mining activity and a few, like Pikes Peak, have hosted ski areas. Today, Fourteeners figure as prominently in the hearts and minds of Coloradans as they do in the state’s rugged skyline.</p><h2>Native Traditions and First Ascents</h2><p>As the region’s most prominent landforms, Fourteeners held religious and geographic significance for many of Colorado’s Native Americans. Serving as destinations for spiritual revelation and as markers of territorial boundaries, Fourteeners played (and continue to play) important roles in native life long before any whites laid eyes on these impressive peaks.</p><p>Archival and archaeological evidence suggests that Ute and Arapaho peoples were some of the state’s first mountaineers. Though most of these native hikers left little behind that might serve as proof of their ascents, stories like that of an Arapaho elder named Old Man Gun Griswold and his eagle trap can give us an idea of why Native Americans would have wanted to climb Fourteeners. In 1914, Old Man Griswold’s son, also named Gun Griswold, made the trip from the Wind River Reservation to Rocky Mountain National Park to visit his old hunting grounds. On this trip, the younger Griswold ran into explorer Oliver Toll and told the story of a trap his father built on Longs Peak’s 14,259-foot summit. According to Toll, Old Man Gun would climb to the top of Longs Peak and wait patiently in a stone shelter for a passing eagle to come investigate a coyote carcass he would leave out as bait. When an eagle lit near the carcass, Old Man Gun would leap from his shelter and grab the eagle by the feet. Though subsequent explorers did not see any physical evidence of Griswold’s blind, anyone who has been to the four-acre summit will tell you that a small stone shelter there would be easy to mistake as simply another pile of boulders.</p><h2>Euro-American Explorers</h2><p>Spanish, French, and American explorers made up the next group of Colorado’s early mountaineers. Beginning in the early eighteenth century, Spaniards in search of mineral wealth and new trade routes ventured deep into the heart of Colorado’s Fourteener country. Hostile landscapes and Native American resistance kept the Spanish from leaving much of a physical record of their journey, but their presence is remembered in the names of <strong>Blanca</strong>, El Diente, San Luis, and La Plata Peaks and in the striking designation given to Southern Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo (“Blood of Christ”) Range.</p><p>French and American explorers, trappers, and traders also frequented Colorado’s high country throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, searching for new opportunities for trade and knowledge of the region’s economic potential. French <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur traders</strong></a> found Colorado’s prominent mountains the perfect navigational landmarks as they traversed the state seeking animal pelts.</p><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, the US government commissioned surveys and expeditions that would catalog the locations and elevations of Colorado’s highest peaks. Several Fourteeners bear the names of the men who led these expeditions. Later in the nineteenth century, the mountains named for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Stephen Long</strong></a> featured prominently in the imaginations of overland migrants coming across the<a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong> plains</strong></a>. Signs painted on the sides of wagons in the nineteenth century proudly declaring “Pikes Peak or Bust” remind us that the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> Fourteeners were potent symbols of Colorado’s mineral wealth and served as distant landmarks for overland migrants, just as they had done for the French trappers and native peoples who preceded them. Today, Pike and Long remain in our memory as some of the first whites to lay eyes on the formidable mountains that now bear their names, though many other trappers and traders knew of the mountains before either explorer crossed the Mississippi River.</p><h2>Tourism and Adventure</h2><p>Accessing the state’s most impressive mountains in the early days of Colorado mountaineering involved hiring guides, loading mules, and trekking on foot or on horseback through extremely rugged terrain. Before 1900, wealthy tourists and Colorado-based “thrill seekers” (as early climbers were known) established trails and climbing routes to the summits of most Fourteeners and solidified their knowledge of the tallest peaks in the Colorado Rockies.</p><p>One such thrill seeker was <strong>Isabella Bird</strong>, the first Anglo-American woman to climb a Colorado Fourteener. Born in Yorkshire, England, Isabella Bird came to Colorado in 1871 searching for a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a> that would be good for her health. Bird was awed by the sight of the mountains and published an inspirational account of her ascent of Longs Peak. As mountaineering became more popular, climbers repurposed the roads miners and loggers carved into mountainsides to carry carloads of climbers into the heart of the high country. The founding of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a> in 1912 helped turn mountain climbing into one of the state’s signature pastimes by sponsoring annual summit outings.</p><p>Amid Colorado's sprawling landscapes, where majestic peaks pierce the sky, adventurers relish the challenge of conquering the Fourteen Thousanders. These towering peaks, each rising to more than 14,000 feet, attract climbers and hikers from around the world, drawn to the thrill of conquering their formidable heights. Against this breathtaking backdrop, online casino enthusiasts in Canada can find their own excitement with offers like 20 free spins no deposit <a style="color:#494354;" href="https://gamblizard.ca/free-spins/20-free-spins-no-deposit/">get here</a>. As they spin the virtual reels, players can imagine themselves climbing these monumental peaks, feeling the rush of excitement similar to reaching the summit. While the allure of the Fourteen beckons with its rugged beauty and adrenaline-pumping adventure, online casinos offer a different kind of excitement that can be accessed from the comfort of your home. Canadian players enjoy the opportunity to experience the excitement without spending a dime, thanks to attractive promotions such as 20 free spins. It's a chance to embark on a different kind of adventure, where the stakes are high and the rewards are just a spin away.&nbsp;</p><h2>Modern Mountain Climbing and the Outdoor Experience</h2><p>Though demand for soldiers and material kept mountaineers off the peaks during World War II, the US Army’s<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tenth-mountain-division"><strong> Tenth Mountain Division</strong></a> training facility at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/camp-hale"><strong>Camp Hale</strong></a> in the Eagle River Valley helped set the stage for the resurgence of mountain climbing after the war. Trained for mountain warfare in the high peaks of Europe, 10<sup>th</sup> Mountain Division soldiers were expert skiers and mountaineers. As they returned home, a few members of the 10<sup>th</sup> Mountain Division started opening ski areas like <strong>Vail Resort</strong> because they loved being in the mountains and wanted to share their love with others. By the early 1960s, Colorado’s ski resorts were introducing tourists and Coloradans alike to the joys of high-altitude recreation. In the 1960s and 1970s, other factors, including increased leisure time, a rise in automobile ownership, and improvements in outdoor equipment, also helped put 14,000-foot summits within reach for more people. Today, observations by US Forest Service personnel indicate that more than 500,000 ascents are made every year.</p><p>The popularity and geographic prominence of Fourteeners in Colorado has led to the growth of distinct communities that identify strongly with a particular peak. Towns like <strong>Minturn</strong>, <strong>Buena Vista</strong>, <strong>Leadville</strong>, and <strong>Ouray</strong> have organized economically and socially around nearby mountains. This has transformed several of Colorado’s Fourteeners into potent symbols of community and also transformed these small mountain towns into popular jumping-off points for visitors wishing to experience the surrounding nature.</p><p>Development of a community identity surrounding Fourteeners is not limited by physical space. In the last several decades, the desire to climb all fifty-eight of Colorado’s Fourteeners has become a uniting force for “peak baggers.” These intrepid hikers might drive from all four corners of the state – or even from outside Colorado – to summit distant and rugged mountains. The most committed peak baggers may summit several or even all of the mountains in a year, often during winter months when the opportunity to ski down the mountain makes the task of descending significantly less tiresome.</p><h2>Mountains as Environmental Markers</h2><p>Colorado’s high peaks have also become increasingly important sites for scientists studying the effects of climate change. Because high-elevation ecosystems like those found on the slopes of Fourteeners are very sensitive, small variations in climatic conditions can produce big changes in the lives of plants and animals. In Colorado’s high country, relatively warm winters in recent years have contributed to a dramatic increase in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>mountain pine beetle</strong></a> (<em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>) population. In colder years, sustained freezing weather kills mountain pine beetle larvae in the winter and reduces the number of adult pine beetles that emerge from their burrows in the spring. But a two-decade-long warm spell has allowed the mountain pine beetle to produce more offspring and attack trees at higher elevations than ever before. Visitors to Fourteeners in the Front, Gore, Elk, and Sawatch Ranges may notice that entire hillsides have been turned brown because mountain pine beetles have killed so many of their host trees. While fire suppression policies and other human-related environmental disturbances have promoted the pine beetles’ spread, the brown forests now surrounding many famous Fourteeners are evidence of these mountains’ role as sentinels of environmental change.</p><p>Colorado’s Fourteeners have represented many different things to various groups of people. Whether seen as a spiritual retreat, an iconic landmark, a living laboratory, or simply an opportunity for exploration and adventure, Fourteeners will continue to shape the way people learn and play in Colorado.</p><h2>Colorado Fourteeners</h2><table style="width:633px;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">Mountain Name</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">Elevation (feet)</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">1. Mt. Elbert</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,400</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">2. Mt. Massive</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,421</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">3. Mt. Harvard</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,421</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">4. Blanca Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,345</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">5. La Plata Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,336</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">6. Uncompahgre Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,321</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">7. Crestone Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,294</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">8. Mt. Lincoln</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,293</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">9. Castle Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,279</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">10. Grays Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,278</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">11. Mt. Antero</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,276</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">12. Torreys Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,275</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">13. Quandary Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,271</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14. Mt. Evans</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,265</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">15. Longs Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,259</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">16. Mt. Wilson</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,246</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">17. Mt. Cameron</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,238</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">18. Mt. Shavano</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,231</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">19. Mt. Princeton</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,204</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">20. Mt. Belford</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,203</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">21. Mt. Yale</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,200</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">22. Crestone Needle</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,197</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">23. Mt. Bross</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,172</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">24. Kit Carson Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,165</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">25. Maroon Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,163</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">26. Tabeguache Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,162</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">27. Mt. Oxford</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,160</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">28. El Diente</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,159</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">29. Mt. Democrat</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,155</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">30. Mt. Sneffels</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,150</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">31. Capitol Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,130</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">32. Pikes Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,115</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">33. Snowmass Mountain</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,099</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">34. Mt. Eolus</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,083</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">35. Windom Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,082</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">36. Challenger Point</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,081</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">37. Mt. Columbia</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,077</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">38. Missouri Mountain</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,074</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">39. Humboldt Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,064</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">40. Mt. Bierstadt</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,060</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">41. Conundrum Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,060</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">42. Sunlight Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,059</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">43. Handies Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,058</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">44. Culebra Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,047</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">45. Ellingwood Point</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,042</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">46. Mt. Lindsey</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,042</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">47. North Eolus</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,039</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">48. Little Bear Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,037</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">49. Mt. Sherman</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,036</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">50. Redcloud Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,034</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">51. Pyramid Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,025</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">52. North Maroon Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,019</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">53. Wilson Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,017</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">54. Wetterhorn Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,015</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">55. San Luis Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,014</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">56. Huron Peak</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,010</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">57. Mount of the Holy Cross</td><td style="height:16px;width:317px;">14,009</td></tr><tr><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">58. Sunshine Peak</td><td style="height:17px;width:317px;">14,001</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Drawn from “<a href="http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Fourteeners%20Official%20List%20A.pdf">Official List of Colorado Fourteeners</a>,” Colorado Geological Survey.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bock-samuel" hreflang="und">Bock, Samuel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fourteeners" hreflang="en">fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountains" hreflang="en">colorado mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">colorado rocky mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountaineering-colorado" hreflang="en">mountaineering in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/list-colorado-fourteeners" hreflang="en">list of colorado fourteeners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/14ers" hreflang="en">14ers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mountain-climbing-colorado" hreflang="en">mountain climbing colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Isabella L. Bird, <em>A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains</em> (London: John Murray, 1881)</p><p>Kevin S. Blake, “Colorado Fourteeners and the Nature of Place Identity,” <em>Geographical Review</em> 92 (April 1, 2002).</p><p>Walter R. Borneman and Lyndon J. Lampert, <em>A Climbing Guide to Colorado’s Fourteeners</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1994).</p><p>C. W. Buchholtz, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: A History </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1997).</p><p>William M. Bueler, <em>Roof of the Rockies: A History of Colorado Mountaineering</em> (Golden: Colorado Mountain Club Press, 2000).</p><p>Colorado Geological Survey, "<a href="http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Fourteeners%20Official%20List%20A.pdf">Official List of Colorado Fourteeners</a>," Colorado Geological Survey.</p><p>Jeffry B. Mitton and Scott M. Ferrenberg, “Mountain Pine Beetle Develops an Unprecedented Summer Generation in Response to Climate Warming,” <em>American Naturalist</em> 179 (May 1, 2012).</p><p>Gerry Roach, <em>Colorado’s Fourteeners: From Hikes to Climbs</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2011).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.14ers.com/">Colorado Fourteeners</a></p><p>​Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-mountains-6-famous-peaks">Colorado Mountains: 6 Famous Peaks</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p><p><a href="https://www.14ers.org/">The Colorado Fourteeners Initiative</a></p><p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/historyculture/index.htm">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>.”</p><p><a href="https://www.peakbagger.com/Default.aspx">Peak Bagger</a></p><p>William Riebsame, Hannah Gosnell, and David Theobald, eds., <em>Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region</em> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Aug 2015 16:30:08 +0000 yongli 558 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org