%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Bent's Forts http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Forts</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1329--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1329.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7748.jpg?itok=xO9-0jcV" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1330--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1330.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7711.jpg?itok=7_mqN0MH" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plaza, Bent&#039;s Old Fort Historic Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the plaza within Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site. In the 1830s and '40s, Native Americans, Anglo-Americans, and Hispanos met in the plaza to conduct trade.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1331--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1331.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-new-fort-plan"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bents%20New%20Fort%20sketch%20mapwkey_0.jpg?itok=lU1dbetW" width="1090" height="1152" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-new-fort-plan" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s New Fort Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1849 a decline in the bison hide trade forced William Bent to close his original trading post and open a new one farther down the Arkansas River. This sketch by archaeologist Michelle A. Slaughter outlines the layout of the new fort (click for larger image).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1328--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1328.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/richard-carrillo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RichardCarrillo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=sUUHSBnl" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/richard-carrillo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Carrillo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Richard Carrillo explains excavation results at Bent’s New Fort. At the time of his death in 2014, Carrillo was the preeminent Southeastern Colorado archaeologist and historian and was working on a project at Bent’s New Fort.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-06T10:52:40-06:00" title="Friday, May 6, 2016 - 10:52" class="datetime">Fri, 05/06/2016 - 10:52</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts" data-a2a-title="Bent&#039;s Forts"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbents-forts&amp;title=Bent%27s%20Forts"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, when the western United States was in a seemingly unending state of flux as people competed for dominance over the land and its resources, three men moved to what would eventually become southeastern Colorado and there established a trading and commercial empire. The Bents—brothers William, Charles, and <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>—arrived in the area in the late 1820s, and established two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> that were essential in the eventual establishment of permanent communities in the region.</p> <p>The Bents’ empire mixed the American influence of St. Louis and Westport, Missouri, with the existing Spanish and French Canadian influences and traditions in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and Nuche (<a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people) also controlled territory in southeastern Colorado and influenced the region’s cultural medley. As the Bents increased their economic domain, the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> peoples made increasing inroads into the plains bounded by the Rockies on the west, the Platte Rivers to the north, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> to the south.</p> <p>Perhaps anticipating the value of the small, but competitive tribes who came to the region to capitalize on the wild horse trade, in 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the esteemed Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman bore four children: Mary, Robert, George, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William continued with Cheyenne tradition and married her sister Yellow Woman, who gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. At some point Yellow Woman left, so William married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men and voyageurs was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire with the construction of Bent’s Old Fort (Fort William), 1832–34. They pioneered the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, and by the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of bison hides, along with other animal hides, for consumption in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a pivotal point on the border of US Territory and the Mexican nation, which gained independence from Spain in 1821.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a focal point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a haven for local trappers and traders until it was misused by General Stephen Watts Kearny’s Army of the West during the Mexican-American War in 1846. Kearny intended Bent’s Fort as a rallying point for preparation of the invasion of New Mexico, northern Mexico, and the expedition to California in support of Americans already living there. This did not sit well with William Bent, and in 1849 it is debated whether or not Bent actually blew up or destroyed his old fort before abandoning it. Being a consummate businessman, Bent would hardly have expended the many barrels of black powder necessary to raze the thick-walled adobe fort. Perhaps he only planted explosives enough to ruin fireplaces, cooking rooms, the well, the blacksmith’s shop, and anything else that might be of value to the federal government. A second theory is that the cholera epidemic that year may have also influenced Bent’s decision to abandon the fort.</p> <p>In 1853, photographer Solomon Nunes Carvalho mentions that “all the material saved from the fort was removed to Mr. Bent’s house, on Big Timber.” In the 1860s, a portion of the fort was renovated by the Missouri Stage Company and served as a stage stop for various companies, including Barlow and Sanderson, until the 1880s.</p> <p>In 1853, William again took to building a so-called New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas River. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, which was situated near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly, according to early travelers and diarists. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to frequent the area as well. Some estimated that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. The New Fort established a place for negotiation and resupply for the government and its agents. It established a destination for the building of the cut-off military road from the Smoky Hill River to the Arkansas River in 1853–56. It saw the tribes gather for their annual<a href="/article/indian-annuities"> <strong>annuities</strong></a> and saw many major and minor councils held between the tribes and with the government representatives.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans rise from Sumner’s Solomon River expedition against the Cheyennes to Chivington’s atrocious attack at <a href="/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a>. It also found itself as a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. On the other hand, it served as a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/carrillo-richard" hreflang="und">Carrillo, Richard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/slaughter-michelle" hreflang="und">Slaughter, Michelle A.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-bent" hreflang="en">william bent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-old-fort" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s old fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-new-fort" hreflang="en">Bent&#039;s New Fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-history" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/owl-woman" hreflang="en">Owl Woman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mistanta" hreflang="en">mistanta</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ceran-st-vrain" hreflang="en">Ceran St. Vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-post" hreflang="en">trading post</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otero-county" hreflang="en">otero county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-junta" hreflang="en">La Junta</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard F. Carrillo, <em>The Results of the University of Colorado–Colorado Springs 1994 and 1995 Historical Archaeology Field Schools at Boggsville Historic Site (5BN363): An Early 1860s Village in Southeastern Colorado, Bent County, Colorado</em>, ed. Thomas J. Wynn, prepared for the Pioneer Historical Society of Bent County, Las Animas, Colorado and the State Historical Fund, Colorado Historical Society, Denver (Denver: History Colorado, 1997).</p> <p>Solomon Nunes Carvalho, <em>Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West with Colonel Frémont’s Last Expedition</em> (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>George E. Hyde, <em>Life of George Bent</em>, ed. Savoie Lottinville (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968).</p> <p>David Lavender, <em>Bent’s Fort</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1954).</p> <p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/beol/index.htm">Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site</a>,” last modified November 18, 2015.</p> <p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/safe/learn/historyculture/bents-new-fort.htm">Bent’s New Fort</a>,” last modified November 27, 2015.</p> <p>State Historical Society of Colorado, <em>Bent’s Old Fort</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Bents_Old_Fort.docx">Bent's Forts Teacher Resource Set - Word&nbsp;</a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Bents_Old_Fort.pdf">Bent's Forts Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In the late 1820s, three brothers, William, Charles, and George Bent, built two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a>. These posts were located near what is today <strong>La Junta</strong>, Colorado. American, French Canadian, Spanish, and American Indian cultures mixed together in this southeastern Colorado region. The trading posts were important in starting lasting communities in this region.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> joined the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), the daughter of White Thunder. Owl Woman had four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died, William married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie.</p> <p>By the early 1830s, the trading business of the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, was growing. They built Bent’s Old Fort, also called Fort William from 1832 to 1834. By the mid-1840s the Bents were trading many thousands of buffalo and other hides to people living in the eastern United States. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>. </strong>It was a major trade route on the border of the US and Mexico. Bent’s Old Fort was a main point on the Santa Fé Trail for sixteen years before it was destroyed.</p> <p>In 1853, William built a New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” area of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there. It was located near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who visited the fort often.</p> <p>From 1853 to 1867, those living at Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans grow. But, it also was a place for military and civilians who tried to keep the peace between the government and the tribes. Bent’s two forts played an important part in developing southeastern Colorado.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century three brothers moved to what would become southeastern Colorado.&nbsp; There, they created a trading and commercial empire. William, Charles, and George Bent built two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> in southeastern Colorado that were key in the beginnings of permanent communities in the region. The Bents’ empire mixed Americans with the existing Spanish and French-Canadian influences and traditions in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> also controlled territory in the region and helped shape the southeastern Colorado’s cultural mixture.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the respected Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman had four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William, in keeping with Cheyenne tradition, married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. William then married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire. They built Bent’s Old Fort, also called Fort William, from 1832 to 1834. They started the buffalo hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>. By the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of buffalo hides, along with other animal hides, to people living in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a key point on the border of the United States and Mexico.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a central point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a shelter for local trappers and traders until General <strong>Stephen Watts </strong><strong>Kearny</strong>’s Army of the West tried&nbsp; to use it as a base during the Mexican-American War in 1846. The fur trade was in decline by this time, and in 1849 the fort was destroyed. There are several theories about the destruction of the fort, but it is not known for sure what happened.</p> <p>In 1853, William again started building a so-called Bent’s New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, located near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to visit the area as well. Some thought it likely that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. Bent’s New Fort became a place for compromise and resupply for the government and its agents.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the conflict between whites and Native Americans increase. It served as a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. But it also became a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>In the early and mid-nineteenth century, three men moved to what would eventually become southeastern Colorado and established a trading and commercial empire. The Bents—brothers William, Charles, and George—arrived in the area in the late 1820s, and established two <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> that were essential in the eventual establishment of permanent communities in the region.</p> <p>The Bents’ empire mixed the American influence of St. Louis and Westport, Missouri, with the existing Spanish and French Canadian influences in the region. The <strong>Kiowa</strong>, <strong>Comanche</strong>, Plains <strong>Apache</strong>, and <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> also controlled territory in southeastern Colorado and influenced the region’s cultural mix. As the Bents increased their economic power, the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> peoples made increasing inroads into the plains bounded by the Rockies on the west, the Platte Rivers to the north, and the <strong>Arkansas River</strong> to the south.</p> <p>In 1838 <a href="/article/william-bent"><strong>William Bent</strong></a> (sometimes called “Colonel,” “Little White Man,” and “Gray Beard”) joined the Cheyenne tribe by marrying <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a> (Mistanta), daughter of White Thunder, the esteemed Keeper of the Arrows. Owl Woman bore four children: Mary, Robert, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. When Owl Woman died at the birth of Julia, William, in keeping with Cheyenne tradition, married her sister Yellow Woman. She gave birth to his fifth and last child, Charlie. At some point Yellow Woman left, so William married his third and last wife, Island, another sister of Owl Woman.</p> <p>Even though the beaver-trapping era of the mountain men was coming to an end in the early 1830s, the Bents and their partners, the St. Vrains, were expanding their trade empire with the construction of Bent’s Old Fort (Fort William), 1832–34. They pioneered the buffalo hide version of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a>, and by the mid-1840s the Bents were trading tens of thousands of buffalo hides, along with other animal hides, for consumption in the East. Bent’s Old Fort was located on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and this major trade route put William Bent at a pivotal point on the border between the United States and Mexico.</p> <p>Bent’s Old Fort was a focal point on the Santa Fé Trail, and had served for at least sixteen years as a haven for local trappers and traders until General <strong>Stephen Watts </strong><strong>Kearny</strong>’s Army of the West misused it during the Mexican-American War in 1846. Kearny intended Bent’s Fort as a rallying point for preparation of the invasion of New Mexico (northern Mexico) and the expedition to California in support of Americans already living there. This did not sit well with William Bent, who was a lifelong friend of the Indians. The fur trade was in decline by that time, and in 1849 it was debated whether or not Bent actually blew up his old fort before abandoning it. A second theory is that the cholera epidemic that year may have also influenced Bent’s decision to abandon the fort.</p> <p>In 1853 photographer Solomon Nunes Carvalho mentioned that “all the material saved from the fort was removed to Mr. Bent’s house, on Big Timber.” In the 1860s, a portion of the fort was renovated by the Missouri Stage Company and served as a stage stop for various companies, including Barlow and Sanderson, until the 1880s.</p> <p>In 1853, William again took to building a so-called New Fort at the “<strong>Big Timbers</strong>” section of the Arkansas Valley. He chose a bluff overlooking the river valley and began a new trading post there, which was situated near the camping grounds of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa, who came there regularly, according to early travelers and diarists. Comanche and some <strong>Pawnee</strong> were known to frequent the area as well. Some estimated that at any one time, there could be thousands camped in the vicinity. The New Fort established a place for negotiation and resupply for the government and its agents. It established a destination for the building of the cut-off military road from the Smoky Hill River to the Arkansas River in 1853–56.</p> <p>In its short active life, 1853–67, Bent’s New Fort saw the rising conflict between whites and Native Americans from Sumner’s Solomon River expedition against the Cheyenne to Chivington’s atrocious attack at <strong>Sand Creek</strong>. It was also a jumping-off point for soldiers in campaigns against Plains Indians in the Red River War. On the other hand, it served as a destination for military and civilians who tried to maintain peaceful relations between the government and the tribes. There is no denying the key role that Bent’s two forts played in the commerce and development of southeastern Colorado.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 May 2016 16:52:40 +0000 Nick Johnson 1327 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William Bent http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-bent <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Bent</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--430--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--430.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/william-bent"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bent-County---Media-2---0029139_0_0.jpg?itok=rP-6xNUi" width="500" height="624" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/william-bent" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William Bent</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>William Bent (1809-69) built an adobe trading post on the Arkansas River west of present-day Las Animas in 1833. Bent's Fort was situated along the Santa Fé Trail that connected Missouri and Mexico and quickly became the center of trade on the Great Plains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1329--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1329.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bents-old-fort"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7748.jpg?itok=xO9-0jcV" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bents-old-fort" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bent&#039;s Old Fort</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Inside Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-29T11:23:09-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 29, 2015 - 11:23" class="datetime">Tue, 12/29/2015 - 11:23</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-bent" data-a2a-title="William Bent"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-bent&amp;title=William%20Bent"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William Bent (1809–69) played a pivotal role in the early development of Colorado. He initially came to the area as a fur trapper but became a liaison between whites and Native Americans via his trading fort on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> near present-day <strong>La Junta</strong>. The <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> was the strategic location for his trading post, which supplied goods to Mexicans, Native Americans, and white Americans. He was a friend of the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and was a key player in relations between them and the US government.</p> <p>William Bent was born May 23, 1809, in St. Louis, Missouri, as one of eleven children. In the 1820s, at the age of fifteen, he and his brother Charles traveled west to trap <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver </strong></a>along the Arkansas River. During these early years, they hauled goods between St. Louis and Santa Fé along the Santa Fé Trail. When William was seventeen, the brothers moved their operation to an area around the North Platte River. William, Charles, and their business partner, <strong>Ceran St. Vrain</strong>, established <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> in 1833, after they had managed to take away the majority of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> from Taos. Through his dealings with various ethnic groups in the region, Bent learned French, several Native languages, and sign language, making him an important intermediary between Native Americans and whites.</p> <p>Bent’s Fort employed approximately 100 people and functioned as a trading post as well as an outfitter for trappers, a safe resting place for travelers, a watch post for the US Army, and the center of the bison hide trade. Most of his dealings were with the Cheyenne. In 1830, he saved two Cheyenne from a group of wandering <strong>Comanche</strong>. Chief Yellow Wolf, the Cheyenne chief, was extremely grateful and eventually became a trading partner of Bent’s who would often set up camp just outside the fort. It is during this time that Bent became a liaison for the Native Americans. In 1835 he married <a href="/article/mistanta-owl-woman"><strong>Owl Woman</strong></a>, daughter of the Cheyenne White Thunder. She taught Bent the Cheyenne language and bore him four children: Robert, Mary, <a href="/article/george-bent"><strong>George</strong></a>, and Julia. Owl Woman died in 1847 during childbirth, and after her death, per Cheyenne custom, Bent took in her two sisters, Island and Yellow Woman. He and Yellow Woman had one son, Charley. Yellow Woman eventually went back to her tribe and Island became mother to all of Bent’s children.</p> <p>Due to its prime location on the border of the United States and Mexico, Bent’s Fort was used as a staging area by Colonel Stephen Watts Kearney during the invasion of Mexico in 1846. Afterwards, William Bent tried to sell his fort to the US Army, but it is rumored that their offer was so low he decided to destroy it instead. Another possibility for its demise was a cholera epidemic in 1849. It was burned to the ground that same year. In 1853, Bent moved thirty miles east and built Bent’s New Fort overlooking the Arkansas River at a place known as <strong>Big Timbers</strong>. Unfortunately, trade dwindled in the 1850s, so Bent became a mediator and representative for the Native Americans. He tried relentlessly to get them better treatment from the federal government. From 1859–60 he served as Indian agent for the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/upper-arkansas-indian-agency"><strong>Upper Arkansas Indian Agency</strong></a>, which was stationed for a short time at Bent’s New Fort.</p> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1864, in which more than 150 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians were slaughtered by US troops, was devastating to William Bent. His first three wives were Cheyenne, and all of his children were half Cheyenne. During the 1864 massacre, his children George, Charley, and Julia were in the Cheyenne camp. Colonel John Chivington coerced Bent’s son, Robert, to guide him and his troops to the camp. Captain Silas Soule rescued Charley; George and Julia escaped separately, with Julia being saved by her future husband. At Chivington’s trial, Robert and William Bent both testified against Chivington and condemned his actions. William Bent, on his own behalf, described his efforts to make peace between the whites and Native Americans. Prior to the massacre, Bent had informed Chivington that the Cheyenne leaders Black Kettle and White Antelope wanted to live in peace, but Chivington had dismissed Bent’s information.</p> <p>As a result of the massacre, Bent’s sons, Charley and George, joined the Dog Soldiers and led war parties of Cheyenne and <strong>Lakota</strong> against settlers of eastern Colorado. Charley would eventually die from a fever caused by a gunshot wound in 1868. George became an interpreter for <strong>Edward Wynkoop</strong> when he became an Indian Agent. Julia had three children with the man who rescued her from the Sand Creek Massacre. William Bent’s daughter Mary died in 1878. Earlier she had claimed that Charley had visited the Bent home one night to murder their father. It was sheer luck Bent was not at home.</p> <p>William Bent married his fourth wife, Adeline Harvey, a white woman, in 1867. The marriage was short lived due to his death in 1869 from pneumonia. He is buried in the Las Animas Cemetery in Las Animas, Colorado. His legacy is preserved in the reconstructed Bent’s Fort, now a tourist attraction, and in <a href="/article/bent-county"><strong>Bent County</strong></a>, which bears his name.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/king-judy" hreflang="und">King, Judy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort-0" hreflang="en">bent&#039;s fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trail" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trade" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trapper" hreflang="en">fur trapper</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ceran-st-vrain" hreflang="en">Ceran St. Vrain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/owl-woman" hreflang="en">Owl Woman</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State, </em>5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p> <p>Cheryl Beckwith, <em>William Bent: Frontiersman</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2011).</p> <p>“<a href="http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-west/">William Bent (1809–1869)</a>,” PBS Interactive, 2001. &nbsp;</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/beginnings/william-bent-frontiersman/">William Bent: Frontiersman</a>,” Colorado Virtual Library, July 13, 2015.</p> <p>Carol Turner, <em>Forgotten Heroes and Villains of Sand Creek</em> (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2010).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>The Way to the West: Essays on the Central Plains</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Melvin Bacon and Daniel Blegan, <em>Bent’s Fort: Crossroads of Culture on the Santa Fe Trail</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2001).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/beol/index.htm">Bent’s Old Fort</a>,” National Park Service, updated August 31, 2015,.</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq35mc_IxWc">Colorado Experience: Bent’s Fort</a>,” Youtube video, 28:19, posted by Rocky Mountain PBS, June 4, 2013.</p> <p>Anne F. Hyde, <em>Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Dec 2015 18:23:09 +0000 yongli 1065 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org