%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Walking Colorado: An Introduction to the Origins Section http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walking-colorado-introduction-origins-section <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Walking Colorado: An Introduction to the Origins Section</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--555--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--555.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cliff-palace-mesa-verde-southwestern-colorado"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/NordenskioldCliffPalacePhoto%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=ffo7Nzwy" width="1000" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cliff-palace-mesa-verde-southwestern-colorado" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>This photograph was taken by Gustaf Nordenskiöld during his initial investigations of the Mesa Verde region in 1891.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--970--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--970.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lowry-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lowry_pueblo3%5B1%5D_0_0.jpg?itok=omY2Vkiq" width="1000" height="634" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lowry-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lowry Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Lowry pueblo is an Ancestral Puebloan ruin with thirty-seven rooms, eight kivas, and one Great Kiva. It dates to around 1100 CE and could have had several dozen residents at its height.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1056--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1056.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-encampment-denver"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10026526_0.jpg?itok=ozVyre_3" width="1000" height="630" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-encampment-denver" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Encampment, Denver</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A Ute tipi camp near Denver, 1874. Note the pegs used to secure the base of the lodge in the foreground. William Henry Jackson photograph, History Colorado collections.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1298--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1298.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/White-River-Ute-Indian-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=JscUomd-" width="1000" height="657" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">White River Ute Indian Agency</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The ruins of the White River Ute Indian Agency in 1879 shortly after the Meeker Incident. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, Denver Public Library, X-30699; the original is from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, December 6, 1879.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1330--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1330.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/IMG_7711.jpg?itok=7_mqN0MH" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/plaza-bents-old-fort-historic-site" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plaza, Bent&#039;s Old Fort Historic Site</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of the plaza within Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site. In the 1830s and '40s, Native Americans, Anglo-Americans, and Hispanos met in the plaza to conduct trade.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-20T11:41:25-07:00" title="Friday, January 20, 2017 - 11:41" class="datetime">Fri, 01/20/2017 - 11:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walking-colorado-introduction-origins-section" data-a2a-title="Walking Colorado: An Introduction to the Origins Section"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwalking-colorado-introduction-origins-section&amp;title=Walking%20Colorado%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Origins%20Section"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Hundreds of generations of Native American ancestors are represented in Colorado by scatters of artifacts along with the less portable evidence of shelter, the warmth of hearths, storage needs, and symbolic expression. We learn about them through archaeology and indigenous peoples’ oral traditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Archaeologists define four broad eras in the history of Colorado and of the whole of the western United States. The most ancient is called the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a>, when hunting-oriented cultures embraced the challenging conditions and the sometimes-rapid changes occurring at the end of the Ice Age. This is followed by the <a href="/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic period</strong></a>, an era of relatively stable hunter-gatherer lifeways, represented by several cultures of semi-nomadic peoples. More radical changes characterize the transition into the <a href="/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative period</strong>,</a> when corn-based horticulture replaced foraging among a number of native peoples in the warmer parts of Colorado. Finally, the Historic period is the time frame when non-native explorers and settlers eventually displaced the native tribes in sometimes-violent encounters.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Paleo-Indian (12,000–6500 BC)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>A handful of sites containing evidence for the hunting and butchering of late <strong>Ice Age</strong> animals—notably Columbian <strong>mammoths</strong>—between 13,000 and 18,000 years ago, if not earlier, have been preserved on the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> of Colorado. The evidence is generally limited to distinctively broken long bones thought to indicate marrow extraction and perhaps the use of the fragmented bones as simple tools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nomadic hunters of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong>Clovis</strong></a> culture (or cultures) had spread across the breadth of the country by 13,000 years ago. Their seemingly sudden appearance over such vast spaces begs the question of whether this represents swift migrations into previously unpopulated lands or merely the rapid spread of their lithic (stone) tool technology—most readily recognized by their iconic <a href="/article/fluted-points-0"><strong>fluted projectile points</strong></a>—across an already thinly occupied landscape. The issue is still hotly debated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In a general sense, “archaeological cultures” are defined as patterned groups of artifacts and features within a given time frame and geographical territory. The Clovis culture is best known in Colorado from the <a href="/article/dent-site"><strong>Dent site</strong></a> near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a>, where remains of butchered mammoths have been found. However much or little that Clovis hunters contributed to their demise, mammoths and many other large-bodied Ice Age beasts (“megafauna” such as horses, camels, and ground sloths) vanished from Colorado not long after 11,000 BC.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the large game species that survived the dramatic climatic changes at the end of the Ice Age was the <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a>. Clovis and<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong> Folsom</strong></a> hunters pursued a more massive species with longer horns, <em>Bison antiquus</em>, from which the modern bison evolved. In time, later Paleo-Indian groups developed sophisticated systems of communal bison hunting that allowed them to successfully dispatch as many as 200 animals in a single <strong>communal game drive</strong>. Some of the resulting kill and butchery sites are preserved today for archaeological study, famously so in the “River of Bone” feature at the <a href="/article/olsen-chubbuck-bison-kill-site"><strong>Olsen-Chubbuck site</strong></a> near Firstview in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cheyenne-county"><strong>Cheyenne County</strong></a>, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A few Paleo-Indian sites in Colorado provide evidence of aspects of everyday life other than hunting. Best known is the <a href="/article/lindenmeier-folsom-site"><strong>Lindenmeier site</strong></a> in <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, a repeatedly used camp of the Folsom culture now designated as a National Historic Landmark. Lindenmeier also preserves less deeply buried layers of the later Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Formative periods.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paleo-Indian camps rarely retain evidence of lightweight shelters, sometimes only indirectly recognized by the distribution of features and surrounding discarded artifacts. But at the <a href="/article/mountaineer-archaeological-site"><strong>Mountaineer Site</strong></a> near Gunnison, the rock foundations of more substantial wood-framed and mud-covered houses of Folsom groups have been found on a mesa top. Archaeologists believe these are winter occupations where the mesa-top setting had the advantage of being above the valley bottom where cold air pools during calm winter nights. All of Colorado’s larger parks—<strong>North</strong>, <strong>Middle</strong>, and <strong>South Parks</strong>, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>—contain significant numbers of Paleo-Indian sites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A few hints of the spiritual beliefs of Paleo-Indian groups also survive. In a high mountain cave in central Colorado, the bones of a man who died more than 8,000 years ago are preserved. Many traditional societies worldwide consider caves to be symbolic portals to and from the spirit world, so Paleo-Indians and later groups could have held similar beliefs. A formal burial site dating to this period, not far from the Lindenmeier site in Larimer County, was a traditional “flexed” interment of a young woman, with the legs folded and the knees drawn up toward the chest. Red ocher coated the remains, and numerous stone tools were present along with a few ornamental artifacts of animal bone and tooth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Caches of artifacts—usually of flaked stone tools—have been found in isolated Paleo-Indian contexts at the Drake and Mahaffey sites in Colorado. Exceptionally well-made projectile points manufactured from materials gathered (or traded from) distant sources are present at the <strong>Drake Cache</strong> site in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/logan-county"><strong>Logan County</strong></a>. Other sites like Mahaffey in <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a> contain a mixed bag of tools, tool “preforms” (incomplete tool manufacture), and minimally modified stone flakes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Changes toward more “broad spectrum” survival strategies become widespread in the succeeding Archaic period. This generalized hunter-gatherer lifeway is marked by changing styles of artifacts and features found in the archaeological record.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Archaic (6500 BC–AD 200)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For thousands of years during the Archaic period, the hunter-gatherer way of life held sway as the predominant cultural tradition among Colorado’s resident peoples. The term <em>Archaic</em> holds connotations of primitive or outdated, but Archaic peoples were the ultimate survivalists. Highly adapted to their environments, their familiarity with a huge range of natural resources enabled a critical flexibility in the face of climate, floral, and faunal changes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Most if not all Archaic populations descended from preceding Paleo-Indian cultures. But regardless of their origins, Archaic cultures in Colorado shared certain basic technologies only slightly altered from Paleo-Indian forms. Thus, artifacts of stone, bone, antler, horn, wood, and other natural materials continued to be made in the absence of any metal or manufactured glass (<strong>obsidian</strong>, a natural volcanic glass, was used to a limited degree). Ceramic containers were not yet known, nor were hamlets or villages permanently occupied. So what was different about Archaic cultures?</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The differences were more a matter of degree than of kind. Hunting weapons continued to be spears propelled by <strong>atlatls</strong>, but the stone spear tips were smaller than Paleo-Indian forms and might be notched on the lower edges or corners. Spear points and other flintknapped tools were usually made from locally available rock types rather than from distant source materials. Use of a broad range of native plant species is clear, far more so than in earlier millennia. The seeds of wild plants were milled into flour using a pair of grinding stones (the <strong>mano and metate</strong>) made of sandstone and other abrasive rocks. Large game animals continued to be hunted, but a range of smaller game such as rabbits and prairie dogs also were sought; fish and birds such as wild turkeys were taken less frequently. Snares, deadfall traps, and nets may have been used more often than spears for smaller game.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Herd hunting of bison and other large herbivores using communal game drive systems endured, but in the Archaic period the evidence for this is more abundant in the subalpine and alpine heights of the Front Range than it is on the plains or western plateaus. The <strong>Kaplan-Hoover</strong> bison kill site in Larimer County is one of the few such lower elevation sites known in Colorado for this period. Camps were established in many of the same places used by their ancestors, but the use of shallow rockshelters as camps increased markedly. A few such as <a href="/article/franktown-cave"><strong>Franktown Cave</strong></a> and <a href="/article/mantles-cave"><strong>Mantle’s Cave</strong></a> were dry enough to protect perishable artifacts of hide, feather, plant fiber, and other rarely preserved materials.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rockshelter and cave walls, and open cliff faces and boulders, were sometimes adorned with <a href="/article/rock-art-colorado"><strong>rock art</strong></a>. Abstract and geometric designs are common and are interpreted as the work of shamans communicating with the spirit world. Representational images of people and animals also occur, sometimes with exaggerated features. Other spiritual aspects of Archaic cultures are seen in burial sites. Usually in isolated locations outside camps, Archaic groups buried their deceased in unlined pits using the same flexed body position as in Paleo-Indian times. Likely wrapped in hide, bark, or textile robes that have not preserved, the remains were often buried with the tools of everyday life such as seed milling implements, bone awls, hunting equipment, etc. Typically short in stature, Archaic people’s lifespans were also short, on average, after calculating the mortality rate of many children in the equation. But for those fortunate enough to survive childhood, a reasonably long life could be enjoyed. At the <a href="/article/yarmony-archaeological-site"><strong>Yarmony site</strong></a> in <a href="/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a>, an elderly woman 60 years old or more was buried with two sandstone manos.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yarmony and many other Archaic camps preserve the buried foundations of houses in a variety of forms. Semi-subterranean pithouses comparable to much later Basketmaker houses of the <a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloans</strong></a> have been found in the Colorado and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> basins. Similar surface-level dwellings—wood-framed and capped with an insulating layer of mud—are also known from the same areas. A few sites contain rock slab foundations. Several styles of more temporary shelters have been found, some similar to the <a href="/article/wickiups-and-other-wooden-features"><strong>wickiups</strong></a> and<strong> <a href="/article/tipi-0">tipis</a></strong> found in much younger sites.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although credible numbers are hard to come by, archaeologists believe that Archaic population levels were never very high, perhaps a few tens of thousands statewide. Higher populations would have stretched the available resources to the limit, given the need to accumulate a store of goods to survive long winters. But late in the Archaic period the transition to farming began in the American Southwest and soon spread to southern Colorado. The earliest evidence of farming in Colorado, at about 400–350 BC, is found in sites near Durango such as the <a href="/article/falls-creek-rock-shelters-archaeological-site"><strong>Falls Creek Rock shelters</strong></a>. Once farming became more widespread, a very different era dawned: the Formative period.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Formative (AD 200–1500)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The contrast between the archaeology of the Formative period and the earlier eras is striking. What transpired among the inhabitants of the region to cause such a radical shift in lifeways? It was the <em>Neolithic Revolution</em>, to use the label describing the foraging-to-farming transition in the Old World.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture focused on the domestic crop triad of corn, beans, and squash, which afforded farmers occasional surpluses for storage, trade, and tribute. All three crops have their origins in the tropics of Mexico and do not thrive in the cool nights and erratic growing seasons of the northern Southwest. Farming in Colorado, then, was risky, and some groups such as the <a href="/article/fremont-culture"><strong>Fremont</strong></a> hedged their bets by hunting and gathering whenever the need arose. Others, such as the <a href="/article/plains-woodland"><strong>Plains Woodland</strong></a> peoples on the plains, only farmed on occasion and in localized areas where success was more likely. The indigenous mountain residents never farmed, although they may have traded for some of the harvest and otherwise interacted with their more sedentary neighbors. Intermarriage was undoubtedly common if the trends of recent history are any guide.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The production of ceramics, particularly cooking jars, made farming even more viable. The varieties of beans grown, today marketed by a <strong>Dove Creek</strong> company as “Anasazi beans,” are storable pinto beans that require extended cooking times. Dropping hot rocks into broths held in water-proofed baskets was the only way for Paleo-Indian and Archaic chefs to cook soups and stews, but it was not an effective method for beans. But ca. AD 500, pottery cooking-jars changed the dynamic, allowing beans to become a welcome supplement to Formative diets. Pottery was not an invention of Colorado residents but instead spread into the state from the south and east.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Another innovation of the Formative period was the bow and arrow, the origins of which are mysterious. Although there are hints of its use ca. 1400–1000 BC, the bow and arrow did not become an integral part of hunters’ gear until AD 200–500. The small stone “arrowheads” diagnostic of this weapon are found in profusion, including at farming villages where people tending fields could both control pests and supplement their meat and hide supply by “garden hunting” the animals attracted to the crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The permanent occupation of sites that first occurred in the Formative necessitated more durable forms of housing. Pithouses were the first design solution but, eventually, slab-lined surface dwellings followed by coursed masonry construction techniques were developed by Ancestral Puebloans and by some Fremont, <a href="/article/apishapa-phase"><strong>Apishapa</strong></a><strong>,</strong> and <a href="/article/sopris-phase"><strong>Sopris</strong></a> farmers. Room shapes evolved from the round forms of ancient times to square or rectangular shapes that accommodated expansion of the house footprint. Such expansion was itself driven by the rising populations that crop surpluses made possible.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Inevitably, the growth of villages required forms of leadership not previously needed. Community-scale gatherings began to take place as a way of maintaining social cohesion and to validate the roles of leaders. The design of large spaces such as dance plazas and great <a href="/article/kivas"><strong>kivas</strong></a> (“public architecture”) are the archaeological signatures of these developments by the seventh century AD. The Ancestral Puebloans best represent the trend, as their territory was the most densely settled, but hints of social ranking are also present among the less populous Apishapa and Fremont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A unique Southwestern development was the rise of the social system centered at <a href="/article/chaco-canyon"><strong>Chaco Canyon</strong></a> in northwestern New Mexico during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Southwestern Colorado has a number of “Chaco outliers” such as <a href="/article/chimney-rock"><strong>Chimney Rock</strong></a> and <a href="/article/lowry-ruin"><strong>Lowry Pueblo</strong></a> that display clearly Chacoan details such as <a href="/article/great-house"><strong>Great House</strong></a> architecture built with distinctive wall construction methods, but these sites contain artifacts that strongly identify the inhabitants as locals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, there is scant evidence of violence among Colorado’s residents. However, with rising populations that clustered into more crowded homes, the Formative period witnessed increasing conflict, particularly when the crops failed, stores of food shrank, and potable water sources dwindled. In addition to violence directly seen in some skeletal remains in the Four Corners region, there are other indirect indicators of stressful times. Some <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> rock art sites depict warriors with weapons, protective shields, and the probable taking of human trophies. Other <a href="/article/cliff-dwelling"><strong>cliff dwellings</strong></a> were built with an eye toward defense, a choice also followed by the Apishapa in southeastern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The end of the Formative period is defined by the end of farming in Colorado ca. AD 1400–1450. When the first Spanish explorers ventured into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> basin and San Luis Valley, the only native peoples they encountered were nomadic bands of <strong>Apaches</strong>, <strong>Pawnees</strong>, and <a href="/search/google/utes"><strong>Utes</strong></a>. Archaeological evidence confirms the lack of farming throughout Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Historic (AD 1500–1900)</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Much research has been done to connect the dots between the various Formative cultures and the native groups we know today. For their part, most modern tribes have little trouble recognizing the traditional sites of their ancestors. The physical evidence of this can be less convincing to archaeologists, however.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Such is not the case with the Ancestral Puebloans (formerly Anasazi) who have clear connections with a score of modern Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona, each with its own cultural identity and traditions. The contraction of their territory began in the late thirteenth century, resulting in the near-total depopulation of southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah within a few decades.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A very different story describes Fremont history. The Fremont core territory in central and northern Utah was vacant by AD 1350, but Fremont groups living at the geographic margins—including in northwestern Colorado—strove to maintain their way of life into the sixteenth century. But by the time that Spanish explorers traveled there two centuries later, the Fremont were gone. Well-established bands of Utes and, farther north, <strong>Shoshones</strong> held these lands. The fate of the Fremont has been the source of much debate, but no consensus has emerged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the Colorado <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>, the Apishapa, <a href="/article/upper-republican-and-itskari-cultures"><strong>Upper Republican</strong>, <strong>and Itskari</strong></a> peoples also had challenges maintaining their lifeways. Territorial contractions were part of their history as well, with fewer sites found through the AD 1300s and early 1400s, a period of frequent droughts. It is likely that more favorable conditions farther east drove the migrations. Both oral traditions and archaeological evidence connect these groups to the Pawnee and other Caddoan-speaking relatives. But despite their desire to reclaim their western territories once conditions improved, by the fifteenth century another foraging culture had moved into the high plains region: ancestors of the Apache.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The mountains and large portions of the Western Slope are the homeland of the Utes, but their connection to the foraging culture(s) of the Formative period is complicated by a divergence of views about that connection. Ute people today are adamant that their ancestors have always dwelled in the mountain and plateau country of Colorado and Utah. Thus, they maintain that they are the descendants of Archaic and Paleo-Indian groups in their traditional homelands. Many (but not all) archaeologists, on the other hand, interpret the evidence of artifacts, features, and linguistic patterns as indicative of a recent arrival of Ute and Shoshone ancestors in the Rocky Mountain region within the past 700–1000 years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, nearly fifty federally-recognized tribes claim historical-traditional ties to parts of Colorado. Many of these tribes appear to have little relationship to the Formative cultures described in this Encyclopedia. But at one time or another, their presence here is documented by oral traditions or by non-native explorers, trappers, traders, miners, and homesteaders who populated the state in recent centuries. Those tribes not related to the Formative period cultures came to Colorado following different paths, pushed and pulled by events occurring in sometimes-distant lands.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More than 400 years ago, <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-southeastern-colorado-%201590–1790"><strong>Spanish explorers</strong></a> were the first of the non-native groups to cross Colorado’s modern borders. For these tribes, the Spaniards’ arrival was a matter of great novelty, from the horses they rode to their metal armor and weapons, not to mention their odd physical appearance. More sinister was the visitors’ insistence that they abandon their religions in favor of Christianity. No less important was another Spanish import: new <a href="/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>diseases</strong></a> against which the tribes had no immunity. Spanish domination of the local tribes mostly affected Pueblos but also some Apaches and <strong>Navajos</strong>. Spanish settlers needed the tribes for their resources and labor, forcibly obtained in their system of slavery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other tribes that the Spanish were unable to subdue engaged them in trade. By the 1620s, the Utes were among these trading partners. They acquired some horses in the early decades, and also sold some captive natives to Spanish slaveholders. More important, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 brought a huge number of horses into native hands, giving a major boost to the equestrian lifeways that developed in Colorado. Territorial ranges were expanded and modified, trading relationships were transformed, the size of social bands increased, and the volume of goods that could be moved from camps grew significantly.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1700, as more horses were being moved northward—the Utes and Apaches being middlemen in this trade—guns were moving southward out of the <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> country of the Missouri River valley toward Colorado. Given the questionable quality of these muskets, horses were the more important commodity and had a deeper impact on native societies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish exploration of western Colorado</strong></a> was facilitated partly by Ute guides and partly by Spanish traders with prior experience in Ute territory. Most notable were the travels of <a href="/article/juan-antonio-maría-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in the 1760s and the Dominguez-Escalante expedition of 1776, who followed well-established paths that later became known as the <a href="/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong>Old Spanish Trail</strong></a> system. Many of the place names in western Colorado originate in this period: the Dolores, <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, and Los Pinos Rivers; the La Plata Mountains; <a href="/article/archuleta-county"><strong>Archuleta County</strong></a>; <strong>Canyon Pintado</strong>; and the Escalante archaeological site, to name a few. The Spanish era in Colorado ended with Mexican independence in 1821–22, leaving only a single site representing more than a transitory presence: a fort constructed north of La Veta Pass in 1819 to monitor American activities on the border with New Spain.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Beginning of the End, or a New Beginning?</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Spanish era in the Southwest waned, the Missouri River fur trade expanded into the southern Rocky Mountains. As far as Colorado’s native tribes were concerned, the fur traders and trappers of French and American extraction were less threatening to their way of life than the Spaniards. The tribes readily participated in the fur trade, albeit <a href="/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> pelts were rarely on their list of goods to provide. They were frequent visitors to the <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> of the region, particularly to <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Old Fort</strong></a> near present-day La Junta. Ute attacks ended trading activities at <a href="/article/fort-uncompahgre"><strong>Fort Uncompahgre</strong></a> in 1844 and <a href="/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo</strong></a> in 1854, while an influx of settlers focused on an agricultural life established towns in the San Luis Valley and southeastern Colorado’s Arkansas River valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Attempted settlement of the San Luis Valley came first, a northward migration from newly independent Mexico encouraged by the system of <a href="/article/mexican-land-grants-colorado"><strong>Mexican Land Grants</strong></a>. Apaches and Utes, unhappy about encroachment on their hunting grounds, raided new settlements and farmsteads, most of which failed to survive. But with the American victory in the Mexican-American War of 1846, southern Colorado became US territory and the government acted quickly to end the raiding. The “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-abiqui%C3%BA"><strong>Treaty with the Utah</strong></a>” signed in 1849 at Abiquiú, New Mexico Territory, promised <a href="/article/indian-annuities"><strong>Indian annuities</strong></a> in return for an end to the raiding and allowed for the establishment of military posts in the Ute homeland. The US government wasted little time building posts at Fort Union, New Mexico, and in 1852, <a href="/article/fort-garland"><strong>Fort Massachusetts</strong></a> in Colorado’s San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A few years later, in 1858, gold was discovered in Little Dry Creek in present-day Englewood, within Ute and <strong>Arapaho</strong> territory. The <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> was in full swing the following year, and confrontations with the flood of immigrant miners, merchants, and other settlers were inevitable, as were the losses of tribes’ homelands. The <strong>Plains Indian Wars</strong> expanded into Colorado, with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> in 1864 perpetrated on a reservation established for the Arapaho and <strong>Cheyenne</strong> only three years before, followed by a series of clashes around stage stations and homesteads. Final Colorado battles occurred at <a href="/article/beecher-island-battleground"><strong>Beecher Island</strong></a> (September 17–19, 1868) and <a href="/article/battle-summit-springs"><strong>Summit Springs</strong></a> (July 11, 1869).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1870 the plains of Colorado could no longer be called home by any tribe. All had been removed to reservations or federal trust lands in adjoining states. Ute and Shoshone lands in the mountains and Western Slope were likewise being whittled back during the 1860s and 1870s. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> reducing tribal lands contained similar provisions: free passage through tribal territories, allowance for the establishment of military posts and <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agencies</strong></a>, return of stolen property or goods, permission for the tribes to continue hunting, encouragement of the tribes to settle down as farmers, and the promise of Indian annuities to cover shortfalls of critical resources.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The US government failed miserably at keeping their end of such bargains for a variety of reasons, including the misguided actions of Indian agents charged with meeting treaty terms. For the Utes, the most infamous agent was <a href="/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathanial Meeker</strong></a> at the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a>. The <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-%20reservation"><strong>Northern Utes</strong></a> at the agency were so dismayed—both by government failure to provide promised rations and Meeker’s demands and decisions—that the 1879 <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> resulted from their desperation and starvation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The consequences were swift in coming. Calls that “the Utes must go” culminated with the Northern Utes’ removal to Utah within two years. Reservation life was miserable, and there are clear signs that some Utes occasionally left the misery behind to revisit traditional hunting grounds in western Colorado. Recent research has found that such off-reservation activities took place into the early twentieth century. Today, only the <strong>Southern Ute</strong> and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Ute</strong></a> tribes have reservations within Colorado. For all the other tribes in our history, Colorado remains a key part of their vibrant social memories.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Recent decades have seen a resurgence of Native American efforts to reclaim their cultural identities via the revitalization of crafts, native languages, oral traditions, ceremonies, and, literally, by reclaiming the remains of their ancestors. Passage of the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) in 1990 was matched the same year by the approval of an unmarked graves amendment to Colorado’s 1973 antiquities law. But Colorado’s native peoples do not dwell in the past. “We’re still here” is a common refrain and, like all Americans, they strive for a better future.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In August 1874, two men with the Wheeler Survey ascended <strong>Blanca Peak</strong> east of the San Luis Valley. Upon reaching the 14,345-foot summit, Wheeler’s men were surprised to find out they were not the first people to reach the crest. Low stone walls surrounding a depression had been built long before they arrived. We still don’t know who built those walls, or why. To the Navajo, Blanca Peak is their Sacred Mountain of the East, one of the natural features defining their spiritual world. The constructions on its crest may be from pilgrimages made by Navajo ancestors or by other mountaineers for a different purpose. But it is emblematic of the fact that there are few places in Colorado that our native tribes did not visit at one time or another, leaving physical traces of their presence from the subtle to the spectacular. Articles in the Origins section of the <em>Encyclopedia</em> tell these stories across at least 13,000 years of human history in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/black-kevin" hreflang="und">Black, Kevin</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ancient-colorado" hreflang="en">ancient colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/folsom" hreflang="en">Folsom</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clovis" hreflang="en">Clovis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paleoindian" hreflang="en">paleoindian</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paleo-indian" hreflang="en">paleo-indian</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rock-art" hreflang="en">rock art</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaeology" hreflang="en">archaeology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anthropology" hreflang="en">anthropology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/formative-period" hreflang="en">Formative Period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/archaic-period" hreflang="en">archaic period</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apache" hreflang="en">apache</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shoshone" hreflang="en">shoshone</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/comanche" hreflang="en">comanche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/spanish-exploration" hreflang="en">spanish exploration</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/navajo" hreflang="en">navajo</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “Archaic Continuity in the Colorado Rockies: The Mountain Tradition,” <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 36 (February 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William M. Bueler, <em>Roof of the Rockies: A History of Mountaineering in Colorado</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>E. Steve Cassells, <em>The Archaeology of Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sally J. Cole, <em>Legacy on Stone</em>, rev. ed. (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> “<a href="https://pafikotagorontalo.org/">Foundation of the Sacred Mountains</a>,” Wilson Aronilth, Jr., accessed January 9, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James H. Gunnerson and Dolores A. Gunnerson, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co2.Par.89322.File.dat/gunnerson_ethn.pdf"><em>Ethnohistory of the High Plains</em></a>, Cultural Resource Series 26 (Denver, CO: U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/1550.pdf">Colorado Tribal Contacts</a>,” updated October 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>History Colorado, “<a href="https://exhibits.historycolorado.org/ute-tribal-paths">The Utes Must Go</a>” (exhibit).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steven R. Holen and Kathleen Holen, “The Mammoth Steppe Hypothesis: The Middle Wisconsin (Oxygen Isotope Stage 3) Peopling of North America,” in <em>Paleoamerican Odyssey</em>, eds. Kelly E. Graf, Caroline V. Ketron, and Michael R. Waters (College Station: Texas A&amp;M University, 2014).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James D. Keyser, <em>Art of the Warriors: Rock Art of the American Plains</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marcel Kornfeld, <em>The First Rocky Mountaineers: Coloradans before Colorado</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Björn Kurtén and Elaine Anderson, <em>Pleistocene Mammals of North America</em> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jason M. LaBelle and Christopher M. Johnston, eds., “The Lithic Caches of Colorado,” <em>Southwestern Lore</em> 81 (Summer/Fall 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lawrence L. Loendorf, <em>Thunder and Herds: Rock Art of the High Plains</em> (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David B. Madsen and David Rhode, eds., <em>Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann L. Magennis, Michael D. Metcalf, and Kelly J. Pool, “Early Archaic Human Burials from the Colorado Rocky Mountains: Yarmony and the Red Army Rock Shelter,” in <em>Intermountain Archaeology</em>, eds. David B. Madsen and Michael D. Metcalf, University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 122 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David J. Meltzer, “Pleistocene Overkill and North American Mammalian Extinctions,” <em>Annual Review of Anthropology</em> 44 (Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cynthia Mosch and Patty Jo Watson, “The Ancient Explorer of Hourglass Cave,” <em>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</em> 5, no. 4 (1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark P. Muniz, “Exploring Technological Organization and Burial Practices at the Paleoindian Gordon Creek Site (5LR99), Colorado,” <em>Plains Anthropologist</em> 49 (August 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Oklahoma State University Library, “<a href="https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers">Treaty with the Utah, 1849</a>,” ed. Charles J. Kappler, n.d..</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Swedlund and Duane Anderson, “Gordon Creek Woman Meets Kennewick Man: New Interpretations and Protocols Regarding the Peopling of the Americas,” <em>American Antiquity</em> 64 (October 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Waldo R. Wedel, <em>Central Plains Prehistory</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joe Ben Wheat, <em>The Olsen-Chubbuck Site: A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill</em>, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 26 (Washington, DC: 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Gordon R. Willey and Phillip Phillips, <em>Method and Theory in American Archaeology</em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>W. Raymond Wood, ed., <em>Archaeology on the Great Plains</em> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 20 Jan 2017 18:41:25 +0000 yongli 2188 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Beth Paulson http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beth-paulson <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beth Paulson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2019-01-24T15:16:16-07:00" title="Thursday, January 24, 2019 - 15:16" class="datetime">Thu, 01/24/2019 - 15:16</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beth-paulson" data-a2a-title="Beth Paulson"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbeth-paulson&amp;title=Beth%20Paulson"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Poet: Beth Paulson" src="/sites/default/files/Beth_Paulson.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 453px;" /></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Paulson lives in <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-county">Ouray County</a></strong>, Colorado where she teaches workshops, leads Poetica, a monthly workshop for area writers, and co-directs the Open Bard Poetry Series.  She formerly taught English at California State University Los Angeles for twenty-two years. Her poems have been published nationally in over 200 journals and anthologies and have four times been nominated for Pushcart Prizes. Beth’s fifth collection of poems, <em>Immensity</em>, was published in 2016 by Kelsay Books. Her website is <a href="https://wordcatcher.org/">www.wordcatcher.org</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Poems</h2>&#13; &#13; <h3>Kites</h3>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Where you used to be, there is a hole in the world</em>.  <em>Edna St. Vincent Millay<br />&#13; You were born with wings.  Jalal-al-din-Rumi</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Diamond of rainbow cloth, bent sticks<br />&#13; tail of ribbon trails behind,<br />&#13; all it does is scud along</p>&#13; &#13; <p>unwinding its fat ball of string<br />&#13; while spring blows steady in our faces<br />&#13; park grass under us a sea</p>&#13; &#13; <p>we run through, arms outstretched<br />&#13; like these blackbirds looping near<br />&#13; with their capable, unerring wings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suddenly it wheels and dives,<br />&#13; then climbs into the cloud-streaked sky:<br />&#13; a silk-clad jockey riding fast</p>&#13; &#13; <p>or dancer costumed in bright sari?<br />&#13; Borne by gusts it rises high,<br />&#13; so much smaller far away</p>&#13; &#13; <p>from us, feet tethered to the earth,<br />&#13; eyes looking up to marvel at:<br />&#13; does a kite strain to be free?</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometimes the string you hold breaks<br />&#13; and there’s nothing you can do.<br />&#13; Sometimes people just leave you.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>How tenuous are all connections:<br />&#13; we are, far as we can see,<br />&#13; just holding on at wind’s mercy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Cloudbank </em>(journal of contemporary writing). Also appears in <em>Canyon Notes </em>(Ridgway, CO: Mt. Sneffels Press, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Seventeen Ways of Saying Rain</h3>&#13; &#13; <p><em>In the Japanese language, there are seventeen words for rain. </em>Dianne Ackerman</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rain that makes the yellow leaves fall, rain that drips from a downspout into the mint patch, rain that beats a tattoo on the metal roof, rain that soaks through a waterproof jacket, rain that hangs like small pearls on spruce branches, rain that turns river water to café au lait, rain that collects on the backs of black and white cows, rain on marsh marigolds that was snow yesterday, rain that rolls rocks down onto a mountain pass, rain that makes dust puffs rise from dry earth, rain that shines through July afternoon sunlight,  rain that smells of wood stacks and wood smoke,  rain that hisses on asphalt under truck wheels, rain that unearths mushrooms in the forest , rain that paints deep red the sandstone cliffs, rain that bends down the faces of sunflowers, rain that mingles with tears.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Mountain Gazette </em>(2016). Also appears in <em>Immensity</em> (Kelsay Books, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>The Color of Snow</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Vermeer asked the maid<br /><em>What color are clouds?</em><br />&#13; and he wouldn’t take white<br />&#13; for an answer. She looked<br />&#13; hard at the Delft sky<br />&#13; then, slow, replied<br /><em>yellow</em> and <em>green</em>….<em>red</em>!</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In snow I see red, too,<br />&#13; on my way down Miller Mesa.<br />&#13; I’ve been snowshoeing,<br />&#13; soft slapping and crunching<br />&#13; what’s new fallen,<br />&#13; all afternoon following<br />&#13; winter-transformed trails<br />&#13; through untouched meadows,<br />&#13; hushed forest of laden pines<br />&#13; and naked aspens, leaving<br />&#13; a giant’s deep tracks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now the sky’s lavender<br />&#13; and the distant peaks<br />&#13; I try to name violet<br />&#13; as late sun paints shadows<br />&#13; on boulders and drifts,<br />&#13; broad brushstrokes<br />&#13; over a canvas of foothills,<br />&#13; sometimes blue and <em>yes</em> green.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>The Aurorean</em> (2008) and nominated for 2009 Pushcart Prize. Also appears in <em>Wild Raspberries </em>(Austin, TX: Plainview Press, 2009)</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>All or Nothing</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Nothing will do but to admit             <br />&#13; there is a lot of you, nothing,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>expanding, curving, exploding, birthing<br />&#13; throughout the universe, without ceasing,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>shape shifter with no mass or charge--<br />&#13; there is just no way to measure you.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Big zero. Nil. Nada.<br />&#13; Our best thinkers can’t detect you</p>&#13; &#13; <p>but only suspect you are behind        <br />&#13; every insect wing, giant redwood,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>fiery star and human being,               <br />&#13; lurking between every atom,                                   </p>&#13; &#13; <p>holding together everything that exists.<br />&#13; Before Einstein you were named</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Ether</em> and <em>Vacuum</em><br />&#13; but some now say you are eleven strings</p>&#13; &#13; <p>of nothing (or maybe shards of subatomic particles).<br />&#13; I think I’ll call you <em>invisible glue.</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Both absence and presence,<br />&#13; you are the hole inside the empty bucket,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>biblical void, wholly ghost,<br />&#13; suffused with unknown potential,</p>&#13; &#13; <p>proof something comes from nothing.<br />&#13; Without you everything would be lost.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>You are the white paper for my uncertain pen.<br />&#13; You are the air I step through above this broken sidewalk.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published <em>Sierra Nevada Review </em>(2015). Also appears in <em>Immensity </em>(Kelsay Books, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Shooting Stars at Ghost Ranch</h3>&#13; &#13; <p style="margin-left:.5in;"><em>What is it we are a part of we do not see</em>?<br />&#13; —Loren Eiseley​</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Such brightness in the immense<br />&#13; blackness I try to comprehend.<br />&#13; A universe 13 billion years old,<br />&#13; space-time, curved with strings<br />&#13; that sound in ten dimensions,<br />&#13; transparent matter holding together<br />&#13; billions of stars and planets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>This August night<br />&#13; I only know Earth I call <em>home </em><br />&#13; is orbiting through a far-off field,<br />&#13; bits and pieces of comet rock<br />&#13; slamming into our atmosphere<br />&#13; lighting up nighttime.<br />&#13; Brilliant Perseid meteors<br />&#13; more than fifty we count<br />&#13; an hour, their persistent trains<br />&#13; lacing across the constellations<br />&#13; in a New Mexican sky on top of<br />&#13; a sleeping mesa where we sit<br />&#13; in a small galaxy of armchairs<br />&#13; and I murmur to you <em>Ohhh </em><br />&#13; as each passes over our heads,<br />&#13; falling, burning itself up and out.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Immensity </em>(Kelsay Books, 2016)</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Solo Hiking, Utah</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Silent spires fill sight<br />&#13; light rises on red bluffs</p>&#13; &#13; <p>buttes and blue sky<br />&#13; climb to cairns cross</p>&#13; &#13; <p>slick rock fins wind-faced<br />&#13; grasp bend and tread</p>&#13; &#13; <p>grip and scale boulders<br />&#13; scrape body to rock face</p>&#13; &#13; <p>then stem and press chest<br />&#13; against walls or walk</p>&#13; &#13; <p>on knees, reel and breathe<br />&#13; deep air.  In a layered</p>&#13; &#13; <p>and pocked slot of knotted<br />&#13; tree roots lift hips from the slit</p>&#13; &#13; <p>when boots slip then<br />&#13; slide down lichened stone</p>&#13; &#13; <p>sides of time-molded folds<br />&#13; and crab-crawl across ledge</p>&#13; &#13; <p>edges sensing each measure<br />&#13; of descent to sand dune</p>&#13; &#13; <p>noon oasis of old juniper<br />&#13; shade to a curved cave</p>&#13; &#13; <p>where wind whispers time<br />&#13; and an arch opens like an eye.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Immensity </em>(Kelsay Books, 2016)</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Land That Moves Back and Forth</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>Between umber sand, blue-streaked sky,<br />&#13; existence is a thin layer, place<br />&#13; Ute people named <em>Sowapopheuyehe,<br />&#13; land that moves back and forth,</em><br />&#13; where you finger-sift a handful into mine,<br />&#13; grains so fine that once were mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ten miles out we watched cloud shadows<br />&#13; sweep across dun-colored hills<br />&#13; transformed to massive dunes<br />&#13; back-dropped by Sangre de Christos​<br />&#13; over 14,000 feet, snow-capped in October.<br />&#13; Closer still the mounds lengthened,<br />&#13; unmetamorphic expanse stretched north<br />&#13; to south, a changing, ancient horizon.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Out of the car our feet touch down on<br />&#13; whatever sand last night blew in.<br />&#13; We inhale pungent yellow rabbit brush,<br />&#13; frame photos in gray-green rice grass.<br />&#13; Below us Medano Creek’s silver curve<br />&#13; glints in sunlight, its shallows cold<br />&#13; we wade through, bare-toed in Tevas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Water, sand, wind-</em>-we only need three words.<br />&#13; You reach out your hand to pull me<br />&#13; when we slow-climb the closest one,<br />&#13; higher, deeper as air swirls, sands sting,<br />&#13; form waves we ride to the summit,<br />&#13; squint at behind sunglasses<br />&#13; before gravity pulls us like moonwalkers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>All day time’s construct expands.<br />&#13; I hold breath to meet it,<br />&#13; watch afternoon light spill, shadows shift<br />&#13; over dune faces, sands shape to fold, hollow, slope.<br /><em>Perdonanos nuestros pecados tambien.<br />&#13; Forgive us also our trespasses.</em></p>&#13; &#13; <p>By night we’ve grown spare, our need only<br />&#13; to shelter in fragrant sage under <em>alimosas.</em><br />&#13; Hours slow.  Awareness swells.<br />&#13; Ripple to bar, drift to ridge,<br />&#13; sand has already erased our footprints</p>&#13; &#13; <p>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Carousel</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>With his small hands the eager child<br />&#13; grins and grips the fat brass pole<br />&#13; astride a sleek cream-colored pony<br />&#13; with painted wreath and legs a-gallop.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; &#13; <p>He reaches out for its carved mane<br />&#13; as around in a parade he rides<br />&#13; and leans his head back to look<br />&#13; up high in a red canopy<br />&#13; where a hundred or more white lights shine<br />&#13; on mirrors and pictures in golden frames<br />&#13; where an organ hid somewhere inside<br />&#13; plays circus music.  His eyes roam</p>&#13; &#13; <p>as he holds still and the world revolves--<br />&#13; sky and park and trees and people--<br />&#13; while his parents, moving slowly past him,<br />&#13; smile and wave one more time<br />&#13; and then he remembers their faces.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Innisfree </em>(2011). Also appears in <em>Canyon Notes </em>(Ridgway, CO: Mt. Sneffels Press, 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Red Fox</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>A blaze of gold<br />&#13;             more than red<br />&#13; in early evening light,<br />&#13;             you strode slow through snow-<br />&#13; dusted new grass, skirting<br />&#13;             a low hill behind the house.<br />&#13; Then black ears pointed up, you sensed<br />&#13;             my presence on the porch<br />&#13; and turned your sleek head, sharp nose,<br />&#13;             toward me quick-<br />&#13; flashing black bead eyes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>How you lit up<br />&#13;             the dull afternoon<br />&#13; with your confidence<br />&#13;             and bravado</p>&#13; &#13; <p>and in that moment gave me<br />&#13;             a grim hint of your intent<br />&#13; before you trod soundless<br />&#13;             to the forest edge<br />&#13; where lesser creatures live.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bright hunter—<br />&#13;             what more do I have<br />&#13; to fear or desire?</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>Terrain </em>(2008). Also appears in <em>Wild Raspberries </em>(Austin, TX: Plain View Press, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <h3>Except for Crows</h3>&#13; &#13; <p>I consider you common crow,<br />&#13; beautiful  black rag in the sky.<br />&#13; Some call you trash bird<br />&#13; but I see you sleek,<br />&#13; slick in a silk suit,<br />&#13; in the best seat of the cottonwood.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>True, you are often the undertaker<br />&#13; bobbing along side the road,<br />&#13; your voice perhaps too eager<br />&#13; broadcasting in clamorous caws news<br />&#13; of what to eat that’s dead.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>I, whose heavy feet find only earth,<br />&#13; envy your perspective of gravity<br />&#13; and that among other birds<br />&#13; of less proven intelligence.<br />&#13; you don’t even display smugness.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Some campers have tried<br />&#13; tricking you with ropes into thinking<br />&#13; you were trapped inside a circle,<br />&#13; but you showed them<br />&#13; (first with one foot, then the other)<br />&#13; you know how to test boundaries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>I especially admire your monogamy,<br />&#13; the way two of you travel<br />&#13; through life’s blue air<br />&#13; seventy years or more, sometimes<br />&#13; resting on stretched wires or in trees<br />&#13; whose branches move slightly<br />&#13; with your dark weight.<br />&#13; And high inside rock clefts<br />&#13; you raise your young<br />&#13; to ignore all the trash talk<br />&#13; and to believe in the beauty<br />&#13; of their own blackness.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First published in <em>The Kerf</em> (2003). Also appears in <em>The Company of Trees </em>(Ponderosa Press, 2004).</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/art" hreflang="en">Art</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a 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class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/foreign-languages" hreflang="en">Foreign Languages</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/biology" hreflang="en">Biology</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> Thu, 24 Jan 2019 22:16:16 +0000 yongli 3028 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Margaret Coel http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-coel <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Margaret Coel</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2019-01-08T14:36:04-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 8, 2019 - 14:36" class="datetime">Tue, 01/08/2019 - 14:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/margaret-coel" data-a2a-title="Margaret Coel"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmargaret-coel&amp;title=Margaret%20Coel"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Margaret Coel" src="/sites/default/files/Margaret_Coel.jpg" style="width: 480px; height: 586px;" /></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel (1937– ) is a <em>New</em> <em>York</em> <em>Times</em> best-selling author of both fiction and nonfiction. She is best known for her <em>Wind River</em> <em>Mystery Series</em> but has also published five nonfiction books, a book of short stories, and two additional mystery novels that take place in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. She is a fourth-generation Coloradan who has dedicated her writing career to the state and its history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel’s family ties to Colorado go back to the year 1865. She is the daughter of Samuel F. Speas and Margaret McCloskey Speas. Coel’s mother, Margaret Speas, was an executive secretary for a large architectural firm for seventeen years until she decided to retire and stay home with her kids. Coel’s father, Samuel F. Spears, was a locomotive engineer for the <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel comes from a long line of pioneer railroaders. She and her father collaboratively wrote the book <em>Goin’ Railroading</em>, which tells a first-person story of railroading in the mountains and plains of Colorado. This work draws heavily on the stories passed down from her father and grandfather and details her family’s involvement in the railroad as well as the romance and difficulties of early railroad life. <em>Goin’ Railroading</em>, along with <em>Chief Left Hand</em>, has been listed by the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History</strong> <strong>Colorado</strong></a>) as among the 100 best books on Colorado’s history.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel was born and raised in Denver. She attended and graduated from the Holy Family High School in Denver in 1955. While attending Holy Family High School she was involved in the school newspaper and the school’s theater productions, including its annual Gilbert and Sullivan show. Coel spent many of her early years writing. She wrote everything from short stories to newspaper articles. She said she knew from a very young age that she wanted to be a professional writer, a dream that inspired her to pursue a bachelor’s degree in journalism.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After high school, Coel attended Marquette University, where she graduated in 1960 with a degree in journalism and a minor in French literature. In 1961 she married her husband, George W. Coel, a dentist in the Air Force. Together they had three children. Tragedy struck the family when their son Bill Coel passed away in 1976 at the age of thirteen. The couple currently has two daughters, Kristin Coel Henderson and Lisa Coel Harrison, who have provided them with six grandchildren.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Coels moved to Alaska in 1961, following George Coel’s reassignment to Eielson Air Force Base outside of Fairbanks. They remained in Alaska until 1963, when they settled in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>, their current home.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel began her writing career shortly after graduating from Marquette University in 1960. While living in Alaska, she began freelancing for newspapers and magazines. Soon after returning to Colorado, she took a job as a reporter for the <em>Westminster Journal</em>, a small paper in the Denver suburb of <strong>Westminster</strong>. She covered almost everything that was going on in the small town, from city council meetings to the sheriff’s office. Coel says this is where she really learned how to do research and put it together into a story—a necessary skillset for writing a historical novel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Soon after moving back to Colorado, she became interested in <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a>—also known as Chief Left Hand—an Arapaho leader who allowed the first white prospectors to camp near present-day Boulder. Coel set out to write an article for a western magazine about Niwot, but after extensive research she realized she had enough information to write a book. In 1981 Coel completed her book, <em>Chief Left Hand</em>, which was published by the University of Oklahoma Press.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel has said she writes about the Arapaho people because they are Colorado people, even though most now live on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. The Arapaho still have a very close affinity with Colorado and still consider it their home. She was also drawn to the Arapaho because they were diplomats and traders as well as warriors, activities that run counter to their traditional depiction in Western American lore. Coel maintains that one of the goals of her work is to get people to know the Arapahos as more than just warriors.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel first began visiting the Wind River Reservation in the 1970s when she was researching Chief Left Hand. During this time, she met many Arapahos who became and remain her dear friends. She spent a lot of time speaking to the elders and listening to their oral histories of early life on the plains. Coel attended the sun dance, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sweat-lodge-0"><strong>sweat lodge</strong></a> ceremonies, feasts, and powwows. Some of her Arapaho friends have read through her manuscripts to make sure the information was correct and to give her feedback on the stories. In addition to her time talking with people on the reservation, she spent countless hours doing archival research there.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From History to Mystery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel has said her transition from nonfiction to fiction was difficult, but she maintains that “underneath every writer is a would-be novelist.” Coel realized that she had never tried writing fiction before and wanted to see if she could do it. She says the main difference in writing the two is that “in nonfiction you can tell the story, while in fiction you have to show the story.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After four years of work, Coel’s first mystery novel, <em>The Eagle Catcher</em>, was published in 1995 by the University Press of Colorado. During the same four-year period, she also wrote two nonfiction books and a dozen articles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel has said she chose mystery over other fiction genres because the situations that unfold in mysteries requires the characters to “put up their best game in what are often life and death situations.” She also believes that readers can learn a lot about how the world works from mystery novels. One of Coel’s themes in all of her books is the importance of understanding history. She has said that she wants her books to help people understand that their actions have a lasting effect on the world and that things done 100 years ago—both good and bad—are still being felt in the present. One of her other stated goals is to help others gain an appreciation for different people and cultures.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Awards</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel’s <em>Chief Left Hand</em> received numerous awards, including the Best Non-Fiction Book Award from the National Association of Press Women in 1982, and it was named one of the best 100 books on Colorado History by the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>) in 2001.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Her fictional works have also received praise. She received five Colorado book awards for her <em>Wind River</em> <em>Mystery Series</em> and another for her novel <em>The Spirit Woman </em>(2000). <em>The Spirit Woman </em>also won a Willa Cather Award, which recognizes outstanding literature about life on the Great Plains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Coel’s other awards include the Frank Waters Award and the High Plains Emeritus Award in 2010, both of which recognize lifetime literary achievement. Coel has also been a keynote speaker at numerous events and has been invited to appear as a guest of honor at multiple book festivals.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel still lives in Boulder, where she says she is “sort of” retired, barring sudden inspiration for another novel. Coel still writes, though it is mostly newsletters and Facebook posts. After twenty books, she considers her Wind River series complete. If she were going to write another novel it would most likely be featuring the character Catherin McLeod, an urban Arapaho woman who works as an investigative reporter for a major Denver newspaper. This character comes from the Catherin McLeod mystery series, which currently has two installments.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In reflecting on her life, she said, “I did what I wanted to do. I wanted to write about Colorado’s history and its people and I did that” and that she “had a good time doing it.”</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/massimi-alex" hreflang="und">Massimi, Alex</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-coel" hreflang="en">margaret coel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/author" hreflang="en">Author</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-authors" hreflang="en">colorado authors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/left-hand" hreflang="en">left hand</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/niwot" hreflang="en">Niwot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Margaret Coel, “<a href="https://margaretcoel.com/about.php">About</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel, Interview by David Montgomery, <em>Crime</em> <em>Fiction</em> <em>Blog,</em> August 9, 2005</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel, interview by Alexander Massimi, March 20, 2018, Boulder, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel, interview by Jeff Rutherford, <em>Reading and Writing Podcast</em>, March 10, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret Coel, “Off The Page,” Presentation at Broomfield Library, Broomfield, Colorado, November 8, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://margaretcoel.com/">Margaret Coel, official website </a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sandra Dallas, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2016/09/01/margaret-coel-releases-last-in-wind-river-series-but-shes-not-done-with-writing/">Margaret Coel Releases Last in Wind River Series, but She’s Not Done With Writing</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 1, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fiction Database, “<a href="https://www.fictiondb.com/author/margaret-coel~18527.htm">Margaret Coel</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 08 Jan 2019 21:36:04 +0000 yongli 3002 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Kyle Laws http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kyle-laws <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kyle Laws</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-12-13T09:45:57-07:00" title="Thursday, December 13, 2018 - 09:45" class="datetime">Thu, 12/13/2018 - 09:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kyle-laws" data-a2a-title="Kyle Laws"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fkyle-laws&amp;title=Kyle%20Laws"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p class="rtecenter"><img alt="Poet: Kyle Laws" src="/sites/default/files/Kyle_Laws.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 469px;" /></p> <p>Kyle Laws is based out of the Arts Alliance Studios Community in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>. Her collections include <em>This Town: Poems of Correspondence </em>with Jared Smith (Lafayette, CO: Liquid Light Press, 2017); <em>So Bright to Blind </em>(Five Oaks Press, 2015); <em>Wildwood </em>(Lummox Press, 2014); <em>My Visions Are As Real As Your Movies, Joan of Arc Says to Rudolph Valentino </em>(Dancing Girl Press, 2013); and <em>George Sand’s Haiti</em> (co-winner of Poetry West’s 2012 award).&nbsp; With six nominations for a Pushcart Prize, her poems and essays have appeared in magazines and anthologies in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. She is the editor and publisher of Casa de Cinco Hermanas Press<em>.&nbsp; </em></p> <h2>Poems</h2> <h3>Deer Dance Taos Pueblo</h3> <p>A Pueblo woman stretches her hand<br /> from the circle to skins draped<br /> on dancers as they pass by,<br /> her gnarled fingers stroking wet musky<br /> fur of fresh antelope and deer.<br /> Each time she reaches past my shoulder,<br /> I feel my grandmother’s swollen fingers<br /> in my waist-length hair, twisting<br /> it high on my head in summer,<br /> sunburned ends red against<br /> winter black strands, or when<br /> the sun dipped to the bay's horizon,<br /> Ordelia at the dining room window<br /> starching white blouses till cotton<br /> scratched like sand of July beaches.&nbsp;<br /> It's the movement of her hands braided<br /> with the rhythm of this Christmas day,<br /> the dance of old hands as they reach<br /> into dark hair and fresh skin.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“Deer Dance Taos Pueblo” appeared in <em>Caprice, They Recommend This Place, </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em><em> </em></p> <h3>I Walk the Abyss</h3> <p>A road of amethyst asters &amp; chamisa.&nbsp;<br /> I walk to the pungent smell of sage.<br /> There is a catch in my ribs<br /> like the catch of a roller coaster<br /> climbing the white painted web.<br /> You can hear screams<br /> as the click of teeth pulls cars<br /> around a banked corner,<br /> into the abyss.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>It is easier to be here,&nbsp;<br /> because deep under<br /> in the slough of water,<br /> or high above in the painted web,<br /> I cannot carry the lizard in my hands.&nbsp;<br /> He neither likes underground waterways<br /> or the salt-stained air.&nbsp;<br /> He seeks sides of hills<br /> red with the turning of leaves.<br /> The sea is still warm.&nbsp;<br /> The air has not yet changed it.<br /> There is a disequilibrium,<br /> an unbalance between the two.<br /> I cannot hold the lizard in my hands,&nbsp;<br /> flesh the only color it cannot change to.&nbsp;<br /> I will have to stay&nbsp;<br /> while the lizard finds his way<br /> between my hands and autumn's leaves.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“I Walk the Abyss” appeared in <em>Poetry While You Wait </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>How Do I Tell You About the September Day</h3> <p>The sky was the blue of a child's crayon drawing,<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; the clouds spider dreams.</p> <p>Huajatolla Peaks were a fifth grade diorama<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; of mountains in Central America.</p> <p>The scrub oak was 70's shag carpeting<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; in orange, red and brown.</p> <p>The Camaro took <strong>La Veta Pass</strong><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; like a needle threading lace.</p> <p>Red shoes of the flamenco dancer<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; shimmered outside Doc Martin's.</p> <p>The dress' white fringe glistened<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; on her skin.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“How Do I Tell You About the September Day” appeared in <em>Times of Sorrow/Times of Grace: Writing by Women of the Great Plains-High Plains </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>White Shaggy Cattle</h3> <p>Herded down the road<br /> over the Rio Grande Gorge,<br /> fur thick with winter,<br /> small mangy dog to the side<br /> of a young man with a stick,<br /> a caballero,<br /> tall, lanky, a mustached face,<br /> dark eyes like bullfighters<br /> from posters of Mexico;<br /> only it's too cold for calf-length red pants,<br /> a sequined vest,<br /> but the hat is large,<br /> a wide brim to match the mustache,<br /> all bringing up the rear of this cattle train<br /> moving to the Gorge,<br /> snow dusting the ridge.</p> <p>As the cut tumbles to the Rio Grande,<br /> and thick coats of white cattle<br /> brush chamisa &amp; sage,<br /> we motor toward warm running springs,<br /> step down slowly,<br /> one foot at a time<br /> into the iron waters,<br /> steam rising up to belly and breasts,<br /> washing over shoulders,<br /> welcome warmth of the room<br /> enclosed beneath petroglyph-carved cliffs,<br /> the writings of code,<br /> recordings of movements of people,<br /> a small stick-man,<br /> a caballero,<br /> arm raised<br /> to the running of antelope &amp; deer.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <h3>Light and Shadow</h3> <p>Low winter light flickers through<br /> cottonwoods as I walk a boardwalk<br /> on Ranchitos Road, the Harwood no longer<br /> a library where I can pull down books,<br /> but a gallery like every other in Taos:<br /> small rooms and curved walls.</p> <p>The flicker of light blinds me<br /> to all but the impression of limbs,<br /> towering and like the clack of a train<br /> on a track, recurrent, having its own<br /> rhythm that only a conductor can interpret,<br /> a music of light, a strobe, a sunlight my<br /> eyes only slightly register as they did<br /> in the arcade in front of the ballroom<br /> where I hand-cranked the nickelodeon<br /> and saw carriages on the boardwalk<br /> in an Easter parade, or maybe it was<br /> the sun over the pram's hood as Kay<br /> strolled in her hat and the judge<br /> called out winners over the public<br /> address system, wind blowing tassels<br /> back and forth in front of my eyes as<br /> I turned my face to a warming sun.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“Light and Shadow” appeared in <em>Abbey, Midnight Train to Dodge,</em> and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>I Am Coming Home to Wildwood Villas</h3> <p>My hair was yellow that summer,<br /> yellow to match my waitress uniform.<br /> It was dark and thick above my eyes,<br /> one long eyebrow.<br /> They put a man on the moon<br /> while I waited for a bus<br /> with wooden benches,<br /> lit Salems from a sand-crushed pack,<br /> deep breath of menthol<br /> drifting out the window<br /> as we pulled from the station,<br /> passed fishing boats tied up at docks,<br /> <em>pink in morning, sailor's warning,<br /> pink at night, sailor's delight,</em><br /> reciting what I’d been taught,<br /> a shade paler than red.</p> <p>In evening people streamed<br /> to the bulkhead to watch sunsets<br /> at the top of New Jersey Avenue,<br /> drink quarter beers at Smitty's Bar,<br /> sand drifting on plank floors<br /> and under the shuffleboard's rings,<br /> voices growing with night,<br /> flounder moving up the bay.</p> <p>I am coming home.<br /> There is still a long walk up<br /> a street moist with the sun's baking.<br /> Tar stains the bottom of my shoes.<br /> I have tried for days&nbsp;<br /> to remember that sailor's refrain.<br /> It is only as I walk into morning<br /> that I know it is about a warning,<br /> about a storm not yet here.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>&nbsp;“I Am Coming Home to Wildwood Villas” appeared in <em>They Recommend This Place,</em> the broadside <em>Kyle’s Clam Chowder, </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>Crossing</h3> <p><em>And you that shall cross from shore to shore years hence are<br /> more to me, and more in my meditations,<br /> than you might suppose.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; —Walt Whitman&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>I took a ferry to Walt Whitman's,<br /> continued on down the Delaware Bay<br /> to a few miles above the Point, then<br /> ran with small steps, arms outstretched into<br /> the sunset, like a sandpiper just before flight.<br /> I heard a foghorn against clouds,<br /> saw the silhouetted shape of a ferry<br /> moving across the bay, and knew I was<br /> to spend the night in the crossing.</p> <p>And so I boarded, took a seat alone in back,<br /> felt the tremor of engines as we backed<br /> into the canal, backed into a cherry ice sunset.<br /> At first it was the pink of sailor's delight,<br /> but as a slight wind rustled,<br /> as a chill whispered at my ears,<br /> it became the cherry ice served by<br /> a woman under a pastel striped umbrella<br /> at the bottom of Pennsylvania Avenue,<br /> hand reaching into a metal cylinder<br /> with a scoop.</p> <p>Thirty years ago I was on the inaugural voyage,<br /> crossing the bay that only our kites<br /> when cut from their thread journeyed over.&nbsp;<br /> Now, wrapped in an old man's camel hair coat,<br /> I carry red and gold leaves of oak from the walk<br /> to Walt Whitman's.</p> <p>There's a ferry to cross over<br /> from Camden to Philadelphia,<br /> a ferry to cross over<br /> from Cape May to Lewes;<br /> there's the parting of water,&nbsp;<br /> the wake.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“Crossing” appeared in <em>To Life! Occasions of Praise </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>Debris</h3> <p>Yesterday, I walked<br /> the beach of the Villas<br /> gathering debris.<br /> When I started out<br /> it was only<br /> an unbroken tiny pink pearl shell,<br /> a small quilled seagull feather,<br /> a blue clawed crab's pincher,<br /> and the back of its coral rimmed shell.<br /> But then there was<br /> the grey tipped gull feather,<br /> and a baby horseshoe crab the color<br /> of iced coffee with cream.&nbsp;<br /> Soon my hands were full<br /> and I wanted more:<br /> the numbered dock floats tangled<br /> in marine line,<br /> and a blue and yellow coil of rope.<br /> When I lifted it up<br /> I found it connected to<br /> seaweed and salt grass<br /> by a fishing line.<br /> Only for a moment<br /> did I think of untangling<br /> what I wanted from<br /> what it was attached to.<br /> Then I knew I couldn't.<br /> I could no more untangle<br /> the fishing line<br /> from the coil of colored rope<br /> than I could untangle myself<br /> from a foghorn's wail at sunset,<br /> sandbars stretching out long at low tide,<br /> the weathered wood siding of Smitty's Bar,<br /> or the steps to sand swept away in a storm.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“Debris” appeared in <em>Chiron Review, Unexpected Harvest – A Gathering of Blessings, </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>My Room of Aloneness and Quarantine</h3> <p>In a back bedroom off the living room<br /> with green wallpaper,<br /> a whole summer closed up<br /> with blond furniture.&nbsp;<br /> I had whooping cough,<br /> had to be isolated, quarantined.&nbsp;<br /> The only contact I had<br /> was when I coughed so hard<br /> they turned me upside down<br /> over the bed to stop.&nbsp;<br /> At night, it was worse.<br /> Days were spent looking out the window<br /> at the lot children played in next door.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>The room I now sleep in<br /> was used as a quarantine in the 30s,&nbsp;<br /> the father coming and going through<br /> the window my headboard butts up against.&nbsp;<br /> One summer, I slept with the window open,<br /> feared someone breaking in, got a cough.<br /> I wanted the window open,<br /> a breeze blowing through&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> as it hadn’t that summer on the bay.</p> <p>I dreamed of wandering down to the shore,&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> riding waves under the moon,<br /> lights from Smitty's Bar<br /> casting stripes on the sand,&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> Mabel the piano player belting songs,&nbsp;<br /> 25 cent beers, shuffleboard, plank floors,&nbsp;<br /> cheese steaks on the back grill<br /> sprinkled generously with black pepper,&nbsp;<br /> tide pounding the bulkhead,&nbsp;<br /> boats pulled from moorings,&nbsp;<br /> slim poles in sand,&nbsp;<br /> pier off the Fishing Club,&nbsp;<br /> or the rail boats were launched from into low tide,&nbsp;<br /> docks in harbors off the canal,&nbsp;<br /> ferry boats following flight of my lost kite,&nbsp;<br /> music and voices drifting into<br /> my room by the sea,<br /> my room of aloneness and quarantine.&nbsp;</p> <p>Even now I want to rise with voices into night,&nbsp;<br /> glide across cool sand,&nbsp;<br /> break into the bait locker at Abananni's Pier,&nbsp;<br /> cast my line under the stream of moon,&nbsp;<br /> rest on the bottom in tide rippled sand,&nbsp;<br /> wait for a flounder to carry me deeper,&nbsp;<br /> run the wake of the ferry<br /> following my yellow kite,&nbsp;<br /> surface in diesel fumed docks where<br /> I once marked the progress of tides.&nbsp;</p> <p>I struggle to stay awake.&nbsp;<br /> It has been a long night testing tides.<br /> I fall into sounds like into the yellow<br /> and red marker found many years earlier<br /> in the hull of a wrecked ship in winter,&nbsp;<br /> instructions saying to report its finding&nbsp;<br /> to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.&nbsp;<br /> They too were marking tides,&nbsp;<br /> the flow of bodies in depths of the sea.&nbsp;</p> <p>They put out a beacon.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> I am to return,&nbsp;<br /> climb back through the window,&nbsp;<br /> hide under covers,&nbsp;<br /> seal the room,&nbsp;<br /> the pull of tide,&nbsp;<br /> of voices on the bay stronger.&nbsp;<br /> I plumb the bottom with flounder.&nbsp;<br /> I am developing gills.&nbsp;<br /> What will they say when they take down<br /> the covers to bathe me?&nbsp;<br /> They will know I have been<br /> in this closed off room by the sea<br /> too long.&nbsp;</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“My Room of Aloneness and Quarantine” appeared in <em>Poetry Motel </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> <h3>Wildwood</h3> <p>I get on the El in North Philadelphia,<br /> not far from Tulip Street<br /> where Father died by<br /> the posts of the ramps<br /> to the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge.<br /> I sway with the clickety-clack of<br /> the car pushing &amp; pulling on the tracks<br /> between closed windows<br /> in the second story brick.</p> <p>I want a woman with dark brown hair<br /> to open one of those windows,<br /> lean out with her breasts<br /> brushing the fire escape,<br /> and hand me a flower.<br /> I want papaya &amp; mango juice served<br /> by the young man sitting next to me.<br /> I want Miami in April,<br /> and Wildwood in August.<br /> I want Elvis on South Street,<br /> and a big long car heading for New Orleans.<br /> I want branches of magnolia<br /> through an open window of<br /> the St. Charles Street trolley,<br /> cooked seafood in the hot wind,<br /> and lips under the cream awning<br /> of the Avenue Cafe.<br /> I want to watch green grow under the door<br /> of shotgun houses,<br /> what pierces right through<br /> and holds you there,<br /> Jesse still in Tupelo.</p> <p>I still want to be held in that way,<br /> with mussels &amp; oysters in the air,<br /> to be wrapped in black shutters,<br /> my hair flowing up a fire escape<br /> to a Mansard roof,<br /> a woman at the top of stairs<br /> handing me a sweet southern rose.</p> <p>I want tulips in North Philadelphia,<br /> and the rhythm of the El<br /> as it holds me between freeze-frames<br /> of lovers in windows.<br /> I want the reach of blue shell crabs<br /> over the rim of a dented pot<br /> as they are dropped into boiling water.<br /> I want butter dripping down my chin<br /> as I break open the shell.<br /> I want Scott paper napkins<br /> piled up beside my elbows on<br /> a red checked tablecloth.<br /> I want to ride in a convertible<br /> down the curves of Fulling Mill Road.<br /> I want the carousel and Ferris wheel,<br /> the tunnel of love and roller coaster.<br /> I want the Days of Wine and Roses<br /> at the Strand Theatre,<br /> The Platters and Chuck Berry.<br /> I want clams on the half shell and<br /> crab sandwiches at the Shamrock Bar.<br /> I want Wildwood,<br /> the sweet Wildwood of my youth.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 by Kyle Laws</p> <p>“Wildwood” appeared in <em>Caprice, Lummox Number One, POETS On the Line, They Recommend This Place, </em>and <em>Wildwood.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us" hreflang="en">U.S</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" 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field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Irrigation in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T11:48:36-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 11:48" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 11:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado" data-a2a-title="Irrigation in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Firrigation-colorado&amp;title=Irrigation%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The tension between aridity and irrigated agriculture has been a defining characteristic of Colorado for much of its modern history. On average, the state receives less than fifteen inches of annual precipitation, making it the seventh driest state in the country. To complicate matters, the majority of the state’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> originates in basins that are not suited for agricultur­­e, making access to water not just a question of quantity but of engineered distribution. Consequently, Colorado farmers, politicians, and businesses developed sophisticated irrigation systems and complex laws for capturing, storing, and moving water from source to field.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Beginnings</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Though irrigation in the West has been practiced for over a millennium, its continuous use in Colorado stems from the mid-1800s. Beginning in 1852, descendants of Spanish settlers near the town of <strong>San Luis</strong> built community-owned ditches known as <em>acequias</em>, which diverted water from the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The next significant irrigation effort occurred near the confluence of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a> and <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte Rivers</strong></a>, where settlers established the <strong>Union Colony </strong>of Colorado. The colony’s success was predicated on irrigation sufficient to grow high-value crops. Despite higher-than-expected costs and poor planning, the colony—later named for cofounder <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>, editor of the <em>New York Tribune</em>—built twenty-seven miles of canal in its first year, capable of watering 25,000 acres. Following the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/greeley"><strong>Greeley</strong></a> colony’s example, settlers in the region had appropriated every last drop of water in the South Platte watershed by the turn of the twentieth century. By 1900 extensive irrigation works watered fields in the <strong>Arkansas</strong>, <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a>, <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a>, <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa</strong> <strong>River</strong></a> watersheds. At the turn of the century, Colorado led the nation in irrigated acreage.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Water Law</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Precedent, scarcity, and economics pushed Colorado farmers to develop <a href="/article/water-law"><strong>water laws</strong></a> that diverged from those of their eastern peers, who possessed the right to divert water from a natural stream only if it coursed through their land and if their diversion did not damage the rights of downstream users. By contrast, during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59, miners diverted water from streams sufficient to conduct their operations. The right to divert water was not based on land ownership but on the order of their claim. Early water claims possessed priority over later ones. Farmers embraced that same “first in time, first in right,” or prior appropriation, doctrine, enabling them to divert water from streams on a first-come-first-served basis, regardless of the stream’s location. Prior appropriation was tested in 1874 when, in a drought year, Greeley farmers were unable to access sufficient water from the Cache la Poudre River because upstream farmers in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> nearly drained the river dry. The two sides were forced to come to an agreement that guaranteed Greeley its water based on its prior claim. Colorado’s 1876 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-constitution"><strong>constitution</strong></a> and the 1882 court case <em>Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch</em> <em>Co. </em>enshrined the doctrine of prior appropriation into law with one caveat: appropriators needed to demonstrate that they were putting water to beneficial use. Most states in the American West based their water laws on those established in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the late nineteenth century, mutual irrigation companies have managed the majority of Colorado’s irrigation water. These companies issue stock to farmers; however, unlike stock traded on Wall Street, each share entitles the holder—generally, a farmer—to a volume of water in a given year. The amount of water attached to a share varies from one year to the next based on water available in streams and reservoirs and on the seniority of each company’s rights; senior appropriation rights guarantee more reliable flows than junior ones. To guarantee sufficient water, junior appropriators will often purchase water from others in low-water years to make up their deficit. This is only possible because the majority of canals, ditches, diversions, and reservoirs in the state are interconnected, which facilitates water exchanges.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Federal Measuring Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the twentieth century, farmers, local boosters, and politicians prioritized making more water available and streamlining the delivery system. According to <strong>Elwood Mead</strong>, the first professional irrigation engineer in the state and a key figure in the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> in the early twentieth century, Coloradans in 1900 were taking as much as fifty times more water than they were allotted or could beneficially use. Without effective tools for water measurement, little could be done to regulate the system. As a result, the Colorado Agricultural College (CAC) at Fort Collins—now <strong>Colorado State University</strong>—and the federal Bureau of Agricultural Economics funded Colorado-based projects to accurately measure and distribute water. <strong>Ralph Parshall</strong>, perhaps the most influential of these irrigation engineers, developed tools for measuring water in streams and ditches to within 2 percent accuracy. This increased the amount of available water in Colorado streams by as much as 30 percent, a boon for junior appropriators who were often left high and dry in drought years. Parshall and his colleagues at the CAC also experimented with methods for removing silt and gravel from irrigation ditches, measuring <a href="/article/snow"><strong>snowpack</strong></a> to predict annual stream flow, and reforesting hillsides to slow spring runoff in attempts to make more water available later in the farming season. Still, Colorado farmers complained of insufficient water for their crops.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Transmountain Diversion Projects</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Effective measuring did not entirely solve water shortages. Transmountain diversion—moving water from a watershed with abundant water and little agriculture to parched regions with developed agriculture—presented another solution. The first and largest of these—the <a href="/article/colorado–big-thompson-project"><strong>Colorado-Big Thompson Project</strong></a> (C-BT)—was approved by Congress in the midst of the <strong>Depression</strong> and drought of the 1930s. Financed largely by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1937, it transferred 320,000 acre-feet of water annually from the headwaters of the Colorado River, on the west side of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a>, through a tunnel under the peaks of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> and into Eastern Slope reservoirs and streams that fed agriculture in northern Colorado. C-BT water annually added the equivalent of the total flow of the Cache la Poudre River to the South Platte River watershed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Subsequent transmountain diversion projects sponsored by Reclamation, such as the San Juan-Chama and Fryingpan-Arkansas Projects, transferred water from the Colorado and <strong>San Juan </strong>watersheds into the Arkansas and Rio Grande basins. In total, there have been more than thirty transmountain diversion projects in Colorado during the twentieth century.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes in Water Demand</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Water thirst in Colorado has been fed not just by scarcity but by real estate and consumer markets. A cursory glance at land values and crop evolution offers evidence. While land values across the state have generally increased in Colorado throughout the twentieth century, they rose most rapidly in irrigated lands. The costs of land and water on those lands, as well as property taxes, encouraged farmers to plant crops of high market value. In the early twentieth century, the most lucrative crop on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and in the Arkansas and Platte River valleys was the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong>,</a> a vegetable requiring extensive irrigation. In the 1930s and 1940s, when new hybrid corns were developed that were better suited to the short growing season of the state’s eastern plains, farmers prioritized corn, which required even more water than beets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the Western Slope, hardy varieties of peaches—another water-loving crop—pushed farmers on irrigated lands to plant orchards. In the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>, where aridity and high elevations demanded crops that could withstand a short growing season, farmers prioritized potatoes, alfalfa, hay, barley, wheat, and lettuces.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The post–World War II era has challenged Colorado’s limited water supply. After massive population increases—especially on the arid <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>—municipalities demanded more water. This has enticed farmers and ditch companies to sell their lucrative water rights to growing municipalities and construction companies offering high prices, resulting in housing developments on land formerly used by farmers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Other parties seeking water rights include oil and gas companies, which often lease farmland for drilling and then employ purchased water rights to extract fossil fuels. Additionally, climate change threatens to reduce the state’s water supply, and higher temperatures result in evaporative water loss from the state’s reservoirs and streams. All of these factors place additional pressure on fish and other wildlife, which rely on consistent flows of clean water for their existence. While modern water users in Colorado employ the state’s streams for diverse purposes, they are still confronted with the same limits and challenges of aridity faced by nineteenth-century settlers.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/weeks-michael" hreflang="und">Weeks, Michael</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history" hreflang="en">history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-peoples-ditch" hreflang="en">san luis people&#039;s ditch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beets" hreflang="en">sugar beets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/parshall-flume" hreflang="en">parshall flume</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ralph-parshall" hreflang="en">ralph parshall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/greeley" hreflang="en">greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-colony" hreflang="en">union colony</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canals" hreflang="en">canals</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-ditches" hreflang="en">irrigation ditches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-law" hreflang="en">water law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-big-thompson-project-0" hreflang="en">colorado big-thompson project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dam" hreflang="en">dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoirs" hreflang="en">reservoirs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Boyd, <em>A History: Greeley and the Union Colony of Colorado</em> (Greeley CO: Greeley Tribune Press, 1890).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Environmental Health Center, Missouri River Basin Project (US), ed., <em>South Platte River Basin Water Pollution Investigation: Report</em> (Cincinnati, OH: The Center, 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Greg Hobbs, <em>The Public’s Water Resource: Articles on Water Law, History, and Culture</em> 2nd ed. (Denver: Continuing Legal Education in Colorado, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Wells A. Hutchins, <em>Mutual Irrigation Companies</em>. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 82 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1929).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William John May, <em>The Great Western Sugarlands: The History of the Great Western Sugar Company and the Economic Development of the Great Plains</em> (New York: Garland, 1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elwood Mead, <a href="https://archive.org/details/irrigationinsti02meadgoog"><em>Irrigation Institutions: A Discussion of the Economic and Legal Questions Created by the Growth of Irrigated Agriculture in the West</em></a> (London: Macmillan, 1903).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. L. Parshall, <em>The Parshall Measuring Flume</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State College, Colorado Experiment Station, 1936).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alvin T. Steinel, History of Agriculture in Colorado: A Chronological Record of Progress in the Development of General Farming, Livestock Production and Agricultural Education and Investigation, on the Western Border of the Great Plains and in the Mountains of Colorado, 1858 to 1926 (Fort Collins: Colorado Agricultural College, 1926).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, South Platte River Basin Project, <em>The Beet Sugar Industry: The Water Pollution Problem and the Status of Waste Abatement and Treatment</em> (Denver: US Department of the Interior, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>The Last Water Hole in the West: The Colorado-Big Thompson Project and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The</em> <em>Great Divide: The Destiny of the West is Written in the Headwaters of Colorado</em>. Directed by Jim Havey. Denver: Havey Productions, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert G. Hemphill, ed. <em>Irrigation in Northern Colorado</em>. US Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1026 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rose Laflin, <em>Irrigation, Settlement, and Change on the Cache La Poudre River</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, n.d).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Donald J. Pisani, <em>To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848–1902</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>José A. Rivera, <em>Acequia Culture: Water, Land, and Community in the Southwest</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Schorr, <em>The Colorado Doctrine: Water Rights, Corporations, and Distributive Justice on the American Frontier</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 18:48:36 +0000 yongli 2318 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org