%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Great House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Great House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1486--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1486.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=LIr9Jaos" width="1000" height="679" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The namesake twin spires above the Chimney Rock Great House are distinctive landmarks.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1487--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1487.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great%20Houses%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=BmGx7zzn" width="370" height="479" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chimney-rock-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chimney Rock Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Aerial view showing the layout of the Chimney Rock Great House at Chimney Rock National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1488--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1488.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/escalante-pueblo-montezuma-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Great-Houses-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=F1-sVn4d" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/escalante-pueblo-montezuma-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Escalante Pueblo, Montezuma County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Like the Chimney Rock Great House, Escalante Pueblo tops a hill near Dolores with a commanding view of the surrounding landscape.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-23T11:22:46-06:00" title="Thursday, June 23, 2016 - 11:22" class="datetime">Thu, 06/23/2016 - 11:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-house" data-a2a-title="Great House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgreat-house&amp;title=Great%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>“Great House” refers to a class of ancient <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> structures from the ninth through thirteenth century. Great Houses were monumental, geometrically formal constructions, with thick stone masonry walls made with careful craftsmanship. While inspired by the regional center in <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a>, New Mexico, almost twenty Great Houses are known from southwestern Colorado, including <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock National Monument</strong></a> near <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a>, <strong>Far View House</strong> at <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/lowry-site"><strong>Lowry Pueblo</strong></a> in <strong>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</strong> near <strong>Cortez</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While most people of that era lived in modest but serviceable “unit pueblos<del cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">”—</del><ins cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">,” </ins>five or six rooms and a <a href="/article/kivas"><strong>kiva</strong></a> (a below-grade pit structure with both domestic and ritual functions)<ins cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">, </ins><del cite="mailto:S" datetime="2016-05-03T11:24">—</del>Great Houses were distinguished by their larger size and more substantial construction. Great Houses were typically several stories tall at a time when most construction was of short, single-story buildings. Great House ground plans are rigidly geometric and formal compared to the looser plans of unit pueblos. These may seem arbitrary distinctions, but in the field it is relatively easy to differentiate Great Houses from the far more numerous unit pueblos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The largest Great Houses were at Chaco Canyon; “outlier” Great Houses such as <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock </strong></a>and Far View House were perhaps one-twentieth the size of Pueblo Bonito, transported hundreds of miles away from Chaco and dropped amid a community of local people living in unit pueblos of the local architectural style. Great Houses were typically built atop a hill or rise visually dominating a surrounding community of several dozen unit pueblos. Chimney Rock provides a spectacular example of this placement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chaco Canyon’s Great Houses were mostly built from 850 to 1130. After construction ceased at Chaco Canyon, large Great Houses continued to be built at Aztec Ruins National Monument in New Mexico and throughout southwestern Colorado until the region was finally depopulated around 1280.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/lekson-stephen-h" hreflang="und">Lekson, Stephen H. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwestern-prehistory" hreflang="en">Southwestern prehistory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-archaeology" hreflang="en">mesa verde archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo-architecture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-house-architecture" hreflang="en">great house architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-period" hreflang="en">Formative Period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chacoan-colorado" hreflang="en">chacoan colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chimney-rock-archaeological-area" hreflang="en">chimney rock archaeological area</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Stephen H. Lekson, ed., <em>The Architecture of Chaco Canyon</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2007).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen H. Lekson, William B. Gillespie, and Thomas C. Windes, <a href="http://www.chacoarchive.org/media/pdf/002135.pdf"><em>Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon</em></a>, Publications in Archeology 18 B, Chaco Canyon Studies (Albuquerque, NM: National Park Service, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Grant Noble, ed., <em>In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma</em> (Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dennis R. Holloway, “<a href="http://www.dennisrhollowayarchitect.com/PreContact.html">Pre-Contact Native American Architecture and Places</a>,” 2009.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 23 Jun 2016 17:22:46 +0000 yongli 1485 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Far View Sites http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/far-view-sites <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Far View Sites</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1483--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1483.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/far-view-sites"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Far-View-Group-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=qJOg1qYJ" width="1000" height="633" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/far-view-sites" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Far View Sites</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Far View House and Pipe Shrine House at Mesa Verde National Park.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1484--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1484.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/far-view-reservoir"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Far-View-Group-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=2a4vuWKz" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/far-view-reservoir" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Far View Reservoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Far View Reservoir, near Far View House at Mesa Verde National Park.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-23T10:50:37-06:00" title="Thursday, June 23, 2016 - 10:50" class="datetime">Thu, 06/23/2016 - 10:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/far-view-sites" data-a2a-title="Far View Sites"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffar-view-sites&amp;title=Far%20View%20Sites"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Far View group at <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a> consists of more than twenty sites, five of which have been excavated. Far View House began as an eleventh-century <a href="/article/great-house"><strong>Great House</strong></a> and part of the region centered on <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a>. Many of the surrounding sites in the Far View Group were first built in the eleventh century, and—like Far View House—continued to be used and modified through the thirteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Far View Great House and several nearby smaller sites were excavated from 1916 to 1922, without detailed archaeological recording. Far View House was clearly a Chaco-era Great House with a rectangular ground plan, beginning perhaps as early as 1018. Thirty to forty large rectangular rooms (up to three stories tall) surrounded a single large Chaco-style <a href="/article/kivas"><strong>kiva</strong></a> (a round room with both domestic and ritual functions). Later modifications included the insertion of three more small kivas. Nearby Pipe Shrine House was a much smaller structure, begun in the eleventh century and later modified and enlarged through the thirteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later excavations by the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> (CU) in the 1960s and ’70s are better documented. At Coyote Village, near Far View House, five family houses associated with the Great House group were aggregated into a single structure. A large circular feature, ninety feet in diameter and adjacent to the Great House, was explored first in the 1920s, again by CU in 1969, and by the Wright Paleohydrological Institute in 1998–99. This feature, currently called Far View Reservoir, has been interpreted as either a reservoir or an unroofed Great Kiva (a community house seen at many Chaco Great Houses), with either a feeder canal or a Chacoan “road” (linear monuments seen at Chaco Canyon and its region). While the feature undoubtedly held water from time to time, it could not function efficiently as a reservoir, leading one researcher to conclude that if it was a reservoir, it would have been an insufficient water source for early inhabitants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Far View group has been developed for visitation at Mesa Verde. It provides a unique perspective on Mesa Verde in the century before the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwellings</strong></a>, when it was part of the Chaco region. The collapse of the Chacoan regional system led, in part, to the movement of villages into defensive cliff alcoves.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/lekson-stephen-h" hreflang="und">Lekson, Stephen H. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-archaeology" hreflang="en">Southwest archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-archaeology" hreflang="en">mesa verde archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-archaeology" hreflang="en">colorado archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo-architecture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-house-architecture" hreflang="en">great house architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chacoan-colorado" hreflang="en">chacoan colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>L. V. Benson, E. R. Griffin, J. R. Stein, R. A. Friedman, and S. W. Andrae, “Mummy Lake: An Unroofed Ceremonial Structure Within a Large-scale Ritual Landscape,” <em>Journal of Archaeological Science</em> 44 (April 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kenneth R. Wright, <em>The Water Mysteries of the Mesa Verde</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/mt_far_view_sites.htm">Far View Sites</a>,” updated November 27, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur H. Rohn and William M. Ferguson, <em>Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 23 Jun 2016 16:50:37 +0000 yongli 1481 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org The Gateway Tradition http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gateway-tradition <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Gateway Tradition</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--717--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--717.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/map-southwestern-colorado-showing-distribution-gateway-tradition-sites"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Region-Map_Gateway_Fremont_Anasazi_0.jpg?itok=0-vgUL26" width="1000" height="1301" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/map-southwestern-colorado-showing-distribution-gateway-tradition-sites" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Map of southwestern Colorado showing the distribution of Gateway tradition sites</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The distribution of Gateway tradition sites in relation to the Ancestral Puebloan and Fremont culture areas.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--719--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--719.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/gateway-tradition-masonry-structure"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Gateway-tradition-structure_0.jpg?itok=5dbVJYmh" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/gateway-tradition-masonry-structure" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Gateway tradition masonry structure</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photograph of a Gateway tradition masonry structure.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--720--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--720.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/gateway-tradition-stone-structures"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Gateway-Structures-figure_0.jpg?itok=-gho3NmE" width="1000" height="1360" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/gateway-tradition-stone-structures" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Gateway tradition stone structures</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Plan maps of Gateway tradition stone structures showing the variability within this feature type.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-13T09:32:14-07:00" title="Friday, November 13, 2015 - 09:32" class="datetime">Fri, 11/13/2015 - 09:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gateway-tradition" data-a2a-title="The Gateway Tradition"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgateway-tradition&amp;title=The%20Gateway%20Tradition"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Gateway tradition refers to a set of archaeological sites within western Montrose and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties, Colorado, that appear similar to <strong>Pueblo II</strong>–period (AD 900–1150) sites to the south in the core homeland of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloans</strong> </a>(Figs. 1 and 2). The sites in Montrose and San Miguel Counties, however, lack key diagnostic attributes of Pueblo II–period Ancestral Pueblo sites, such as<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kivas"><strong> kivas</strong></a> and a highly patterned layout of habitation structures, plazas, and refuse deposits. Archaeologists in the region have attributed the sites to the Ancestral Puebloans, the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"> <strong>Fremont</strong></a>, and to local groups that adapted traits of both. Recent reanalysis of archaeological materials excavated at the Weimer Ranch site complex northwest of <strong>Norwood</strong>, Colorado has provided convincing evidence that the Gateway tradition represents a short-term incursion of Ancestral Puebloans into west-central Colorado.</p> <h2>History of the Gateway Tradition Concept</h2> <p>Early archaeological investigations in southwestern Colorado focused on Ancestral Puebloan sites south of the San Miguel Mountains in the San Juan River drainage. Although a few sites with masonry architecture reminiscent of Ancestral Puebloan sites had been reported north of the San Miguel Mountains, most of the archaeological sites there were known to be stone artifact scatters without apparent architecture or pottery. The region was considered to be outside of the main homeland of the Ancestral Puebloans.</p> <p>The Colorado State Historical Society conducted some of the first archaeological excavations in the area north of the San Miguel Mountains in 1924, focusing on several noncontiguous, rectangular masonry rooms in the Paradox Valley in western Montrose County. The investigators concluded that the structures represented Ancestral Puebloan summer homes, based on the nature of the architecture and pottery.</p> <p>Further excavations in the 1930s and 1940s, focusing on the larger architectural sites, produced Ancestral Puebloan pottery types. The revealed architectural styles, however, were not entirely compatible with those of Ancestral Puebloan sites located south of the San Miguel Mountains. The sites contained no kivas, which are nearly universal at Pueblo-period habitation sites in the Ancestral Puebloan homeland. The typical pattern of Ancestral Puebloan site layout, with surface habitation structures at the northern end of the site; a plaza and subterranean kiva just south of the surface habitation structures; and a midden, or refuse deposit, at the southern end of the site was not evident at the excavated sites in western <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. In a review of these various archaeological investigations, Albert Schroeder concluded that the sites represented a northward expansion of either Pueblo II–period Ancestral Puebloans or aspects of their ways of life.</p> <p>After a thirty-year hiatus in archaeological excavations in San Miguel and western Montrose Counties, Metropolitan State College in Denver commenced an excavation project at ten structural sites on the Weimer Ranch. Excavations revealed rectangular and circular rooms, evidence of corn, stone arrow points, and pottery. The pottery was classified into Ancestral Puebloan types, essentially indicating a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a>–region ceramic assemblage. The pottery was thought to represent Ancestral Puebloan types, but the circular masonry structures and aspects of site layout were more similar to the Fremont culture. Thus, investigators suggested that the Weimer Ranch sites were occupied by an indigenous group that borrowed elements of both Ancestral Puebloan and Fremont cultures.</p> <p>Meanwhile, archaeological surveys attributed structures on some sites to the Fremont. This trend intensified when Utah archaeologists suggested that cultural variation was one of the defining characteristics of Fremont sites.</p> <p>In 1997, Alan Reed coined the Gateway tradition as a way to describe sites in west-central Colorado with pottery, evidence of corn, and masonry architecture. The tradition was defined to mark the region’s sites as substantially different from those of either the Ancestral Pueblo or the Fremont core areas. Fremont ceramics were believed to be rare in the region, and other key elements of the Fremont—such as one-rod-and-bundle basketry, moccasins made from the hock of a deer or mountain sheep, clay figurines and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> depictions of trapezoidal figures with elaborate ornamentation, and a distinct ceramic tradition—were not known from the area.</p> <p>The widespread presence of round masonry habitation rooms and the absence of kivas and highly patterned site layouts argued against direct affiliation with the Ancestral Puebloans. Furthermore, it seemed clear that full progression of Ancestral Pueblo culture—as represented by the <strong>Basketmaker III</strong>, <strong>Pueblo I</strong>, and Pueblo III archaeological units—was not represented in west-central Colorado. The Gateway tradition sites were thought to represent a local development that adapted elements of the farming-based cultures living to the south and west.</p> <h2>Recent Insights into the Gateway Tradition</h2> <p>In 2006 archaeologists completed a reexamination of the Weimer Ranch materials with funds provided by the Colorado State Historic Fund. Site maps, photographs, and basic architectural descriptions were compiled. Stone, bone, and pottery artifacts were analyzed and organized. Eleven <a href="/article/radiocarbon-dating-0"><strong>radiocarbon date</strong></a>s were processed, including five dates produced by accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dating, a different type of radiocarbon dating.</p> <p>Perhaps most important, the ceramic artifacts from the Weimer Ranch sites were submitted to Lori Reed, an expert in prehistoric pottery of the Four Corners area. The sample of 250 Ancestral Pueblo pottery fragments revealed types commonly dated between AD 900 and 1100—the Pueblo II period. The ceramics were attributed to three manufacturing locales, based on temper materials, paste characteristics, and slip. Some of the fragments were evidently manufactured in the Northern San Juan River drainage—the general vicinity of the <strong>Four Corners</strong>. A second set of pottery fragments was outwardly similar to the Pueblo II<sub>­ </sub>period ceramics from the Northern San Juan area, but displayed subtle differences. Lori Reed suggests that this set of pieces was produced near Weimer Ranch.</p> <p>Largely as a result of the Weimer Ranch reanalysis, it now seems likely that the Gateway tradition represents an actual incursion into west-central Colorado by Ancestral Pueblo peoples from the Northern San Juan drainage. These people either brought pottery from the Northern San Juan drainage with them or obtained it through trading networks. Once settled in west-central Colorado, they continued making their familiar pottery types using local materials. Possibly because their new communities were small, kivas were unnecessary. Round masonry rooms, where present, may have been constructed if little village growth was anticipated.</p> <h3>Dating the Gateway Tradition</h3> <p>The Gateway tradition is currently dated between about AD 900 and 1030, though the sample of high-quality AMS dates is small. The sample of AMS dates and ceramic types from various sites suggest that the Gateway tradition may have been of relatively short duration and limited to the Pueblo II period.</p> <h3>Settlement Patterns and Distribution</h3> <p>Although early researchers mention a few masonry sites with Puebloan ceramics on the eastern side of the <strong>Uncompahgre Plateau</strong>, the large majority is on the lower western flanks of the Uncompahgre Plateau in the San Miguel and lower Dolores River drainages. This area includes western Montrose County and northwestern San Miguel County (Fig. 1). Sites are generally clustered between 6,600 feet (2,011 m) and 7,100 feet (2,164 m), probably within the elevation zone where corn horticulture was possible during the time of occupation. Sites often occur on canyon rims. Structural sites appear to have between one and seven rooms. One of the more elaborate multiroom structures is Cottonwood Pueblo (Fig. 3).</p> <p>A few Gateway tradition sites are located in relatively high elevations. Situated at 9,560 feet (2,914 m), the Jeff Lick site and its four or five circular structures may represent a summer or fall base camp and outpost for storage of plants and animals procured atop the Uncompahgre Plateau. The Fallen Deer site is a nonstructural site at the southern end of the Uncompahgre Plateau with Pueblo II–period ceramics at 8,160 feet (2,487 m). It, too, probably represents foraging trips above the farming belt.</p> <h3>Subsistence</h3> <p>The available subsistence data suggest a strategy based on corn horticulture. Wild plants were also important, however, and included grass seeds, pinyon nuts, juniper berries, acorns, cactus pads, and goosefoot seeds. Hunting was important, especially of deer. Bones of reptiles, small birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, elk, bison, <a href="/article/bighorn-sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, and bears have also been recovered at Gateway tradition sites. Bones are frequently heavily processed, suggesting extraction of bone grease.</p> <h3>Technology</h3> <p>Gateway tradition stone-working and ceramic technologies are generally similar to those of the Northern San Juan area. Projectile points are dominated by small corner-notched varieties that are thought to have been arrow tips. Pottery from the Northern San Juan River drainage was brought to sites in west-central Colorado, but similar pottery styles were also locally manufactured. Whereas two-hand manos, or grinding stones, are common in the Northern San Juan area, they are uncommon in west-central Colorado. At Weimer Ranch, 97 percent of the recovered manos were of the one-hand variety. This suggests that corn milling may have been less intensive at Weimer Ranch than at contemporaneous sites in the Northern San Juan drainage.</p> <h2>Conclusion</h2> <p>Although the suspected origins of the people represented by the Gateway tradition has changed in light of new archaeological information, the tradition continues to be a useful way to think about local variation in the archaeological record. Even though the tradition probably represents a Pueblo II–period phenomenon, Gateway tradition sites do vary from contemporaneous sites in the Four Corners area. The Gateway tradition should prove useful for future studies of Ancestral Puebloan migrations, interactions between immigrant farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers, defensive strategies, mechanisms of social integration, and aspects of technology that directly reflect cultural affiliation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/reed-alan-d" hreflang="und">Reed, Alan D. </a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/greubel-rand" hreflang="und">Greubel, Rand A.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gateway-tradition" hreflang="en">Gateway Tradition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-puebloan-culture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Puebloan culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fremont-culture" hreflang="en">Fremont culture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox-valley" hreflang="en">Paradox Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anasazi" hreflang="en">Anasazi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/migrations" hreflang="en">migrations</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwestern-prehistory" hreflang="en">Southwestern prehistory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-farming" hreflang="en">Prehistoric farming</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-ii-period" hreflang="en">Pueblo II period</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Cathy J. Crane, <em>A Comparison of Archaeological Sites on the Uncompahgre Plateau and Adjacent Areas</em> (Master’s thesis, Eastern New Mexico University, 1977).</p> <p>Cathy J. Crane, “Cultural Adaptation along the Tributaries of the San Miguel River, West Central Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 44 (December 1978).</p> <p>Rand A. Greubel, Bradford W. Andrews, and Alan D. Reed, <em>The Weimer Ranch Sites Revisited: Analysis of Materials from a Prehistoric Farming Community in West Central Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado, for Uncompahgre/Com. Inc., Delta, Colorado (Montrose, Colorado: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p> <p>Rand A. Greubel, Alan D. Reed, and Bradford W. Andrews, “Gaining Ground on the Gateway Tradition: Analysis of Materials from Weimer Ranch, a Prehistoric Farming Settlement in West-Central Colorado,” <em>Colorado Archaeology</em> 75 (Spring/Summer 2009).</p> <p>David B. Madsen, <em>Exploring the Fremont</em>, University of Utah Occasional Publication No. 8 (Salt Lake City: Utah Museum of Natural History, 1989).</p> <p>David B. Madsen and Steven R. Simms, “The Fremont Complex: A Behavioral Perspective,” <em>Journal of World Prehistory</em> 12 (September 1998).</p> <p>Kae McDonald, <em>Archaeological Excavations at the Fallen Deer Site (5SM2578)</em>, prepared by Metcalf Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Eagle, Colorado, for Western Land Group, Inc., Denver, Colorado (Delta, Colorado: Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and Gunnison National Forests Supervisor’s Office, 1998).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, “The Gateway Tradition: A Formative Stage Culture Unit for East-Central Utah and West-Central Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 63 (Summer 1997).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, and Steven D. Emslie, <em>Archaeological Assessment of Twelve Gateway-Tradition Sites in Western Montrose and San Miguel Counties, Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado and University of North Carolina, Wilmington (Montrose: Colorado Archaeological Society, Chipeta Chapter, 2008).</p> <p>Lori Stephens Reed, “Ceramic Artifacts,” appendix A in <em>The Weimer Ranch Sites Revisited: Analysis of Materials from a Prehistoric Farming Community in West Central Colorado</em>, prepared by Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Inc., Montrose, Colorado (Montrose, Colorado: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p> <p>Albert H. Schroeder, “The Cultural Position of Hurst’s Tabeguache Caves and Pueblo Sites,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 29 (March 1964).</p> <p>Steven R. Simms, “New Evidence for Fremont Adaptive Diversity,” <em>Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology</em> 8, no. 2 (1986).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>C. T. Hurst, “The Cottonwood Expedition, 1947—A Cave and a Pueblo Site,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 14 (June 1948).</p> <p>C. T. Hurst, “The 1945 Tabeguache Expedition,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 12 (June 1946).</p> <p>Betty H. Huscher and Harold A. Huscher, "The Hogan Builders of Colorado," <em>Southwestern Lore </em>9 (September 1943).</p> <p>Alan D. Reed, “Settlement and Subsistence during the Formative Era in West-Central Colorado,” <em>Colorado Archaeology</em> 71 (Winter 2005).</p> <p>Henry W. Toll III, <em>Dolores River Archaeology: Canyon Adaptations as Seen through Survey, </em>Cultural Resource Series no. 4 (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1977).</p> <p>George Woodbury and Edna Woodbury, “The Archaeological Survey of Paradox Valley and Adjacent Country in Western Montrose County, Colorado, 1931,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 9 (January 1932).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Nov 2015 16:32:14 +0000 yongli 908 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Apishapa Phase http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/apishapa-phase <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Apishapa Phase</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-20T16:22:33-06:00" title="Thursday, August 20, 2015 - 16:22" class="datetime">Thu, 08/20/2015 - 16:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/apishapa-phase" data-a2a-title="Apishapa Phase"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fapishapa-phase&amp;title=Apishapa%20Phase"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Apishapa phase is the name given to distinctive archaeological sites found primarily in southeastern Colorado that Native Americans occupied between AD 1050 and 1450. The Apishapa phase is related to both contemporaneous and more recent archaeological sites located in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles. Archaeologists do not know which modern Native American tribes represent the descendants of the people who lived in Apishapa phase sites, although some scholars believe that they may be the Caddoan-speaking tribes of the Plains, including the <strong>Pawnee</strong>.</p> <p><strong>University of Denver</strong> archaeologist Arnold M. Withers coined the term Apishapa phase in 1954 after the <strong>Apishapa River</strong>, a major tributary of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> that flows from the <strong>Spanish Peaks</strong> northeast toward the town of <strong>Fowler</strong>, Colorado. The Apishapa River cuts a deep canyon into the open grassland of northern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/las-animas-county"><strong>Las Animas</strong></a> and southeastern <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-county"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> Counties. It was along the rim of that canyon that the first professional investigations of Apishapa phase sites took place.</p> <p>Archaeologists now know that Apishapa phase sites occur throughout a broad arc extending from the town of Kenton, Oklahoma, nearly to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, Colorado (Fig. 1). Major concentrations of Apishapa phase sites occur along the Dry Cimarron River in northeastern New Mexico; in the maze of shallow canyons in western <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/baca-county"><strong>Baca County</strong></a>; along the <strong>Purgatoire</strong> and Apishapa Rivers and their tributaries in southern Las Animas County; and along Turkey Creek, a northern tributary of the Arkansas River in Pueblo County.</p> <h2>Apishapa Phase Architecture</h2> <p>Archaeologists were drawn to Apishapa sites because of their spectacular architecture. The first site intensively studied by archaeologists, known as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snake-blakeslee-archaeological-site"><strong>Snake Blakeslee</strong></a> site, contains the remains of two multiroom stone structures, along with several one-room structures, all perched on the rim of the Apishapa Canyon. First visited in 1930 by University of Denver archaeologist Etienne B. Renaud and excavated in 1949 by Columbia University graduate student Haldon Chase, the buildings at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snake-blakeslee-archaeological-site"><strong>Snake Blakeslee</strong></a> were constructed from massive stone blocks. In some rooms, upright stone pillars or posts up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) high supported the roof (Fig. 2). The upper walls and roofs of Apishapa phase buildings likely were built from wooden poles covered with clay, a construction technique known as jacal. Animal hides, bundles of grass, or boughs may also have been used to cover the buildings’ wooden frameworks.</p> <p>The Cramer site, another Apishapa Canyon site investigated by Renaud and later by University of Nebraska State Archaeologist James H. Gunnerson, contained a massive structure made up of three rooms connected by curving walls that separated different work areas. The largest of the rooms at Cramer measures 7.5 meters (25 feet) across (Fig. 3). Gunnerson interpreted that large room as a ceremonial building. Other archaeologists have interpreted Apishapa phase sites as defensive in nature, due to their frequent occurrence on isolated mesas or on the rims of deep canyons.</p> <p>As research expanded in the 1980s and 1990s, especially on lands administered by the US Army at <strong>Fort Carson</strong> and the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, archaeologists came to realize that the buildings at the Cramer and Snake Blakeslee sites are atypical examples of Apishapa phase architecture. Foundation slabs set vertically in the ground are a common feature of Apishapa structures and most are circular or oval, but their size, position on the landscape, and number of rooms vary widely. Archaeologists now interpret Apishapa phase buildings as family homes or, in the case of larger buildings, as communal work areas, rather than as ceremonial buildings or fortifications.</p> <p>Archaeologists have also discovered Apishapa sites without architecture, including locations in open plains settings and in deep alcoves in sandstone cliffs. Those alcoves, also known as rock shelters, mostly provided natural protection from the elements, but Apishapa phase households sometimes built walls or other structures inside them. Sites in the open plains were used primarily as buffalo hunting camps.</p> <h2>Apishapa Phase Lifeways</h2> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, archaeologists thought that the Apishapa phase represented a local example of a widespread sociocultural pattern known as the Plains Village tradition. Plains Village tradition sites occur throughout the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, from the Missouri River in North Dakota to the Canadian River in Texas and Oklahoma. Plains Village tradition groups built substantial timber-frame houses close to river floodplains suitable for growing corn (maize) and other domesticated crops, stored surplus food and other items in underground storage pits, and manufactured distinctive stone and bone tools and pottery vessels. In addition to raising maize, they also hunted buffalo and other large mammals. Thus, archaeologists interpreted Apishapa phase sites as permanent villages where families lived for much of the year, farming during the summer and traveling periodically to the open plains to hunt.</p> <p>Detailed studies of artifacts and the remains of plants and animals now show Apishapa phase sites were not populous permanent villages, but were instead occupied repeatedly and for brief periods by small groups of people. Apishapa phase households did hunt buffalo, but they also hunted a wide variety of smaller animals. Corncobs and kernels occur on Apishapa phase sites, but the remains of wild plant foods are more abundant and farming tools are lacking, indicating that cultivated crops were a dietary supplement, rather than a staple. Archaeologists now view Apishapa phase people primarily as hunter-gatherers who moved seasonally between houses located in different ecological zones.</p> <p>Apishapa phase sites contain small numbers of imported artifacts. Pottery vessels made in the Southwest, as well as farther east in the Plains, occur on some sites. Stone tools manufactured in the Texas panhandle are found on others. Shells from the Gulf of Mexico have been found on a few sites. These imported items may have been traded from one group to another, or they may indicate that Apishapa phase people periodically had contact with people from distant regions.</p> <p>Petroglyphs, or <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a> images pecked into boulders or cliff faces, frequently occur near Apishapa phase sites. Some of these images may be contemporaneous with the Apishapa phase, while some may be slightly older. Common motifs include <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>, deer, and other animals, as well as human figures with knobby knees, outstretched arms, and oversized fingers. Meandering lines and other abstract elements co-occur with depictions of animals and people. Groups of petroglyphs depicting animals and humans may represent hunting scenes.</p> <p>Archaeologists have good evidence that the ancestors of the people who built Apishapa phase sites had been living in southeastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico for 1,000 years or longer. However, the reasons why they left the region in the early AD 1400s are not known. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>Climate change</strong></a>, especially widespread drought, as well as warfare may have been factors.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mitchell-mark-d" hreflang="und">Mitchell, Mark D. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/caddoan" hreflang="en">Caddoan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/prehistoric-archaeology" hreflang="en">prehistoric archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/masonry-architecture" hreflang="en">masonry architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-village-tradition" hreflang="en">Plains Village tradition</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hunter-gatherers" hreflang="en">hunter-gatherers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-hunters" hreflang="en">bison hunters</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Timothy G. Baugh, “Holocene Adaptations in the Southern High Plains,” in <em>Plains Indians, A.D. 500–1500</em>, ed. Karl H. Schlesier (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994).</p> <p>Roger Echo-Hawk, “Ancient History in the New World: Integrating Oral Traditions and the Archaeological Record in Deep Time,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 65, no. 2 (April 2000).</p> <p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Archaeology of the High Plains</em>, Cultural Resource Series No. 19 (Lakewood, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1987).</p> <p>James H. Gunnerson, <em>Apishapa Canyon Archaeology: Excavations at the Cramer, Snake Blakeslee and Nearby Sites</em>, Reprints in Anthropology Vol. 41 (Lincoln, NE: J &amp; L Reprint Company, 1989).</p> <p>Stephen M. Kalasz, Mark D. Mitchell, and Christian J. Zier, “Late Prehistoric Stage,” in <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Arkansas River Basin</em>, ed. Christian J. Zier and Stephen M. Kalasz (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p> <p>Etienne B. Renaud, <em>Indian Stone Enclosures of Colorado and New Mexico</em>,<em> </em>Archaeological Papers Series No. 2 (Denver: Department of Anthropology, University of Denver, 1942).</p> <p>Arnold M. Withers, “Reports of Archaeological Fieldwork in Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah in 1952 and 1953,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 19, no. 4 (March 1954).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson Publishing Company, 1997).</p> <p><a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/projects/cultural-resource-surveys/ranching-survey/">Colorado Preservation, Inc., Purgatoire River Region Survey</a></p> <p><a href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofhig00gunn">James H. Gunnerson, <em>Archaeology of the High Plains </em>(1987)</a></p> <p>David Grant Nobel, <em>Ancient Colorado: An Archaeological Perspective</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 2000).</p> <p><a href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/">Texas Beyond History: The Virtual Museum of Texas’ Cultural History</a></p> <p>Christian J. Zier and Stephen M. Kalasz, <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Arkansas River Basin</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 20 Aug 2015 22:22:33 +0000 yongli 574 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org