%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Public Lands History Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Lands History Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3736--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3736.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/TileyHouse_GoogleMaps_0.jpg?itok=BW9Y4w5g" width="932" height="542" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/tiley-house-colorado-state-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tiley House, Colorado State University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a faculty and student-run research center at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Projects include partnerships with the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and trips to public lands across the United States.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:36:18-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:36" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/public-lands-history-center" data-a2a-title="Public Lands History Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fpublic-lands-history-center&amp;title=Public%20Lands%20History%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Public Lands History Center (PLHC) is a special unit of the History Department at <strong>Colorado State University </strong>in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. Since 2007 it has partnered with students, communities, and land management agencies of all types to document the history of the nation’s public lands. While the PLHC’s work reaches beyond the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> West, its efforts within Colorado are also noteworthy, including collaborations with <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a>, and city governments.</p> <h2>Founding</h2> <p>In 2007, with seed funding from the College of Liberal Arts, CSU historians Mark Fiege, Janet Ore, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/alexander-ruth-m"><strong>Ruth Alexander</strong></a>, Gregory Smoak, and archaeologist <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/labelle-jason-m"><strong>Jason LaBelle</strong></a> founded the Center for Public Lands History and Archaeology. Linked by a shared appreciation for histories of public lands, the scholars envisioned an intellectual community that provided students with practical and applied opportunities for professional development. Their goal was “to improve current park managers’ and the general public’s historical knowledge about specific national parks and the regions they inhabit.” Committed to developing a culture of collaboration, the founders pooled resources for the benefit of the center’s participants, especially students.</p> <p>Initially, the center had no full-time staff, but the founders soon saw a clear need for at least one staff member. In 2007 it hired a permanent Program Manager, CSU History alumna Maren Bzdek. Bzdek developed much of the PLHC’s administrative framework and was the lead researcher on some of its more ambitious projects, including the restoration of the Johnson Space Center’s Apollo Mission Control Room, completed in 2019.</p> <p>In 2008 Fiege won the William E. Morgan Chair of Liberal Arts position, giving much of his award to support the center’s work. The PLHC flourished with this newest infusion, and in Spring 2010, the center was reborn as the Public Lands History Center. The reconfigured name reflected a research emphasis on history. Over the next several years, additional CSU history faculty, including Adrian Howkins, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/author/orsi-jared"><strong>Jared Orsi</strong></a>, and Sarah Payne, joined the PLHC.</p> <h2>Early Accomplishments</h2> <p>In 2011 the PLHC held “National Parks Beyond the Nation,” which brought together scholars from every continent to discuss public lands history and management in a global context. The meeting resulted in a published anthology edited by PLHC council members, <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea</em>.<em>’ </em>The book was the first of several works published in the PLHC’s Public Lands History book series with the University of Oklahoma Press, launched in 2015.</p> <p>In collaboration with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive"><strong>CSU Water Resources Archive</strong></a>’s “Water Tables” event, the PLHC also co-sponsored “Coping with Extremes,” a western water symposium held in conjunction with the archive’s annual Water Tables event. Four noted historians of the American West, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patricia Limerick</strong></a>, Louis Warren, Jay Taylor, and Donald Jackson, gathered for a public conversation about how water shaped histories in the West, ranging from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ghost-dance"><strong>Ghost Dances</strong></a> of the 1890s to the collapse of a Los Angeles dam in the 1920s.</p> <p>The PLHC’s work was attracting national attention, but new challenges loomed on the horizon. Business was booming. By 2012 the Center had drawn in more than $800,000 in funded projects. These projects mostly came from National Park Service (NPS) units in the American West. The Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units (CESU) National Network recognized Fiege, Ore, Alexander, Orsi, and Bzdek for the PLHC’s outstanding contributions to ecosystems studies. But the PLHC stared down a sustainability crisis brought by the end of Fiege’s Morgan Chair funding in 2012.</p> <h2>Seeking Sustainability</h2> <p>After 2012, the PLHC adapted to weather a less certain financial future. It changed its leadership structure and sought competitive internal and external funding opportunities. It also continued its work with the National Park Service and partnered with Fort Collins Utilities, local irrigation companies, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>, and the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. In 2013 Alexander took on the role of the PLHC Council Chair, marking a new era in the Center’s leadership model. The changeover coincided with a revised mission statement emphasizing collaborative values: “shared authority, reciprocity, public engagement, and a non-hierarchical approach to knowledge production.”</p> <p>Reflecting its updated mission, the PLHC launched two public engagement programs. One was Parks as Portals to Learning (PPL). Fiege and two resource managers at Rocky Mountain National Park, Ben Baldwin and Ben Bowbowski, developed the field workshop together. The program immersed students in the realities of resource management at Rocky Mountain National Park and provided an unvarnished look at the rewards and challenges of working there. The other initiative was reimagining the American West Program (AWP). Begun in the 1970s as a summer series of interdisciplinary lectures, films, and other intellectual events, the program had been derelict since 2004. In 2014 the PLHC revived AWP as a forum for scholars and land managers to discuss and share stories related to the West’s public lands with the public.</p> <p>In 2016 the PLHC was recognized as one of CSU’s Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE), owing to its “standard for excellence in research, teaching and service.” Through the PRSE designation, the PLHC won competitive internal university funding and rebuilt its programming and staff, developing a research fellowship program and reinstating the program manager position. After a national search, the Council selected Dr. Brenda Todd. Dr. Todd helped stabilize the Center’s operations in preparation for its next chapter. She departed the PLHC in winter 2018.</p> <p>In 2019 the PLHC appointed Ariel Schnee as interim Program Manager and later hired her permanently. Under Schnee, the PLHC continued its research agenda and expanded its programming and public engagement. In 2019 CSU history faculty Liesl Carr Childers and Michael Childers joined the PLHC Council and created new partnerships with the US Forest Service and the Office of Engagement and Extension. That same year the PLHC also welcomed Adam Thomas, teaching faculty member and founder of Historitecture, a Colorado-based historic preservation consultancy, to the council.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>As of 2022, the PLHC has executed well over $2,000,000 in funded projects, making lasting contributions to public lands scholarship and management. It provided training to a new generation of professionals within the National Park Service, the <strong>Bureau of Land Management</strong>, and the US Forest Service, as well as opportunities for historic preservationists and planners working in local and state governments and non-profit entities, cultural resource managers, and academic historians. Thousands have attended its American West Program events, and the Parks as Portals to Learning field workshop is entering its tenth year.</p> <p>In 2019 grant funding from the Henry B. Luce Foundation resulted in an innovative, integrated research and public outreach program that partners the PLHC with communities to assist them in telling under-represented public lands histories. While the PLHC has evolved according to changing conditions, it has maintained a belief in the power of public lands histories to inform and connect people.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/schnee-ariel" hreflang="und">Schnee, Ariel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-history-center" hreflang="en">public lands history center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-forest-service-0" hreflang="en">US forest service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-park-service" hreflang="en">national park service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-research" hreflang="en">public lands research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-lands-colorado" hreflang="en">public lands in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmental-studies" hreflang="en">environmental studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-orsi" hreflang="en">Jared Orsi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ruth-alexander" hreflang="en">ruth alexander</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jason-labelle" hreflang="en">jason labelle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mark-fiege" hreflang="en">mark fiege</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adrian-howkins" hreflang="en">adrian howkins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-faculty" hreflang="en">csu history faculty</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-history-department" hreflang="en">csu history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-department" hreflang="en">colorado state history department</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-history-grad-program" hreflang="en">colorado state history grad program</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grad-students-csu" hreflang="en">grad students csu</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-graduate-studies" hreflang="en">colorado state graduate studies</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-collins" hreflang="en">fort collins</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-5-Summer-2014.pdf">Message from the Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 5.1 (Summer 2014).</p> <p>Ruth Alexander, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/PLHC-Volume-4-Summer-2013_11.pdf">Messages from the PLHC Council</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, vol 4.1 (Summer 2013).</p> <p>Maren Thompson Bzdek, “<a href="https://gazette.com/news/apollo-mission-control-a-place-for-preservation/article_cb0d5b1e-a40a-11e9-9050-af873f5e09ee.html">Apollo Mission Control: A place for preservation</a>,” <em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, July 13, 2019.</p> <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://www.research.colostate.edu/prse/">Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence (PRSE)</a>.”</p> <p>Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Units National Network, “<a href="http://www.cesu.psu.edu/materials/CESU_NatAwards.htm">CESU National Award Recipients 2012</a>.”</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-3-Spring-20121.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail: The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em> 3, no. 1 (Summer 2012).</p> <p>Mark Fiege, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/2013/12/Volume-1-Spring-20101.pdf">Message from the Director</a>,” <em>On the Trail:</em> <em>The Public Lands History Center Newsletter</em>, 1, no. 1 (Spring 2010).</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-lands-book-series/">Public Lands History Book Series</a>,” 2015.</p> <p>Public Lands History Center, “<a href="https://publiclands.colostate.edu/public-programs/western-water-symposium/">Western Water History Symposium</a>.</p> <p>The Henry B. Luce Foundation, “<a href="https://www.hluce.org/grants/grants/telling-the-untold-stories-of-public-lands-a-community-engaged-public-history-program/">To support the public history initiatives of the Public Lands History Center</a>,” Grants, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Michael M. Geary, <em>Sea of Sand: A History of Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Adrian Howkins, Jared Orsi, and Mark Fiege, eds., <em>National Parks Beyond the Nation: Global Perspectives on ‘America’s Best Idea’ </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).</p> <p>Cori Knudten and Maren Bzdek, <em>Crossroads of Change: The People and the Land of Pecos </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020).</p> <p><a href="https://organpipehistory.com/">National Border, National Park: A History of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument</a></p> <p>James E. Sherow, <em>The Chisholm Trail: Joseph McCoy’s Great Gamble </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2018).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:36:18 +0000 yongli 3735 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ninth Street http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ninth-street <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ninth Street</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T17:12:11-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 17:12" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 17:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ninth-street" data-a2a-title="Ninth Street"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fninth-street&amp;title=Ninth%20Street"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Ninth Street Historic Park is the heart of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> neighborhood, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s oldest, founded in October 1858, a month before Denver City. In the late 1960s, the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA) planned to clear 169 acres of old Auraria bordering <strong>Cherry Creek</strong> to build the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC). Preservationists, led by <strong>Historic Denver, Inc.</strong>, fought to save one relatively intact residential face block of Ninth Street between Curtis and Champa Streets to be restored for educational use. As a preservation project, Ninth Street is notable for its wide variety of architectural styles as well as for saving a middle-class <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/early-immigration-denver-1850%E2%80%931920"><strong>immigrant</strong></a> neighborhood of Germans, Irish, Jews, and Hispanos.</p> <h2>Auraria History</h2> <p>Auraria got its start when <strong>William Green Russell</strong> and his party of prospectors found <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold</strong></a> there near the confluence of Cherry Creek and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>. That discovery ignited the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and led the Russell party to found Auraria City, named for the gold-mining community of Auraria, Georgia, from which they came. Auraria was subsequently annexed by Denver City on the other side of Cherry Creek. As Auraria industrialized, wealthier folks moved to Denver’s many new, more fashionable neighborhoods. Auraria became increasingly Latino and at the northwest end of Ninth Street was anchored by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s</strong></a>, Denver’s first Catholic church for Spanish speakers, along with its school, health clinic, and credit union. Many Aurarians worked in nearby industries such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery"><strong>Tivoli Brewery</strong></a>, the <strong>Hungarian Flour Mills</strong>, and the <strong>Burnham Shops</strong> of the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>.</p> <h2>Preserving Ninth Street</h2> <p>The oldest intact block in Denver, Ninth Street homes date from 1872 to 1906, with modest vernacular versions of Italianate, Queen Anne, classic cottage, and mansard houses as well as one of Denver’s best examples of the Second Empire style. All seemed doomed in 1969, when Denver voters approved plans to condemn and clear the land for AHEC, which would include three degree-granting institutions—<strong>Community College of Denver</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State College</strong>, and the <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>.</p> <p>Led by Don D. and Carolyn Etter and Barbara Sudler, Historic Denver, Inc., persuaded authorities to give it a chance to restore the block and return it to AHEC for educational use. Beginning in 1972, Historic Denver spent nearly $1 million to restore the block and celebrated its completion on Colorado Day, August 1, 1976. By grassing over the street and intensely landscaping the entire three-acre site, the block earned its park name as well as designation as a Denver and national historic district. More open space came with the demolition of two houses that could not be saved. All thirteen of the surviving, restored residences are noteworthy, as is the corner grocery store, an anchor of nineteenth-century neighborhoods. Six of the houses are among the city’s oldest, built before Colorado became a state in 1876.</p> <h2>Buildings</h2> <p>Knight House (1015 Ninth Street) was built in 1885 by Charles and Betsey Davis of 1068 Ninth Street as a wedding present for their daughter Kate and her husband, Steve Knight, a bookkeeper in Davis’s West Side Flour Mill. Don Etter, who helped document and restore Ninth Street, has called this unique mansard-style house “perhaps the most beautifully proportioned and tastefully embellished Victorian house in Denver<em>.</em>”</p> <p><a href="/article/casa-mayan"><strong>Smedley House/Casa Mayan</strong></a> (1020 Ninth Street) was built around 1872 by <strong>William Smedley</strong>, a Quaker dentist and teacher whose descendants became prominent dentists and state legislators. In 1933 Trinidad and Belen Gonzales bought the building and made it their family home. In 1947 the family turned the first floor into Casa Mayan, one of Denver’s first Mexican restaurants to welcome non-Mexicans. The family not only fed but entertained with Mexican music and dance, making Casa Mayan popular and doing much to bridge the gap between Spanish and English speakers. After restoration it became a museum of Auraria and Latino culture.</p> <p>Ropp House (1024 Ninth Street) was built in 1875 in the Italianate style for Cordelia Ropp and her husband, Oscar, a saloon owner and livestock dealer.</p> <p>Nevin House (1027 Ninth Street) may have been built by Jeremiah Gardener in 1882 for his son-in-law William C. Nevin. A mansard second story and dominant mansard tower distinguish one of Ninth Street’s more fashionable houses.</p> <p>Gardner House (1033 Ninth Street) was built in 1873 by Jeremiah and Mary Gardner as a frame house with a third-story shingled tower and much ornate wooden trim and metal rooftop cresting.</p> <p>Wheeler-Griebling House (1041 Ninth Street) was built around 1880 with a prominent two-story front bay. Frank Wheeler worked for the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad for thirty-five years and also served as a Denver city councilman and as director of Denver’s Auraria School District. Later owner John Griebling was a cabinetmaker with the Denver Furniture and Carpet Company.</p> <p>Schulz-Madden Duplex (1045/47 Ninth Street) was designed by J. J. Backus and built in 1890 for $3,700, complete with identical twin front porches. William Schulz, a bookkeeper for the Milwaukee (later Tivoli) Brewery, shared the duplex with Eugene Madden, who ran a saloon called Madden’s Wet Goods at 1140 Larimer Street and also served nine terms as Auraria’s city councilman.</p> <p>Cole-Wilson House (1050 Ninth Street) was built around 1875 by Henry Cole. From 1880 to 1927, this picturesque one-story cottage housed Frank Wilson, an engineer with the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad, and his family.</p> <p>Young House (1051 Ninth Street) is a classic cottage bungalow built in 1903 by Thomas Young, a blacksmith whose daughter was a piano teacher. Typical of classic cottages, it had neoclassical porch posts, a hipped roof, and a central dormer atop a small one-story house.</p> <p>Dolan House (1056 Ninth Street) was built in 1901 by Maurice Dolan, treasurer and later a manager for the Hungarian Flour Mills. William Crowe designed this typical classic cottage bungalow similar to the Young House across the street. Thousands of similar modest houses were built throughout the city in middle- and lower-class neighborhoods after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong></a> lowered housing expectations and budgets.</p> <p>Rundles House (1059 Ninth Street) was built in 1880 by William B. Rundle, manager of the Colorado Electric Company. The second mansard story added later was designed by Colorado’s most distinguished architectural firm, <strong>Frank E. Edbrooke</strong> and Company.</p> <p>Davis House (1068 Ninth Street) was built around 1872 by Charles R. Davis, a miller who became the successful owner of the West Denver Flour Mill. The full front porch has elaborate Carpenter Gothic trim and supports a second-story balcony.</p> <p>The Groussman Store (906 Curtis Street, at Ninth) was built in 1906 by Albert B. Groussman and his wife, Belle. Their family lived upstairs and operated the grocery on the ground floor. This red-brick commercial building designed by architect Frederick Carl Eberley has been repurposed as a Mexican restaurant crowned by distinctive cannonball finials.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>As of 2021, the fourteen historic structures served primarily as offices for campus groups, including AHEC campus and facilities planning, the University of Colorado–Denver English department, the University of Colorado–Denver honors and leadership program, the Metropolitan State University honors program, and the Auraria Faculty and Staff Club. For these groups, as well as everyone else at AHEC, Ninth Street provides a serene, park-like heart for a scattered campus.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ninth-street-historic-district" hreflang="en">Ninth Street Historic District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/casa-mayan" hreflang="en">Casa Mayan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-smedley" hreflang="en">William Smedley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Don D. Etter, <em>Auraria: Where Denver Began</em> (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1972).</p> <p>Magdalena Gallegos, <em>Where the Rivers Meet: The Story of Auraria Through Our Eyes</em> (Denver: Metropolitan State College, 2005).</p> <p>Gregorio Gonzales Alcaro (curator of Casa Mayan), various tours and interviews with Thomas J. Noel, 2020.</p> <p>Margaret Heffron, Mark Stevens, and Don Etter, “Auraria 9th Street Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1972).</p> <p>Jerome C. Smiley, <em>History of Denver</em> (Denver: Times-Sun Publishing, 1901).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:12:11 +0000 yongli 3613 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Tivoli Brewery http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Tivoli Brewery </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:22:53-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:22" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tivoli-brewery" data-a2a-title="Tivoli Brewery "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftivoli-brewery&amp;title=Tivoli%20Brewery%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Constructed in 1864, the Tivoli Brewery in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> was the first brewery built in Colorado and the second in the nation. Over the course of its complex history, the brewery changed hands multiple times until it was abandoned in 1969. The Tivoli building became part of the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) in the 1970s, when an urban renewal project transformed the former neighborhood of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> into a tri-institutional college campus. The building reopened as a bar and retail center in 1982, and in 1994 it became the official student union of the Auraria campus. Today, the Tivoli is not only part of the historic fabric of the campus but serves an integral role in the student experience.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>First Brewery in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although the structure that is now the Tivoli was not opened until 1864, the brewery’s roots go back to the arrival of <strong>John Good</strong>, an immigrant who came to Denver during the 1858–59 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>gold rush</strong></a>. Good partnered with another immigrant, Frederick Salomon, who founded the Rocky Mountain Brewery, which would later become one of the Tivoli company’s greatest competitors. Good soon sold his share of the <strong>Rocky Mountain Brewery</strong> to Salomon and founded Denver’s Good Bank.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1864 German immigrant <strong>Moritz Sigi</strong> opened the Colorado Brewery on Tenth Street in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> neighborhood. This marked the start of what later became the Tivoli building. The building was designed by architect Frederick C. Eberley and featured Bavarian-style architecture—a unique combination of Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Rococo influences—making it a one-of-a-kind structure in the United States. Along with the brewery, Sigi constructed the first artesian well in Colorado within the brewery to supply water for brewing. Sigi’s brewery was known for a specialized “Buck Beer,” a style of beer unique to Colorado that was a hybrid lager similar to a Bock. During the 1870s, Sigi began to expand the building, with construction of a structure to be called “Sigi’s Hall” underway.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tragedy struck on March 22, 1874, when a carriage that Sigi was driving overturned after he lost control of his horses. Falling at the corner of Wazee and Nineteenth Streets, he fractured the base of his skull. Despite the efforts of several doctors, Sigi died shortly after 9 am on the morning of March 23.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Milwaukee Brewery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Sigi’s death, the Colorado Brewery was taken over by Max Melsheimer, who renamed it the Milwaukee Brewery in 1879. Melsheimer ran the brewery successfully for several years, focusing on expanding the building’s infrastructure. He borrowed $250,000 from John Good to install new copper brewing kettles and a grain tower in 1880. Two years later, he further expanded the building by constructing the Turn Halle Opera House. While the new structures increased the company’s brewing capacity, Melsheimer was unable to earn enough revenue to repay his loan from Good. In 1900 Good foreclosed on Melsheimer’s loan and assumed control of the Milwaukee Brewery. He renamed the company Tivoli, after the famous Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1901 Good partnered with William Burkhardt’s Union Brewery to form the Tivoli-Union Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tivoli During Prohibition</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/prohibition"><strong>prohibition</strong></a> began in Colorado in 1916, most of the state’s breweries closed. Zang’s Brewery (formerly the Rocky Mountain Brewery), which had been the Tivoli-Union’s greatest competition, was never able to recover from prohibition and eventually closed. The Tivoli-Union continued to brew legal, low-alcohol cereal beers, which sustained the company through the repeal of prohibition in 1933. As one of the only remaining breweries in Colorado at that point, the Tivoli-Union enjoyed high demand for its products. By the 1950s, the brewery was one of the largest in the country. It produced around 150,000 barrels per year and sold its products in almost every state west of the Mississippi River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Turmoil</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When John Good died in 1918, ownership of the brewery passed to Good’s children and his business partner, William Burghardt. The brewery remained in the Good family until 1965, when Loraine Good, the final heir, died. After some brief legal turmoil, the brewery was sold to Carl and Joseph Occhiato, owners of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> Pepsi-Cola Bottling Plant. The Occhiato brothers decided to rebrand Tivoli-Union products as “Denver beer.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 1965, shortly after the Occhiato brothers took ownership of the brewery, business was halted by a disastrous <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>flood of the South Platte River</strong></a>. The brewery was inundated with nine feet of water and sustained more than $135,000 in damages. When the Tivoli reopened after the flood, problems only continued. The flood contaminated the artesian well used for brewing, and customers noted that the Tivoli’s beers didn’t taste the same. Production was cut significantly, and in 1968 employees went on a six-week strike to protest reduced wages as well as a significant reduction in staff. Production capacity at the Tivoli never fully recovered as financial problems plagued the company after the flood. The brewery closed its doors on April 25, 1969.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>AHEC and Urban Renewal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Tivoli-Union building stood abandoned for years after closing its doors. However, in 1973 the building itself was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. That same year, the building was purchased by the <strong>Denver Urban Renewal Authority</strong> (DURA) for potential use in the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) project. The Auraria Board of Directors worked with the Associates for Redevelopment of the Tivoli, a group of preservationists developing proposals to rehabilitate the Tivoli, to come up with a new use for the building that would benefit students. They hoped to turn the building into a business complex by restoring the Tivoli’s post-Victorian look and installing businesses such as a daycare center, bike shop, bank, barbershop, post office, dry cleaner, dentist, doctor, lawyer, drugstore, and student-oriented travel agency. There would also be an effort to preserve the old brewing equipment. The kettles and machinery would be cleaned, polished, and protected in glass display cases. The proposed project would charge rental fees from vendors, which could be used to reduce student costs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Plans for developing the Tivoli business center moved forward, but there were some problems along the way. In 1976 DURA and AHEC went to court over accusations made by AHEC that DURA had failed to maintain the Tivoli building. AHEC inspectors reported that no efforts had been made to keep the doors closed, leaving the interior of the building covered in bird droppings. Other complaints included significant water damage, trash, and droppings from the guard dog that had never been cleaned. All this damage would increase renovation costs above the proposed $2 million. The project halted, and the building remained in disrepair.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1980 the campus leased the Tivoli building to the Trizec Corporation of Calgary, Canada, which began a $27 million project to redevelop the Tivoli into an urban shopping center. Trizec hired HOK, the same Kansas City–based architectural firm that later designed <strong>Coors Field</strong>, to revamp and expand the brewery for commercial use. By 1982 the building housed several restaurants, a bar, retail stores, and even an AMC movie theater.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Student Union</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1991 Auraria students voted to use their fees to buy the Tivoli back from Trizec and redevelop it into a student union for the campus. Following a Colorado Historical Society Gaming Fund assessment, AHEC began a $28 million rehabilitation of the building. The project sought to restore the Tivoli’s historic spaces and artifacts; the copper brewing kettles were preserved in glass cases. The building reopened in October 1994 as AHEC’s new student union, shared by students from the <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, <strong>Metropolitan State University</strong>, and <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>. It retained the Boiler Room Bar and AMC theater that were part of the Trizec redevelopment, but many interior spaces were reconverted from stores into spaces that could serve students, including a student travel agency, bookstore, and student newspaper offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Tivoli Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The building is now home to meeting rooms, student-group offices, a food court, businesses, and event spaces. In 2012 Corey Marshall acquired the Tivoli and several other beer brands, and he decided to revive the Tivoli Brewing Company. Today Tivoli Brewing operates there, continuing the building’s legacy as a brewery while serving as an education center for students in beer-industry programs at the campus. As the student union, the building has become the heart of the Auraria campus, a place for students to congregate and reflect on how the building’s past has become intertwined with the campus’s future.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tivoli-brewery" hreflang="en">Tivoli Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moritz-sigi" hreflang="en">Moritz Sigi</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-good" hreflang="en">John Good</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-brewery" hreflang="en">Colorado Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/max-melsheimer" hreflang="en">Max Melsheimer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/milwaukee-brewery" hreflang="en">Milwaukee Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-burkhardt" hreflang="en">William Burkhardt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/auraria-neighborhood-history">Auraria Neighborhood History</a>,” Denver Public Library, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Noel, “Restoration of Tivoli Pours Forth Memories,” <em>Rocky Mountain News</em>, October 4, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Penny Parker, “Renovated Tivoli Ready to Open: Building Combines Stores, Eateries, Auraria Offices,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, October 19, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter J. Pappas, “No Rats but a Lot of Crap,” <em>Auraria Transcript</em>, January 28, 1976.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter J. Pappas, “Restoration Set for Tivoli,” <em>Auraria Transcript</em>, April 23, 1975.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann Stoenner, “115 Year Old Tivoli Brewery: Renovation, Rent, or Rubble?” <em>Fourth Estate</em>, March 13, 1974.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“A Terrible Accident,” <em>Rocky Mountain News Daily, </em>March 24, 1874.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Tivoli Brewery,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>April 8, 1999.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Margaret Coel, <em>The Tivoli: Bavaria in the Rockies </em>(Denver: Colorado and West, 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://tivolibrewingco.com/story">The Tivoli Story</a>,” Tivoli Brewing Company.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:22:53 +0000 yongli 3591 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Auraria (West Denver) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Auraria (West Denver)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-16T09:20:04-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 16, 2021 - 09:20" class="datetime">Wed, 06/16/2021 - 09:20</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver" data-a2a-title="Auraria (West Denver)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fauraria-west-denver&amp;title=Auraria%20%28West%20Denver%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Now home to the tri-institutional campus of <strong>Metropolitan State University of Denver</strong>, <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, and <strong>Community College of Denver</strong>, the Auraria neighborhood has a long and rich history predating the founding of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> itself. Auraria is bordered by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> to the west, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong> to the south, and Speer Boulevard (which flanks <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>) to the east, forming a rough triangle. The neighborhood’s proximity to the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek made it an oasis amid <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Colorado’s dry plains</strong></a>, and Indigenous people used the place as a trading post for many years before whites arrived. In 1858 the town of Auraria was founded by miners who discovered gold in the area, and it continued to grow and flourish until being combined with nearby Denver in 1860.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Auraria, known as West Denver, was a mixed-use neighborhood for much of its history, home to a diverse group of nationalities and cultures. In 1965 a disastrous flood left Auraria severely damaged, and an urban-renewal project demolished the former neighborhood to build the Auraria Higher Education Center (AHEC) that exists today. While the removal of Auraria residents to build an urban college campus remains controversial, AHEC and local historic-preservation groups have attempted to preserve the neighborhood’s cultural past.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek was home to a diverse group of Indigenous people for more than 10,000 years before white immigrants arrived. Throughout the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/formative-period-prehistory"><strong>Formative</strong></a> periods, various prehistoric groups hunted bison along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. By about 1500 CE, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> and <strong>Apache</strong> people started to move into the central <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> and plains. In the 1700s, <strong>Comanche</strong> and <strong>Kiowa</strong> drove the Apaches out of the area and established a trade network that would last into the 1800s, when the <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> pushed them out.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Auraria Town Company</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>It was with the Cheyenne and Arapaho that the first white trappers and traders in the area established contact in the 1810s. But the dry, harsh climate of the plains meant that immigrants did not come in droves. Some Cherokees discovered gold around the confluence, but they kept the location secret. In 1858, however, a Georgia man named <strong>William Green Russell</strong>, who had marriage ties to the Cherokees, headed west after hearing about a gold discovery at Ralston Creek. Initially Russell’s group came up empty-handed, but it finally discovered gold at the junction of the South Platte and Dry Creek (a few miles south of the Cherry Creek confluence) in July 1858.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>News of the discovery spread, and soon <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>prospectors flocked to the area</strong></a>. A townsite, named Auraria for Russell’s hometown in Georgia, was staked out at the confluence and advertised as free to all immigrants. On November 6, the Auraria Town Company formalized and adopted a constitution, making it an official township.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rivalry on the Plains</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Within weeks of Auraria’s founding, General <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-larimer-jr"><strong>William Larimer, Jr.</strong></a>, led a group of men from Kansas into the Cherry Creek area, at that time still technically part of Kansas Territory. Larimer’s party acquired the land on the east bank of Cherry Creek, opposite Auraria, which had formerly been the townsite of St. Charles. The party formed the Denver City Company, named after Kansas governor James W. Denver. The Denver Town Company adopted its constitution on November 22, 1858.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Auraria and Denver became rivals, fighting to attract businesses and residents. In April 1859, for example, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> editor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a> first set up shop in Auraria, on the second floor of Richens Wootton’s saloon, before moving to the dry bed of Cherry Creek in order to maintain neutrality between the towns. (As one might expect, the office was soon destroyed in a flood.)</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While Auraria initially succeeded in attracting more businesses, Denver won an important victory when it offered fifty-three lots and nine shares to the Leavenworth and Pikes Peak Express. Having the first stagecoach connection was crucial for Denver’s growth because hotels and saloons wanted to be located near the stagecoach terminals. Residents also wanted to live near the stagecoach for easier access to incoming mail and news. Auraria finally conceded, and on April 5, 1860, it merged with Denver. For the next century, the neighborhood was known as “West Denver.” The term Auraria would not be used again until the 1960s, when the city revived it to refer to the redevelopment project in the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Immigrants</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Over time, Auraria developed as a distinctly working-class neighborhood, home to mills, warehouses, breweries, and various other businesses alongside homes for working-class families and boardinghouses for single men. Old immigrant groups were the first to inhabit the neighborhood, primarily American-born citizens from the east as well as German and Irish immigrants. After several South Platte River and Cherry Creek floods in the 1860s­–80s, which made the area less desirable, the land along the river was devoted to railroads and industrial uses while the demographics of West Denver began to shift toward central and eastern European immigrants.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Between the 1890s and 1920s, the West Colfax neighborhood (including West Denver) was the main home of eastern European Jews in Denver. Many originally left Russia because of religious persecution, and eventually some relocated to Denver for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> treatment at the Jewish Hospital for Consumptives (now <strong>National Jewish Hospital</strong>). In the 1910s, future Israeli prime minister Golda Meir, who was originally from Russia, lived on Julian Street, where her family’s duplex became a cultural center for Jewish immigrants from Russia. In 1988 the duplex was relocated about a mile east to the Auraria campus and today is a museum. Another center of Jewish culture in Auraria was the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/emmanuel-shearith-israel-chapel"><strong>Emmanuel Shearith Israel Chapel</strong></a>, originally built in 1876 as an Episcopalian church but converted to a synagogue in 1903. The building remained a center for Jewish worship in West Denver until 1963, when a private owner bought the chapel and converted it into an art gallery. Today it remains an art gallery on the Auraria campus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>These different immigrant groups mingled mostly in peace, though there was some rivalry and contempt between groups, especially the Germans and Irish. Germans built <strong>St. Elizabeth’s Catholic Church</strong> in 1878, and a separate Irish church, St. Leo’s, was not built until 1891. During the intervening years, Irish residents of West Denver attended mass in the German-dominated St. Elizabeth’s, something that neither group was particularly happy about.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Latino Community Calls Auraria Home</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early twentieth century, West Denver’s population declined as streetcars and automobiles allowed many people to move outside the urban core. During the 1920s, Latino farmers and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> veterans began to move in, shifting the neighborhood from central and eastern European to Latino. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the Latino residents of Auraria created a rich culture. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church"><strong>St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</strong></a> at the corner of Lawrence and Ninth Streets was built in 1926 and represented the heart of the neighborhood, while the Casa Mayan restaurant also served as a cultural center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1941 city officials were concerned about the concentration of Latinos living in West Denver, as they believed overpopulation and crowding in the neighborhood’s houses and apartments were negatively affecting the lives of residents. This was a controversial issue, given that many residents of Auraria liked their neighborhood. They had lived there for generations, and despite a lack of resources, it was rich in kinship, tradition, and community. Despite official concerns, the Auraria community continued to thrive until 1965, when the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-flood-1965"><strong>South Platte River flooded</strong></a>, inundating much of the neighborhood.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flood and Urban Renewal</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late spring of 1965, the Front Range was struck by heavy rain and thunderstorms. On June 16, the rains caused the South Platte to flood, damaging railyards, houses, and warehouses as well as the <strong>Tivoli Brewery</strong> in West Denver. More than 1,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged by the flood, with an estimated $543 million in damages. Twenty-one lives were lost, making the flood one of the deadliest natural disasters in Colorado history.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the flood, as part of a large urban-renewal and flood-mitigation project, the city proposed that West Denver be transformed into a tri-institutional college campus. With business and industry in the city growing and a large generation of baby boomers nearing college age, the city saw the need for higher education centers in the Denver metro area to support a better-educated workforce.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Legislators and planners had been targeting West Denver for urban renewal since the 1950s. Already in 1956, the city prohibited the construction of new residential housing in the neighborhood, which several studies identified as the most promising location for a higher-education campus. The flood gave the city an excuse to move ahead; city officials argued that three-fourths of the area was “damaged beyond repair,” when in fact less than half of the neighborhood had been affected by the flood.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To prepare for what it called the Auraria urban-renewal project, Denver proposed a bond to buy the land and relocate West Denver citizens. In response, angry residents established the Auraria Residents’ Organization to fight the initiative. Their efforts failed, however, largely because Denver archbishop <strong>James Casey</strong> urged Catholics to vote “yes.” Some displaced residents pondered whether the city may have paid off the church. One granddaughter of a displaced resident claimed, “No one thinks they have a price. But everyone does. Even the church.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether or not the allegations were true, the bond passed with 52 percent of the vote. The city went ahead with the project. Residents were forced to leave, and by 1972 relocations were complete. Many moved just south to the Latino neighborhood of <strong>La Alma–Lincoln Park</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Auraria Campus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the bond to create a higher education campus passed, Auraria began to be recognized by its original name again. The neighborhood was mostly flattened to make way for the tri-institutional campus of Metropolitan State University of Denver, University of Colorado–Denver, and Community College of Denver, which opened in 1974. Some efforts were made to preserve the area’s history with St. Elizabeth’s, St. Cajetan’s, Emmanuel Shearith, and the Tivoli Brewery all still on campus. Ninth Street Historic Park also remains, with original Victorian-style houses that now serve as campus offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Auraria campus was built, tensions erupted when Chicano activists claimed that city officials had failed to deliver on promised scholarships to the children of displaced residents as well as a Hispanic cultural center on campus. Officials claimed they never found documentation of the promises, but in the 1990s, after much lobbying, the campus did start offering Displaced Aurarian Scholarships, which provide displaced residents and their children and grandchildren with eight semesters of tuition and funding at any of the campus’s three schools. Current public history projects on campus seek to rediscover the historic value of the neighborhood and tell the stories of its residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the campus continues to flourish with an enrollment of more than 33,000 students, making it the largest higher-education campus in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/kennedy-anna" hreflang="und">Kennedy, Anna</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria-higher-education-center" hreflang="en">Auraria Higher Education Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/west-denver" hreflang="en">West Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/emmanuel-shearith" hreflang="en">Emmanuel Shearith</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tivoli-brewery" hreflang="en">Tivoli Brewery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-elizabeths-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Elizabeth&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/st-cajetans-catholic-church" hreflang="en">St. Cajetan&#039;s Catholic Church</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/neighborhood-history-guide/auraria-neighborhood-history">Auraria Neighborhood History</a>,” Denver Public Library, April 21, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Denver as It Is,” <em>Rocky Mountain News, </em>April 11, 1860.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Encyclopedia Staff, “<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/st-cajetan%E2%80%99s-catholic-church">St. Cajetan’s Catholic Church</a>,” <em>Colorado Encyclopedia</em>, last modified May 7, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jolie Anderson Gallagher, <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3A%22A%20Wild%20West%20History%20of%20Frontier%20Denver:%20Pioneers,%20Gunslingers,%20and%20Cattle%20Kings%20on%20the%20Eastern%20Plains%20%22" title="Find in a library with WorldCat"><em>A Wild West History of Frontier Denver: Pioneers, Gunslingers, and Cattle Kings on the Eastern Plains </em></a>(Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Magdalena Gallegos, “Hispanic Life in Auraria, Colorado: The Twentieth Century,” <em>U.S. Catholic Historian</em> 9, nos. 1–2 (Winter/Spring 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>How the West Side Won: The History of West Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis </em>(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan Prendergast, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/looking-to-aurarias-future-while-studying-the-lessons-of-its-past-5119749">Looking to Auraria’s Future While Studying the Lessons of Its Past,”</a> <em>Westword</em>, February 28, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Rosemary Fetter, <em>Celebrating Twenty Years of Innovation in Higher Education: A Brief History of Auraria</em> (Denver: Auraria Higher Education Center, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, “<a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/auraria-uurrvk/">Auraria</a>,” <em>Colorado Experience</em>, March 18, 2019.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Jun 2021 15:20:04 +0000 yongli 3563 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Leslie J. Savage Library http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leslie-j-savage-library <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Leslie J. Savage Library</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-31T14:04:52-06:00" title="Friday, July 31, 2020 - 14:04" class="datetime">Fri, 07/31/2020 - 14:04</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leslie-j-savage-library" data-a2a-title="Leslie J. Savage Library"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fleslie-j-savage-library&amp;title=Leslie%20J.%20Savage%20Library"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Leslie J. Savage Library at <strong>Western State Colorado University</strong> in <strong>Gunnison</strong> is a Spanish Colonial Revival–style building designed by <strong>Temple Hoyne Buell</strong> and built in 1938–39. Funded in part by the Public Works Administration (PWA), the library included a reading room, a lounge, lecture rooms, offices, and book stacks. In the early 1960s, the college built an adjacent three-story addition to serve the needs of the growing campus while keeping the historical integrity of the original building intact.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A New Library for a Growing Campus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State Normal School was established in Gunnison in 1901 and opened its doors in 1911 as the first college on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. As it grew and developed programs beyond teacher preparation, it changed its name in 1923 to Western State College of Colorado. The college struggled financially during the <strong>Great Depression</strong> in the 1930s, but enrollment grew because it was more affordable than most other Colorado colleges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To secure funding for much-needed expansion projects—a new men’s dorm, a dining hall, faculty apartments, and the president’s house—board member Leslie J. Savage helped the college successfully apply for its first Public Works Administration grants in 1936. The PWA was a <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> program designed to revive the economy by assisting local governments and agencies with the construction of large-scale public works projects. Unlike its cousin, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the PWA emphasized architect-designed projects rather than local labor and handcraftsmanship.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 Western State received another PWA grant of $45,000 toward the construction of a new library, with the state of Colorado paying the rest of the building’s price tag of nearly $105,000. The school hired Denver-based architect Temple Hoyne Buell, who designed a one-story building in the Spanish Colonial Revival style, with white stucco walls, a red tile roof, and a bell tower. The Spanish Colonial Revival style was popular at the time, largely thanks to its use at San Diego’s Panama-California Exposition in 1915–16, and Western State favored it as a way of highlighting the region’s cultural roots. Several other buildings constructed as part of the college’s 1930s expansion featured the same style.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Only Buell’s library, however, included decorative terra-cotta detailing and extended the Spanish Colonial Revival theme from the exterior façade to the interior design. The highlight of the library’s interior was a large reading room with round-arched windows, a vaulted ceiling with exposed beams, and custom furniture designed by Buell and the college librarian. Offices and book stacks lay to the west of the reading room, while lecture rooms and a smaller reading lounge lay to the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The library was located just northwest of the college’s administration building and opened in 1939. In 1951 it was named after Savage, who also donated a set of carillon bells for the library’s bell tower.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decades after World War II, enrollment spiked at colleges and universities across the country as the GI Bill, the baby boom, and broad economic prosperity funneled huge numbers of students into higher education. At Western State, the student population climbed from fewer than 500 in 1939 to about 2,700 in 1967. These students—and the rapidly expanding faculty that taught them—needed newer and larger facilities. The relatively small library designed by Buell was not equipped to serve as many people or house as many books as the growing campus required.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1960s, the college decided to build an addition just northeast of the existing library to increase space for study and book storage. Completed in 1965, the three-story addition was designed by Denver architects Atchison, Kloverstrom, Saul &amp; Atchison as a modern glass, steel, and masonry building with a flat red roof. The expansion left the original building largely unchanged. From the outside, spatial separation and stylistic difference gave the impression of two different buildings, even though they were connected by a short passageway off the east reading lounge.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993 the Buell-designed library building was listed on the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. It subsequently received three <strong>State Historical Fund</strong> grants in the mid-1990s for restoration work that included repairing the tile roof and restoring the reading room. Today the library continues to serve Western State students and faculty, as well as the larger Gunnison community.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leslie-j-savage" hreflang="en">Leslie J. Savage</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/temple-hoyne-buell" hreflang="en">Temple Hoyne Buell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-state-colorado-university" hreflang="en">Western State Colorado University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison" hreflang="en">gunnison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/public-works-administration" hreflang="en">Public Works Administration</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Abbott Fay, <em>Mountain Academia: A History of Western State College of Colorado</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1968).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nancy V. Gauss, “Leslie J. Savage Library,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (December 6, 1992).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Jul 2020 20:04:52 +0000 yongli 3396 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Westminster University http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/westminster-university <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Westminster University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2823--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2823.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/westminster-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Westminster-University-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=7JKNujTn" width="1000" height="755" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/westminster-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Westminster University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Westminster University was built on Crown Point, a prominent hill in western Adams County, and gave Westminster its name. The university started holding classes at the site in 1908 but closed in 1917.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2824--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2824.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/westminster-university-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Westminster-University-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=7PzMzUJh" width="1000" height="808" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/westminster-university-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Westminster University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The main building at Westminster University was designed by E. B. Gregory in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Gregory's original plan was revised by Stanford White, who suggested using red sandstone instead of gray stone for the exterior walls.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2825--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2825.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/kpof-studio"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Westminster-University-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=JBkCHVMc" width="1000" height="797" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/kpof-studio" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">KPOF Studio</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1920 the Christian group Pillar of Fire acquired the former Westminster University campus. Pillar of Fire opened a college there and in 1928 started broadcasting the KPOF radio station, now one of the oldest continuously licensed stations in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-06T14:42:34-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 6, 2017 - 14:42" class="datetime">Wed, 12/06/2017 - 14:42</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/westminster-university" data-a2a-title="Westminster University"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwestminster-university&amp;title=Westminster%20University"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Westminster University at 3455 West 83rd Avenue in <strong>Westminster</strong> is an imposing, red Richardsonian Romanesque building that gave the city its name and still serves as an important local visual landmark. Started in 1892, the building languished before opening in 1908 as the main building of Westminster University of Colorado, a Presbyterian school originally envisioned as the “Princeton of the West.” In 1917 Westminster University closed its doors, and in 1920 the building was acquired by <strong>Pillar of Fire</strong>, which has operated a Christian school there ever since.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A University on Paper</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1882 the Presbyterian Synod of Colorado appointed a committee of twelve ministers and laymen to study potential sites for a Presbyterian college in the state. The committee had been formed at the instigation of the Denver Presbytery, which believed <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> was the best spot for such a school. In 1883, however, strong enticements from Del Norte led to the establishment there of a Presbyterian school called the College of the Southwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The idea of starting a “Princeton of the West” in or near Denver was revived in the early 1890s. New York native Henry J. Mayham owned land on Crown Point and dreamed of building a great Presbyterian university there, at least in part because it would cause the value of his real estate to rise. He persuaded Reverend T. H. Hopkins of Denver to back his plan, and the Denver Presbytery incorporated the university later that year. Mayham donated 640 acres of land, of which forty acres would be used for the campus, eighty for the school farm, and the rest divided into lots and sold.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Westminster University’s main building was originally designed by architect E. B. Gregory in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, which was popular at the time. Gregory’s plan called for an irregularly shaped building with heavy, rusticated stone walls, large round-arched entryways, and a variety of towers and turrets, including a six-story tower rising from the building’s southeast corner. Mayham got his friend Stanford White, a prominent New York architect, to revise Gregory’s design, with the main change being the use of red sandstone instead of gray stone for the exterior walls. The cornerstone was laid in 1892 and most construction was completed by 1893. The prospective university soon fell victim to the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong>, however, causing the building to sit vacant for years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mayham maintained his support for the school throughout the late 1890s and helped secure two donations of at least $100,000 to keep it alive—one from an anonymous Eastern woman, the other from <a href="/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/augusta-tabor"><strong>Augusta Tabor</strong></a>’s son N. Maxcy Tabor. In 1901 the Denver Presbytery briefly considered abandoning the stalled university project and converting the main building into a hospital, but officials ultimately decided against the change. In 1902 <strong>Del Norte</strong>’s College of the Southwest announced its closure, and Denver Presbytery officials started to focus on making Westminster University a reality.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Westminster University</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The long-planned Westminster University finally held its first classes in September 1907. During its first year, the school operated out of <strong>Central Presbyterian Church</strong> in Denver while the main building on Crown Point was repaired after its long vacancy. By September 1908 the building was ready for use. That fall the university attracted sixty students and had a faculty that boasted several professors who had relocated from prominent eastern colleges. The university also opened a preparatory school to help ensure a steady supply of students.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Westminster University experienced a rocky start, largely because of financial problems lingering from the Panic of 1907. In April 1909 the entire faculty either resigned or was fired—the exact sequence of events is murky—after they complained about not getting paid. But the university survived that disaster and soon saw signs of success. It hired a new president, Salem Pattison, who managed to get a faculty in place by the start of classes that fall. Pattison also launched a fundraising campaign centered around selling land adjacent to the campus. In 1910 the school was able to build a president’s house for Pattison as well as a women’s dormitory. That year the <strong>Denver &amp; Interurban Railroad</strong> ran a spur to the campus from its main Denver–Boulder line, and in 1911 the nearby town of Harris decided to rename itself Westminster after the university. By the spring of 1912 the school was able to retire its debt. Later that year, it opened an evening law school organized in Denver by a group of local attorneys.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet the university remained on precarious footing, especially after the trustees decided in 1915 to turn the coeducational school into an all-male institution, effectively cutting the potential student body in half. The change proved disastrous when the United States started drafting men for military service after the country entered <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> in 1917. The school soon lost so many of its students that it had to shut down later that year. The ornate main building was rented to a local farmer, who used it as a huge chicken coop and granary.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the demise of Westminster University, Westminster Law School lived on as an evening program in Denver. For forty-five years it served as the only evening law school between Kansas City and the West Coast, graduating nearly 750 students. In 1957 it merged with the <strong>University of Denver</strong>’s College of Law, which started an evening program and renamed its library the Westminster Law Library as part of the merger agreement.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pillar of Fire</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In January 1920, a Denver Christian group called <strong>Pillar of Fire</strong> acquired the former Westminster University campus. One condition of the sale—which bundled the main building, women’s dormitory, president’s house, and forty acres of land for only $40,000—was that the property continue to be used for its original purpose of religiously influenced education. After investing about $75,000 to repair the main building, Pillar of Fire started a Christian coeducational school called Westminster College and Academy.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During its early years in Westminster, Pillar of Fire supported the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado">Ku Klux Klan</a>, </strong>which was then at its height in Colorado. The Klan burned crosses on the Crown Point campus, and in 1927 the statewide KKK convention was held on the hill. Pillar of Fire later renounced its association with the Klan.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, Westminster College changed its name to Belleview College and was accredited in 1926. Pillar of Fire founder <strong>Alma White</strong>’s son Ray served as the school’s president until his death in 1946. He was succeeded by his brother, Arthur, who expanded the school through the acquisition of nearby land and the construction of new classroom buildings for Belleview’s K–12 program. Belleview College has since closed, but Pillar of Fire continues to use the campus for Belleview Christian School, which offers preschool and K–12 programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The historic Westminster University building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Today it houses Belleview’s middle school as well as Pillar of Fire’s KPOF radio station, which started in 1928 and is now one of the oldest continuously licensed stations in Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/westminster" hreflang="en">Westminster</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pillar-fire" hreflang="en">Pillar of Fire</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/presbyterianism" hreflang="en">Presbyterianism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-mayham" hreflang="en">Henry Mayham</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/westminster-law-school" hreflang="en">Westminster Law School</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/belleview-college" hreflang="en">Belleview College</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/belleview-christian-school" hreflang="en">Belleview Christian School</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/e-b-gregory" hreflang="en">E. B. Gregory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stanford-white" hreflang="en">Stanford White</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><a href="https://www.law.du.edu/index.php/about/du-law-history">“About Denver Law,”</a> Sturm College of Law, University of Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.law.du.edu/index.php/library/about-the-library/name">“About the Library: Name,”</a> Westminster Law Library, Sturm College of Law, University of Denver.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Norman J. Bender, “A College Where One Ought to Be,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 49, no. 3 (Summer 1972).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur B. Cooper, <em>The Story of Our Presbytery of Denver, 1870–1950</em> (Denver: Arthur B. Cooper, 1950).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert B. Dallenbach, “Westminster University,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (March 1, 1979).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kimberly Field and Kelly Kordes Anton, <em>Westminster: The First 100 Years: Cultivating a Colorado Community</em> (Westminster, CO: Westminster Centennial Committee, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.ci.westminster.co.us/ExploreWestminster/OutdoorActivities/WestminsterWalks/PillarofFireWalk">“Pillar of Fire Walk/Westminster University,”</a> City of Westminster.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>History of Westminster, Colorado, 1911–1961</em> (Westminster, CO: 1961).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Arthur Kent White, <em>Informing Our Friends: Story of “Westminster University” and Education at Belleview College</em> (Westminster, CO: Belleview College, 1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Arthur Kent White, <em>Towering Landmark on Denver’s Northern Horizon: The Story of Belleview College, of the Pillar of Fire, on Westminster Hill</em> (Denver: Pillar of Fire, 1948).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 06 Dec 2017 21:42:34 +0000 yongli 2822 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org US Air Force Academy Cadet Area http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-air-force-academy-cadet-area <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">US Air Force Academy Cadet Area</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2617--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2617.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cadet-chapel-air-force-academy"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_05_0.jpg?itok=9CehIZmW" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cadet-chapel-air-force-academy" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cadet Chapel in Air Force Academy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Easily the most recognizable building in the cadet area, the Air Force Academy chapel was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect Walter Netsch Jr., who was influenced by traditional chapels in France and Italy.</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-17T15:24:35-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 17, 2017 - 15:24" class="datetime">Wed, 05/17/2017 - 15:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/us-air-force-academy-cadet-area" data-a2a-title="US Air Force Academy Cadet Area"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fus-air-force-academy-cadet-area&amp;title=US%20Air%20Force%20Academy%20Cadet%20Area"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built primarily between 1955 and 1959, the US Air Force Academy cadet area near <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> is the heart of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-states-air-force-academy"><strong>Air Force Academy</strong></a> campus and home of the school’s 4,000 undergraduates. Occupying a prominent hilltop location, the cadet area hosts most regular college functions, including dorms, classroom buildings, the dining hall, and the chapel; the rest of the grounds consists of officer housing, airfields, and open land. Designed by the firm Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill, the cadet area is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of modernist architecture in the country and is the most visited man-made tourist attraction in Colorado. In 2004 the cadet area was named a National Historic Landmark.</p> <h2>Origins of the Air Force Academy</h2> <p>In 1908 the US Army ordered its first aircraft, and in 1918 came the first call for a separate aeronautical academy along the lines of the US Military Academy at West Point and the US Naval Academy at Annapolis. But only after <strong>World War II</strong>, which demonstrated the increasing importance of air power in modern warfare, did serious plans for an Air Force and an Air Force Academy get off the ground.</p> <p>The National Security Act of 1947 reorganized the military and created a separate Air Force, which began operations that September. Two years later, the Secretary of Defense convened a board headed by <strong>University of Colorado</strong> president Robert Stearns and Columbia University president Dwight D. Eisenhower to study the service academies. The service academy board strongly recommended the establishment of an Air Force Academy. Several years of legislative wrangling ensued, along with additional delays caused by the Korean War. Eisenhower helped spur the process along after he became president of the United States in 1953. Finally, in April 1954, he signed the Air Force Academy Act into law.</p> <h2>Air Force Academy Site</h2> <p>After the academy was authorized, the next step was to choose a location. By June 1954, the site selection commission had narrowed the choice to three locations: Alton, Illinois (near St. Louis); Lake Geneva, Wisconsin; and Colorado Springs. Placing a strong emphasis on the the criterion of natural beauty, the commission announced on June 24, 1954, that the Air Force Academy would be built in Colorado Springs.</p> <p>The chosen site, a parcel of 12,500 acres adjacent to the <strong>Rampart Range</strong> north of Colorado Springs, was lightly settled in the early 1950s. A series of ridges and valleys sloping from the plains to the mountains, it was home primarily to several large cattle ranches, including Cathedral Rock Ranch, owned by Lawrence Lehman of the famous New York investment family. About fifty residences lay along <strong>Monument Creek</strong>, and the old communities of Edgerton and Husted sat near the southern and northern boundaries, respectively. Many existing structures were demolished to make way for the academy, but some survived; the oldest building on the academy grounds is the one-room <strong>Burgess (or Pioneer) Cabin</strong> built in 1869 by William Burgess on what is now the southern part of the campus.</p> <h2>Cadet Area Design</h2> <p>The Air Force Academy joined Stanford University, the University of Chicago, and Duke University as the only American higher education campuses to be built all at once. When the project started, it was the largest single educational construction program—about 4 million square feet of floor space—ever undertaken in the United States. Design and construction would last several years. In the meantime, the academy operated out of its temporary home at <strong>Lowry Air Force Base</strong> in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, enrolling its first students in 1955.</p> <p>The permanent academy campus promised to be one of the most significant US government architectural projects in the decades after World War II. Already in its planning stages it was seen as a national monument. More than 300 architectural firms applied for the commission, which was awarded in July 1954 to Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill (SOM), a firm that had recently gained renown for Lever House (1952), a soaring glass skyscraper in New York City.</p> <p>Architects Walter Netsch Jr. and Gordon Bunshaft headed the SOM team in charge of the academy’s design. Their master plan for the site used the topography of ridges and valleys to separate the academy’s different functions, leaving much of the land in its natural state. After overcoming opposition from some academy officers, they won approval for their plan to construct the academy’s cadet area high on what was then known as Lehman Mesa, a perch from which it would be visible for miles around.</p> <h2>Plan Reception and Redesigned Chapel</h2> <p>In May 1955, the SOM team unveiled its design for the cadet area at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs-fine-arts-center"><strong>Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center</strong></a>. The design resembled the Acropolis, with monumental modernist buildings made of marble, concrete, aluminum, and glass arranged around two large plazas. The higher plaza, called the Court of Honor, to be used for administrative and social functions, was where the academy and the public would interact. The lower plaza, known as the Terrazzo, would be the center of cadet life, with the dormitory, the classroom building, and the dining hall arranged around its edges. Farther down from these hilltop plazas lay parade grounds, physical education buildings, and playing fields. High above, the chapel sat on a podium above the Court of Honor. The modernist design of the complex was meant to contrast with the natural landscape and reflect the modernity of flight.</p> <p>With the exception of Frank Lloyd Wright, who was probably miffed at not having received the commission himself, most architects supported the SOM design. Congress and the public had different ideas, sparking a heated debate over the propriety of modern architecture for a national monument. Some derided the buildings as resembling a supermarket or a drugstore.</p> <p>Particularly withering criticism was reserved for the chapel, which had been designed by Netsch. He soon took off for Europe to find inspiration for a new design. While there, he was strongly influenced by the two-floor design of Sainte-Chappelle in Paris and the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Assisi, Italy. In 1957 he presented a new design characterized by soaring 150-foot triangular spires that looked something like a Gothic cathedral about to take flight. Inside, Netsch used a two-story plan that placed the larger Protestant chapel (seating 900) above separate Catholic (500 seats) and Jewish (100 seats) worship spaces. Netsch also changed the chapel’s location and orientation, moving it down to the Court of Honor and aligning it parallel to the mountains. The new design and position of the chapel received a warm response but continued to spark some criticism for its modernist look.</p> <p>The revised site design, including the new chapel, received final approval in August 1957. At that point, construction began. The monumental undertaking involved twenty construction firms and more than 5,000 workers who excavated 19 million cubic yards of dirt, poured 800,000 cubic yards of concrete, and installed 250,000 square feet of tile. Site preparation alone cost $2.3 million and required more than 10,000 linear feet of retaining walls.</p> <h2>Major Buildings</h2> <p>The Air Force wanted all students in the Cadet Wing (the academy’s term for the student body) to be housed in one building and to dine together at one time. As a result, the Terrazzo was surrounded by three massive structures: to the north, the dormitory, Vandenberg Hall; to the east, the academic building, Fairchild Hall; and to the south, the dining hall, Mitchell Hall. Up on the Court of Honor, thirteen feet above the Terrazzo, were Arnold Hall, a social space and performing arts center, and Harmon Hall, the administration building.</p> <p>In addition to the primary buildings on the plazas, the cadet area also included a planetarium and an aerospace laboratory at its edges; the Air Force Academy was home to the first Department of Astronautical Engineering in the United States. The aerospace laboratory was originally intended to be part of Fairchild Hall, but the noise of wind tunnels and jet propulsion laboratories required a separate structure.</p> <p>In August 1958, the Cadet Wing moved from the temporary academy location at Lowry Air Force Base to the new campus. Several of the buildings were not yet completed, but enough was finished for the academy’s first class to spend its senior year at the school’s permanent campus before graduating in 1959.</p> <p>The chapel was finished later than the rest of the cadet area. Construction began in 1959 and was completed in 1963, at which point most criticism of the design faded away. As the most visible and easily recognizable building on the campus, the chapel quickly became a symbol of the Air Force Academy, as well as an iconic work of modern architecture.</p> <h2>Renovations</h2> <p>There have been several additions to the cadet area since the completion of its first phase. In 1964 a new law allowed the Cadet Wing to increase from 2,529 cadets to 4,417, prompting a major expansion. The government did not choose SOM as the architect for the expansion, instead picking the firms Leo A. Daly and Henningson, Durham, &amp; Richardson. Daly extended Fairchild Hall south to add more classroom space. Both firms worked to expand Mitchell Hall to accommodate all the cadets for dining and designed a new dormitory, Sijan Hall, on the south side of the Terrazzo next to the dining hall. These additions were completed by 1968. Further campus expansion has been more piecemeal—such as a library addition in 1981 and a new classroom building in 1997—and has been largely in keeping with the original cadet area design.</p> <p>The chapel has changed primarily in its accommodation of different forms of religious worship. After mandatory chapel attendance at the service academies was declared unconstitutional in 1973, the chapel became home to voluntary services in a wide variety of faiths and denominations. In addition to the original Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish chapels, the building now includes a Buddhist chapel and an All-Faiths Room for use by any religious group. The outdoor Falcon Circle near the chapel provides a place for followers of Earth-Centered Spirituality (including Wiccans, Pagans, and Druids) to worship.</p> <p>In 1986 the academy opened the $4.5 million Barry Goldwater Visitors Center to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of tourists who come to see the chapel and the rest of the cadet area each year.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">us air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/skidmore-owings-merrill" hreflang="en">Skidmore Owings &amp; Merrill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/modernist-architecture" hreflang="en">modernist architecture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-historic-landmarks" hreflang="en">National Historic Landmarks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-netsch-jr" hreflang="en">Walter Netsch Jr.</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/air-force-academy-chapel" hreflang="en">Air Force Academy Chapel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert Bruegmann, ed., <em>Modernism at Mid-Century: The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy</em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).</p> <p>George V. Fagan, <em>The Air Force Academy: An Illustrated History</em> (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1988).</p> <p>Daniel J. Hosington, “United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area,” National Historic Landmark Nomination, ed. John H. Sprinkle Jr. (June 2, 2003).</p> <p>Thomas N. James, <em>These Beautiful Hills: A Natural History of the Air Force Academy</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 1972).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Ernst Danz, <em>SOM:</em> <em>Architecture of Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill, 1950–1962</em>, trans. Ernst Van Haagen (New York: Praeger, 1963).</p> <p><em>Walter A. Netsch, FAIA: A Critical Appreciation and Sourcebook</em> (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 17 May 2017 21:24:35 +0000 yongli 2578 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Lewis College http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-lewis-college <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Lewis College</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-22T13:22:59-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 22, 2017 - 13:22" class="datetime">Wed, 02/22/2017 - 13:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-lewis-college" data-a2a-title="Fort Lewis College"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-lewis-college&amp;title=Fort%20Lewis%20College"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Fort Lewis College is an accredited four-year liberal arts school located in <strong>Durango</strong>. Originally an <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>army post</strong></a>, Fort Lewis evolved into an Indian boarding school in the late nineteenth century before the state of Colorado purchased the facilities in 1911. The deed accompanying the purchase specified that the site remain an educational establishment and that Native American students be admitted with free tuition. As such, Fort Lewis College was and remains an important institution for Native American education in both the state and the nation.</p> <h2>Early History</h2> <p>The US Army established Fort Lewis in 1878 in southwestern Colorado, a landscape characterized by imposing mountains, cascading mesas, lush riverine valleys, and dry uplands. The <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Utes</strong></a> have long called this region their home.</p> <p>Fort Lewis was part of a growing network of army posts that protected white settlers as they pushed westward in the late nineteenth century. This San Juan Valley post lost its strategic importance following the 1873 <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> in which the Ute people ceded their lands in the region and were removed to nearby reservations. On May 28, 1891, the post was decommissioned and re-established as a federal Indian boarding school. By March 1892, the new superintendent of Fort Lewis Indian School, Lewis Morgan, arrived with a handful of staff and the institution’s first students.</p> <p>Like many Indian boarding schools of the era, Indian Agents at Fort Lewis often used coercive measures in their efforts to boost Ute enrollment. School superintendents reported crowded conditions and unsatisfactory buildings, which contributed to high levels of student illness. By September 1903, enrollment had dropped to an all-time low, due in part to competition from another local Indian school located closer to the <strong>Southern Ute</strong> reservation. In 1910 Congress offered to sell the facilities to the state of Colorado, with two important stipulations: first, that Fort Lewis remain an educational facility, and second, that it grant indigenous students free tuition and equal standing throughout its existence. The second mission would be largely ignored for the first part of the twentieth century, until student activism and reform-minded administrators took up the cause in the 1960s.</p> <h2>Becoming a Liberal Arts College</h2> <p>Colorado officials initially established Fort Lewis as an agricultural and mechanical high school, but by 1927 college courses were offered to ensure that local youth had access to higher education. Initially affiliated with Colorado State College of Mechanics and Arts (today known as <strong>Colorado State University</strong>), by 1948 Fort Lewis had cut ties with its larger institution to the northwest while maintaining an emphasis on agriculture and mechanics.</p> <p>In the postwar period, Fort Lewis hosted an increasing number of veterans, but indigenous student enrollment remained low. As farming became less and less profitable for many southern Coloradans, college administrators began to question the agricultural focus of the institution. In 1954 President Dale Rea suggested that the college move to a new location in Durango, a mere sixty miles from its original site in <strong>Hesperus</strong>. Local Grange organizations and other farmers were concerned that this move signaled the end of Fort Lewis’s agricultural focus, and their apprehensions were well-founded. By 1956 the facilities had moved to Durango, and six years later Fort Lewis would open its doors as a four-year liberal arts college, boasting seven majors.</p> <p>The number of indigenous students inched up slowly over the course of the 1960s to roughly 10 percent of the student population. This increase was due in large part to new programs that hosted Bureau of Indian Affairs employees for summer training and to the efforts of an indigenous student group, the Shalako Indian Club. In 1968 Fort Lewis hosted an Indian Education Conference designed to help better accommodate and recruit indigenous students. As enrollment numbers continued to climb into the early 1970s, heated debates flared up over who would foot the tuition waiver. By the end of the decade, payment of indigenous student tuition rested firmly with the Colorado state legislature, which continues to fund indigenous students at the college today.</p> <p>The 1960s also witnessed the creation of Fort Lewis’s Center for Southwest Studies, which has grown to house a sizable archive and considerable programming focusing on the American Southwest, particularly the region’s rich indigenous history. It remains a cornerstone institution for the preservation and circulation of this important regional history.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Fort Lewis has played a part in both the forcible and the elective education of Native Americans since its founding as a boarding school in the nineteenth century. Today, the Native American Center and an indigenous student group, the Wanibli Ota, host a month-long celebration of Fort Lewis’s cultural diversity titled “Hozhoni Days.” Indigenous students now hail from more than 155 American Indian and Alaska Native tribes. From its inception as an army outpost to its present state as a foundational site for the education of indigenous people, Fort Lewis was and remains deeply tied to local and national histories of native peoples. Today, a vibrant community of native students shape the cultural and intellectual community at this army-post-turned-college in southwestern Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/link-alessandra" hreflang="und">Link, Alessandra</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis-college" hreflang="en">fort lewis college</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis-history" hreflang="en">fort lewis history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis" hreflang="en">Fort Lewis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango-history" hreflang="en">durango history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county" hreflang="en">la plata county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Margaret Jacobs, <em>White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880–1940</em>. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009).</p> <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>A Time for Peace: Fort Lewis, Colorado, 1878–1891 </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006).</p> <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Sacred Trust: The Birth and Development of Fort Lewis College</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1991).</p> <p>Fort Lewis College, “<a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/Home/About/AboutFortLewisCollege.aspx">About Fort Lewis College</a>,” updated 2016.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/">Fort Lewis College</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Feb 2017 20:22:59 +0000 yongli 2383 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Water Resources Archive http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Water Resources Archive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2311--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2311.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/water-resources-archive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/WRA-logos_URL_6in_0.jpg?itok=q0qOmF8i" width="1000" height="383" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/water-resources-archive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Water Resources Archive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Logo of the Water Resources Archive at Colorado State University in Fort Collins.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-03T11:15:58-07:00" title="Friday, February 3, 2017 - 11:15" class="datetime">Fri, 02/03/2017 - 11:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-resources-archive" data-a2a-title="Water Resources Archive"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwater-resources-archive&amp;title=Water%20Resources%20Archive"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The only repository of its kind in the state, the Water Resources Archive at Colorado State University (CSU) focuses on preserving the documentation of Colorado’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> heritage. Issues and solutions surrounding water form a significant part of the semiarid state’s history. Colorado was the site of many important legal, scientific, and administrative advances related to water, and those innovations have spread across the American West and the world. Preserving the original documentation of the people and groups involved gives a glimpse into both the successes and failures of the past, which can assist in making water-related decisions for an increasingly complex future.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Part of the Archives &amp; Special Collections Department at CSU Libraries, the Water Resources Archive began in 2001 at the college’s Morgan Library in partnership with the <a href="/article/colorado-water-institute"><strong>Colorado Water Institute</strong></a>. Knowing that the documentation of Colorado water history was at risk of disappearing, the institute’s director worked with the libraries and the History Department to create a repository to save those materials. The archive’s initial funding came from insurance money distributed to campus following the <a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>1997 Spring Creek flood</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive’s mission is to preserve, make available, and promote historically important documentation of Colorado water resources involving individuals and organizations both in and outside the state. Because Colorado streams and aquifers cross state borders, western water issues tie states and their histories closely together. Additionally, many Colorado water experts travel widely to share their expertise, expanding the reach of Colorado’s water knowledge, which results in collections that extend across the United States and around the world.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive is one of only two archives in the nation focused specifically on collecting historical water documentation. It is also a founding contributor to the Western Waters Digital Library, which brings together water-related information from universities across the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Collections</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of 2015, the Water Resources Archive had received more than 100 collections. With a few exceptions, each collection documents specific people (such as water lawyers, utility managers, engineers, and economists) or organizations (including <strong>ditch companies</strong>, grassroots organizations, and government agencies).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The collections also document water sources and uses across the state. Sources include surface water, groundwater, and precipitation used for agricultural, municipal, recreational, and environmental needs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collections cover a variety of subject areas; strengths are in water management, engineering, and agriculture, but subjects such as law, science, the environment, and conservation are featured as well.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Water Resources Archive frequently receives new collections, often from important water professionals or their heirs. Each collection undergoes any necessary preservation to remove mold, dust, or dirt, its contents are organized and described to make it accessible, and then a finding aid is added to the Water Resources Archive’s website. The finding aid includes a brief biography of a person or history of an organization as well as an inventory of the boxes in the collection.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collections contain many one-of-a-kind materials, such as meeting minutes, correspondence, data, reports, diaries, photographs, maps, films, and audiotapes, making them attractive to researchers doing in-depth studies. Patrons with more straightforward needs can request reproductions. Most of the collections are paper-based, but the archive actively digitizes selections from its collections and posts them online. Archive staff is on hand at CSU’s Morgan Library to assist researchers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role in Community</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Researchers use the Water Resources Archive for a variety of reasons: to write books or make documentaries, to gather research for lawsuits or family genealogies, and to find facts or images for presentations. Through such activities, knowledge of western water history informs important future decisions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The archive holds two annual events: Water Tables in the winter and the Western Water Symposium &amp; Barbecue in the summer. These not only raise funds but also teach attendees about water history. The Water Resources Archive conducts outreach across the state at a number of conferences and publishes an electronic newsletter. It also hosts classes and tours by request and welcomes all visitors.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rettig-patricia-j" hreflang="und">Rettig, Patricia J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-resource-archive" hreflang="en">water resource archive</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-resources" hreflang="en">water resources</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-law" hreflang="en">water law</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/archives/water/">Water Resources Archive</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://westernwaters.org/">Western Waters Digital Library</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Feb 2017 18:15:58 +0000 yongli 2309 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Guggenheim Hall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2125--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2125.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=cD2c1N3j" width="1000" height="786" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall was designed by James Murdock in the neoclassical style. The north facade features a two-story entry portico with four Corinthian columns.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2126--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2126.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/inga-allison"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=XspGUIqM" width="1000" height="1231" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/inga-allison" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Inga Allison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Inga Allison became permanent head of the home economics program in 1911, she expanded the program beyond the domestic sciences. She is known for her high-altitude cooking experiments.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2127--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2127.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-south-facade"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=SS6Ds-Wy" width="1000" height="782" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-south-facade" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall, South Facade</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The south side of Guggenheim Hall faces the Oval. In 1948 the arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2128--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2128.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Guggenheim-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=LO4ateiZ" width="1000" height="1507" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/guggenheim-hall-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Guggenheim Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Guggenheim Hall is now home to the Department of Construction Management, which in 2003 restored the building's interior and added efficient lighting and plumbing systems.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T15:32:02-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 15:32" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/guggenheim-hall" data-a2a-title="Guggenheim Hall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fguggenheim-hall&amp;title=Guggenheim%20Hall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is located on the northeast side of the Oval on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University </strong>(CSU) in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. As the headquarters of the school’s home economics program in the early twentieth century, the neoclassical building is significant for its role in the history of women’s education at the college. Today Guggenheim Hall is home to the Department of Construction Management, which restored the building’s interior in 2003.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall was made possible by a gift from US Senator <strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>, a politician and philanthropist who also made large donations to the <strong>University of Colorado–<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder">Boulder</a></strong> and <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>. Designed by architect James Murdock, the two-and-a-half-story building had a symmetrical neoclassical exterior made of buff-colored brick. The north façade faced West Laurel Street, linking campus with the city across the street, and featured a large entry portico with four Corinthian columns. The south façade had an arcade and patio. Today the building remains one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>Originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts, the building was intended to house the school’s home economics program. Essentially, home economics functioned as the women’s section of the college; at the time, many people involved in American higher education believed that women’s education should be designed to assist them in their roles as wives and mothers.</p> <p>Just as the home economics program received a new building, it also got a new orientation thanks to Inga M.K. Allison, who became acting program head in 1910 and took over permanently in 1911. By focusing on research projects such as determining the effect of altitude on cooking recipes, she grounded home economics in the physical, biological, and social sciences. This shift made it possible to extend women’s education beyond domestic concerns. Under Allison’s leadership, home economics became an independent department in 1917 and started to train women for careers beyond housewifery. By the early 1930s the department offered women training in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>A variety of changes altered Guggenheim Hall’s appearance during the twentieth century. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s College of Professional Studies, Department of Industrial Sciences, and Industrial-Construction Management program (now the Department of Construction Management). Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building, and a skyway was extended from the elevator enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remains.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed on the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later it narrowly escaped damage when a massive <a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a> on July 28, 1997, wreaking havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus. The flood waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall at a spot that is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a restoration of Guggenheim Hall that rolled back decades of ad hoc remodeling. Students in the department analyzed the building and used archival records and photographs to figure out what the building looked like in 1910, then used donations from construction companies to restore the interior. Meanwhile, they also upgraded the building’s lighting and plumbing to efficient modern standards. In 2006 the restored building received the US Green Building Council’s LEED for Commercial Interiors Silver Certification for sustainability, making Guggenheim Hall the first university building in the country with that designation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/simon-guggenheim" hreflang="en">Simon Guggenheim</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-murdock" hreflang="en">James Murdock</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/home-economics" hreflang="en">home economics</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-education" hreflang="en">women&#039;s education</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/inga-allison" hreflang="en">Inga Allison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/department-construction-management" hreflang="en">Department of Construction Management</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Craig P. Anderson, Tracey L. Stecklein, and Daniela A. Caro, “Guggenheim Hall,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (June 17, 1994).</p> <p><a href="http://www.news.colostate.edu/Release/Print/4255">“Green Classrooms at Guggenheim Hall the First University Remodel Recognized by the U.S. Green Building Council,”</a> CSU News Service, December 4, 2006.</p> <p>Christiana Nelson, <a href="http://archives.collegian.com/2003/11/02/guggenheim_hall_returns_to_1910/">“Guggenheim Hall Returns to 1910,”</a> <em>Rocky Mountain Collegian</em>, November 2, 2003.</p> <p>Sarah Zaske, “Guggenheim Hall—Colorado Agricultural College,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (June 1995).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University</strong> (CSU) in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. It was built in 1910. The hall is on CSU’s Oval lawn. It housed the home economics program. Most women’s education took place there in the early 1900s. Now the building is home to the Department of Construction Management. In 2003 the department restored the interior.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>US Senator&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong> provided money for the hall. Architect James Murdock designed it. He used buff-colored brick. The building is two-and-a-half-stories and faces West. Laurel Street is to the north. This linked the campus with the city. The style is neoclassical. The entry has four tall columns. The south side had a passage with arches, known as an arcade. The hall is one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>At first, the building was called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts. Women studied there. Many people thought that education should help women as wives and mothers. Inga M.K. Allison became department head in 1910. Household Arts had a new building. Now it had a new focus. Allison did research. She studied how altitude affects cooking. This allowed women to learn science. Now they could study things besides housework. They learned other careers. By the early 1930s, there were classes in food and teaching. There were also classes in art and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>The hall’s appearance changed over time. In 1948 the arcade and patio were closed in. This provided more office space. In 1977 the Department of Construction Management moved in. An elevator and enclosed stairs were added to the east side of the building.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall is historic. In 1995 it was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later, a&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a><strong>. </strong>The flood destroyed many buildings. But flood waters stopped just south of the hall. The spot now has a plaque.</p> <p>In 2003 the Department of Construction Management renovated the hall. Students used old records and photographs. They found out what it looked like in 1910. They fixed years of bad remodeling. Lighting and plumbing were modernized. In 2005 the building got an award. It was the LEED Silver Certification. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. This is given by the US Green Building Council. Guggenheim Hall was the first university building in the country with this award.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of&nbsp;<strong>Colorado State University&nbsp;</strong>(CSU) in <strong>Fort Collins</strong>. The hall is on the northeast side of the Oval, the lawn at the heart of the campus. The hall was headquarters of the home economics program. It played a major role in women’s education at CSU. Today the building is home to the Department of Construction Management. In 2003 the department restored the building’s interior.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>The money for the hall was a gift from US Senator and philanthropist&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>. Architect James Murdock designed the building. Built of buff-colored brick, it is two-and-a-half-stories with a symmetrical neoclassical exterior. The north façade faces West Laurel Street, linking campus with the city. Four Corinthian columns graced the entry portico. The south façade had an arcade and patio. The building is one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in the city.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>The building was originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts. It was intended for the home economics program. Home economics was thought of as the women’s section of the college. At the time, many people believed that education should help women as wives and mothers.</p> <p>Inga M.K. Allison became acting program head of Household Arts in 1910. She took over permanently in 1911. The department had both a new building and a new orientation. Allison focused on research. She studied the effects of altitude on cooking. By doing so, she grounded home economics in science. This extended women’s education beyond household duties. Home economics became an independent department in 1917. It started training women for other careers. By the early 1930s, the department offered classes in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall’s appearance changed over time. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed. This provided extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s Department of Construction Management. Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building. A skyway was extended from the enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remain.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later a massive&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a><strong>.</strong> The flood wreaked havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus, but the waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall. The spot is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a renovation of Guggenheim Hall. Students analyzed the building, using old records and photographs to determine what it looked like in 1910. Donations from construction companies helped restore the interior. The students corrected decades of poor remodeling. The building’s lighting and plumbing were brought up to modern standards. In 2005 the renovated building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Certification for Commercial Interiors from the US Green Building Council. Guggenheim Hall was the first university building in the country with this designation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1910, Guggenheim Hall is on the campus of&nbsp;<strong>Colorado State University&nbsp;</strong>(CSU) in&nbsp;<strong>Fort Collins</strong>. It is on the northeast side of the campus’s Oval. The hall was the headquarters of the school’s home economics program in the early twentieth century. It is significant for its role in the history of women’s education at CSU. Today Guggenheim Hall is home to the Department of Construction Management, which restored the building’s interior in 2003.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>Guggenheim Hall was made possible by a gift from US Senator and philanthropist&nbsp;<strong>Simon Guggenheim</strong>. Guggenheim also made large donations to the&nbsp;<strong>University of Colorado–Boulder</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong>. Architect James Murdock designed the building. Built of buff-colored brick, it is two-and-a-half-stories. The building has a symmetrical neoclassical exterior. The north façade faced West Laurel Street, linking the campus with the city. It featured a large entry portico with four Corinthian columns. The south façade had an arcade and patio. Today the building remains one of the best examples of the neoclassical style in Fort Collins.</p> <h2>Home Economics Program</h2> <p>The building was originally called the Simon Guggenheim Hall of Household Arts and housed the school’s home economics program. Essentially, home economics functioned as the women’s section of the college. At the time, many people believed that women’s education should assist them in their roles as wives and mothers.</p> <p>While the building was being constructed, the department had new leadership. Inga M.K. Allison became acting program head of Household Arts in 1910 and took over permanently in 1911. Allison gave the department a new orientation. She focused on research projects such as determining the effect of altitude on cooking recipes. By doing so, she grounded home economics in the sciences. This shift made it possible to extend women’s education beyond domestic concerns. Home economics became an independent department in 1917. It started to train women for careers beyond housewifery. By the early 1930s, the department offered women training in art, nutrition, teaching, and textiles.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>A variety of changes altered Guggenheim Hall’s appearance during the twentieth century. In 1948 the south façade arcade and patio were enclosed to provide extra office space. In 1977 the building became home to CSU’s Department of Construction Management. Five years later, a brick elevator and stairwell enclosure was added to the east side of the building. A skyway was extended from the elevator enclosure to the adjacent Industrial Sciences Building. The skyway was later removed, but the elevator and stairwell enclosure remains.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1995 Guggenheim Hall was listed in the State Register of Historic Properties. Two years later it narrowly escaped damage when a massive&nbsp;<a href="/article/spring-creek-flood-1997"><strong>flood swept through Fort Collins</strong></a>&nbsp;on July 28, 1997, wreaking havoc on buildings across CSU’s campus. The flood waters stopped just south of Guggenheim Hall at a spot that is now recorded with a plaque.</p> <p>In the summer of 2003 the Department of Construction Management led a renovation of Guggenheim Hall. This renovation corrected decades of ad hoc remodeling. Students in the department analyzed the building using archival records and photographs to figure out what the building looked like in 1910. Then they used donations from construction companies to restore the interior. They also upgraded the building’s lighting and plumbing to modern standards. In 2006 the renovated building received the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Certification for sustainability. This made Guggenheim Hall the first university building in the country with that designation.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 22:32:02 +0000 yongli 2124 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ammons Hall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ammons-hall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ammons Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2113--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2113.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ammons-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ammons-Hall-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=KQR8f6DP" width="1000" height="299" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ammons-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ammons Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1921–22, Ammons Hall was designed by Denver architect Eugene Groves. It served as a social center and athletic facility for women at Colorado Agricultural College (now Colorado State University).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T12:50:41-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 12:50" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 12:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ammons-hall" data-a2a-title="Ammons Hall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fammons-hall&amp;title=Ammons%20Hall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located on the northwest corner of the Oval on the campus of <strong>Colorado State University</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>, Ammons Hall opened in 1922 as a women’s gymnasium and social center. Designed by Denver architect <strong>Eugene Groves</strong>, the Italian Renaissance Revival building signaled that the college recognized women as a central part of the institution and that it aspired to grow from an agricultural college into a true university. In 1978 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and today it houses the University Welcome Center and Office of Admissions.</p> <h2>Women’s Club Building</h2> <p>In 1921–22, when Ammons Hall was constructed, Colorado State was still known as Colorado Agricultural College, offering programs primarily in departments such as agriculture, mechanic arts, veterinary medicine, and home economics. But under President <strong>Charles Lory</strong>, who had led the college since 1909, it was starting to expand its horizons to include new kinds of students and new types of study. By the early 1920s more than one-quarter of Colorado Agricultural College’s students were women.</p> <p>Under the leadership of former governor <strong>Elias M. Ammons</strong>, who served as vice president of the State Board of Agriculture, Colorado Agricultural College secured state funding to add a new social and athletic facility for its women students. Denver architect Eugene Groves designed the two-story Italian Renaissance Revival building, which featured Tuscan columns, round-arched windows, a red-tile roof with a large central skylight, and ceramic tile decorations. Inside, it had an auditorium, a gymnasium, the first swimming pool on campus, and a locker and shower room in addition to offices, guest rooms, a living room, and a dining area.</p> <p>Originally known as the Women’s Club Building, the multipurpose facility cost about $155,000 and was completed in late 1921. At the time, it was one of the only college buildings in the country intended specifically as a women’s gymnasium and social center; only Ida Noyes Hall at the University of Chicago served a similar function. In February 1922 the Women’s Club Building was officially dedicated in a four-day ceremony that included a pageant on women’s progress, a conference on women’s education, and a dedication address by Ammons. In 1925 the building was named for Ammons upon his death.</p> <p>In its early years Ammons Hall provided a vital home for women’s social and athletic activities at the college. Women’s athletic activities were supervised by Elizabeth Forbes, who established the Women’s Athletic Association to get women interested in intramural sports and other athletic activities. Community women’s groups used the building for meetings and conventions. In addition, it served as an unofficial student center, hosting alumni functions, faculty receptions, and music department concerts. President Lory described it as the “hearthstone of the campus.”</p> <h2>Welcome Center and Office of Admissions</h2> <p>The function of Ammons Hall shifted over the years as Colorado State expanded its campus and more fully integrated men’s and women’s activities. In the 1930s Johnson Hall opened as the home of the Student Union, taking over some meetings and events previously held at Ammons Hall. In 1959 Ammons Hall became part of the college’s Physical Education Department, but the building’s importance as an athletic facility had been usurped by newer and larger gyms. In 1978 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the 1980s the pool was closed. In the 1990s the building housed the university’s dance program.</p> <p>In 1997 Colorado State renovated and restored Ammons Hall with the assistance of a grant from the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>. The pool was removed and the interior redone to accommodate offices and meeting spaces for the school’s Career Center. Otherwise the building’s distinctive architecture and design were preserved. A decade later, the building became home to the University Welcome Center and Office of Admissions. Today Ammons Hall is the starting point for daily campus tours and helps introduce thousands of parents and prospective students to Colorado State.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/eugene-groves" hreflang="en">Eugene Groves</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-university" hreflang="en">Colorado State University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elias-ammons" hreflang="en">Elias Ammons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/womens-education" hreflang="en">women&#039;s education</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Patricia Richter, “Ammons Hall,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (April 8, 1977).</p> <p>Tracey L. Stecklein and Daniela A. Caro, “Ammons Hall,” Colorado Historic Building Inventory Record (June 17, 1994).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1977).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 19:50:41 +0000 yongli 2112 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2101--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2101.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van_Briggle_Pottery_Tiled_Building-%281%29_0.jpg?itok=kglTtA1E" width="1000" height="669" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1907-8 as a showcase for the company's products, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building incorporated thousands of tile and terra cotta elements designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2102--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2102.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/anne-van-briggle"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van%20Briggle%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=3Li_yU1q" width="229" height="292" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/anne-van-briggle" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Anne Van Briggle</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Artus Van Briggle's death in 1904, Anne Van Briggle took over their pottery company and led it for the next eight years. She oversaw the planning and construction of the company's new headquarters, which served as a memorial to her late husband.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2103--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2103.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/workers-van-briggle-pottery"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van-Briggle-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=-i-xHz7z" width="1000" height="810" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/workers-van-briggle-pottery" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Workers at the Van Briggle Pottery</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Van Briggle Pottery featured giant kilns and smokestacks designed by engineer Frank Riddle to get better combustion with less smoke.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2104--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2104.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-college-facilities-services"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Van_Briggle_Pottery_Company_0.jpg?itok=LILKKIST" width="1000" height="673" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-college-facilities-services" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado College Facilities Services</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Now home to Colorado College's Facilities Services department, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span 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THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-22T13:31:31-07:00" title="Tuesday, November 22, 2016 - 13:31" class="datetime">Tue, 11/22/2016 - 13:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/van-briggle-memorial-pottery-building" data-a2a-title="Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fvan-briggle-memorial-pottery-building&amp;title=Van%20Briggle%20Memorial%20Pottery%20Building"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1907–8, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a> was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend to serve as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. Incorporating more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta components designed by <strong>Anne Van Briggle</strong>, the building is considered one of the most important tile installations in the United States. In 1968 the pottery company moved and sold the building to nearby <strong>Colorado College</strong>, which uses it to house the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker <strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong> moved to Colorado Springs from his home in Cincinnati to try to recover from <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. He soon became a staple of the city’s social and artistic circles and began to work with Colorado College professor William Strieby to perfect his pottery and glazes using local materials. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him in Colorado Springs. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale, and in April 1902 they officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company. Initial investors included <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>, <strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, and other members of the city’s social and business elite.</p> <p>The Van Briggles were married in June 1902 and experienced considerable success over the next two years. Their work was generating praise around the country and even around the world for the way it applied Art Nouveau’s emphasis on natural forms to pottery. Van Briggle pieces won medals at the prestigious Paris Salon of 1903 and the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline, causing Anne to assume more and more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died of tuberculosis.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of Artus Van Briggle, the pottery company was reorganized with Anne as president. She continued to produce his old designs and added some of her own while gradually expanding the company’s range of production to bring in more revenue. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles, and Anne Van Briggle began to plan for a larger and better pottery plant that would also serve as a showcase for the company’s wares and a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory at its core, but the setting and architecture were designed to impress visitors and inspire workers. William Jackson Palmer provided a picturesque site for the building on the west bank of Monument Creek adjacent to <a href="/article/monument-valley-park"><strong>Monument Valley Park</strong></a>. To design the building, the company hired Dutch architect Nicolaas van den Arend, who had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. In a nod to the ancestry he shared with Artus Van Briggle, he planned a building that resembled a Dutch farmhouse, with Flemish bond brickwork and a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. The building incorporated important contributions from Anne Van Briggle and company superintendent Frank Riddle. Riddle designed two large kilns that sat in the middle of the building and supported a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof; they made it possible to get better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead worked for more than a year at the company’s factory on North Nevada Avenue to churn out thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces that Van Briggle had designed as interior and exterior decorations for the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908 the new plant was fully operational. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and two wings that projected south from either side. The center wing was dominated by Riddle’s two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company and included an etching room, greenware room, lab, dryer, damp box, and two studios. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing and featured a tile fireplace of her own design. The west wing of the building housed offices for the sales side of the company. At the southern end of the west wing was an elaborate salesroom with a tile floor, tile wall panels, and tile fireplace designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> <p>On December 3, 1908, the company held an opening ceremony attended by about 600 people. Over the next few years, tourists continued to visit the building to see its architecture, get a free tour, and perhaps buy tiles, terra cotta, or pottery. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few art pottery plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The expense of the pottery building—reportedly as high as $100,000—took a toll on the company’s bottom line. Despite continued praise for its products, the company could not find a large enough market for art tiles and pottery to stay afloat. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy, and in 1912 Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decade the company and the building went through several changes in ownership. A June 1919 fire destroyed much of the building’s central wing, but it was rebuilt essentially the same as the original. In the early 1920s, the brothers Ira and Jesse Lewis finally brought financial stability to the company. They focused increasingly on selling to tourists and made the building’s salesroom the only place to buy Van Briggle pottery.</p> <p>In 1935 a devastating flood of Monument Creek wreaked havoc on the Van Briggle building, taking out its eastern wall and destroying many company records and original pottery molds. The whole building was filled with several feet of water, which dragged pieces of pottery as far away as Fountain, about fifteen miles south. After the waters receded, the company remodeled the east wing, and by the start of World War II it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, plans for what is now <strong>Interstate 25</strong> looked as if they would require relocating the pottery’s operations. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull acquired the recently vacated <a href="/article/midland-roundhouse"><strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong></a> building and renovated it from a railroad shop into a working pottery. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was saved when the freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle consolidated its operations at the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s main tourist attractions. The company sold the Memorial Pottery Building to Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek. With the help of several large donations, the college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior to house the Facilities Services Department. The building’s huge kilns were removed and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the distinctive smokestacks above. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Memorial Pottery Building has now housed the Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for more than forty-five years. The college continues to invest in the building’s maintenance and restoration. In 2001 the kiln chimneys were repaired, and in 2006 lightning rods were installed to prevent further damage to the building’s terra cotta.</p> <p>In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts an annual Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/van-briggle-pottery" hreflang="en">Van Briggle Pottery</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/artus-van-briggle" hreflang="en">Artus Van Briggle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-van-briggle" hreflang="en">Anne Van Briggle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nicolaas-van-den-arend" hreflang="en">Nicolaas van den Arend</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-college" hreflang="en">Colorado College</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Barbara M. Arnest, ed., <em>Van Briggle Pottery: The Early Years</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, 1975).</p> <p>Dorothy McGraw Bogue, <em>The Van Briggle Story</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Dentan-Berkeland, 1968).</p> <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5EP614.pdf">Van Briggle Pottery Company</a>,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (March 5, 2009).</p> <p>Molly Wingate and Linda Crissey, <em>The Van Briggle Pottery Building: A Walking Tour</em> (Colorado Springs, CO: Women’s Educational Society of the Colorado College, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.vanbriggle.com/">Van Briggle Pottery &amp; Tile</a></p> <p>Andrew Wineke, “<a href="https://gazette.com/historic-roundhouse-is-once-again-in-motion/article/44380/">Historic roundhouse is once again in motion</a>,” <em>The Gazette</em> (CO Springs), December 3, 2008.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building is famous. Architect Nicolaas van den Arend designed it. It was built in Colorado Springs in 1907-8. Thousands of colorful clay tiles decorate it.<strong> Anne Van Briggle</strong> designed those. The building was an art studio, factory, and store. In 1968 the company moved. <strong>Colorado College</strong> bought the building.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker <strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;was sick. He had&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>, a lung disease. He left Ohio. People thought Colorado’s dry air was a cure. Artus moved to Colorado Springs. The next year his fiancée joined him. Anne Gregory had been a painter. Now, she became Artus’s partner. They formed the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. They married two months later.</p> <p>Art Nouveau (“new art”) was popular. It used nature as a model. Lines were curved, like the curves of plants. Artus and Anne used this style in their pottery. People around the world loved it. The Van Briggles received many awards. But Artus’s health got worse. On July 4, 1904, he died.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>Anne became the president. She made Artus’s designs and her own. She wanted a better pottery plant. It would show off their award-winning tiles. It would also be a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The spot chosen was on the west bank of Monument Creek. It was next to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. The company hired architect Nicolaas van den Arend. Van Briggle and van den Arend are Dutch names. Their families both came from the Netherlands. The building would look like a Dutch farmhouse. Even the pattern of bricklaying was Dutch.</p> <p>Work began in 1907. To harden the clay tiles, the building needed ovens. The factory manager designed two large pottery ovens. These are called kilns. Rounded smokestacks went out the roof. Anne and her assistant created thousands of tile and clay pieces. These decorated the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908, work was done. The building had three sections. The center had the kilns. The workshops and Anne’s studio were on the east. The west had offices and a salesroom. Its floor, wall panels, and fireplace were all made of tiles.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The building was impressive, but it had cost too much. The company was losing money. There were not enough buyers for art tiles. In 1910 the business declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left. In the early 1920s, owners Ira and Jesse Lewis helped the company make money again.</p> <p>In 1919 there was a fire. In 1935 there was a flood. The company recovered from both disasters and remodeled. By 1941 the building was getting almost 50,000 visitors a year.</p> <p>The next problem was manmade. In the early 1950s, the new <strong>Interstate 25</strong>&nbsp;was being planned. People thought the Van Briggle building would be right in its path. The company bought a new building, the <strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>. It had been a railroad shop. Now it would be a pottery factory. But the highway ended up being about a block away. The Memorial Building was saved. The Roundhouse building opened in 1955. The company used both spots until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle moved everything to the Roundhouse. Colorado College bought the Memorial Pottery Building. Their campus lay just across the creek. In 2009 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each fall, there is a Van Briggle Pottery Festival. It features special tours of this historic building.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building was built in 1907–8 in <strong>Colorado Springs</strong>. It was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend for Anne Van Briggle, who designed more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta pieces for the building. The building served as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. In 1968 the pottery company moved and the building was sold to nearby&nbsp;<strong>Colorado College</strong>. Now, it houses the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker&nbsp;<strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;moved to Colorado Springs from Cincinnati. He was trying to recover from&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale. They officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. They married two months later. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Art Nouveau (“new art”) was a popular style at the time. It drew its inspiration from nature, especially the curved lines of plants. The Van Briggles used this style in their pottery. Their work gained praise from around the country and the world. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline. Anne took on more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died of tuberculosis.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of her husband, Anne became president. She still produced his designs and added some of her own. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles. Anne Van Briggle began planning a better pottery plant. It would serve as a showcase for the company’s wares as well as a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory, but it was a factory designed to impress and inspire. The site was located on the west bank of Monument Creek next to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. To design the building, the company hired architect Nicolaas van den Arend. He had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. Like the Van Briggles, his ancestry was Dutch. The building he planned looked like a Dutch farmhouse. It featured special brickwork in a pattern called Flemish bond. It also had a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. Company superintendent Frank Riddle designed two large pottery ovens, or kilns. These supported a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof. These provided better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead created thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces to decorate the new building.</p> <p>The new plant was ready by September 1908. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and a wing on each side. The center wing featured the two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company. It included a laboratory and an etching room where designs were marked onto the clay. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing. The west wing of the building had sales offices and a beautiful salesroom. Its floor, wall panels, and fireplace were all made of tiles designed by Anne Van Briggle. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few such plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The building was beautiful, but it was expensive. The company was losing money. Despite continued praise for its products, there was not a large enough market for art tiles. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decades, the company and the building changed owners several times. It survived both a fire in 1919 and a devastating flood in 1935. Each time the company renovated and remodeled. By the start of World War II, it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, it looked as if the Van Briggle building would be in the way of the new <strong>Interstate 25</strong>. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull bought a new building, the <strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>&nbsp;building. They renovated it from a railroad roundhouse into a working pottery factory. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle building was saved. The freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle moved all its operations to the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s tourist attractions. Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek, bought the Memorial Pottery Building. The college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior. The building’s huge kilns were removed, and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the smokestacks above. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building has housed Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for nearly a half century. The college continues to maintain and restore the building. In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts an annual Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Built in 1907–8, the Van Briggle Memorial Pottery Building in&nbsp;<strong>Colorado Springs</strong>&nbsp;was designed by architect Nicolaas van den Arend. It served as the company’s salesroom, pottery plant, and headquarters. The building is one of the most important tile installations in the United States. It incorporates more than 5,000 tile and terra cotta components designed by&nbsp;Anne Van Briggle. In 1968 the pottery company moved and the building was sold to nearby&nbsp;<strong>Colorado College</strong>. Now, it houses the school’s Facilities Services department.</p> <h2>Van Briggle Pottery</h2> <p>In 1899 pottery maker&nbsp;<strong>Artus Van Briggle</strong>&nbsp;moved to Colorado Springs from Cincinnati. He was trying to recover from&nbsp;<a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>. In 1900 his fiancée, Anne Gregory, joined him. Trained as a painter, she became his partner in the pottery business. In 1901 they opened a showroom and pottery plant on North Nevada Avenue. By that December they had pieces ready for sale. They officially incorporated the Van Briggle Pottery Company in April 1902. Initial investors included&nbsp;<strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Winfield Scott Stratton</strong>, and other members of the city’s elite.</p> <p>The Van Briggles were married in June 1902. They experienced considerable success over the next two years. Their work applied the Art Nouveau style’s emphasis on natural forms to pottery, generating praise from around the country and world. For instance, Van Briggle pieces won medals at the prestigious Paris Salon of 1903. But Artus Van Briggle’s health continued to decline. Anne took on more responsibility for the company. On July 4, 1904, Artus Van Briggle died.</p> <h2>Memorial Pottery Plant</h2> <p>After the death of Artus Van Briggle, the company was reorganized. Anne became president. She continued to produce his old designs and added some of her own. She gradually expanded the range of production to bring in more revenue. In 1907 the company started to produce art tiles. Anne Van Briggle began to plan for a larger and better pottery plant. It would also serve as a showcase for the company’s wares and a memorial to her husband.</p> <p>The new pottery plant was a factory at its core, but the setting and architecture were designed to impress visitors and inspire workers. William Jackson Palmer provided a picturesque site for the building on the west bank of Monument Creek adjacent to&nbsp;<strong>Monument Valley Park</strong>. To design the building, the company hired Dutch architect Nicolaas van den Arend. He had come to Colorado Springs in 1904 because his wife suffered from tuberculosis. In a nod to the families’ shared Dutch ancestry, he planned a building for Van Briggle that resembled a Dutch farmhouse. It featured Flemish bond brickwork and a variety of gables and small porches.</p> <p>Construction started in summer 1907. The building incorporated important contributions from Anne Van Briggle and company superintendent Frank Riddle. Riddle designed two large kilns that sat in the middle of the building. By supporting a pair of rounded smokestacks that rose from the roof, they made it possible to get better combustion with less smoke. Meanwhile, Anne Van Briggle and her assistant Emma Kinkead worked for more than a year at the company’s factory on North Nevada Avenue, churning out thousands of tile and terra cotta pieces that Van Briggle had designed as interior and exterior decorations for the new building.</p> <p>By September 1908, the new plant was fully operational. The south-facing building had three basic sections: a center wing and two wings that projected south from either side. The center wing was dominated by Riddle’s two large kilns. The east wing housed the pottery side of the company and included an etching room, greenware room, lab, dryer, damp box, and two studios. Anne Van Briggle’s studio was at the southern end of the east wing. It featured a tile fireplace of her own design. The west wing of the building housed offices for the sales side of the company. At the southern end of the west wing was an elaborate salesroom, with a tile floor, tile wall panels, and tile fireplace designed by Anne Van Briggle.</p> <p>On December 3, 1908, the company held an opening ceremony attended by about 600 people. Over the next few years, tourists continued to visit the building to see its architecture, get a free tour, and buy tiles, terra cotta, or pottery. At the time, the company was the only maker of art tiles between Chicago and Los Angeles, and its building was one of only a few art pottery plants in the country that were open to the public.</p> <h2>Troubles and Change</h2> <p>The expense of the pottery building—reportedly as high as $100,000—took a toll on the company’s bottom line. Despite continued praise for its products, the company could not find a large enough market for art tiles and pottery to stay afloat. In 1910 the company declared bankruptcy. Two years later, Anne Van Briggle left to focus on her original passion, painting.</p> <p>Over the next decade, the company and the building went through several changes in ownership. A fire in June 1919 destroyed much of the building’s central wing, but it was rebuilt essentially the same as the original. In the early 1920s, brothers Ira and Jesse Lewis finally brought financial stability to the company. They focused increasingly on selling to tourists and made the building’s salesroom the only place to buy Van Briggle pottery.</p> <p>In 1935 a devastating flood wreaked havoc on the Van Briggle building, taking out its eastern wall and destroying many company records and original pottery molds. The whole building was filled with several feet of water. Pieces of pottery were washed downstream as far away as the town of Fountain, about fifteen miles south. After the waters receded, the company remodeled the east wing. By the start of World War II, it was attracting about 50,000 visitors per year.</p> <p>In the early 1950s, plans for what is now&nbsp;<strong>Interstate 25</strong>&nbsp;looked as if they would require relocating the pottery’s operations. Owner Jesse Lewis and master potter Clem Hull acquired the recently vacated&nbsp;<strong>Midland Roundhouse</strong>&nbsp;building and renovated it from a railroad roundhouse into a working pottery. Meanwhile, the existing Van Briggle building was saved when the freeway ended up being routed about a block to the west. The Roundhouse pottery opened in 1955, and the company used both locations until the late 1960s.</p> <h2>Colorado College Facilities Services</h2> <p>In 1968 Van Briggle consolidated its operations at the Midland Roundhouse, which was closer to the city’s main tourist attractions. The company sold the Memorial Pottery Building to Colorado College, whose main campus lay just across Monument Creek. With the help of several large donations, the college spent two years restoring the building’s exterior and renovating the interior to house the Facilities Services Department. The building’s huge kilns were removed, and a framework of steel beams was installed to support the distinctive smokestacks. The original tilework in the salesroom and Anne Van Briggle’s studio remained largely intact.</p> <p>The Memorial Pottery Building has now housed Colorado College’s Facilities Services department for nearly half a century. The college continues to invest in the building’s maintenance and restoration. In 2001 the kiln chimneys were repaired, and in 2006 lightning rods were installed to prevent further damage to the building’s terra cotta.</p> <p>In 2009 the pottery building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each fall, the Woman’s Educational Society of Colorado College hosts a Historic Van Briggle Pottery Festival that features guided tours of the building.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 22 Nov 2016 20:31:31 +0000 yongli 2097 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Treat Hall http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treat-hall <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Treat Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1947--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1947.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/treat-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Treat-Hall-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=8p8RaPYx" width="1000" height="700" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/treat-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Treat Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Treat Hall was the only building on the Colorado Women's College campus when it opened in 1909. It was located several miles east of Denver on a twenty-acre site donated by Job A. Cooper.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1948--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1948.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/enlarged-treat-hall"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Treat-Hall-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=4WSBc7Jz" width="1000" height="709" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/enlarged-treat-hall" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Enlarged Treat Hall</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1916, the original Treat Hall (right) was expanded with a four-story brick addition to the north (left).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-24T16:58:15-06:00" title="Monday, October 24, 2016 - 16:58" class="datetime">Mon, 10/24/2016 - 16:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treat-hall" data-a2a-title="Treat Hall"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftreat-hall&amp;title=Treat%20Hall"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located near the intersection of Montview Boulevard and Quebec Street on the east side of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Treat Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque academic building that served as the original home of <strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong>. Completed in 1909, the building was the heart of the Colorado Women’s College campus until the college merged with the <strong>University of Denver </strong>in 1982. In 2000 Johnson &amp; Wales University acquired the former Colorado Women’s College campus, renamed Treat Hall to Centennial Hall, and renovated the building for use as classrooms and offices.</p> <h2>Colorado Women’s College</h2> <p>In 1887 Reverend Robert Cameron of the <strong>First Baptist Church of Denver</strong> started to pursue the idea of a college for women in Colorado. He soon garnered support, and by 1888 it looked as if the college, envisioned as the “Vassar of the West,” would soon become a reality. That fall, Colorado Women’s College (CWC) was officially established, the first board of trustees was elected, and future governor <strong>Job A. Cooper</strong> donated a twenty-acre site in Montclair for the college’s campus. Located several miles east of Denver, the site featured commanding views of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>.</p> <p>The trustees hoped to complete the college’s first building quickly. The architectural firm of Jackson and Betts drew up plans for a building, and the cornerstone was laid in March 1890 in a ceremony attended by Governor Cooper, several ex-governors, and other dignitaries. The building’s superstructure was finished by August. It was a three-story building with heavy, rusticated stone walls, round-arch windows, and a steeply gabled roof. Its most notable features were its grand entry arch and its horizontal bands of red stone trim.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the fledgling college ran out of money and could not pay to finish the building. The massive stone structure was boarded up, and the college remained an unfulfilled idea. The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> and the ensuing economic depression soon put off all hopes of the building’s completion for the rest of the decade.</p> <p>By the early 1900s the embryonic college had a rosier financial outlook and was again generating enthusiasm among its backers. In November 1908, the board of trustees selected the college’s first president, <strong>Jay Porter Treat</strong>. In line with a major strain of thinking about women’s higher education at the time, Treat believed in what he called “the old idea that a woman’s first duty is in the home and to her family” and thought the college should help women become good wives and mothers. After nearly two decades, work on the college building finally resumed in December 1908, and the building was finished in time for the college to open in September 1909.</p> <p>Originally, Treat Hall was the only building on the CWC campus and was known simply as the college building. It housed the whole college: classrooms, student dorm rooms, faculty and administrative offices. After 1916, when a four-story brick addition was built, it was often called Main Hall or the Administration Building. It was not officially called Treat Hall until 1930, when alumnae requested that the building be named in honor of the college’s first president.</p> <p>Treat Hall’s function gradually changed as the college added more buildings to its campus. It stopped serving as a dormitory in 1951, and in the early 1960s the building’s basement gymnasium was converted into a bookstore and canteen.</p> <h2>After CWC</h2> <p>Colorado Women’s College occupied Treat Hall for more than seventy years. Starting in the 1960s, the college faced declining enrollments and persistent financial difficulties. In 1982 it negotiated a merger with the University of Denver and held its final commencement. Treat Hall, which had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, was shuttered for more than three decades after the merger, even as the rest of the campus enjoyed a second life as the University of Denver’s Park Hill campus.</p> <p>In 2000 the University of Denver began to consolidate its programs on its main campus. The entire Park Hill campus, including Treat Hall, was sold to Johnson &amp; Wales University (JWU), a private institution founded in 1914 in Providence, Rhode Island, that has opened a handful of campuses across the country since the 1980s. JWU’s Denver campus opened in September 2000 with a focus on training students in hospitality and culinary arts. In the early 2000s JWU hoped to convert Treat Hall into a boutique hotel, but those plans ultimately went nowhere.</p> <p>In 2014 JWU announced that it would renovate and reopen Treat Hall as an academic building. The university also renamed Treat Hall “Centennial Hall” to mark the university’s centennial and as a nod to the Centennial State. The $17 million renovation was finished in time for the 2015–16 academic year and made Centennial Hall into a campus hub with classrooms, offices, a café, and an event hall. The project received Historic Denver’s Community Preservation Award for restoration.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treat-hall" hreflang="en">Treat Hall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jay-porter-treat" hreflang="en">Jay Porter Treat</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-womens-college" hreflang="en">Colorado Women&#039;s College</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/johnson-wales-university" hreflang="en">Johnson &amp; Wales University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-denver-park-hill-campus" hreflang="en">University of Denver Park Hill campus</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Steve Fisher, <em>The University of Denver: A History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2014).</p> <p>Lyle D. Hansen, “Treat Hall,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (April 27, 1977).</p> <p>Paul Moore, <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2006/03/27/daily23.html">“Treat Hall Takes Historic Turn,”</a> <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, March 28, 2006.</p> <p>Ed Sealover, <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2015/08/26/johnson-wales-completes-32-million-in-campus.html">“Johnson &amp; Wales Completes $32 Million in Campus Renovations,”</a> <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, August 26, 2015.</p> <p>Ed Sealover, <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2014/05/07/johnson-wales-launches-30-million-renovation-of.html">“Johnson &amp; Wales Launches $30 Million Renovation of Denver Campus,”</a> <em>Denver Business Journal</em>, May 7, 2014.</p> <p>Wallace B. Turner, <em>Colorado Woman’s College, 1888–1982: The Story of a Dream</em> (Marceline, MO: Walsworth, 1982).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Allen D. Breck, <em>From the Rockies to the World</em>, 2nd ed. (Denver: University of Denver, 1997).</p> <p>Richard R. Brettell, <em>Historic Denver: The Architects and the Architecture, 1858–1893</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1973).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts: A Pictorial Guide</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Treat Hall is located on the east side of <strong>Denver.</strong> Treat Hall is built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It is an academic building. It served as the original home of <strong>Colorado Women</strong><strong>’s College</strong>. It was completed in 1909. The building was the heart of the Colorado Women’s College campus. The college joined with the <strong>University of Denver </strong>in 1982. In 2000 Johnson &amp; Wales University bought the former Colorado Women’s College campus. They renamed Treat Hall to Centennial Hall. They repaired and improved the building for use as classrooms and offices.</p> <h2>Colorado Women’s College</h2> <p>In 1887 the Reverend Robert Cameron of the <strong>First Baptist Church of Denver </strong>had an idea to build a college for women in Colorado. By 1888 it looked as if the college would soon become a reality. That fall, Colorado Women’s College (CWC) was officially established. The first board of trustees was elected, and future governor <strong>Job A. Cooper</strong> donated a twenty-acre site in Montclair for the college’s campus. It was located several miles east of Denver. The site featured commanding views of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>.</p> <p>The trustees hoped to complete the college’s first building quickly. The architectural firm of Jackson and Betts drew up plans for a building. The cornerstone was laid in March 1890. The ceremony was attended by Governor Cooper, several ex-governors, and other dignitaries. The building was finished by August. It was a three-story building with stone walls, round-arch windows, and a steeply gabled roof. Its most interesting features were its grand entry arch and its horizontal bands of red stone trim.</p> <p>The new college ran out of money and could not pay to finish the building. The huge stone structure was boarded up.&nbsp; The college remained an uncompleted idea. The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> and economic depression followed. This put off any hope that the building would be completed. It remained unfinished for the rest of the decade.</p> <p>By the early 1900s, the new college had a better financial outlook. In November 1908, the board of trustees selected the college’s first president, <strong>Jay Porter Treat</strong>. Treat believed in what he called “the old idea that a woman’s first duty is in the home and to her family.” This was in line with a popular way of thinking about women’s higher education at the time. He thought the college should help women become good wives and mothers. Work on the college building finally started again in December 1908. The building was finished in time for the college to open in September 1909.</p> <p>At first, Treat Hall was the only building on the CWC campus. It was known simply as the college building. It housed the whole college. Classrooms, student dorm rooms, faculty and business offices were all in the one building. After 1916, when a four-story brick addition was built, it was often called Main Hall or the Administration Building. It was not officially called Treat Hall until 1930. Women who had attended the college asked for the building to be named in honor of the college’s first president.</p> <p>Treat Hall’s function slowly changed. The college added more buildings to its campus. It was no longer used as a dormitory in 1951. In the early 1960s, the building’s basement gymnasium was changed into a bookstore and canteen.</p> <h2>After CWC</h2> <p>Colorado Women’s College occupied Treat Hall for more than seventy years. In the 1960s, the college had fewer students and had financial problems. In 1982 it joined with the University of Denver and held its last commencement. Treat Hall, had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. After the merger, it was closed for more than three decades. The rest of the campus enjoyed a second life as the University of Denver’s Park Hill campus.</p> <p>In 2000 the University of Denver began to consolidate its programs on its main campus. The entire Park Hill campus, including Treat Hall, was sold to Johnson &amp; Wales University (JWU). JWU is a private institution founded in 1914 in Providence, Rhode Island. They have opened a handful of campuses across the country since the 1980s. JWU’s Denver campus opened in September 2000. They trained students in hospitality and culinary arts. In the early 2000s, JWU hoped to convert Treat Hall into a boutique hotel. Those plans failed.</p> <p>In 2014 JWU announced that it would repair and reopen Treat Hall as an academic building. The university also renamed Treat Hall “Centennial Hall” to mark the university’s centennial. This was also a nod to the Centennial State. The $17 million renovation was finished in time for the 2015–16 academic year. Centennial Hall was made into a campus hub with classrooms, offices, a café, and an event hall. The project received Historic Denver’s Community Preservation Award for restoration.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Treat Hall is located near the intersection of Montview Boulevard and Quebec Street on the east side of <strong>Denver.</strong> Treat Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque academic building. It served as the original home of <strong>Colorado Women</strong><strong>’s College</strong>. Completed in 1909, the building was the heart of the Colorado Women’s College campus. The college merged with the <strong>University of Denver </strong>in 1982. In 2000 Johnson &amp; Wales University acquired the former Colorado Women’s College campus. They renamed Treat Hall to Centennial Hall, and renovated the building for use as classrooms and offices.</p> <h2>Colorado Women’s College</h2> <p>In 1887 the Reverend Robert Cameron of the <strong>First Baptist Church of Denver</strong> started to pursue the idea of a women’s college in Colorado. He soon gained support, and by 1888 it looked as if the college, envisioned as the “Vassar of the West,” would soon become a reality. That fall, Colorado Women’s College (CWC) was officially established. The first board of trustees was elected, and future governor <strong>Job A. Cooper</strong> donated a twenty-acre site in Montclair for the college’s campus. Located several miles east of Denver, the site featured commanding views of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>.</p> <p>The trustees hoped to complete the college’s first building quickly. The architectural firm of Jackson and Betts drew up plans for a building. The cornerstone was laid in March 1890, in a ceremony attended by Governor Cooper, several ex-governors, and other dignitaries. The building’s superstructure was finished by August. It was a three-story building with heavy, rusticated stone walls, round-arch windows, and a steeply gabled roof. Its most notable features were its grand entry arch and its horizontal bands of red stone trim.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the fledgling college ran out of money and could not pay to finish the building. The massive stone structure was boarded up, and the college remained an unfulfilled idea. The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> and the ensuing economic depression soon put off all hopes of the building’s completion for the rest of the decade.</p> <p>By the early 1900s, the new college had a rosier financial outlook and was again generating enthusiasm among its backers. In November 1908, the board of trustees selected the college’s first president, <strong>Jay Porter Treat</strong>. In line with a major mode of thinking about women’s higher education at the time, Treat believed in what he called “the old idea that a woman’s first duty is in the home and to her family.” He thought the college should help women become good wives and mothers. After nearly two decades, work on the college building finally resumed in December 1908. The building was finished in time for the college to open in September 1909.</p> <p>Originally, Treat Hall was the only building on the CWC campus and was known simply as the college building. It housed the whole college: classrooms, student dorm rooms, faculty and administrative offices. After 1916, when a four-story brick addition was built, it was often called Main Hall or the Administration Building. It was not officially called Treat Hall until 1930, when alumnae requested that the building be named in honor of the college’s first president.</p> <p>Treat Hall’s function gradually changed as the college added more buildings to its campus. It stopped serving as a dormitory in 1951. In the early 1960s, the building’s basement gymnasium was converted into a bookstore and canteen.</p> <h2>After CWC</h2> <p>Colorado Women’s College occupied Treat Hall for more than seventy years. Starting in the 1960s, the college faced declining enrollments and continuing financial difficulties. In 1982 it arranged a merger with the University of Denver and held its final commencement. Treat Hall, had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. After the merger, it was closed for more than three decades. The rest of the campus enjoyed a second life as the University of Denver’s Park Hill campus.</p> <p>In 2000 the University of Denver began to consolidate its programs on its main campus. The entire Park Hill campus, including Treat Hall, was sold to Johnson &amp; Wales University (JWU). JWU is a private institution founded in 1914 in Providence, Rhode Island. They have opened a handful of campuses across the country since the 1980s. JWU’s Denver campus opened in September 2000 with a focus on training students in hospitality and culinary arts. In the early 2000s, JWU hoped to convert Treat Hall into a boutique hotel, but those plans ultimately went nowhere.</p> <p>In 2014 JWU announced that it would renovate and reopen Treat Hall as an academic building. The university also renamed Treat Hall “Centennial Hall” to mark the university’s centennial and as a nod to the Centennial State. The $17 million renovation was finished in time for the 2015–16 academic year. Centennial Hall was made into a campus hub with classrooms, offices, a café, and an event hall. The project received Historic Denver’s Community Preservation Award for restoration.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Located near the intersection of Montview Boulevard and Quebec Street on the east side of <strong>Denver</strong>, Treat Hall is a Richardsonian Romanesque academic building that served as the original home of <strong>Colorado Women</strong><strong>’s College</strong>. Completed in 1909, the building was the heart of the Colorado Women’s College campus until the college merged with the <strong>University of Denver </strong>in 1982. In 2000 Johnson &amp; Wales University acquired the former Colorado Women’s College campus, renamed Treat Hall to Centennial Hall, and renovated the building for use as classrooms and offices.</p> <h2>Colorado Women’s College</h2> <p>In 1887 Reverend Robert Cameron of the <strong>First Baptist Church of Denver,</strong> started to pursue the idea of a college for women in Colorado. He soon garnered support, and by 1888 it looked as if the college, envisioned as the “Vassar of the West,” would soon become a reality. That fall, Colorado Women’s College (CWC) was officially established, the first board of trustees was elected, and future governor <strong>Job A. Cooper</strong> donated a twenty-acre site in Montclair for the college’s campus. Located several miles east of Denver, the site featured commanding views of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>.</p> <p>The trustees hoped to complete the college’s first building quickly. The architectural firm of Jackson and Betts drew up plans for a building, and the cornerstone was laid in March 1890, in a ceremony attended by Governor Cooper, several ex-governors, and other dignitaries. The building’s superstructure was finished by August. It was a three-story building with heavy, rusticated stone walls, round-arch windows, and a steeply gabled roof. Its most notable features were its grand entry arch and its horizontal bands of red stone trim.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the fledgling college ran out of money and could not pay to finish the building. The massive stone structure was boarded up, and the college remained an unfulfilled idea. The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> and the ensuing economic depression soon put off all hopes of the building’s completion for the rest of the decade.</p> <p>By the early 1900s, the embryonic college had a rosier financial outlook and was again generating enthusiasm among its backers. In November 1908, the board of trustees selected the college’s first president, <strong>Jay Porter Treat</strong>. In line with a major strain of thinking about women’s higher education at the time, Treat believed in what he called “the old idea that a woman’s first duty is in the home and to her family” and thought the college should help women become good wives and mothers. After nearly two decades, work on the college building finally resumed in December 1908, and the building was finished in time for the college to open in September 1909.</p> <p>Originally, Treat Hall was the only building on the CWC campus and was known simply as the college building. It housed the whole college: classrooms, student dorm rooms, faculty and administrative offices. After 1916, when a four-story brick addition was built, it was often called Main Hall or the Administration Building. It was not officially called Treat Hall until 1930, when alumnae requested that the building be named in honor of the college’s first president.</p> <p>Treat Hall’s function gradually changed as the college added more buildings to its campus. It stopped serving as a dormitory in 1951, and in the early 1960s the building’s basement gymnasium was converted into a bookstore and canteen.</p> <h2>After CWC</h2> <p>Colorado Women’s College occupied Treat Hall for more than seventy years. Starting in the 1960s, the college faced declining enrollments and persistent financial difficulties. In 1982 it negotiated a merger with the University of Denver and held its final commencement. Treat Hall, which had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, was shuttered for more than three decades after the merger. The rest of the campus enjoyed a second life as the University of Denver’s Park Hill campus.</p> <p>In 2000 the University of Denver began to consolidate its programs on its main campus. The entire Park Hill campus, including Treat Hall, was sold to Johnson &amp; Wales University (JWU). JWU is a private institution founded in 1914 in Providence, Rhode Island. They have opened a handful of campuses across the country since the 1980s. JWU’s Denver campus opened in September 2000 with a focus on training students in hospitality and culinary arts. In the early 2000s, JWU hoped to convert Treat Hall into a boutique hotel, but those plans ultimately went nowhere.</p> <p>In 2014 JWU announced that it would renovate and reopen Treat Hall as an academic building. The university also renamed Treat Hall “Centennial Hall” to mark the university’s centennial and as a nod to the Centennial State. The $17 million renovation was finished in time for the 2015–16 academic year. Centennial Hall was made into a campus hub with classrooms, offices, a café, and an event hall. The project received Historic Denver’s Community Preservation Award for restoration.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 24 Oct 2016 22:58:15 +0000 yongli 1946 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org United States Air Force Academy http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-states-air-force-academy <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">United States Air Force Academy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2615--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2615.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/us-air-force-academy"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_02_0.jpg?itok=nyTt-lse" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/us-air-force-academy" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">US Air Force Academy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">The United States Air Force Academy was founded on April 1, 1954, after the air force attained status as a separate service within the military system.</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2616--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2616.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/b-52-bomber"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_04_0.jpg?itok=qhsh3zUT" width="1000" height="494" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/b-52-bomber" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">B-52 Bomber</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Retired B-52 bomber on a giant pedestals is located next to the north gate.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2617--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2617.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cadet-chapel-air-force-academy"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_05_0.jpg?itok=9CehIZmW" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cadet-chapel-air-force-academy" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cadet Chapel in Air Force Academy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Easily the most recognizable building in the cadet area, the Air Force Academy chapel was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect Walter Netsch Jr., who was influenced by traditional chapels in France and Italy.</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-19T15:23:21-07:00" title="Thursday, November 19, 2015 - 15:23" class="datetime">Thu, 11/19/2015 - 15:23</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-states-air-force-academy" data-a2a-title="United States Air Force Academy"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Funited-states-air-force-academy&amp;title=United%20States%20Air%20Force%20Academy"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><a href="/image/us-air-force-academy-campus"><img alt="US Air Force Academy Campus" src="/sites/default/files/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_01.jpg" style="float:left; height:260px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a>Established in April 1954, the United States Air Force Academy occupies 18,000 acres on the north end of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a>. It serves as an air force base and undergraduate college for officer candidates. The academy currently enrolls 4,000 cadets as undergraduates, employs 723 faculty members, and serves a community of about 25,000. Military members account for about 470, or 65 percent, of the faculty. Those not directly involved in undergraduate operations include active-duty airmen and women as well as medical, security, fire response, and family care personnel. In addition to cadets, faculty, and staff, the academy welcomes tourists at the Barry Goldwater Visitor Center.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The academy’s sports teams are known as the Air Force Falcons and compete in the <strong>Mountain West Division</strong> of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). During its fiftieth anniversary in 2004, the academy received national historic landmark status. The United States Post Office issued a commemorative stamp, and a historic plaque was installed on the base to honor the designation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The United States Air Force Academy was founded on April 1, 1954, after the air force attained status as a separate service within the military system. Air force enthusiasts saw this as a great victory after years of petitioning for recognition while remaining under the umbrella of military service. At the end of World War II, Colorado Springs faced a small recession, and needed a new industry to boost its economy. This prompted the city’s Chamber of Commerce to form the Military Affairs Committee, with the aim of petitioning the federal government to locate the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs. Though it initially appeared to be a long shot, several factors led to the committee’s success. President Eisenhower’s wife was from Colorado, and together the couple had spent a lot of time vacationing there. Eisenhower’s affection for the state prompted him to use his political influence to advocate for a Colorado location. Also, the two other top military academies were on the East Coast. As the army sought to gain broader support around the country, it made sense to put an academy somewhere in the West.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The state of Colorado also contributed $1 million to help purchase the land for the academy. Finally, during the Cold War, military personnel believed that the Air Force Academy would be safest from nuclear attack if located in the middle of the US mainland. With hard work and support from local citizens, the Military Affairs Committee eventually succeeded in bringing the Air Force Academy to Colorado Springs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Gender</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/women-airforce-service-pilot-statue"><img alt="Women Airforce Service Pilot Statue" src="/sites/default/files/US_Air_Force_Academy_20170521_03.jpg" style="float:right; height:634px; margin:15px; width:240px" /></a>A significant turning point in the history of the academy came in 1975, when President Gerald Ford signed legislation allowing women to attend the nation’s military academies. In 1976, the first female students enrolled in the Air Force Academy. The class of 1980 was the first graduating class to include women. Initially, women only constituted about 10 percent of the cadet class. Today, women make up 19.1 percent of the US Air Force.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though the percentage of women in each class of the Air Force Academy has almost doubled since women were allowed in, the ratio of men to women is still far from 1 to 1. Moreover, women in the academy must face many challenges that men do not. According to one survey in 2003, 12 percent of women graduates were victims of either rape or attempted rape during their tenure at the academy. As recently as February 2015, an annual report card on sexual assault released from the academy stated that 10 percent of female cadets experienced unwanted sexual contact during their schooling. This percentage is likely lower than the national average for college campuses, which stood at 27 percent as of 2006; nevertheless, the statistic demonstrates that the academy is not immune from misogynistic trends in the military and public universities nationwide.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Religious Controversy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Unwanted religious proselytizing also remains a problem at the academy and within the air force. In 2005, one campus chaplain preached that non-Christian students would “burn in the fires of hell” if they did not convert. The academy’s FAQ page maintains, “We will accommodate free exercise of religion and other personal beliefs, as well as freedom of expression,” but as recently as 2010 the academy released a report showing that 41 percent of non-Christian students said they were exposed to unwanted evangelizing during their time at the college.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The air force has also been criticized for a 2013 mandate requiring that airmen and women wishing to reenlist say the words “so help me God” at the end of their enlistment oath. The government is prohibited from requiring religious compliance from service members under Clause 3, Article VI of the US Constitution, which states that “no religious test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.” On September 11, 2014, the Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF), a nonprofit organization that works to protect military members’ religious freedom, sent a letter to US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel asking him to strike down the air force’s religious requirement. Seven days later, the air force adjusted its policy, allowing nonreligious cadets to omit the words “so help me God” from the enlistment oath. Though the policy change met the demands of the Colorado Springs-based MRFF, it was apparently driven by another letter written by the American Humanists’ Association. The letter defended an atheist airmen in Nevada who had been denied reenlistment because he refused to say “so help me God” in his oath.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tension persists today between the academy’s evangelical Christian leanings and its mission of training a diverse group of cadets. In March 2015, US Representative Sam Johnson, a retired air force colonel and Republican from Texas, introduced H.R. 1425, a bill that would reestablish the air force’s religious oath requirement. The bill, as well as the evangelical presence on campus, continues to generate controversy in the air force and Colorado Springs communities.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cadet Chapel</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While there is evidence that religious proselytizing is disrupting student life at the college, the Academy’s Cadet Chapel remains a symbol of inclusiveness. The all-faith chapel includes spaces for various religions and denominations and also houses multiple interfaith spaces—small rooms separate from the denominational chapels. The largest chapel is the Protestant chapel, which occupies the most space and the entire top floor. There is a smaller Catholic chapel below this, with even smaller Jewish and Buddhist chapels rounding out the lower level. The building has historically hosted many annual religious ceremonies and celebrations in all of its chapels and continues to represent the various religious communities in Colorado with many free and open events.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/cadet-chapel"><img alt="Cadet Chapel" src="/sites/default/files/US_Air_Force_Academy_Chapel%5B1%5D.jpg" style="float:left; height:349px; margin:15px; width:480px" /></a>The chapel is also studied for its architecture and admired for its aesthetics. The principal architect hired to design the famous building in the late 1950s was Walter A. Netsch, Jr., from Chicago. Working with the firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Netsch completed the building in 1963. The building continues to be renowned globally for its architectural innovation, and retains sleek lines with an emphasis on glass and cement elements. In addition to being added to the registry of historic landmarks, it won the Twenty-Five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1996. The chapel continues to be an integral part of the Air Force Academy, functioning as both a spiritual and community center.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Modern Operations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Currently, students in the Air Force Academy are organized into squadrons. There are forty squadrons with 100 cadets each, making up the student body of 4,000. Cadet squadrons each have an air force commanding trainer and two academy military trainers permanently assigned to them, and each squadron includes cadets from all four years of the program. Cadets are required to compete in intercollegiate or intramural athletics each semester, as well as undergo Basic Cadet Training over the summer before beginning their first year to help them transition from civilian to military life. All cadets receive character development training during their time at the academy and commonly spend time volunteering in the community. For example, during the 2012–13 academic year, cadets recorded 38,000 volunteer hours.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/ambriz-cynthia" hreflang="und">Ambriz, Cynthia</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">us air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/united-states-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">united states air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">colorado springs air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/air-force-academy-colorado-springs" hreflang="en">air force academy colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs-academy" hreflang="en">colorado springs academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-air-force-academy" hreflang="en">history of air force academy</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/air-force-history" hreflang="en">air force history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-air-force" hreflang="en">colorado air force</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/air-force-falcons" hreflang="en">air force falcons</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/publications_nsvrc_factsheet_media-packet_campus-sexual-assault.pdf">Campus Sexual Assault</a>,” National Sexual Violence Resource Center, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dan Elliot, “<a href="https://www.huffpost.com/?err_code=404&amp;amp;err_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2Fair-force-proselytizing-christianity-evangelicals_n_775859.html">41% of Non-Christian Air Force Cadets Cite Proselytizing</a>,” <em>Huffington Post</em>, December 29, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barry Fagin, “<a href="https://gazette.com/fagin-no-place-in-military-for-an-army-of-god/article/1550197/">No place in military for an army of God</a>,” <em>Gazette </em>(Colorado Springs), April 23, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mark Gebicke, <em>Air Force Academy Gender and Racial Disparities </em>(Diane Publishing, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.militaryreligiousfreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Secretary-Hagel-letter-9-10-14.pdf">Michael L. “Mikey” Weinstein to Chuck Hagel</a>, September 11, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Roeder, “<a href="https://gazette.com/report-one-in-10-female-afa-cadets-victims-of-unwanted-sexual-contact/article/1546149/">Report One in Ten Female AFA Cadets Victim of Unwanted Sexual Contact</a>,” <em>Gazette </em>(Colorado Springs), April 23, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Diana Jean Schemo, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/29/us/rate-of-rape-at-academy-is-put-at-12-in-survey.html">Rate of Rape at Academy is Put at 12% in Survey</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, August 29, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.som.com/projects/us-air-force-academy--cadet-chapel">Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill LLP Architectural Firm</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnslusqiyPA">Colorado Experience: US Air Force Academy</a>,” Rocky Mountain Public Broadcasting, April 4, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>United States Air Force, “<a href="https://www.afpc.af.mil/library/airforcepersonneldemographics">Air Force Personnel Demographics</a>,” updated September 30, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>United States Air Force Academy, “<a href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/information/visitors/visitorcenter">Barry Goldwater Air Force Academy Visitor Center</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>United States Air Force Academy, “<a href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet?id=21371">USAFA Quick Facts</a>.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>United States General Accounting Office, “<a href="http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat6/146056.pdf">Service Academies: Historical Proportion of</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat6/146056.pdf">New Officers During Benchmark Periods</a>,” (Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office, March 1992.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.rt.com/usa/188588-usaf-atheist-reenlistment-oath-change/">US Air Force to allow atheists to omit ‘God’ from reenlistment oath</a>,” <em>Reuters</em>, September 18, 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/tocs/a6_3.html">US Constitution, Article VI, Clause 3</a> (via the University of Chicago).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E6D61138F932A25755C0A9639C8B63&amp;amp;amp%3Blegacy=true&amp;amp;legacy=true&amp;amp;status=nf">Zealots at the Air Force Academy</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, June 11, 2005.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.militaryreligiousfreedom.org/">Military Religious Freedom Foundation</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.af.mil/">United States Air Force</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Winfield W. Scott, Jr., <em>The United States Air Force Academy: A Commitment to Excellence </em>(New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 1986).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 19 Nov 2015 22:23:21 +0000 yongli 953 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Agricultural Extension Service http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agricultural-extension-service <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Agricultural Extension Service</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 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'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-state-university"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/campus-rec-west_0_0.jpg?itok=sZvxaBz9" width="634" height="319" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-state-university" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State University</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Originally named Colorado Agricultural College, Colorado State University was established under the Morrill Act of 1862, which granted land for the establishment of agricultural colleges throughout the country. CSU's Agricultural Extension Service is a legacy of the university's land-grant heritage and has played a major role in agricultural development in Colorado.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2025--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2025.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/dust-bowl"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CSU%20Agricultural%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=SHyt7mgh" width="559" height="400" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/dust-bowl" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Dust Bowl</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>During crises such as the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, Colorado Agricultural Extension helped Colorado farmers by overseeing the local implementation of federal relief programs.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-08-21T13:57:49-06:00" title="Friday, August 21, 2015 - 13:57" class="datetime">Fri, 08/21/2015 - 13:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agricultural-extension-service" data-a2a-title="Agricultural Extension Service"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fagricultural-extension-service&amp;title=Agricultural%20Extension%20Service"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The agricultural extension service in Colorado (1887–present) links individuals, organizations, and communities with research experts to address agrarian issues. These issues encompass rural problems associated with farming and ranching, as well as urban topics such as cooperative gardens and residential gardening.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, commercial agriculture first developed on the eastern <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>, and the region served as a major focus for extension work, especially during the extension service’s early years. The service also helped agriculturalists develop solutions in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> and Rocky Mountain areas, where it worked to overcome short growing seasons, uneven terrain, and limited moisture. Stock raising was emphasized in these areas, although <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> also allows fruit orchards to thrive.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Purpose</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>CSU Extension helps citizens identify and solve local agricultural problems by distributing the best current research and practices. Land-grant university researchers interact with local agriculturalists through extension agents, who use on-site demonstrations and publications to both gather and communicate solutions. Although CSU Extension initially emphasized crop and livestock production issues, it expanded to include a broader range of concerns, such as energy conservation, consumer education, and financial management.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to the 1860s, farmers in Colorado met mining and urban food needs on their own. In 1863, leaders from the Denver area organized the first state agricultural society. Rather than educate, this group coordinated events at which farmers could market their products. The state’s first agricultural fair debuted three years later.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Access to academic expertise remained a rarity for US farmers until the Morrill Act of 1862 provided for American land-grant colleges. These institutions enabled more Americans to go to college and focused academic research on practical issues facing citizens.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Early forms of agricultural outreach began with the 1870 founding of the state’s land-grant college, Colorado Agricultural College (renamed several times, now Colorado State University [CSU]). After its opening, the college organized farmers’ institutes – scheduled instructional events for local agriculturalists directed by academics. These institutes served as forerunners to agricultural extension. After this, all community agricultural outreach was coordinated from CSU. The formal beginning of extension emerged with the Hatch Act of 1887, which reflected a national desire to apply the scientific method to agriculture. To move beyond academic knowledge, the federal act created experiment stations within states that had land-grant colleges.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, agricultural extension remained separated across states, with no national coordination until the early twentieth century. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 brought the federal government into partnership with states and counties, bringing additional funding and enacting the US cooperative extension system.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Organizational History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During the early twentieth century, the extension service emphasized soils, crops, and animals. Other aspects included home economics and children’s education. Extension agents conducted group and individual demonstrations across subjects, from planting seeds and plowing soils to animal husbandry and disease prevention. The semiarid climate of the eastern plains, the state’s main agricultural production zone, preoccupied agents. Salinity and seepage, wind-blown furrows, pests, weeds, and dust storms also confounded plains farmers, and they turned to agents for help.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role in Crises</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>During <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>, CSU Extension, along with its national counterparts, worked to boost local agricultural output. The war brought more money to employ agents and scientists working toward the extension’s goals of production expansion and commodity conservation. The new philosophy and practice targeted inefficiencies and waste, resulting in dramatic increases in crop and livestock yields. To achieve these results, extension agents encouraged greater control of insect and rodent pests, as well as better nutrition through proper diet and storage of canned foods, and they coordinated with the national and local bureaucracy to market crop surpluses and farm laborers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After World War I, the extension service served as a vital resource during agricultural downturns. The postwar influenza outbreak saw agents converting spaces into temporary soup kitchens, while during the Great Depression (1929–39) and <a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong> </a>(1930s) crises, CSU Extension disseminated information about federal programs and coordinated implementation. World War II revived extension’s service as an arm of federal policy, particularly in the area of labor. During this conflict it collaborated with the federal government to determine which men should serve on farms and which on the battlefield.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The end of the twentieth century saw a tempering of the service’s bureaucratic approach, with an emphasis on intra-regional dialogue and public service. Most extension agents now work with small-acreage landowners or new farmers rather than large producers.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In recent years, CSU Extension has embraced urban agriculture, hiring its first coordinator in 2011. Urban-oriented extension emphasizes food policy and process – retail, distribution, and waste management – rather than merely production. This version of extension helps urban entrepreneurs navigate the pitfalls of turning residential backyards and vacant lots into for-profit gardens by assisting them not only with growing but also with food safety guidelines and marketing recommendations. This urban face of extension recognizes that unlike rural agriculturalists, city growers encounter unique regulatory constraints on production that include noise pollution, smells, and small-animal waste disposal.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Structure</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Extension is directly administered at the county level. As an institution it is funded through participating counties, the state legislature, and the US Department of Agriculture. Most, but not all, counties participate in the agricultural extension system. Each county that participates in the extension service has at least one representative (although the agent may serve multiple counties). This agent serves as a liaison, relaying local needs to the broader institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Challenges – Past and Present</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Prior to 1930, many farmers resisted extension work. Certain established farming communities remained skeptical of the service’s academic approach and expertise. In addition, many counties were unwilling to pay for it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, CSU Extension seeks to balance both rural and urban interests and to weigh promoting expertise with listening to local needs. This reflects recent actions by a principal source of its financial support – the Colorado General Assembly – which has often remained in the hands of legislators who have little understanding of agricultural extension’s legacy in the state. During the agricultural downturn in the early 1980s, many new urban legislators from populous Denver metro areas questioned funding for extension, considering it merely a rural agency. In turn, many lawmakers from rural counties opposed new urban programs. By the end of the decade, a pruned extension service had revamped its sectional focus to address interdependence between rural and urban regions and to emphasize listening to diverse Colorado constituents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the course of the twentieth century, the extension service shifted from a top-down approach, with knowledge circulated by college experts, to a more collaborative model in which the service responds to local needs. It has also adapted to serve smaller agriculturalists over large producers. Agriculture extension continues today under the sponsorship of CSU, headquartered at its flagship campus in Fort Collins.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/scherer-joel" hreflang="und">Scherer, Joel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/csu-agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">csu agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/extension-service-colorado" hreflang="en">extension service in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-agricultural-extension" hreflang="en">colorado agricultural extension</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/agriculture" hreflang="en">agriculture</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joel-scherer" hreflang="en">joel scherer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5<sup>th</sup> ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Association of Public and Land Grant Universities, “National System, Local Connection,” <em>Cooperative Extension: Translate, Engage, Transform</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Cooperative Extension, “<a href="https://www.extension100years.net/">About Smith-Lever Act</a>,” <em>Colorado Cooperative Extension: Celebrating 100 Years</em>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Public Radio, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/extending-extension-city-farmers">Extending Extension to City Farmers</a>."</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Public Radio, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmtNELXxm4I">100 Years of Extension in Colorado,</a>” interview.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://lib.colostate.edu/research/agbib/project-background.html">Background on Colorado Agriculture</a>,” <em>Colorado Agricultural Bibliography</em>, Colorado State University Libraries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.orghandle/10217/100022">History of Colorado Cooperative Extension</a>,” Colorado State University Libraries.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Beyond the Ivory Tower: A History of Colorado State University Cooperative Extension</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, 1991).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James E. Hansen II, <em>Democracy’s University: A History of Colorado State University, 1970–2003</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roud McCann, <em>Agricultural Extension in Colorado: A Record in Word and Picture</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado A&amp;M College, 1924).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Morrison, “<a href="https://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/communications/publications/agmag/archive/2012/spring/history-of-the-hatch-act-of-1887.htm">History of the Hatch Act, 1887</a>,” <em>Louisiana Agricultural Magazine</em> (Spring 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Institute of Food and Agriculture, “Extension: About Us,” United States Department of Agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carol O’Meara, “CSU Extension Celebrates 100 Years,” <em>Colorado Gardener</em> (Summer 2012).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joel Scherer, “The Great American Garden: Farming Myth, Food Production, and Sustainability on the Western Prairie, 1880–1946” (seminar paper, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 2013).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Smith-Lever Act,” United States Department of Agriculture.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://extension.colostate.edu/">Colorado State University Agricultural Extension</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>J. H. McClelland and Blanche E. Hyde. <em>History of the Extension Service of Colorado State College</em> (Fort Collins: Extension Service, Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 1941).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“100 Years of Extension in Colorado: An Interview with Bruce Bosley, CSU Extension Agent for Logan and Morgan Counties, Cropping Systems and Natural Resources,” Colorado Public Radio, YouTube Website</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 21 Aug 2015 19:57:49 +0000 yongli 592 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org