%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Cliff Palace http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Palace</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1598--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1598.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cliff-palace"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cliff_Palace_1_0.jpg?itok=uaEJ0Ki3" width="1090" height="392" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cliff-palace" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Palace</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Constructed by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s, the 150-room Cliff Palace is now part of Mesa Verde National Park and is one of the most photographed places on Earth.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1601--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1601.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cliff-palace-1891"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Mesa_Verde_-_Cliff_Palace_in_1891_0.jpg?itok=dk32cD5u" width="1000" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cliff-palace-1891" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Palace, 1891</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1891 the Swedish scholar Gustaf Nordenskiöld conducted the first significant excavations at Cliff Palace. His work stimulated wider interest in the Mesa Verde area.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-25T14:48:51-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 25, 2016 - 14:48" class="datetime">Wed, 05/25/2016 - 14:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace" data-a2a-title="Cliff Palace"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcliff-palace&amp;title=Cliff%20Palace"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located in an alcove on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, Cliff Palace is a 150-room <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwelling</strong></a> built by <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a>&nbsp;people in the 1200s. Diné (<strong>Navajo</strong>), Nuche&nbsp;(<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>), <strong>Apache</strong>, and Pueblo people knew of the structures well before&nbsp;rancher <a href="/article/richard-wetherill"><strong>Richard Wetherill</strong></a> and Charles Mason encountered them&nbsp;in 1888. The largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace is also one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.</p> <h2>Construction and Use</h2> <p>Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were constructed during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE) of the Ancestral Pueblo&nbsp;tradition, when Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves, perhaps for greater protection. The site probably had a population of 150 or more and served as an administrative center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby, which could have housed an estimated 625 people.</p> <p>Cliff Palace was built in pieces between about 1200 and 1275, with each family constructing its own kiva and room suite, and grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kivas"><strong>kivas</strong></a>. Kivas, circular areas excavated into the ground, were the central residential structures at sites such as Cliff Palace. Kivas could be used for residences and ritual gatherings; they could also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms that made up a courtyard complex shared by an extended family or clan. These residential courtyard complexes made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.</p> <p>Like the rest of the Mesa Verde region, Cliff Palace was evacuated in the final decades of the 1200s when the Ancestral Pueblo&nbsp;migrated to the south and southwest. Although the exact reasons for the migration remain unknown, there is evidence that colder and drier weather, combined with increased conflict in the region, made it harder for residents to rely on traditional strategies for survival.</p> <h2>"Rediscovery" in 1888</h2> <p>Local Indigenous groups were well aware of the Cliff Palace before&nbsp;local rancher Al Wetherill and several others claimed to have seen it&nbsp;in the 1880s.&nbsp;On December 18, 1888, Al’s brother Richard and their brother-in-law, Charles Mason, found the site. The men were searching for cattle with their Ute guide, Acowitz, when they first saw the structure. They explored it and soon discovered other cliff dwellings and pueblos nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area throughout the winter to explore and dig for artifacts, which he later sold to the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>).</p> <p>In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to the visiting Swedish scholar <a href="/article/gustaf-nordenski%C3%B6ld-and-mesa-verde-region"><strong>Gustaf Nordenskiöld</strong></a>, who spent the summer excavating nearly two dozen cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. His book <em>The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde</em> (1893) played a crucial role in stimulating interest in the area’s archaeology. The&nbsp;artifacts he plundered during his excavations were long housed at the National Museum of Finland, but in 2019 the Finnish government agreed to return many of them—including some human remains and funerary objects—to native tribes in the region.</p> <p>Cliff Palace had deteriorated somewhat in the six centuries since its occupation, but the process of decay accelerated rapidly after its rediscovery, as it saw increased visitation from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists. In response, a movement developed in the 1890s and early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a national park and to pass the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act</strong></a>&nbsp;(1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.</p> <h2>Archaeological Work and Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a national park. Most of the structures in the park were still filled with debris and in danger of collapsing, so the Department of the Interior asked <strong>Jesse Walter Fewkes</strong> of the Bureau of American Ethnology to come to the park and perform excavation, preservation, and repair work. From 1908 to 1922 Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace, where he worked in 1909–10. His team recovered artifacts; cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris; strengthened walls; and built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace, making it what was then believed to be the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.</p> <p>Since Fewkes’s time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations and in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization. <strong>Earl Morris</strong> of the Carnegie Institution led the 1934 project at Cliff Palace, which added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. The project marked a turning point in preservation efforts at Mesa Verde because Morris implemented a new policy of documenting all repairs so that it would be possible in the future to tell the difference between the parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored. The 1934 project was also significant for marking the start of <strong>James “Al” Lancaster</strong>’s long career at Mesa Verde, where he led the park’s stabilization crew for several decades.</p> <h2>Mapping Cliff Palace</h2> <p>In the late 1990s Mesa Verde was one of the first recipients of funding from the Save America’s Treasures program launched by the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The park’s chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, used part of the money to make the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby’s map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted, making it the same size as <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/long-house">Long Hous</a></strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/long-house"><strong>e</strong></a> on nearby Wetherill Mesa.</p> <p>Nordby’s map and analysis also revealed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site appear to have been used primarily for storage, indicating that Cliff Palace may have served as a central warehouse and distribution center for other dwellings in the area, with perhaps as few as 125 residents of its own. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site that divided it into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.</p> <h2>2015 Conservation and Stabilization Project</h2> <p>The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems that are exacerbated by frequent visitation and have required regular stabilization since the middle of the twentieth century. Especially since World War II, when visitation to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically, vibrations from foot traffic have caused loose material at the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have kept the public away from certain parts of the site and have limited the size of tour groups. They have also performed regular maintenance to repair cracks, stabilize walls, and improve drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof.</p> <p>Most recently, in 2011 a wall collapse in Kiva F led to a comprehensive investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that although the northern half of the site was built on firm bedrock, the southern half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the alcove ceiling. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill, causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort and performed extensive repairs before Memorial Day and after Labor Day in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015, but daily tours were conducted as usual during the summer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-dwelling" hreflang="en">cliff dwelling</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-national-park" hreflang="en">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/richard-wetherill" hreflang="en">Richard Wetherill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustaf-nordenskiold" hreflang="en">Gustaf Nordenskiold</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jesse-walter-fewkes" hreflang="en">Jesse Walter Fewkes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/earl-morris" hreflang="en">Earl Morris</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>William M. Ferguson, <em>The Anasazi of Mesa Verde and the Four Corners</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p> <p>Florence C. Lister, <em>Troweling Through Time: The First Century of Mesa Verdean Archaeology</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).</p> <p>David Grant Noble, ed., <em>The Mesa Verde World: Explorations in Ancestral Pueblo Archaeology</em> (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2006).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/cliff_palace_preservation.htm">Preserving Cliff Palace</a>,” Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service.</p> <p><span style="color: rgb(59, 59, 59); font-family: Lato, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20.02px;">Kevin Simpson,&nbsp;</span><a class="ext" href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/10/10/mesa-verde-remains-nordenskiold/" style="color: rgb(0, 144, 235); font-family: Lato, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20.02px;" title=" (external link)">"More Than a Century Ago, a European Visitor Took More Than 600 Native American Remains and Artifacts From Colorado's Mesa Verde,"</a><span style="color: rgb(59, 59, 59); font-family: Lato, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20.02px;">&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(59, 59, 59); font-family: Lato, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20.02px;">Colorado Sun</em><span style="color: rgb(59, 59, 59); font-family: Lato, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20.02px;">, October 10, 2019.</span></p> <p>Ricardo Torres-Reyes, <em>Mesa Verde National Park: An Administrative History, 1906–1970</em> (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1970).</p> <p>Barbara Wyatt, “Mesa Verde National Park Archeological District,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (December 8, 1976).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/meve/learn/historyculture/cd_cliff_palace.htm">“Cliff Palace,”</a> Mesa Verde National Park, National Park Service.</p> <p>Jesse Walter Fewkes, <em>Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace</em>, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 51 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911).</p> <p>Gustav Nordenskiöld, <em>The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado</em> (Glorieta, NM: Rio Grande Press, 1979).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Cliff_Palace.docx">Cliff Palace Teacher Resource Set - Word</a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Cliff_Palace.pdf">Cliff Palace Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Cliff Palace is a group of 150 rooms carved into the cliffs of Mesa Verde. It was built 800 years ago by Ancestral Puebloans. Ranchers rediscovered Cliff Palace in 1888. Mesa Verde became one of the first National Parks. Cliff Palace is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde. It is one of the most photographed places in the world.</p> <p>Mesa Verde got a special honor in 1978. It was named a United Nations (UNESCO) World Heritage Site.</p> <h2>Construction and Use</h2> <p>Cliff dwellings were built by the Ancestral Puebloans, who were ancestors of the Pueblo Native American tribe. The cliff dwellings were built from 1200–75. The people had lived on flat ground around Mesa Verde. To keep their community safe, they started to build homes in the cliffs. Cliff Palace was home to 125-150 people. There were sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. About 625 people lived in the Mesa Verde area.</p> <p>Each family built its own kiva and rooms. Soon there were 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas. Kivas are round rooms dug into the ground. Kivas were used for religious and social gatherings. They could be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were small rooms. These made up a courtyard that was shared by a family or clan. Courtyards made up most of Cliff Palace. There were also kivas without courtyards and rooms without kivas. The Ancestral Puebloans also built circular towers, great kivas, and other spaces.</p> <p>The Ancestral Puebloans left the Mesa Verde area at the end of the 1200s. They moved to land in the south. No one knows why they left Mesa Verde. Experts think that the weather became colder and dryer. There might have been conflicts with other groups in the area. These things made it hard to live at Mesa Verde.</p> <h2>Rediscovery in 1888</h2> <p>The Wetherills were ranchers near Mesa Verde. On December 18, 1888, Richard Wetherill, Charles Mason, and their Ute guide Acowitz were searching for cattle. They saw Cliff Palace for the first time. They explored it, and then they discovered other cliff dwellings. Richard Wetherill returned to the area all winter. He explored more and dug for artifacts.</p> <p>In 1891 the Wetherills showed Mesa Verde to a Swedish scholar, Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Nordenskiöld spent the summer studying the cliff dwellings, including Cliff Palace. He took many things he discovered in Mesa Verde to Finland. Some of Mesa Verde’s treasures are in the National Museum of Finland.</p> <p>Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book called <em>The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde</em> in 1893.</p> <p>People who read the book became interested in Mesa Verde and the Ancestral Puebloans.</p> <p>Many people visited Mesa Verde. They included pothunters, archaeologists, and tourists. Cliff Palace was being destroyed by so many visitors. They took items from the site and damaged the area.</p> <h2>Archaeological Work and Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>People who cared about Mesa Verde wanted to make it a National Park to protect it. They helped to pass a law that people could not take items from the site.</p> <p>In 1906 Mesa Verde became a National Park. Many of the structures were in danger. They were falling and filled with rubble. Jesse Walter Fewkes, who worked for the US Government, came to Mesa Verde. His team did excavation, preservation, and repair work. From 1908 to 1922, they worked on cliff dwellings in the park. His team found artifacts, cleared rooms and kivas, and strengthened walls. They built a trail for visitors.</p> <p>In the 1930s, Cliff Palace was in desperate need of more repairs. The US government and private institutions funded programs to help fix it up. Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led a project at Cliff Palace in 1934. His team added concrete walls and repaired a four-story square tower. They made sure that any repairs they made were known. They wanted to be able to tell the difference between parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored.</p> <h2>Mapping Cliff Palace</h2> <p>In 1990 Mesa Verde was part of the “Save America’s Treasures” program. Larry Nordby, the site archeologist, made a new map of Cliff Palace. He discovered some interesting things. His map showed that Cliff Palace had only 150 rooms. An older map showed it had 217 rooms. He found that many of the rooms at Cliff Palace were used for storage. This showed that Cliff Palace might have been a warehouse. Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of Cliff Palace. It divided it into two parts. He believed that two different groups of people once lived there.</p> <h2>2015 Conservation and Stabilization Project</h2> <p>The 800-year-old Cliff Palace is unstable. It needs help to stay standing. Park officials keep people away from parts of Cliff Palace. They have limited the size of tour groups. They perform regular work to repair cracks and stabilize walls.</p> <p>In 2011 a wall collapsed in a kiva at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the north half of Cliff Palace was built on firm rock. But, the south half sat on loose soil. The south half was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff performed repairs in 2015.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Cliff Palace is located on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in Mesa Verde National Park. It is a 150-room cliff dwelling built by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s. Rediscovered by ranchers in 1888, it is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde. It is also one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.</p> <h2><strong>Construction and Use</strong></h2> <p>Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were built by the Ancestral Puebloans, ancestors of today’s Pueblo people. They were built during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE), when Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves. It is believed they moved for greater protection. Cliff Palace had a population of around 150. It served as a center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. The Mesa Verde site housed an estimated total of 625 people.</p> <p>Cliff Palace was built between about 1200 and 1275. Each family constructed its own kiva and room suite. The site grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas, which are circular pits dug into the ground. Kivas were used for social and spiritual gatherings, and might also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms. These made up a courtyard shared by an extended family or clan. Courtyards made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.</p> <p>The Ancestral Puebloans abandoned the Mesa Verde area at the end of the 1200s. They migrated to the south and southwest. The exact reasons for the migration remain unknown. Experts believe that the weather became colder and drier, and there may have been increased conflicts with other groups in the region. These problems made it hard for residents to survive.</p> <h2>Rediscovery in 1888</h2> <p>The Wetherill family were ranchers in the Mesa Verde area. On December 18, 1888, Richard Wetherill, Charles Mason and their Ute guide Acowitz were searching for cattle. They saw Cliff Palace for the first time. They explored it and discovered other cliff dwellings nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area during the winter to explore and dig for artifacts. He later sold the artifacts to the Colorado Historical Society.</p> <p>In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to a Swedish scholar, Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Nordenskiöld spent the summer excavating cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. The many artifacts he removed during his excavations are now housed at the National Museum of Finland.</p> <p>Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book, <em>The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde</em>, in 1893. The book interested others in the area’s archaeology. The site saw increased visits from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists. With so much activity at the site, walls began to crack, buildings began to crumble, and artifacts were broken or stolen.</p> <p>In response, a movement developed in the early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a National Park. The government also passed the Antiquities Act (1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.</p> <h2>Archaeological Work and Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a National Park. Most of the structures in the park were filled with debris. The site was in danger of collapsing. The National Park Service hired Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American Ethnology to perform excavation, preservation, and repair work.</p> <p>From 1908 to 1922, Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace. His team recovered artifacts, cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris, and strengthened walls. They built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace. He believed it was the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.</p> <p>Since Fewkes’s time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations. It was in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization.</p> <p>Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led a 1934 project at Cliff Palace. The team added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. Morris started a new policy of documenting all repairs. This made it possible to tell the difference between parts that were original and parts that had been restored.</p> <h2>Mapping Cliff Palace</h2> <p>In the late 1990s, Mesa Verde received funding from the Save America’s Treasures program. The park’s chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, made the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby’s map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted. This made it the same size as Long House on nearby Wetherill Mesa.</p> <p>Nordby’s map and analysis showed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site were used primarily for storage. This indicated that Cliff Palace might have served as a central warehouse for other dwellings in the area. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site. The wall divided Cliff Palace into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.</p> <h2>2015 Conservation and Stabilization Project</h2> <p>The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems. Cliff House needs regular stabilization. Since the 1950s, visits to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically. Vibrations from foot traffic have caused the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have closed parts of the site and limited the size of tour groups. Park service staff performs regular maintenance to repair cracks and stabilize walls. Drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof has been improved.</p> <p>In 2011 a wall collapsed in one of the kivas (Kiva F). This led to an investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the north half of the site was built on firm bedrock. However, the south half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the cliff wall. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort.&nbsp; Extensive repairs were performed in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015. It remained opened for tour groups that summer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Cliff Palace is located on the east wall of Cliff Canyon in Mesa Verde National Park. It is a 150-room cliff dwelling built by Ancestral Puebloans in the 1200s. It was rediscovered by ranchers in 1888. Cliff Palace is the largest and best-known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde, as well as one of the most photographed structures on earth. Along with the rest of Mesa Verde, Cliff Palace was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 1978.</p> <h2>Construction and Use</h2> <p>Cliff Palace and the other cliff dwellings were built during the Pueblo III period (1150–1300 CE) of the Ancestral Puebloan tradition. Mesa Verde residents began to move from mesa tops to cliff alcoves, perhaps for greater protection. The site probably had a population of 150 or more. It served as an administrative center for the sixty smaller cliff dwellings nearby. The Mesa Verde site housed an estimated 625 people.</p> <p>Cliff Palace was built between about 1200 and 1275. Each family built its own kiva and room suite. The site grew to include 150 rooms and twenty-three kivas. Kivas are circular areas excavated into the ground. They were the central residential structures at Cliff Palace, and were used for residences and ritual gatherings. They could also be covered with a flat roof to make a small plaza. Around each kiva were suites of small rooms that made up a courtyard complex shared by an extended family or clan. These courtyard complexes made up more than 75 percent of Cliff Palace. The rest of the site consisted of isolated kivas, rooms without nearby kivas, circular towers, great kivas, and other special-use spaces.</p> <p>Like the rest of the Mesa Verde region, Cliff Palace was abandoned in the final decades of the 1200s. The Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the south and southwest. The exact reasons for the migration remain unknown. There is evidence that colder and drier weather, combined with increased conflict in the region, made it harder for residents to rely on traditional strategies for survival.</p> <h2>Rediscovery in 1888</h2> <p>Local rancher Al Wetherill and several others claimed to have seen Cliff Palace early in the 1880s. But credit for discovering it on December 18, 1888, is assigned to Al’s brother Richard and their brother-in-law, Charles Mason. The men were searching for cattle with their Ute guide Acowitz when they saw the structure. They explored it and also discovered other cliff dwellings nearby. Richard Wetherill returned to the area throughout the winter to explore and dig for artifacts. He later sold the artifacts to the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado).</p> <p>In 1891 the Wetherill brothers and Mason showed Mesa Verde to the visiting Swedish scholar Gustaf Nordenskiöld. He spent the summer excavating nearly two dozen cliff dwellings in the area, including Cliff Palace. The many artifacts he removed during his excavations are now housed at the National Museum of Finland.</p> <p>Gustaf Nordenskiöld published a book, <em>The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde</em>, in 1893. The book &nbsp;played a crucial role in stimulating interest in the area’s archaeology. Cliff Palace had already deteriorated in the six centuries since it had been abandoned. But the process of decay accelerated rapidly after its rediscovery. The site saw increased visitation from pothunters, amateur archaeologists, and tourists.</p> <p>In response, a movement developed in early 1900s to make Mesa Verde a National Park. The government also passed the Antiquities Act (1906) to prevent looting and vandalism at prehistoric sites on public land.</p> <h2>Archaeological Work and Preservation Efforts</h2> <p>In 1906 the Mesa Verde area, including Cliff Palace, became a National Park. Most of the structures in the park were still filled with debris and in danger of collapsing. The US Department of the Interior asked Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American Ethnology to come to the park and perform excavation, preservation, and repair work.</p> <p>From 1908 to 1922, Fewkes excavated and stabilized cliff dwellings at the park, including Cliff Palace. His team recovered artifacts, cleared rooms, courts, and terraces of debris, strengthened walls, and built a new trail to make the site more accessible to visitors. Fewkes counted 217 rooms and twenty-three kivas at Cliff Palace, making it what was then believed to be the largest cliff dwelling in the United States.</p> <p>Since Fewkes’s time, most work at the park has focused on preservation. By the early 1930s, Cliff Palace was settling on its unstable foundations and in desperate need of repair. The Public Works Administration helped fund a program of surveying, mapping, and stabilization. Earl Morris of the Carnegie Institution led the 1934 project at Cliff Palace. The team added concrete retaining walls and repaired a four-story square tower. Morris implemented a new policy of documenting all repairs.&nbsp; This made it possible to tell the difference between the parts of the site that were original and those that had been restored. The 1934 project was also significant for marking the start of James “Al” Lancaster’s long career at Mesa Verde. He led the park’s stabilization crew for several decades.</p> <h2>Mapping Cliff Palace</h2> <p>In the late 1990s, Mesa Verde was one of the first recipients of funding from the Save America’s Treasures program. This program was launched by the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The park’s chief archaeologist, Larry Nordby, used part of the money to make the first comprehensive map of Cliff Palace. Nordby’s map showed that Cliff Palace actually had 150 rooms, not the 217 Fewkes had counted. This made it the same size as Long House on nearby Wetherill Mesa.</p> <p>Nordby’s map and analysis also revealed other new details about life at Cliff Palace. Many of the rooms at the site appear to have been used primarily for storage. This indicated that Cliff Palace might have served as a central warehouse and distribution center for other dwellings in the area. In addition, Nordby discovered a wall running through the center of the site. The wall divided Cliff Palace into two parts, suggesting a social organization based on two distinct groups.</p> <h2>2015 Conservation and Stabilization Project</h2> <p>The 800-year-old Cliff Palace has a variety of structural problems. These are exacerbated by frequent visitation and have required regular stabilization since the middle of the twentieth century. Since the 1950s, visitation to Mesa Verde National Park increased dramatically. Vibrations from foot traffic have caused loose material at the site to settle. To limit the damage, park officials have kept the public away from certain parts of the site and have limited the size of tour groups. They have also performed regular maintenance to repair cracks, stabilize walls, and improve drainage for water seeping through the alcove roof.</p> <p>Most recently, in 2011 a wall collapse in Kiva F led to a comprehensive investigation of structural conditions at Cliff Palace. Archaeologists found that the northern half of the site was built on firm bedrock, but the southern half sat on loose soil and debris that had fallen from the alcove ceiling. With no real foundation, the southern half of the site was slowly sliding downhill. This was causing cracks, falling walls, and other problems. Park staff developed a plan for a $450,000 preservation effort and performed extensive repairs before Memorial Day and after Labor Day in 2015. The conservation project closed Cliff Palace to the public in spring and fall 2015, but daily tours were conducted as usual during the summer.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 May 2016 20:48:51 +0000 yongli 1434 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cliff Dwelling http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Dwelling</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1255--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1255.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cliff-dwelling-historic-photograph"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cliff-Dwelling-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=lN0dobvx" width="1000" height="794" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cliff-dwelling-historic-photograph" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Dwelling, historic photograph</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Perhaps the first photograph of a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwelling</strong></a> in southwestern Colorado, Two Story House. The two individuals in the photograph are Captain John Moss, guide for the Hayden Survey, and Ernest Ingersoll, reporter with the Hayden Survey. Photographed by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a>, 1874.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-20T14:00:06-07:00" title="Friday, November 20, 2015 - 14:00" class="datetime">Fri, 11/20/2015 - 14:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling" data-a2a-title="Cliff Dwelling"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcliff-dwelling&amp;title=Cliff%20Dwelling"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The cliff dwellings of southwestern Colorado are among the world’s greatest archaeological treasures. The term <em>cliff dwelling </em>can be applied to any archaeological site used as a habitation and located in an alcove or rock overhang; however, the most famous cliff dwellings are those created by <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> people during the thirteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The largest and greatest concentration of cliff dwellings is located in <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>, but there are numerous others throughout the sandstone canyons of southwestern Colorado, including those found in the <strong>Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Park</strong> and <strong>Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>,<strong> Navajo</strong>, and<strong> Pueblo </strong>peoples knew of the region’s cliff dwellings, and this knowledge is recorded in their oral traditions, but widespread awareness of the cliff dwellings came only after explorers began to regularly visit southwestern Colorado during the mid-to-late nineteenth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William H. Holmes and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William H. Jackson</strong></a> made the first scientific documentation of a cliff dwelling during the 1874 field season of an expedition known as the Hayden Survey. Jackson described and photographed cliff dwellings in lower Mancos River Canyon at that time.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Perhaps the most important “discovery” of a cliff dwelling occurred in December 1888. <a href="/article/richard-wetherill"><strong>Richard Wetherill</strong></a> and Charlie Mason, two ranchers from <strong>Mancos</strong>, were searching for stray cattle on the landform known as Mesa Verde when they came across an exceptionally large cliff dwelling that, given its size and grandeur, they named “<a href="/article/cliff-palace"><strong>Cliff Palace</strong></a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of course, the Ute Indians who called Mesa Verde home likely knew about Cliff Palace long before Wetherill and Mason first laid eyes on it, and it is possible that <strong>Acowitz</strong>—a Ute leader and friend of the Wetherill family—first told them about the ruin and described its general location. It is also likely that Richard’s brother Al viewed Cliff Palace three years earlier in 1885, but he was too tired to enter the alcove and his sighting went unrecorded.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In contrast, Richard Wetherill and a number of other ranchers returned to Cliff Palace to thoroughly explore the ruin in the days that followed their discovery. This triggered an ongoing effort by the Wetherill brothers to investigate Mesa Verde’s other cliff dwellings, and by 1890 they had reportedly searched through 182 dwellings. The artifacts they recovered were publicly displayed, and adventurous tourists began to seek out guided trips to view these remarkable sites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The most notable of these early visitors was <a href="/article/gustaf-nordenski%C3%B6ld-and-mesa-verde-region"><strong>Gustaf Nordenskiöld</strong></a>, a Swedish scientist, who arrived at the Wetherill’s Alamo Ranch in July 1891. He worked with the Wetherills and other laborers throughout that summer to excavate and photograph many cliff dwellings on Mesa Verde. Nordenskiöld taught the Wetherills methods that were more scientific and systematic, and in 1893 he published a book, <em>The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde</em>, that reports on the excavations and the collections he amassed. He removed these artifacts to his homeland, and today the collection is housed at the National Museum of Finland in Helsinki.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The early explorations of cliff dwellings and Nordenskiöld’s removal of artifacts to another country led to the recognition that the cliff dwellings and other archaeological sites needed protection. The result was the <a href="/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act </strong></a>of 1906, which led to the creation of Mesa Verde National Park that year. It was the first park set aside to preserve cultural, as opposed to natural, resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cliff dwellings in southwestern Colorado have provided unparalleled opportunities for research because of the remarkable preservation of the buildings and the artifacts found there. Some structures contain intact roofs made from timbers, other vegetal material, and sediment commonly referred to as adobe. These preserved timbers were key resources in the development of <a href="/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>tree-ring dating</strong></a>, the world’s most precise method for dating archaeological sites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Artifacts recovered from cliff dwellings include durable items such as stone tools and pottery as well as perishable materials such as clothing, sandals, and blankets that are preserved because the alcoves keep the dwellings dry and largely free of moisture. These perishable artifacts are not preserved at other, more open sites, and they have been critical to reconstructing the lives of Ancestral Pueblo people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the cliff dwellings of southwestern Colorado are also among the most important sites for educating the public about Ancestral Pueblo people and the human past. More than half a million people visit the cliff dwellings each year. Most go to Mesa Verde National Park, but many also visit the Ute Mountain Tribal Park and Canyons of the Ancients National Monument.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/varien-mark-d" hreflang="und">Varien, Mark D.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-indians" hreflang="en">Pueblo Indians</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-archaeology" hreflang="en">Southwest archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancestral-pueblo-architecture" hreflang="en">Ancestral Pueblo architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Fred M. Blackburn, <em>The Wetherills: Friends of Mesa Verde</em> (Durango, CO: The Durango Herald Small Press, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William D. Lipe, “History of Archaeology,” in <em>Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin, </em>ed. William D. Lipe et al. (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Florence C. Lister, <em>Troweling Through Time: The First Century of Mesa Verdean Archaeology </em>(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gustaf Nordenskiöld, <em>The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde</em> (Glorieta, New Mexico: Rio Grande Press, 1979; orig. in D. Lloyd Morgan, trans., <em>The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado: Their Pottery and Implements</em> [Chicago: P. A. Norstedt &amp; Söner, 1893]).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/nm/canm.html">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://crowcanyon.org/">Crow Canyon Archaeological Center</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/meve/index.htm">Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Grant Noble, <em>Ancient Ruins of the Southwest: An Archaeological Guide</em>, 2nd ed. (Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Publishing Company, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Grant Noble, ed., <em>The Mesa Verde World: Explorations in Ancestral Pueblo Archaeology</em> (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur H. Rohn, <em>Mug House, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado</em>, Archeological Research Series No. 7-D (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ian Thompson, <em>The Towers of Hovenweep</em> (Moab, Utah: Canyonlands Natural History Association, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.utemountaintribalpark.info/">Ute Mountain Tribal Park</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 20 Nov 2015 21:00:06 +0000 yongli 967 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rock Art of Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rock Art of Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1839--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1839.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/archaic-8000-1000-bc-and-late-archaic-1000-bc-ad-200"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=vGftP2nP" width="1000" height="628" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/archaic-8000-1000-bc-and-late-archaic-1000-bc-ad-200" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Archaic (8000–1000 BC) and Late Archaic (1000 B.C to A.D. 200)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Examples of Archaic era depictions of animals (“zoomorphs”) and humans (“anthropomorphs”). Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1840--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1840.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/formative-era-game-drives-and-driving-gestures-200-bc-ad-1300"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=nwLkwydA" width="1000" height="1012" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/formative-era-game-drives-and-driving-gestures-200-bc-ad-1300" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Formative Era Game Drives and Driving Gestures, 200 B.C.–A.D. 1300</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During the Formative Era there is a transition of body shapes for game animals characterized by the short legged, round bodied quadrupeds with smaller horns or antlers. Bows and arrows are depicted, and game drives are shown with animated stick figures using the “driving” gesture. Drawings are from western Colorado (A, by Carol Patterson) and southeastern Colorado (B, by Linda Olson).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1842--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1842.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/formative-era-anthropomorphs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=TIvL0DPR" width="1000" height="997" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/formative-era-anthropomorphs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Formative Era Anthropomorphs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Formative Era, AD 500 to 1000 (Fremont and Ancestral Pueblo) and AD 1000 to 1300 (Numic Expansion). Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1843--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1843.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/protohistorichistoric-era-ad-1300-1700-and-ad-1700-1900"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=WYYhQBEo" width="1000" height="974" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/protohistorichistoric-era-ad-1300-1700-and-ad-1700-1900" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Protohistoric/Historic Era (AD 1300 to 1700 and AD 1700 to 1900)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Ute historic rock art typically has the horse, buffalo and bear paws. Large pedestrian shield figures may identify Paiute who didn’t ride horses. Plains tribes typically have the horned headdress, horses, and V-necked bodies. In the Southwest, the Utes painted domestic scenes of tribal life. Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1844--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1844.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-rock-art-maps"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=8e6_I8MM" width="1000" height="415" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-rock-art-maps" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Rock Art Maps</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A Ute petroglyph at Shavano Valley is overlaid on a topographic map of the Uncompahgre Plateau. The second panel shows a rock art map from the Smith Fork of the Gunnison overlaid on a topographic map of the Gunnison Gorge and oriented to the south, with a correspondence to the Ute trail location and its alignment with the Gunnison Gorge. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1845--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1845.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/conceptual-realism"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=vPJBOa4P" width="1000" height="417" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/conceptual-realism" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Conceptual Realism</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Conceptual realism is used to emphasize the important parts of an animal for spiritual or ritual purposes. Examples here are of the bear with flexed paws from the Formative through the Historic Era. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1846--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1846.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/evolution-horse-and-cultural-preferences"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-7_0.jpg?itok=Ms6lLvq0" width="1000" height="398" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/evolution-horse-and-cultural-preferences" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Evolution of the Horse and Cultural Preferences</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Over time from Protohistoric to Historic, the early depictions of the horse by the Utes show exaggerations of the neck and legs using conceptual realism. Drawings by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1847--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1847.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mythograms"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rock-Art-Media-8_0.jpg?itok=UYrJBfnF" width="1000" height="593" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mythograms" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mythograms</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mythograms for the Ute include the bear paw, the bear and tree, ‘Cosmic Tree’, and creator Sinavi (creator wolf). For the Navajo, there are paintings of the Mountain Way Ceremony and the Yei God, Ghaan’ask’idii. Drawings and photographs by Carol Patterson.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-29T14:34:37-06:00" title="Thursday, October 29, 2015 - 14:34" class="datetime">Thu, 10/29/2015 - 14:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rock-art-colorado" data-a2a-title="Rock Art of Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frock-art-colorado&amp;title=Rock%20Art%20of%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado is home to a rich variety of prehistoric and historic art carved on cliff sides and boulders. Most rock art is found in river basins. The mountain areas that cut a wide vertical swath through the state are relatively devoid of rock art. There are the two types of rock art: pecked art, which is called petroglyphs, and paintings, which are called pictographs. Native Americans frequently refer to the figures as “Indian writings” and were able to read and write them on rocks for thousands of years. After European settlement, tribal relocations, and generations of boarding schools, most of the tribal knowledge of what the rock art means has been lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado has a substantial amount of rock art categorized within four general time periods: the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/The%20Archaic%20Period%20in%20Colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a>, Protohistoric, and Historic. Each time period has several styles that can be identified, differing by region. Rock art from the Archaic period is rare and often so faded that it is barely visible. The Formative era produced many distinct styles that are specific to certain regions of the state. The Protohistoric and Historic eras have styles and cultural affiliations with Native American cultures. In the western half of the state, the Numic tribes (<strong>Shoshone</strong>, <strong>Ute</strong>, and <strong>Paiute</strong>) dominated the region from the late 1500s to 1880s. On the eastern plains the rock art has cultural affiliations with the <strong>Apache</strong>, <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, <strong>Kiowa</strong>, and <strong>Comanche</strong>, who moved across the northern, eastern, and southern plains of Colorado from the 1700s through the 1860s.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Methodology and Interpretation: How old is it and what does it mean?</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Rock art is difficult to date and place within established archaeological chronologies. Age estimations are based on style, weathering effects to the rock surface, and direct dating if possible with relative dates from soils and archaeological material associated with the panels. A chronology of styles is based upon a large database of sites throughout the state. At the time of contact with Europeans, early explorers—and, later, anthropologists—collected ethnographic information from Native Americans; anthropologists use this information to interpret historic petroglyphs through a method called ethnographic analogy. Interpretations of rock art based on archaeology and ethnography include depictions of game drives, battle scenes, geographic maps, and tribal ceremonies. Native American consultants have suggested that some rock art images may represent spiritual entities, rain or cloud deities, spirits of the deceased, or symbols of mythic characters and religious themes from their cultures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Archaic period (3000 BC–AD 400)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Archaic era, animals are often depicted with long tapering legs and a large body, and with great branching horns. They are often found in context with anthropomorphs that are thin and tall and have long arms. Atlatls are portrayed during this era. Animals have cloven feet and sometimes show the dewclaws in profile (as if flattened out on either side of the foot). During this era, animals are portrayed as larger than humans, which may be a reflection of the Archaic worldview, in which game animals were the central focus.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Formative Period</strong> (200 BC–AD 1300)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Formative era there is a transition to body shapes for game animals characterized by the short-legged, round-bodied quadrupeds with smaller horns or antlers. During this period the animals also become smaller and the humans more animated. Atlatls wane as bows and arrows take center stage. Game drives are shown with animated stick figures making the “driving” gesture while other figures are aiming arrows with bows at the advancing animals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong> </a>rock art found in the southwestern portion of the state is typified by Pueblo hairstyles and sometimes square body styles. In contrast, in the northwestern portion of the state, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont</strong>-</a>style figures have V-shaped or trapezoidal bodies and occasionally horns or elaborate headdresses.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Protohistoric period (AD 1300–1700)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the Protohistoric period, it is possible to determine Numic (Ute and Paiute) from Ancestral Pueblo by their body style and cultural symbol affiliations. For the Numic, game animals, trail maps, bear paws, and tree images are consistent with this style. During the later Protohistoric era, body shapes become abbreviated into stick figures with bows. The Ancestral Puebloans emigrated from Colorado by around AD 1300 and are not present in the Protohistoric and Historic eras. Through the next four centuries, the Numic people spread out across Colorado, with the Ute inhabiting the high country and inner mountains and the Paiute remaining in the canyons and desert areas of southern Colorado and eastern Utah. Shoshones inhabited the northwestern areas of Colorado but remained mostly in Wyoming. The Comanche split off from this Shoshonean linguistic group around the 1700s and moved out onto the northern plains of Colorado. Algonquians (Cheyenne and Arapaho) moved westward into the Colorado plains, pushing the Comanche south across the eastern plains along with the Kiowa and Apache.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Historic Era (AD 1700–1900)</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>With the introduction of the horse, many native peoples adapted to an equestrian lifestyle. Along with horses came mobility, wealth, trading capacities, and power. Horses are a constant in the eastern Plains Indian rock art, as well as <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>, <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> hunts, and tribal battles, while in the west the Ute historic rock art features cowboy hats, fringed leggings, top hats, and peace medallions that were popular around the time of Lincoln’s presidency and the beginning of the reservation period.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Numic traditions witnessed the spread of Shoshonean people throughout the Colorado Plateau. The distinction between Utes and Paiutes can be traced to the ability to support a horse culture. Large pedestrian shields could not be accommodated on horseback. It is suggested that pedestrian figures holding large shields may have been Paiutes and that mounted figures with small shields were Utes. The Utes dominated the Uncompahgre Plateau but intrusions by Paiutes from the San Juan Basin were common.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Maps</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Numic tradition is characteristic of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle that relies heavily on knowledge of game trails, hunting strategies, procurement of wild foods, and knowing the location of good water sources. Many petroglyph panels are found to depict maps of the trails that navigate the local and difficult terrains. They may describe game drive strategies as well as locations of springs and water sources and other resources. Examples of petroglyph maps can be found at the<a href="/article/shavano-valley-rock-art-site"><strong> Shavano Valley Petroglyph site</strong></a> and at <strong>Map Rock</strong> in the Smith Fork of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes are oriented to the south, in contrast with Europeans, who orient their maps to the north. To the Utes, the south is where the sun comes from and sunrise direction from east to west (clockwise) is the preferred direction of travel. Figure 5 is a direct overlay showing how closely the petroglyph map fits over the physical land features to the south of the panel location.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Conceptual Realism</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Other panels show the stylistic form of bear paws and bears with square heads, short ears, and a curved back. The paws are flexed so that all the toes are shown. This technique is referred to as “conceptual realism.” It is used to emphasize the important parts of an animal for spiritual or ritual purposes; it shows what one understands rather than what one sees.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The horse was often exaggerated with a long neck and very short legs. The horse is drawn the way the author understands the animal. The long neck and foreshortened legs illustrate the way it feels to be riding a horse and looking down at its long neck in front and foreshortened legs below.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Mythograms</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado was home to a variety of linguistic groups that migrated through the area. Each of these groups had their own creation story and pantheon of religious deities. Some of these stories and entities were recorded by ethnographers in the late 1800s. Scholars call these systems “mythograms,” and they are used as diagnostic cultural markers in rock art.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mythograms of the Navajo Yei gods are found in west-central Colorado. One is found at the north end of Shavano Valley in <a href="/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a> and is painted in dark charcoal, white, and blue, colors representing the female <em>Yei</em> of the Mountain Way Ceremony. Another is the Navajo god <em>Ghaan’ask’idii</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado has a rich prehistoric art history representing the migrations and settlement patterns of people from Archaic hunter-gatherers to Formative-era hunter-gatherers with some agricultural influences, and finally the Protohistoric cultures that occupied the area at the time of European contact. The pictorial record shows a gradual shift from displays of large animals at river convergences and hunting vantage points to smaller animals and larger humans concurrent with a transition from atlatls to bows and arrows. Lifestyles shifted with the introduction of the horse, and the resulting mobility brought prosperity resulting in depictions of buffalo hunts, rabbit drives, and fierce battle scenes. Cognitive changes were represented in religious iconography, such as <em>Sinavi</em> the Ute creator depicted as a man with big hands and feet or a canine (wolf or dog), bear paws signaling the Bear Dance ceremonies for healing, and the cosmic tree of life, or shaman’s tree. On the plains, the buffalo dominated the iconography with hunts and depictions of conflicts. The Native American heritage of picture writing, or “Indian writings,” can be found in the canyons and cliff sites throughout the state of Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/patterson-carol" hreflang="und">Patterson, Carol</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-national-park" hreflang="en">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustaf-nordenskiold" hreflang="en">Gustaf Nordenskiold</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Stephen G. Baker, "Historic Ute Culture Change in West-Central Colorado," in <em>Archaeology of the Eastern Ute: A Symposium</em>, ed. Paul R. Nickens, Occasional Papers No. 1 (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen G. Baker, "Historic Ute Archaeology: Interpreting the Last Hour Wickiup," <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 69 (Winter 2003).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William G. Buckles, "The Uncompahgre Complex: Historic Ute Archaeology and Prehistoric Archaeology on the Uncompahgre Plateau in West Central Colorado" (PhD diss., University of Colorado [Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1971]).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sally Cole, <em>Legacy on Stone</em>, 1st ed. (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carl E. Conner and Richard Ott, "Petroglyphs and Pictographs of the BLM Grand Junction District: Volumes I and II," unpublished manuscript (Grand Junction, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ron Kessler, <em>San Luis Valley Rock Art</em> (Monte Vista, CO: Adobe Village Press, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen, <em>Plains Indian Rock Art</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lawrence Loendorf, <em>Thunder and Herds: Rock Art of the High Plains</em> (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill McGlone, Ted Barker, and Phil Leonard, <em>Petroglyphs of Southeast Colorado and the Oklahoma Panhandle</em> (Kamas, UT: Mithras, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Cross Mountain Petroglyph Site 5MF.2691 Re-Evaluation," unpublished manuscript (Craig, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Dine' Ceremonial Paintings in Western Colorado, Navajo Cultural Association," in <em>Papers Presented at the Twenty-fourth Annual Symposium of the Utah Rock Art Research Association</em>, ed. Carol B. Patterson, Utah Rock Art XXIV (Salt Lake City: Utah Rock Art Research Association, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Shavano Valley Petroglyph Signage and Interpretive Project, unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Montrose Youth and Community Foundation, 2005).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, "Squint Moore and Rock Art," <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 73 (Summer 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Clifford Duncan, "Deer Creek, Dominguez Canyon Rock Art Documentation and Interpretive Signage for the River Heritage Project," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson, Clifford Duncan, and Alan Watchman, "Leonard Basin / Palmer Gulch Rock Art Documentation (Archaeological Assessment), Project 2006-AS-005, unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Alan Watchman, "Gunnison Gorge Rock Art Documentation, 5DT.813 Re-evaluation," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol Patterson and Greg Williams, "Escalante Bridge Rock Art Site 5DT4, Petroglyph and Pictograph Documentation," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Reed and Michael D. Metcalf, <em>Colorado Prehistory:</em> <em>A Context for the Northern Colorado River Basin</em> (Denver: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan D. Reed and Rachel Smith Gebauer, "A Research Design and Context for Prehistoric Cultural Resources in the Uncompahgre Plateau Archaeological Project's Study Area, Western Colorado," unpublished manuscript (Montrose, CO: Alpine Archaeological Consultants, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Anne M. Smith, <em>Ethnography of the Northern Utes</em>, Papers in Anthropology 17 (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico, 1974).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Carol Patterson, “<a href="https://www.dixierockart.webs.com/Technical-Presentations/Ute-Rock-Art-of-the-Uncompahgre-Plateau.pdf">Ute Rock Art of the Uncompahgre Plateau</a>,” 2010.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 29 Oct 2015 20:34:37 +0000 yongli 734 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Richard Wetherill http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Wetherill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--552--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--552.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/richard-wetherill"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Richard-Wetherill_0.jpg?itok=Hb375v4B" width="500" height="774" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/richard-wetherill" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Richard Wetherill</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Portrait of Richard Wetherill (1858-1910), the nineteenth-century rancher who stumbled across the ruins of Mesa Verde.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-10-22T10:53:58-06:00" title="Thursday, October 22, 2015 - 10:53" class="datetime">Thu, 10/22/2015 - 10:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill" data-a2a-title="Richard Wetherill"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frichard-wetherill&amp;title=Richard%20Wetherill"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer who lived in southwest Colorado. Although&nbsp;he&nbsp;is often credited with&nbsp;"discovering" some&nbsp;of the most&nbsp;significant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> archaeological&nbsp;sites&nbsp;in&nbsp;the Four Corners area, the sites had already been known to various Indigenous people, including Ute, Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo, long before Wetherill arrived. Wetherill's&nbsp;findings got the&nbsp;attention of the&nbsp;white public and led to many expeditions that resulted in collections at both Colorado museums and prestigious East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures&nbsp;in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> region date to the late 1700s, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William H. Jackson</strong></a> produced exquisite photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. However, it was not until 1888, when Wetherill and Charlie Mason encountered&nbsp;<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace"><strong>Cliff Palace</strong></a> and exhibited artifacts from there and surrounding sites <a href="https://1depositcasinouk.com/">1 deposit casino uk.com</a> , that the white public became interested in Colorado’s ancient past. That winter,&nbsp;Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon when Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. He knew what he was looking at because it had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason investigated that day and collected a small number of items that they could carry easily. Thus began Wetherill’s career as an explorer of&nbsp;Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill, a Quaker family who in 1880 settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were known as supporters of Native Americans at a time when such sentiments were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers, assisted occasionally by others, are credited with recording more than 180 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwelling</strong></a> archaeological sites in the area. <strong>History Colorado</strong>, then known as the Colorado Historical Society, purchased the first and fourth Mesa Verde collection made by Richard and others in 1888–89 and 1893, respectively.</p><p>At the time of his rise to prominence, Wetherill’s formal training in the field of archaeology was in its infancy. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gustaf-nordenski%C3%B6ld-and-mesa-verde-region"><strong>Gustaf Nordenskiöld</strong></a>, a Swedish scientist, excavating sites&nbsp;in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld instructed Wetherill in scientific methods, including how to count the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>rings on trees</strong></a> to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more deeply than his brothers and expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah, where he is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker” and recognizing that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. He is also credited with being one of, if not the first, to recognize the importance of stratigraphy, or the study of rock layers. He also explored Keet Seel, a major cliff dwelling site in Arizona.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers, whose collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History, and George Pepper, who worked for Harvard. Wetherill went on to explore <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a> and finally moved there at the age of forty. While at Chaco, he explored, raised sheep, and started a<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong> trading post</strong></a> business. He unsuccessfully applied for permission to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homestead</strong></a> there. Wetherill seemed to have run into conflict with professional archaeologists and was even accused of unethical business practices and mistreatment of Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906, focusing on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. While conflicting details surround his death, it appears he was killed as retaliation for one of his ranch workers beating a Navajo man whom the worker had accused of theft. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/goff-sheila" hreflang="und">Goff, Sheila</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chaco-canyon" hreflang="en">chaco canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-verde-national-park" hreflang="en">Mesa Verde National Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cliff-palace" hreflang="en">Cliff Palace</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gustaf-nordenskiold" hreflang="en">Gustaf Nordenskiold</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Frank McNitt, <em>Richard Wetherill, Anasazi: Pioneer Explorer of Southwestern Ruins</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966).</p><p>Robert Sanchez, “Ghosts on the Mesa,” <em>5280</em> 19, no. 9 (March 2012).</p><p>Richard Wilshusen and Sheila Goff, “Living West—and North: The Legacy of Early Archaeological Collections at History Colorado,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (November–December 2013).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Fred M. Blackburn and Ray A. Williamson, <em>Cowboys and Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch</em> (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997).</p><p>Willa Cather, <em>The Professor's House</em> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925).</p><p>Kathryn Gabriel, ed., <em>Marietta Wetherill: Reflections on the Life with the Navajos in Chaco Canyon</em>. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1992).</p><p>David Harrell, "We Contacted Smithsonian: The Wetherills at Mesa Verde," <em>New Mexico Historical Review </em>62, no. 3 (July 1987).</p><p>Carolyn Miles Osborne, <em>The Wetherill Collections and Perishable Items from Mesa Verde</em> (Los Alamitos, CA: Self-published, 2004).</p><p><a href="https://wetherillfamily.com/index.htm">Wetherill Family Website</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He "discovered" significant archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. The sites were known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. However, Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. Items from his expeditions ended up in collections in Colorado museums and East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. In 1888, Wetherill and Charlie Mason found Cliff Palace. That winter, the men were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. It had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. The men explored and collected small items. This began Wetherill's career.</p><p>Richard was one of six children. He came from a Quaker family. In1880, his family settled in Mancos Canyon. They became cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such feelings were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers recorded more than 180 cliff dwelling sites.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training when he rose to fame. Yet he produced remarkable notes and maps. This is due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld was a Swedish scientist. He instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age.</p><p>Wetherill pursued exploration more than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He coined the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill is credited with being one of the first to recognize the importance of stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History. He went on to explore Chaco Canyon and moved there at the age of forty. There, Wetherill explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He applied to homestead there but was denied. Wetherill came into conflict with professional archaeologists. They accused him of unethical business practices. Wetherill gave up exploring in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed after one of his ranch workers beat a Navajo man. The ranch worker had accused the Navajo man of stealing. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He is credited with "discovering" significant archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. The sites were known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. However, Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. Items from his expeditions ended up in collections in Colorado museums and East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. In 1888, Wetherill and Charlie Mason found Cliff Palace. That winter, Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. It had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason explored and collected small items. This began Wetherill’s career exploring Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill. He came from a Quaker family. In1880, they settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such feelings were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers recorded more than 180 cliff dwelling sites.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training in archaeology when he rose to fame. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld was a Swedish scientist. He instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill recognized that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. He is also credited with being one of the first to recognize the importance of stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History. Wetherill went on to explore Chaco Canyon. He moved there at the age of forty. There, Wetherill explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He applied to homestead there but was denied. Wetherill came into conflict with professional archaeologists. He was accused of unethical business practices and mistreating Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed in retaliation after one of his ranch workers beat a Navajo man. The ranch worker had accused the Navajo man of stealing. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Richard Wetherill (1858–1910) was a nineteenth-century rancher and explorer. He lived in southwest Colorado. He is often credited with "discovering" some of the most significant Ancestral Pueblo archaeological sites in the Four Corners area. However, the sites had been known to Indigenous people long before Wetherill arrived. Wetherill's findings got the attention of the white public. They led to expeditions that resulted in collections in Colorado museums and prestigious East Coast institutions.</p><p>The earliest written reports of ancient structures in the Mesa Verde region date to the late 1700s. William H. Jackson produced exquisite photographs of cliff dwellings in the late 1800s. However, it was not until 1888, when Wetherill and Charlie Mason encountered Cliff Palace and exhibited artifacts from there and surrounding sites, that the white public became interested in Colorado’s ancient past. That winter, Wetherill and Mason were chasing stray cattle in Cliff Canyon. Wetherill looked up and saw the site across the canyon. He knew what he was looking at because it had been described to him by Acowitz, a Ute friend. Wetherill and Mason investigated. They collected small items that they could carry easily. Thus began Wetherill’s career as an explorer of Ancestral Pueblo sites.</p><p>Richard was one of six children born to Benjamin and Marion Wetherill. He came from a Quaker family who in 1880 settled in Mancos Canyon to become cattle ranchers. The Wetherills were known as supporters of Native Americans. At the time, such sentiments were not popular. Richard was fluent in Navajo and Ute. He and his brothers are credited with recording more than 180 cliff dwelling archaeological sites in the area. History Colorado, then known as the Colorado Historical Society, purchased the first and fourth Mesa Verde collection made by Richard and others in 1888–89 and 1893.</p><p>Wetherill had little formal training in archaeology when he rose to prominence. Yet he produced remarkable notes, maps, and artifact catalogs. This is partly due to a season spent with Gustaf Nordenskiöld, a Swedish scientist, excavating sites in the summer of 1891. Nordenskiöld instructed Wetherill in scientific methods. This included how to count the rings on trees to determine their age. Wetherill pursued archaeological exploration more deeply than his brothers. He expanded his work to the Grand Gulch region of Utah. He is credited with coining the term “Basketmaker.” Wetherill recognized that these people lived before the Ancestral Puebloans at Cliff Palace. Wetherill is also credited with being one of, if not the first, to recognize the importance of stratigraphy, or the study of rock layers. He also explored Keet Seel, a major cliff dwelling site in Arizona.</p><p>Wetherill led many expeditions by the Hyde brothers. Their collections were sent to the American Museum of Natural History, and George Pepper, who worked for Harvard. Wetherill went on to explore Chaco Canyon. He moved there at the age of forty. While at Chaco, he explored, raised sheep, and started a trading post business. He unsuccessfully applied for permission to homestead there. Wetherill seemed to have run into conflict with professional archaeologists and was even accused of unethical business practices and mistreatment of Navajos. He gave up archaeology in 1906 to focus on his ranching and trading posts.</p><p>Richard was nearly broke when he was murdered at Chaco Canyon in 1910. Conflicting details surround his death. It appears he was killed as retaliation for one of his ranch workers beating a Navajo man whom the worker had accused of theft. Wetherill is buried at Chaco Canyon.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 22 Oct 2015 16:53:58 +0000 yongli 691 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org