%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/blair-caldwell-african-american-research-library <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * 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field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/blair-caldwell-library"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Blaircaldwell.jpeg?itok=hypvpDnG" width="1024" height="522" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/blair-caldwell-library" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Blair-Caldwell Library</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library opened in 2003 and has become an anchor of the Five Points neighborhood.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-15T15:58:45-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2022 - 15:58" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2022 - 15:58</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/blair-caldwell-african-american-research-library" data-a2a-title="Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fblair-caldwell-african-american-research-library&amp;title=Blair-Caldwell%20African%20American%20Research%20Library"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library is located in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a> neighborhood of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. Named for <strong>Omar Blair</strong> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elvin-r-caldwell"><strong>Elvin Caldwell</strong></a>, two prominent local civil rights leaders, it is the largest of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>'s neighborhood branches and one of only five Black research libraries in American public library systems. It includes a circulating collection, a unique assortment of artifacts and documents chronicling the contribution of Black people to the city of Denver and the American West, and a museum and exhibit space. The brainchild of Denver’s first Black mayor, <strong>Wellington Webb</strong>, the facility replaced the original Five Points Branch Library and opened in 2003.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The original Five Points Branch Library consisted of a single room in a shared building. It held a collection of nonfiction paperbacks and magazines but did little to meet the community’s needs or showcase the rich history of the historically Black neighborhood that it served. In 1999 Wellington Webb, Denver’s first Black mayor, and his wife, <strong>Wilma</strong>, began pushing to replace it with a larger library that would better meet the needs of the neighborhood while also celebrating and preserving the area’s history, similar to the New York Public Library’s renowned Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, located in Harlem.</p> <p>As part of the planning process for the new library, a commission collected local historical artifacts and consulted with residents to develop a vision for the new library as a civic hub for the neighborhood. The new library was named for Omar Blair, a Tuskegee Airman during World War II and the first Black president of the <strong>Denver Public Schools</strong> Board, and Elvin Caldwell, a local politician and the first African American to be elected to a seat on a city council west of the Mississippi River.</p> <h2>The Building</h2> <p>The site for the new library was the corner of Twenty-Fourth and Welton Streets, just a few blocks from the heart of Five Points. Local firms OZ Architecture and Harold Massop Associates designed the three-story, 40,000-square-foot building, which opened in April 2003. The symmetrical brick-and-glass facade features subtle neoclassical and Italianate styling.</p> <p>Blair-Caldwell is home to several notable artworks. At the entrance, a pair of fifteen-foot bronze and mosaic reliefs depict a man and woman of African American descent. Crafted by sculptor Thomas Jay Warren, the reliefs are intended as a physical reminder of the “noble strength, bearing and pioneering spirit of African American people in the West.” Inside, a mural called “Freedom's Legacy” by Kenyan painter Yvonne Munde decorates the arch above the check-out desk on the first floor. It commemorates thirty-four civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Harriet Tubman, and local leaders Wellington and Wilma Webb, Omar Blair, and Elvin Caldwell.</p> <h2>Collections</h2> <p>Blair-Caldwell is one of only a handful of institutions nationwide to include a circulating collection, archive, and museum. The circulating collection and other local branch operations occupy the first floor.</p> <p>The heart of the library is its second-floor special collections area. It houses a wide range of archival documents and artifacts, including professional papers, doctoral theses, personal journals, and groundbreaking implements from various construction projects during Mayor Webb's time in office. In addition to a wealth of primary documents, Blair-Caldwell’s special collections also include specialized research materials not available in the rest of the public library system, including various Black periodicals and community and national newspapers on microfilm. This collection includes rare copies of the Black Panther Party’s official newspaper, the<em> Black Panther</em>.</p> <p>The special collections area also includes a gallery featuring small displays on significant Black businesses, organizations, and individuals, focusing on those who helped build the Denver community.</p> <h2>Museum</h2> <p>The library’s third floor houses its museum. Blair-Caldwell displays several permanent exhibits that chronicle the history of Black Americans and their contributions to the development of the West, particularly in and around the Five Points neighborhood. There are exhibits on leaders of color born in Colorado, current African American state legislators, and a mockup of the mayor’s office to commemorate Wellington Webb’s time as the first Black mayor of Denver.</p> <p>In addition to its permanent exhibits, Blair-Caldwell puts on temporary exhibitions every month in the Charles and Dorothy Cousins Changing Gallery. The library also uses the gallery to display the works of local artists, allowing them to show their work in a professional setting.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/perkins-luke" hreflang="und">Perkins, Luke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-public-library" hreflang="en">Denver Public Library</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/blair-caldwell-african-american-research-library" hreflang="en">Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/omar-blair" hreflang="en">Omar Blair</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elvin-caldwell" hreflang="en">Elvin Caldwell</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/five-points" hreflang="en">Five Points</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wellington-webb" hreflang="en">wellington webb</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin Beaty, “<a href="https://denverite.com/2021/07/25/denvers-five-points-research-library-just-got-some-black-panther-party-newspapers/">Look: Denver’s Five Points Research Library Just Got Some Black Panther Party Newspapers</a>,” <em>Denverite</em>, July 25, 2021.</p> <p>“<a href="https://denverarchitecture.org/site/blair-caldwell-african-american-research-library/">Blair-Caldwell African American Research Library</a>,” Denver Architecture Foundation, n.d.</p> <p>Pamela A. Goodes, "Denver Library Focuses on Blacks in the West," <em>American Libraries</em> 34, no. 6 (June–July 2003).&nbsp;</p> <p>Hadiya, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/african-american-research-library/brief-history-blair-caldwell-library">A Brief History of the Blair-Caldwell Library</a>,” Denver Public Library, August 3, 2016.</p> <p>George H. Junne, Jr., “The Modern Civil Rights Movement in Colorado,” in <em>Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West</em>, ed. Bruce A. Glasrud and Cary D. Wintz (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019).</p> <p>Charleszine “Terry” Nelson (senior special collection and community resource manager), interview by Luke Perkins, October 20, 2020.</p> <p>Maurice Wheeler, Debbie Johnson-Houston, and Billie E. Walker,<br> “A Brief History of Library Service to African Americans,”<em> American Libraries</em> 35, no. 2 (February 2004).&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Phil Goodstein, <em>Curtis Park, Five Points, and Beyond: The Heart of Historic East Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2014).</p> <p>Quintard Taylor, <em>In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990</em> (New York: Norton, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2022 21:58:45 +0000 yongli 3744 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Art Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Art Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-28T12:45:37-06:00" title="Thursday, October 28, 2021 - 12:45" class="datetime">Thu, 10/28/2021 - 12:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum" data-a2a-title="Denver Art Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-art-museum&amp;title=Denver%20Art%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Art Museum (DAM) (100 W. 14th Avenue) in the city’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> boasts more than 70,000 works from across the centuries and the world. Best known for its collection of Indigenous art, it was the first major museum to establish a separate Native American Arts Department (1925) to celebrate such artifacts as art rather than as anthropological and historical curiosities. The Petrie Institute of Western American Art (2007) also makes DAM a major center for Western US art.</p> <p>Since DAM’s 1893 origins as a center for regional art, it has grown into Colorado’s largest art museum. Its buildings are themselves notable pieces of architecture. The Martin Building (formerly known as the Ponti Building for its architect, Gio Ponti) opened in 1971. Its interior was completely remodeled in 2019–21 as part of a renovation project that also resulted in the circular glass Sie Welcome Center, designed by Boston-based Machado Silvetti and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>-based Fentress Architects. The third and most spectacular structure is architect Daniel Libeskind’s angular Frederic C. Hamilton Building, which opened in 2006. The radically postmodern Martin and Hamilton Buildings became the town’s most talked-about architecture and opened the doors to other daring Civic Center wonders, including the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a> and the <strong>Clyfford Still Museum</strong>.</p> <h2>The Denver Artists Club</h2> <p>The Denver Art Museum originated in 1893 as the Artists’ Club “to cultivate and promote a general interest and promotion of the arts.” Among the founders were such prominent artists as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/henrietta-%E2%80%9Cnettie%E2%80%9D-bromwell"><strong>Henrietta Bromwell</strong></a>, Emma Richardson Cherry, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/anne-evans"><strong>Anne Evans</strong></a>, Henry Reed, Elizabeth Spaulding, and Elsie Ward. The club’s main objective was to stage exhibitions in various temporary locations such as City Hall and the third floor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Museum of Natural History</strong></a>. After the 1910 completion of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a> in Civic Center, the Artists’ Club found a home and exhibit space on its top floor. The club incorporated in 1917 as the Denver Art Association (DAA).</p> <h2>Chappell House</h2> <p>In 1923 the DAA renamed itself the Denver Art Museum. Two years later, it opened galleries in the Chappell House (1300 Logan Street), the former home of the <strong>Delos A. Chappell</strong> family. His daughter, <strong>Jean Chappell Cranmer</strong>, and her brother, Delos A. Chappell<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:37">,</ins> Jr., donated the twenty-two-room showpiece to the museum for use as offices and display space.</p> <p>Many of the artists displayed at the Chappell House were women, most notably Anne Evans. The daughter of former territorial governor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, she was both an artist and a collector. Her collection of Native American basketry, pottery, and weaving formed the nucleus of the museum’s Native American department. Evans also donated her collection of New Mexican Santos as a building block for the museum’s Spanish Colonial art. The Native American department remained at Chappell House until it was demolished in 1970 in preparation for the 1971 move into the Ponti/Martin Building.</p> <p><strong>Arnold Rōnnebeck</strong>, who had studied sculpture in Paris with Auguste Rodin and Aristide Maillol, became the museum’s director in 1926. Besides bringing the work of notable sculptors to Denver, Rōnnebeck was a prominent artist himself and championed the museum in his writing and speeches.</p> <p>DAM is a nonprofit organization separate from the city of Denver. Beginning in 1932, however, it received a small contribution from the city ($3,000 the first year), a free home in the <strong>City and County Building</strong>, and city-paid staff salaries. DAM has largely depended, to this day, on donations to build its collections. One of the most remarkable came from an otherwise little-known Denver schoolteacher, Helen Dill. Through astute real estate investments, she left about $120,000 to DAM at her death in 1928. This windfall allowed DAM to move into galleries in the City and County Building and to purchase major impressionist works, including one of Claude Monet’s famous water lily pond paintings.</p> <h2>Otto Bach and the Ponti Building</h2> <p>DAM experienced various scattered, temporary homes and nine directors or acting directors between 1893 and 1944, when <strong>Otto Karl Bach</strong> became the director for the next thirty years. The son of a prosperous Chicago brickmaker, Bach was raised in a Frank Lloyd Wright house in Evanston, Illinois, and educated at Dartmouth, the University of Chicago, and the Sorbonne. He was determined to make DAM “a museum in which the cultures of the world were presented.” He created Asian (1956) and New World / Pre-Columbian and Spanish Colonial (1968) Departments. Ongoing donations by the Neusteter family of Denver clothing store fame led to the 1955 creation of a textiles department. Bach’s energetic wife<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> Cile<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> organized DAM children’s activities<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:39">,</ins> and, as a professional journalist, she handled public relations for the museum as well. Noting that more than 90 percent of DAM’s collection was Native American, Bach began a controversial program to deaccession and sell or trade some Indigenous&nbsp;art in exchange for art from other regions.</p> <p>The ever-growing collection, scattered throughout five different DAM buildings, led Bach to begin planning for a consolidated building as early as 1963. Bach, the board, and DAM architect James Sudler began shopping for an internationally acclaimed architect who would make the new building itself a work of art. Sudler steered them to Gio Ponti, a well-known Milan modernist famous not only as an architect&nbsp;but also as a designer of cars, ships, cutlery, furniture, and even espresso machines (some of which are on display at DAM).</p> <p>Ponti’s seven-story, 210,000-square-foot castle of culture opened in 1971 at Bannock Street and West Fourteenth Avenue. The architect’s only completed US design wears an exterior of twenty-eight precast concrete vertical sides sheathed in more than a million reflective gray glass tiles custom designed by the Corning Glass Company. The structure’s strong vertical lines, scattered slit-like windows, and crenellated roof line give it the appearance of a castle guarded by a sunken garden comparable to a moat. One critic suggested that it is indeed a fortress designed to protect art treasures stolen from around the world. Everyone agreed that this highly original structure looked like no other museum in the world.</p> <p>While Ponti did the exterior, Bach and Sudler designed the interior as twin 10,000-square-foot galleries on stacked exhibit floors in one of the world’s few high-rise art museums. This novel arrangement avoids the long hallways so typical of horizontal museums that leave walk-weary visitors looking for a place to sit.</p> <h2>New World Collections</h2> <p>The Indigenous arts collection first blossomed under Anne Evans, founding curator Frederic “Eric” Douglas, and his successor, curator Richard Conn, who acquired a major Navajo textile collection, the Bax Collection of Plains Indian artifacts, as well as Indigenous art from all major cultures of the United States and Canada. Conn’s successor, Nancy Blomberg, oversaw the 1988 construction of a large, state-of-the-art gallery to display Native American&nbsp;art, including contemporary&nbsp;Indigenous&nbsp;art.</p> <p>Of many oil people contributing to DAM, Frederick R. Mayer and his wife<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:41">,</ins> Jan<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:41">,</ins> not only donated dollars but also, over the course of several decades, their sterling collection of pre-Columbian Costa Rican art. The Mayers’ collection, the Freyer donation of Peruvian art, and Anne Evans’<ins cite="mailto:S%20Manes" datetime="2021-07-11T14:42">s</ins> New Mexican Santos made the New World one of the museum’s strongest collections.</p> <p>Following procedures established by the <strong>Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990</strong>, the museum has returned many items to their respective nations. On an international level, DAM had already signed onto UNESCO’s 1973 Treaty on Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Cultural Property.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>During the 1980s <strong>oil bust</strong>, DAM faced financial troubles. The hard-pressed city of Denver cut back half of its funding. The museum rented out facilities for private parties, expanded its gift shop, stepped up annual fundraising, cut staff, shortened hours, closed galleries on a rotating schedule, and relied on a measly endowment of $1 million. The museum also began charging admission for the first time, a blow softened by a few free days. Soon DAM joined other major Denver cultural institutions to propose a new 0.1 percent sales tax to provide stable funding. Implemented in 1989, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/scientific-and-cultural-facilities-district"><strong>Scientific and Cultural Facilities District</strong></a> (SCFD) tax brought DAM $2.4 million in its first year and continues to grow.</p> <p>Also in 1989, <strong>Lewis I. Sharp</strong> was appointed director. Formerly a curator and administrator of the American wing at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, Sharp “transformed DAM,” recalled curator emeritus Timothy Standing in 2021. “He introduced the idea of sharing responsibilities for exhibitions, installations, and interpretative programs. Teams . . . worked together to make exhibits more meaningful to the broader general public without losing their intellectual fiber.” Sharp doubled the museum’s photographic and pre-Columbian holdings and spearheaded the museum’s collaboration with the Denver Public Library and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a> in the Civic Center Cultural Complex.</p> <h2>Frederic C. Hamilton Building</h2> <p>Sharp also oversaw the museum’s expansion into the new Frederic C. Hamilton Building. In 1999 Denver voters approved $62.5 million to construct a new DAM wing if the museum could come up with a matching $50 million. Of eighteen architects responding to a call for proposals, Daniel Libeskind (working with the local firm of Davis Partnership) won the competition. Libeskind designed a 146,000-square-foot building that architectural critic Mary Voeltz Chandler called “a titanium clad explosion of shards, a signature Libeskind statement, with a massive prow that stretches across West Thirteenth Avenue.” Critic Paul Goldberger called it “egocentric.” The prominent prow points to the Gio Ponti&nbsp;Building, to which it is connected by a glassed-in walkway over West Thirteenth Avenue. The $110 million building, opened in 2006, is named for longtime DAM board president Frederic C. Hamilton, who donated $20 million to build it and in 2014 left twenty-two major impressionist works to the museum. The four-story Hamilton Building houses the museum’s modern and contemporary art, African and Oceanic art, nineteenth-century European and American art, and special exhibition spaces.</p> <p>Special exhibitions starring Vincent van Gogh, Claude&nbsp;Monet, Edgar&nbsp;Degas, Christian&nbsp;Dior, the&nbsp;Star Wars franchise, Rembrandt, Norman&nbsp;Rockwell, and others have distinguished the directorship of Christoph Heinrich. Born, raised, and educated in Germany, he came to DAM as curator of modern and contemporary art in 2007, succeeding the accomplished Dianne Vanderlip, and became the museum’s director in 2010. In addition to attracting blockbuster special exhibitions, he has secured such major donations as Frederic Hamilton’s collection of Impressionist landscapes, the Berger Collection of British Art, and Esmond Bradley Martin’s collection of Italian and French drawings. Under Heinrich, DAM has extended its efforts to diversify the art world through exhibitions focusing on contemporary Indigenous and African American artists, fashion designers such as Louis&nbsp;Cartier, Christian&nbsp;Dior, and Yves St. Laurent, and the art behind Western movies and Star Wars.</p> <h2>Renovation and Expansion</h2> <p>In 2015 DAM constructed an $11 million administration building for the staff on Bannock Street. This work&nbsp;was a prelude to a $150 million renovation and expansion project funded by Denver voters, who approved a $35.5 million bond issue in 2018; by&nbsp;J. Lanny and Sharon Martin, for whom the Ponti Building was renamed; and by&nbsp;plenty of other private donors and foundations. Completed in 2021, the project completely remodeled the fifty-year-old Martin Building. As Director Christoph Heinrich reflected, “Redoing the Ponti Building has given us much flexible space, including room to showcase exhibitions of the 90 percent of our collections in storage.”</p> <p>The project also added the Sie Welcome Center to DAM’s campus. Anna and <strong>John J. Sie</strong>, founder of the Starz Entertainment Group, pledged $12 million to build the round, glass-clad structure designed by Machado Silvetti, a Boston-based architecture and urban design firm, and Denver’s Fentress Architects. In addition to providing a visitor-friendly entrance attached to the Martin Building, the Sie Center houses a restaurant and café, special events space, the conservation lab, storage space, and the education department.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>After a long period of surviving on starving-artist budgets, DAM has blossomed. Before the 2020–21 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>, DAM entertained 850,000 visitors a year. As of 2021, the museum has a staff of approximately 375, an annual budget of around $30 million, an endowment of more than $150 million, and a global reach, making it a prominent anchor of Denver’s cultural landscape.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-art-museum" hreflang="en">Denver Art Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-evans" hreflang="en">Anne Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chappell-house" hreflang="en">Chappell House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/otto-bach" hreflang="en">Otto Bach</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gio-ponti" hreflang="en">Gio Ponti</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/daniel-libeskind" hreflang="en">Daniel Libeskind</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard Conn, <em>Native American Art in the Denver Art Museum</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 1979).</p> <p><em>Denver Art Museum</em> (London: Scala Publishing, 2006).</p> <p><em>The Denver Art Museum: The First Hundred Years</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 1996).</p> <p>Christoph Heinrich (director of the Denver Art Museum), interview with Tom Noel, April 23, 2021.</p> <p>Christoph Heinrich, <em>Not Square: Settling Into a Museum Like No Other; The Frederic C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2016).</p> <p>Thomas Brent Smith, ed. <em>Elevating Western Art: Developing an Institute in the Cultural Capital of the Rockies</em> (Denver: Petrie Institute of Western Art, 2012).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>Denver:</em> <em>Confluence of the Arts</em> (Denver: Meridian International, 1995).</p> <p>Taisto H. Makela, <em>Gio Ponti in the American West</em> (Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2021).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 28 Oct 2021 18:45:37 +0000 yongli 3627 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Hiwan Heritage Park and Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hiwan-heritage-park-and-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hiwan Heritage Park and Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-25T14:07:16-06:00" title="Monday, October 25, 2021 - 14:07" class="datetime">Mon, 10/25/2021 - 14:07</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hiwan-heritage-park-and-museum" data-a2a-title="Hiwan Heritage Park and Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhiwan-heritage-park-and-museum&amp;title=Hiwan%20Heritage%20Park%20and%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Hiwan Heritage Park and Museum in <strong>Evergreen</strong> comprises a four-acre outdoor space and a twenty-five-room log cabin. <strong>Josepha Williams</strong>, one of the first female doctors in Colorado, acquired the property in 1893 as a place for friends and family to stay. Guests first stayed in lodging tents and, later, a private summer cottage, which is now one of the oldest-surviving log buildings in the area. For the next forty-five years, the property served as a mountain retreat for Josepha, her husband, <strong>Charles Winfred Douglas</strong>—an Episcopal clergyman who led the <strong>Evergreen Conference</strong> for church music—and their son <strong>Frederic Douglas</strong>, who became the <strong>Denver Art Museum</strong>’s first curator of Indigenous arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1938 the Douglas family sold the property to the Buchanan family, who renamed it Hiwan Ranch and raised prizewinning Hiwan Hereford cattle there. In 1974 the ranch was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and <strong>Jefferson County Open Space</strong> bought it for use as a museum to highlight Evergreen’s history as a mountain retreat, the Douglas family’s influential interests in church music and Indigenous art, and the Buchanan family’s cattle business.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting in the 1880s, upper-class <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> residents Mary Neosho Williams and her daughter, Josepha, regularly visited Evergreen for outdoor recreation and camping. In 1889 Josepha graduated from <strong>Gross Medical School</strong> in Denver, becoming one of the first female doctors in Colorado. In 1893 the Williamses bought more than 100 acres of land in the area and named their property Camp Neosho. Initially, the Williamses and their guests stayed in tents equipped with stoves, wooden floors, and double canvas walls. Soon they wanted indoor space and hired John “Jock” Spence, a local Scottish carpenter, to expand the property’s existing barn into a summer cottage. The barn became the large cottage’s living room, with an attached two-story octagonal tower completed around 1898.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> In 1896 Josepha Williams married Charles Winfred Douglas, an Episcopal clergyman and musician. The couple often stayed at their Evergreen property throughout the rest of their lives, working with Spence to expand and update the cabin. In the 1910s, Spence added an octagonal chapel for Charles. During these years, Charles founded the Evergreen Conference, a summer retreat focused on church music. With their son, Frederic, the Douglases also cultivated an interest in Indigenous art, which was reflected in the cabin’s décor. Frederic later became the Denver Art Museum’s first curator of Native arts.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Josepha’s death in 1938, a Tulsa oilman named Darst Buchanan bought the property, including the cabin and some 1,100 acres. Buchanan’s wife, Ruth, soon renamed it Hiwan, an Anglo-Saxon term for members of a household. The family used the property to raise cows, known as Hiwan Hereford cattle, which won numerous stock show prizes. The ranch remained in the Buchanan family for the next three decades.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Park and Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Buchanan and his family members began selling off parcels of the property to developers; many Evergreen neighborhoods now have “Hiwan” in their name as a result. Joan Buchanan, the last occupant of the ranch, eventually decided to sell the remainder of the property to a condominium developer in 1973. Fearing the loss of Hiwan, local community members organized the Jefferson County Historical Society (now the Evergreen Mountain Area Historical Society, EMAHS) and convinced Jefferson County Open Space to purchase the ranch for use as a public history site.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since 1974 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> and the EMAHS have jointly owned and operated the site, which opened to the public in 1975. The EMAHS also bought an adjacent property when news broke about a developer’s plan to remove the site’s trees. This area, now known as Heritage Grove, was preserved and eventually donated to the county in the late 2000s. The grove and the cabin now form a single property, allowing visitors to enjoy an outdoor space as well as a historical one.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Collaboration with the community has remained a constant theme at Hiwan, allowing the museum to expand both in terms of size and programming throughout its decades in operation.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Education</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Educational programs have been critical to the museum’s development since it opened. Although the site was originally a private residence and then a ranch headquarters, Hiwan Heritage Park has expanded its scope to explore a broader range of historical themes. In the beginning, the museum’s educational programs catered to fourth-grade Colorado history classes. Emphasizing hands-on learning, school tours have included mock classes in an 1890s schoolhouse, baking journey cakes (an adaptation of Johnnycakes), scavenger hunts in the general store, and yarn spinning for garments. Looking to fill a niche neglected by the public-school curriculum, the museum has also highlighted its Indigenous collections, which reflect the Douglas family’s interest in Indigenous art, to introduce children to another aspect of Colorado’s past.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Over time, the museum has expanded beyond its fourth-grade programming, adding programs for younger students, home-schooled students, and adults. The museum has also created community programs to commemorate significant anniversaries, such as the sesquicentennial of the <strong>Civil War</strong>. In one program, the museum featured local <strong>World War II</strong> veterans who showcased personal memorabilia such as weapons, uniforms, and photographs. The museum’s success can be largely attributed to this sort of hands-on education, as well as its strong relationship with local schools.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Administration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As with many public history sites, visitor demand has fluctuated over the years, and Hiwan’s staffing has fluctuated along with it. The museum has never had a full-time director. In the 1990s, Hiwan had a professional curator—a luxury not afforded to many similar small museums—thanks to financial support from the local community. The expansion of Jefferson County Open Space, however, has resulted in less funding for hiring at Hiwan in recent years. As of 2020, Hiwan’s full-time staff consisted of only an education coordinator and two education specialists. Despite its small staff, the museum continues to reap the benefits from former professional staff members who helped the museum expand its program and exhibits in the 1990s and early 2000s. A robust crew of more than fifty long-term volunteers has also been instrumental to Hiwan’s success.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Hiwan Heritage Park serves as an example of how museums can become pillars of their communities. The site offers a variety of experiences for a diverse set of visitors, but childhood education remains a priority. Today, programming has expanded from local history to topics such as outdoor safety, conservation, and ecology. On-site wildlife offers children the opportunity to observe animals, while Hiwan’s abundant trees and flora serve to augment students’ knowledge of ecology.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a> forced Hiwan, like other museums, to close its indoor facilities and turn to virtual programming. Outdoor spaces, including Heritage Grove, remained open to the public.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/allyn-noah" hreflang="und">Allyn, Noah</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hiwan-ranch" hreflang="en">Hiwan Ranch</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/camp-neosho" hreflang="en">Camp Neosho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/josepha-williams" hreflang="en">Josepha Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-open-space" hreflang="en">Jefferson County Open Space</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-historical-society" hreflang="en">jefferson county historical society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/darst-buchanan" hreflang="en">Darst Buchanan</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/1251/Hiwan-Heritage-Park">Hiwan Heritage Park</a>,” Jefferson County Colorado Open Space, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://emahs.org/education/hiwan-heritage-park-and-museum-virtual-tour/">Hiwan Heritage Park and Museum Virtual Tour</a>,” Evergreen Mountain Area Historical Society, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://emahs.org/33-2/museums/">Hiwan Museum</a>,” Evergreen Mountain Area Historical Society, n.d..</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado Historic Places: Sites Supported by the Colorado Historical Society’s State Historical Fund</em> (Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Steinle (retired administrator at Hiwan Heritage Park), interview with Noah Allyn, November 2020.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Richard James Gardner, “Jefferson County: Growth and Preservation in Colorado’s Most Populous County” (MA thesis, University of Colorado–Boulder, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jefferson County Historical Commission, <em>From Scratch: A History of Jefferson County, Colorado</em> (Golden, CO: Jefferson County Historical Commission, 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carole Lomond et al., <em>Jefferson County, Colorado</em></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 25 Oct 2021 20:07:16 +0000 yongli 3622 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Zoo http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Zoo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3676--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3676.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-zoo-entrance"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DenverZooEntrance_0_0.jpg?itok=_cZHcTkH" width="1090" height="730" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-zoo-entrance" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Zoo Entrance</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Founded in 1896 with a single <a href="/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a>, the Denver Zoo has grown into a major metropolitan attraction that draws nearly 2 millions visitors each year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3677--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3677.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/peacock-denver-zoo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/PeacockDenverZoo_0_0.jpg?itok=3XVlYGQI" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/peacock-denver-zoo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Peacock at Denver Zoo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A peacock shows off its feathers at the <a href="/article/denver-zoo"><strong>Denver Zoo</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:59:52-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:59" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo" data-a2a-title="Denver Zoo"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-zoo&amp;title=Denver%20Zoo"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Zoo started in 1896 with a single bear in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> and has grown to an eighty-acre campus. There are 350 employees overseeing a total of about 3,700 animals from more than 600 species. The zoo draws more than 2 million visitors per year, making it one of Colorado’s most popular cultural attractions.</p> <p>During its early decades, the Denver Zoo was run by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Parks Department. Apart from the 1918 development of Bear Mountain, usually regarded as the first naturalistic exhibit in the United States, the zoo had a low budget and emphasized entertainment. That changed after <strong>World War II</strong>, when the Denver Zoological Foundation took over management and fundraising. The zoo became more professional, with a greater focus on education and conservation, especially under longtime board chair <strong>Helen Johnson</strong> (1957–78) and director <strong>Clayton Freiheit</strong> (1970–2007). Today innovative exhibits such as Predator Ridge (2004) and Elephant Passage (2012) have placed it in the forefront of zoo design.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>In the late nineteenth century, the large-scale killing of wild animals—particularly large predators such as lions, tigers, and bears—made collections of such animals for conservation and public exhibition seem valuable and interesting. This was especially true in the American West, where large herds of <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> and other animals rapidly gave way to railroads and cities. Some of the earliest zoological gardens in Denver were private animal collections, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-hauck-elitch-long"><strong>Mary </strong></a><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mary-hauck-elitch-long"><strong>Elitch</strong></a>’s popular zoo at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elitch-gardens"><strong>Elitch Gardens</strong></a> (the first woman-run zoo in the world) and Manhattan Beach’s small collection on the north shore of <strong>Sloan’s Lake</strong>.</p> <p>At the same time, cities were starting to develop their own municipal zoos, which were often located in large public parks and linked to nearby botanical gardens and natural history museums. The Denver Zoo emerged as part of this movement, though its origins and early decades were largely unplanned. The zoo’s first animal was Billy Bear, a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-bear"><strong>black bear</strong></a> captured on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> in 1896 and sent by rail to the general passenger agent of the <strong>Colorado Midland Railway</strong>, who was a friend of the hunter. The passenger agent did not want a pet bear and promptly gave it to the Denver Board of Park Commissioners, who tied it to a stake in City Park. After some trouble involving the park superintendent’s chicken coop, Billy Bear was relocated to the north side of the park, where he marked the start of the zoo that occupies the same space today.</p> <p>Initially the zoo was intended as just another attraction within City Park. With no fence or entry fee, visitors could simply stroll or drive past the animals on their way through the park. City landscape architect <strong>Reinhard Schuetze</strong> laid out a Victorian plan of cages along carriageways, and animal care was added to the duties of existing park staff. Nevertheless, the zoo was different from the park, and already by 1900 the Zoological Department had its own accounts and a couple of dedicated employees. The first animal keeper, Alfred Hill, was charged with the difficult task of keeping the zoo clean and orderly.</p> <p>At various times park leaders articulated a vision of preserving what early Denver historian Jerome Smiley called “the almost extinct wild animals of Colorado” and followed up with a collection that included an <strong>eagle</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mule-deer"><strong>deer</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, bison, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bighorn-sheep"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wolves-colorado"><strong>wolves</strong></a>, <strong>coyotes</strong>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>mountain lions</strong></a>, foxes, and prairie dogs. But the zoo also took whatever else it could get, including Great Danes, Cotswold sheep, Angora goats, and a wide variety of exotic pheasants from a breeder in <strong>Littleton</strong>. The first monkeys arrived in 1908 and soon became a star attraction. After many of them died of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a> in the early 1910s, the park board bought different species that were less susceptible to the disease.</p> <h2>Bear Mountain</h2> <p>By the 1910s, the zoo had grown to the point where city leaders decided to plan for its future. Multiple new designs were proposed in the first half of the decade, but they were lost in the shuffle of municipal reorganizations during those years. The idea that finally stuck was developed by Schuetze and new animal keeper Victor Borcherdt. Borcherdt had been hired in 1912 after serving as taxidermist and then head of the Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</strong></a>), which had become the zoo’s neighbor in 1908. Borcherdt and Schuetze’s plan called for a “Habitat Zoo” modeled on Carl Hagenbeck’s famous zoo in Stellingen, Germany, which had opened the previous decade and marked the first shift away from Victorian cages toward more naturalistic zoo design. “Habitat Zoo” would replicate rocky outcrops using concrete molds, with multiple units for bears and other mountain-dwelling creatures—and no bars obstructing the view.</p> <p>Funding came from the city in 1916, after <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert Speer</strong></a> began his second stint as mayor, and construction started the following year, with workers taking molds of an outcrop near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a>. Progress was slow because American entry into <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> caused spikes in the cost of labor and materials, but the bear unit (the only one to be built) was ready by winter 1918. The $50,000 spent on Bear Mountain, as the exhibit was known, dwarfed all previous zoo expenditures, but it made the Denver Zoo the first in the United States to deploy naturalistic design. It quickly became the zoo’s main attraction.</p> <h2>Lean Years</h2> <p>Bear Mountain briefly placed the Denver Zoo among the most advanced American zoos, but it soon lost that status. The zoo was not a priority under Mayor <strong>Benjamin Stapleton</strong>, who served all but one term between 1923 and 1947. The superintendent in these years, Clyde Hill (Alfred Hill’s son), who served from 1924 to 1959, focused primarily on pleasing the public with entertaining stories about the animals. A lot of people came, but the zoo had a low budget and saw few permanent improvements.</p> <p>Hill did make some changes. An old building on the north side of Duck Lake became a pavilion for tropical birds, and there were new cages for monkeys, pheasants, and foxes, as well as mounds of rocks and dirt for bighorn sheep. The most significant addition was Monkey Island, built in the 1930s with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> funding. In general, though, the zoo received little federal aid during the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, and budget constraints caused the zoo population to naturally decline as animals died and were not replaced. By the end of World War II, the zoo held half as many animals as in 1929, when Hill had been overseeing a handful of alligators, 140 mammals, and more than 1,600 birds. One key addition during these years was Velox, a polar bear who delighted Denverites for two decades.</p> <h2>New Start</h2> <p>After the war, civic leaders started to recognize that the zoo’s steady decline had made it a mild embarrassment. The zoo started to turn around in 1947, when <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/j-quigg-newton"><strong>Quigg Newton</strong></a> replaced Stapleton as mayor. As part of a broader transformation of Denver, Newton focused on creating a cultural environment more conducive to private philanthropy. At the zoo, that meant bringing in advisors from the natural history museum, which had its own board of trustees as well as a strong record of private giving. By 1950 the grassroots Denver Zoological Society had formed to support the zoo. Led by Lawrence Cook, the society spearheaded fundraising for the zoo’s first elephant, Cookie, who arrived that July to giant crowds.</p> <p>In the fall of 1950, the Denver Zoological Society got folded into the city's effort to create the Denver Zoological Foundation. Incorporated on November 1, the foundation consisted of twelve prominent trustees (including Cook, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/helen-g-bonfils"><strong>Helen Bonfils</strong></a>, and <strong>Charles Boettcher II</strong>) and was led by lawyer Frazer Arnold. After years of squabbles about how much power the foundation should possess, it was finally contracted to run the zoo in 1956.</p> <p>With a governance framework in place, the zoo embarked on a decade of major change under the leadership of Helen Johnson, who became board chair in 1957 and served until 1978. In 1957 a perimeter fence separated the zoo from the rest of City Park, and two years later the zoo became closed to cars. In 1959 the foundation hired zoo design firm McFadzean-Everly to develop a master plan, which guided the zoo’s growth for the next three decades. In the 1960s alone, the zoo built a new Feline House (1964), Giraffe House (1966), and animal hospital (1969), while also increasing the number of species in its collection by 57 percent. A new Primate House and revamped Monkey Island followed in 1970. Johnson and her husband, <strong>Arthur</strong>, drove the fundraising efforts for these improvements, aided by the start of the zoo’s first admission fee in 1966.</p> <h2>Freiheit Era</h2> <p>If the 1960s brought new infrastructure, the 1970s saw a shift toward professionalization and education. The zoo’s redevelopment continued under director Clayton Freiheit, a prodigy brought in at age thirty-two; he served from 1970 until his death from lung cancer in 2007. Over the next decade, the zoo hired its first curator, education specialist, and full-time veterinarian; became a fully accredited member of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums; and got involved in conservation efforts around the globe. In 1975 it opened Bird World, which allowed people to walk through a variety of habitats with no separation between them and the birds, and in 1979 it built new mountain sheep habitats with artificial rock ledges reminiscent of Bear Mountain.</p> <p>Like Denver’s other major cultural organizations, the zoo took a hit during the 1980s oil bust. The state ended its cultural subsidies in 1982, and the city, itself suffering from the oil bust and the effects of suburbanization, proved unable to make up the difference. With high fixed costs tied to feeding the animals, the zoo had to scramble for funding. It raised admission fees in 1982 and 1985 but did not see funding stabilize until the <strong>state legislature</strong> created the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/scientific-and-cultural-facilities-district"><strong>Scientific and Cultural Facilities District</strong></a> (SCFD) in 1987 and voters approved a new 0.1 percent sales tax a year later. Funding started to flow in 1989 and has been a boon for the zoo, which received more than $1 million in the first year. Today the zoo receives roughly $9 million annually in SCFD funding, more than one-fifth of its budget.</p> <p>Funding troubles slowed the development of new zoo exhibits. The only major addition of the 1980s was Northern Shores (1987), a thematic grouping that included habitats for polar bears, arctic wolves, seals, and sea lions. The zoo also planned the final piece of its 1959 master plan, an aquarium that eventually became the Tropical Discovery exhibit (1993).</p> <h2>New Habitats</h2> <p>With the old master plan completed, the zoo needed to chart its future. It hired Zooplan Associates to develop a new master plan, which called for more thematic exhibits like Northern Shores. The first project developed under the new master plan was Primate Panorama, an updated exhibit intended to provide visitors with an experience of “landscape immersion.” The $11.5 million exhibit opened in 1996, the zoo’s centennial, with large habitats for orangutans, gorillas, and other primates.</p> <p>Building off that success, the zoo focused in the early 2000s on continuing to develop thematic habitats that were also at the leading edge of zoo design. The most prominent of these was Predator Ridge, which opened in 2004 near the zoo’s entrance. With multiple zones through which the exhibit’s lions, hyenas, and wild dogs could be moved, it was a pioneering example of a rotational habitat and has proved enduringly popular with visitors. Eight years later, the zoo followed up with Elephant Passage, a series of linked yards covering a total of ten acres. Elephants roam across the bulk of the exhibit, but there are also areas for rhinoceroses and Malayan tapirs. In 2017 the zoo opened a new tiger exhibit, The Edge, which helped push annual visitation to a record 2.2 million.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today the Denver Zoo faces a variety of challenges, including older exhibits and aging animals as well as a fixed footprint within City Park. CEO Bert Vescolani, who was hired in 2018, has said that the zoo will probably have a smaller, more focused collection of animals in the future. A new master plan designed in 2015 calls for redevelopment around three geographically themed regions—Africa, Asia, and Coastal—as well as a “Denver Zoo Into the Wild” exhibit highlighting the zoo’s conservation work around the world. The plan’s first project, the $20 million Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Animal Hospital, opened in 2020, followed by the neighboring Schlessman Family Foundation Visitor and Education Center in 2021.</p> <p>In the spring of 2020, the zoo closed its doors for three months at the start of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic. By the summer, it was able to reopen with timed entries, reduced capacity, and a one-way path, but revenues were still far below normal, forcing the zoo to recalibrate some of its plans. The zoo’s SCFD funding remained relatively stable, however, and the organization hopes that its 125th anniversary in 2021 will draw plenty of donations and visitors to make up the difference.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoo" hreflang="en">Denver Zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-park" hreflang="en">City Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/helen-johnson" hreflang="en">Helen Johnson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/clayton-freiheit" hreflang="en">Clayton Freiheit</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoological-foundation" hreflang="en">Denver Zoological Foundation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/scientific-and-cultural-facilities-district" hreflang="en">Scientific and Cultural Facilities District</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Monica Castillo, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/12/29/the-denver-zoo-says-it-can-afford-to-feed-its-animals-but-it-still-needs-help-during-the-pandemic/">Denver Zoo Says It Can Afford to Feed Its Animals, but It Still Needs Help During the Pandemic</a>,” <em>CPR News</em>, December 29, 2020.</p> <p>Carolyn and Don Etter, <em>The Denver Zoo: A Centennial History</em> (Boulder: Roberts Rinehart, 1995).</p> <p>John Ingold, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2018/11/28/denver-zoo-polar-bears-moved/">There’s a Lot More to the Departure of Denver Zoo’s Polar Bears Than You’ve Heard</a>,” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, November 28, 2018.</p> <p>John Ingold, “<a href="https://coloradosun.com/2019/02/20/bert-vescolani-denver-zoo-ceo-interview/">Why Denver Zoo’s New CEO Thinks the Zoo of the Future Will Likely Have Fewer Animals</a>,” <em>Colorado Sun</em>, February 20, 2019.</p> <p>Cohen Peart, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/how-denver-zoos-bear-mountain-exhibit-revolutionized-animal-care/">How Denver Zoo’s Bear Mountain Exhibit Revolutionized Animal Care</a>,” <em>5280</em>, September 2018.</p> <p>Malissa Stark-Rodenburg, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/denver-zoo-closes-bird-world-but-its-legacy-of-conservation-lives-on/">Denver Zoo Closes Bird World, but Its Legacy of Conservation Lives On</a>,” <em>5280</em>, October 24, 2019.</p> <p>John Wenzel, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/05/04/denver-zoo-master-plan/">Denver Zoo, Bursting at the Seams and Back in the City’s Good Graces, Retools for the Future</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, May 4, 2018.</p> <p>John Wenzel, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/02/05/denver-zoo-sees-best-attendance-of-its-121-year-history-in-2017/">Denver Zoo Sees Best Attendance of Its 121-Year History in 2017</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, February 5, 2018.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://denverzoo.org/">Denver Zoo</a></p> <p>Dinah Zeiger, <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/marketing.westaf.org/westaf.org/HistoryofSCFD.pdf"><em>The SCFD Story: A History of the Scientific and Cultural Facilities District</em></a> (Denver: Western States Arts Federation, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:59:52 +0000 yongli 3599 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado History Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado History Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:54:49-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:54" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:54</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum" data-a2a-title="Colorado History Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-history-museum&amp;title=Colorado%20History%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado History Museum, the second major home of the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>), opened in 1977 to replace the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a> (1915). Located on the south side of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the modern museum was three times as large as the old State Museum, offering much greater space for exhibitions, programs, and offices, but it garnered less public affection. It served as the society’s headquarters and main museum until 2010, when it was demolished as the society prepared to move to the new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a>, which opened in 2012.</p> <h2>The Typewriter and the Box</h2> <p>By the 1960s, the Colorado State Museum was bursting at the seams. Exhibits filled every corner, crevice, and hallway, and an ever-growing collection had to be largely consigned to offsite storage. William E. Marshall, executive director of the Colorado Historical Society from 1963 to 1979, made a new building his priority.</p> <p>Ground was broken for the new building on May 7, 1975, and it opened in 1977. Conceived as part of a modern governmental complex, the Colorado History Museum shared the block immediately southwest of the <strong>State Capitol</strong> grounds with a new <strong>Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. <strong>Rogers Nagel Langhart</strong> (RNL), one of Denver’s best-known architectural firms, designed both buildings, which shared a spacious plaza as well as innovative postmodern designs. On the north half of the block, the Judicial Center rose on two massive piers, allowing passersby to walk under the main structure and peer through a long skylight to the law library below. On the south half of the block, the museum rose at a slant from the plaza to a flat roof, with tiered terraces set in the slope at each floor, and had a flat front wall on its south side. The architects planned a granite cladding for the museum exterior, but the <strong>legislature</strong> threw it out in favor of dull, gray brick, which was cheaper. The result was unfriendly and formidable, but functional. The combination of unusually shaped structures led some people to call the museum the “typewriter” and the judicial building “the box it came in.”</p> <h2>Inside the New Museum</h2> <p>The building was known as the Colorado Heritage Center from its opening in 1977 until the mid-1980s, when it was renamed the Colorado History Museum. Its main feature was its cavernous underground space below the plaza. The lower level included offices for the curatorial staff and a large exhibition-planning and -preparation studio. In later years, the society placed a glass-curtain wall at the entrance to the storage and staff space so visitors could see the collections storage area as well as staff doing its work.</p> <p>The museum’s first level included exhibition space, a large auditorium, and a reconstructed 1890s classroom from the Broadway School, which had occupied the museum site. The distinguishing feature of the first floor, its lobby entrance, offered visitors a glimpse of the museum world below. Two large openings in the floor featured a wide cantilevered staircase to the lower level and an overlook for visitors to study objects below, including a forty-foot-high windmill that rose into the entrance gallery.</p> <p>The museum’s second floor was given over entirely to the library and its substantial book, periodical, photograph, and manuscript collections. In the early years, it included bound runs of Colorado newspapers, many of which were later microfilmed and returned to libraries throughout the state. The Colorado <strong>Department of Higher Education</strong>, the historical society’s umbrella agency, then took the place of the newspapers, making its headquarters in the western third of the library floor. The museum’s third floor housed the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP), administrative offices, and the publications office (which later moved to the second floor).</p> <h2>Developing the Exhibits</h2> <p>After the new building was completed in 1977, the next big challenge was to fill some 30,000 square feet of exhibition space. The Colorado legislature had agreed to fund only the exterior of the building, leaving the society to come up with $3 million for the interior, exhibitions, and furnishings. To offer visitors something worthwhile, executive director William Marshall arranged several interconnected geodesic domes in a semicircle, each highlighting two or three of the society’s highly popular Works Progress Administration (WPA) dioramas. This gave visitors a sense of Colorado history in miniature—everything from dioramas of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a>’s Balcony House to a bustling <strong>Arapaho</strong> encampment on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> to an electrical generating plant on a cascading mountain river. Upstairs, the museum installed a temporary exhibit showcasing the diversity of Colorado’s people.</p> <p>In 1979 Marshall retired and the society’s board selected Barbara Sudler, the former head of <strong>Historic Denver, Inc.</strong>, to become the first female chief executive officer as well as State Historic Preservation Officer. She confronted the challenge of filling the museum’s vast, dark lower level. She hit upon a solution when she met Bill Miner, the designer of the recent US Bicentennial exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution, and convinced him to take charge of Colorado History Museum exhibits. What resulted was a whirlwind effort to locate, identify, and interpret thousands of objects in the society’s collection. Completed two years later, the exhibition featured a 150-foot timeline complete with artifacts, at one foot to a year, beginning in 1800 and ending in 1950. The exhibits opened in August 1982 and included a portfolio of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a> prints; an evocative look at childhood in early Colorado; the life and work of architect <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, Colorado’s first licensed architect; an early log house from 1860s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a>; a glass-enclosed conservation lab lined with artifacts from Mesa Verde; and several refurbished WPA dioramas from the 1930s, including the iconic, intricately detailed model of Denver in 1860, complete with ant-sized cats. Later came a coal-mine tipple from <strong>Paonia</strong>, which stood in the center of a large-scale exhibition on <strong>coal</strong> and <strong>hard-rock mining</strong> in Colorado. Getting the seven-ton coal loader and fifteen-foot blower fan out of the mine and into the museum required two Chinook helicopters.</p> <p>With Sudler’s resignation in 1990, Jim Hartmann assumed the presidency of the society and the post as State Historic Preservation Officer. Early in the 1990s, the society embraced an opportunity to widen its programming with a unique exhibition of artifacts from the Vatican Museum and Library held in conjunction with <strong>Pope John Paul II’s 1993 visit to Denver</strong>. Every square inch of exhibition space on the museum’s upper and lower levels had to be adapted to the exhibit. A Vatican-approved reproduction of Michelangelo’s <em>Pietà</em> introduced visitors to a journey through 2,000 years of Italian religious art and architecture in the society’s most popular exhibit to date.</p> <p>Hartmann also launched a series of annual exhibits, each focusing on a different decade of Colorado history. The exhibits were supplemented by decade-by-decade issues of <em>Colorado Heritage </em>magazine. Meanwhile, the museum’s exhibits and collections were enhanced by an innovative partnership, launched in 1992, with the state <strong>Department of Corrections</strong>. Inmates, many of them skilled craftsmen, worked to restore damaged artifacts such as carriages, wagons, stagecoaches, and even railroad passenger coaches. Prisoners have also organized newspaper collections, catalogued artifacts, conserved books, and prepared exhibits.</p> <p>During the final decade of programming at the Colorado History Museum, under the directorship of Georgianna Contiguglia, the society developed a series of exhibits drawing on Colorado’s cultural diversity. One of them, <em>Cheyenne Dog Soldiers,</em> explored Indigenous-white conflict in Colorado following the massacre of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in November 1864. Other exhibits looked at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/buffalo-soldiers"><strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong></a>, pre-Columbian cultures, and Italian history and life in Colorado.</p> <h2>On the Move</h2> <p>In 2005 the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> proposed a newer judicial building that would fill the entire block it shared with the Colorado History Museum. The new judicial center would bring into one building all the scattered Denver-area state judicial offices. To make this happen, the historical society’s director, Edward C. Nichols, began the search for a new location for the museum. After considering various plans, the board agreed to a site a block south of the old museum, fronting Twelfth Avenue between Broadway and Lincoln Streets. Funding for the new history museum did not draw on state money but relied heavily on the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, generated by taxes on gambling.</p> <p>The prospective move brought an end to exhibit planning and much programming for the old museum. Staff found temporary office space and the society’s millions of artifacts were packed and moved. In March 2010 the Colorado History Museum closed for good. To signify the society’s new direction, in 2008 it assumed a new name, History Colorado, and its new museum, completed in 2012, became known as the History Colorado Center.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wetzel-david-n" hreflang="und">Wetzel, David N.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado History Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-heritage-center" hreflang="en">Colorado Heritage Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado State Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rogers-nagel-langhart" hreflang="en">Rogers Nagel Langhart</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Georgianna Contiguglia, various interviews with Tom Noel, 2000–01.</p> <p>James E. Hartmann, various interviews with Tom Noel, 2000–01.</p> <p>Modupe Labode, “The Colorado Historical Society at 125,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Summer 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The Colorado History Museum</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1989).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:54:49 +0000 yongli 3598 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org History Colorado Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> History Colorado Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:34:47-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:34" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center" data-a2a-title=" History Colorado Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory-colorado-center&amp;title=%20History%20Colorado%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The History Colorado Center (1200 Broadway, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 2012 as the headquarters, museum, and research center of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>. Established in 1879 as the State Historical and Natural History Society, History Colorado had outgrown a succession of previous buildings, including the <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a> (1915), and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a> (1977). Its new home, designed by Denver-based <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-owen-tryba"><strong>Tryba Architects</strong></a>, was praised for adding an elegant modern touch to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a>, but its expense and its troubled exhibits led to several years of turmoil and turnover at the organization.</p> <h2>Building</h2> <p>For decades, the Colorado History Museum shared the block south of Lincoln Park with the <strong>Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. In 2005, however, the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> decided that it wanted a newer building that would occupy the whole block in order to bring together scattered Denver-area state judicial offices. History Colorado began to search for a new home. One possibility was on the south side of Civic Center Park as a twin to the <strong>McNichols Building</strong>, a location where the art museum was originally planned a century earlier. Opponents objected to losing more of the park’s green space. Instead, History Colorado found a site at Twelfth Avenue between Lincoln Street and Broadway, a half-block south of its previous location.</p> <p>&nbsp;In 2010 the Colorado History Museum was demolished to make way for the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. The History Colorado Center (HCC) opened to the public in April 2012. Critic Michael Paglia called the building an “architectural triumph” with “something gorgeous everywhere you look.” Designed by Tryba Architects, it is a four-story, 200,000-square-foot structure. A modern building made of glass and limestone, its central feature is a sky-lighted, four-story atrium with a terrazzo floor depicting a forty-foot-by-sixty-foot map of Colorado by artist <strong>Steven Weitzman</strong>. The airy edifice houses the History Colorado administration, the State Historical Fund, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, classrooms, a restaurant, a museum store, an auditorium, large public spaces, and 30,000 square feet of exhibit space. The fourth floor is home to the Stephen H. Hart Research Center, which provides public access to all of History Colorado’s artifacts and library materials.</p> <p>The HCC incorporates many environmentally friendly features as well as recycled and regional materials, including terrazzo flooring made of 20 percent recycled glass and wooden surfaces made of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>beetle-kill</strong></a> pine. The design also promotes water and energy conservation by incorporating native landscaping and by taking advantage of natural light and heat through the skylit atrium. These features helped make the HCC the first history museum in the country to attain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold status.</p> <h2>Exhibits</h2> <p>A new museum meant all-new exhibits had to be completed on a phased schedule between 2012 and 2014. State Historian Bill Convery and Chief Operating Officer Kathryn Hill directed design and installation of the exhibits, including many interactive experiences. Convery planned the exhibits to include, as he put it, “something to do as well as something to see.” Visitors can drive a simulated Model T, descend into a simulated mine shaft, or try out a simulated ski jump. One of the largest exhibits, in the southeast corner of the atrium, is a mock railroad depot for Keota, now a ghost town on the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad’s “Prairie Dog Special.” Inside, artifacts showcase farm life on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, an often-neglected part of Colorado. Interactive features allow visitors to milk a cow, gather eggs, and explore a general store.</p> <p>The second floor contains “Colorado Stories”: exhibits of communities such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>, a mining town in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, a ranching and ski town. Other exhibits showcase the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur-trading</strong></a> post of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, the <strong>World War II</strong>–era Japanese internment camp of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Amache</strong></a>, and the Black summer resort of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-hills"><strong>Lincoln Hills</strong></a>. One reviewer appreciated the museum’s mix of “irreverence . . . with Colorado boosterism” but lamented the absence of “a full sense of context.” Others were dismayed by what they called the “Disneyfication” of the past and wondered why the museum didn’t feature more items from its vast collections. Most damaging to the museum’s reputation was a “Colorado Stories” exhibit on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> that had to be closed after the affected tribes—who were not consulted during the exhibit’s development—found the display inaccurate and offensive.</p> <p>Another core exhibit, “The Living West,” opened in 2014 to tell stories of survival in a dryland geography. Sponsored by <strong>Denver Water</strong>, the exhibit features <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> as well as contemporary Colorado with its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfires</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> shortages. A virtual stay in a wind-blasted, rattling shack brings the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> to life.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>In the years after the HCC opened, high payments on the $110 million building and complaints about the exhibits took a toll. After a 2014 audit revealed serious financial problems, History Colorado’s leadership resigned, the board was reorganized, and one-fifth of the staff was cut. Steve W. Turner, previously director of the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, took over as executive director, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patty Limerick</strong></a>, a distinguished professor of history at the <strong>University of Colorado–Boulder</strong>, became state historian. In 2018 Limerick, frustrated by an ongoing emphasis on exhibits that she called “history lite,” was replaced by a council of five state historians.</p> <p>The new team’s first major exhibit was the installation “Zoom In: Colorado History in 100 Objects.” This 3,700-foot gallery displays some of the museum’s most prized artifacts, including Mesa Verde baskets, <strong>Jack </strong><strong>Swigert</strong>’s Apollo 13 space suit, an 1894 ballot box from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>first Colorado election in which women could vote</strong></a>, and <strong>Molly Brown</strong>’s opera cape. In addition, the beloved old Works Progress Administration diorama depicting Denver in 1860 was retrieved from storage and placed on the second floor.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Accelerated by the 2020 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic, History Colorado has increasingly digitized its work on all fronts. The building itself, with its airy atrium and generous public spaces, proved functional during the pandemic. In June 2020 the museum reopened after a three-month closure with exhibits on <strong>John Denver </strong>and <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>. The HCC also began to offer in-person support for students in remote learning.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-center" hreflang="en">History Colorado Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-tryba" hreflang="en">David Tryba</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Marie Awad, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/history-colorados-turnaround-has-come-in-fits-and-starts-whats-next/">History Colorado’s Turnaround Has Come in Fits and Starts. What’s Next?</a>” <em>CPR News</em>, July 2, 2018.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/a-century-and-a-half-later-the-wounds-of-sand-creek-are-still-fresh-5119582">A Century and a Half Later, the Wounds of Sand Creek Are Still Fresh</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 14, 2013.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/denver-diorama-getting-a-facelift-moving-upstairs-at-history-colorado-11252037">Denver Diorama Comes Up from Underground at History Colorado</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 28, 2019.</p> <p><em>The History Colorado Center</em> (Denver: History Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Michael Paglia, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/the-new-history-colorado-center-is-an-architectural-triumph-5116308">The New History Colorado Center Is an Architectural Triumph</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, April 18, 2012.</p> <p>Edward Rothstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/history-colorado-center-opens-in-denver.html">A State Looks at Itself in a New Mirror</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 27, 2012.</p> <p>Steve W. Turner (History Colorado executive director), various interviews with Tom Noel, 2020.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/">History Colorado</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.trybaarchitects.com/">Tryba Architects</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:34:47 +0000 yongli 3593 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado State Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-08T16:03:56-07:00" title="Monday, February 8, 2021 - 16:03" class="datetime">Mon, 02/08/2021 - 16:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum" data-a2a-title="Colorado State Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-state-museum&amp;title=Colorado%20State%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado State Museum (200 E. Fourteenth Avenue, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 1915 as the first stand-alone home for the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>). The last work of <strong>Frank E. Edbrooke</strong>, Colorado’s best-known architect of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the building has the appearance of a Greek temple. After the Colorado Historical Society moved to new, larger quarters in 1977, the building was converted to legislative offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Finding a Home for the Historical Society</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum ended a long search for a suitable building to house the State Historical and Natural History Society. The society was established in 1879, when Colorado representative William D. Todd introduced House Bill 134 with an appropriation of $500. Governor <strong>Frederick W. Pitkin</strong> and the <strong>state legislature</strong> approved this measure to collect and preserve the human and natural history of Colorado before “the men  who have been the actors, and the material for collections, will be quite beyond our reach.” In 1881 the society found its first home in a room of the Glenarm Hotel at Fifteenth Street and Glenarm Place. Although then serving as the state office building, the hotel also continued to house a bar and billiard room on the first floor. In 1885 the museum moved into the new, more dignified <strong>Arapahoe County Courthouse</strong> on the block between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Streets and Tremont and Court Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A year later the society moved to the new Denver Chamber of Commerce Building at Fourteenth and Lawrence Streets. There it shared the fourth floor with the <strong>Mercantile Library</strong>, a predecessor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>. Librarian Charles R. Dudley also served as secretary of the society’s museum, with which he was not impressed. The museum’s collection, he complained, “became a nuisance, as the generously inclined gave liberally of the things for which they had no use . . . you could find almost anything from a New England meeting house foot stove to a Fiji Islander’s head rest.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dudley no doubt rejoiced in 1895, when the State Historical and Natural History Society moved into eight rooms in the basement of the partially completed <strong>State Capitol Building</strong>. There the society continued to collect items, including pottery, basketry, and prehistoric tools from what would become <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>. The capitol basement filled up with artifacts and the office of the museum’s first paid employee, curator Will C. Ferril. Its holdings included the 1,200-item Wetherill Collection, the most extensive ever gathered from Mesa Verde. Other treasures on display ranged from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a>’s sword to the Clark Gruber Mint machinery, as well as an extensive library of books on Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado State Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the collections expanded, growing tensions rankled those interested in historical collections and those favoring natural history. A separate Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</strong></a>) was formed in 1900, and it moved to its own neoclassical building overlooking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> in 1908. The separation was not entirely amicable; not until 1927 would the Historical Society turn over all of its natural history artifacts and documents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To keep up with the natural historians, the renamed State Historical Society of Colorado began planning its own Colorado State Museum. In 1909 Colorado history supporters pushing for an equally grand building cheered Governor <strong>John Franklin Shafroth</strong> when he persuaded the legislature to approve $100,000 for the Colorado State Museum. The legislature approved an additional $10,000 to purchase the site just across East Fourteenth Avenue from the State Capitol. This key location in Denver’s new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> testified to the prominence and importance of the museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s leading architect, Frank E. Edbrooke, designed the museum building as a neoclassical palace with Greek Revival detail. It faces and complements the State Capitol, another Edbrooke design. Both buildings use the same gray granite from the Aberdeen Quarry near <strong>Gunnison</strong> as their base. For the museum, Colorado Yule Marble from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site"><strong>Marble</strong></a> sheathes the upper three stories as well as the interior. Built entirely of Colorado materials, the building and furnishings ultimately cost $542,940.52. The three-and-a-half-story museum has a flat roof and the shape of a Greek temple. Its entrance portico features four fluted marble columns with Ionic capitals. Exquisite detailing includes brass doorknobs with the state seal. The building originally had a subbasement heating plant that provided steam heat for the State Capitol and other state buildings in the area until 1940, when a new power plant was built.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Opened to the public on September 2, 1915, the building remained home to the Colorado Historical Society and its museum for the next sixty-two years. State representative William D. Todd, who had introduced the bill to create the institution many years earlier, was on hand to help celebrate and was elected the society’s fourth president.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Inside the museum, the subbasement contained the archives and storage vaults, a microfilm room, a workshop, and a boiler. One floor up, the basement held war relics, study galleries, and storage. The first floor had a lobby as well as galleries for prehistoric and historic American Indian life, the fur trade, and a large library room in the sunny southwest corner. This floor later housed the museum’s most popular exhibit, the eleven-by-twelve-foot diorama of Denver in 1860. The second floor featured mining, and the third (top) floor had additional exhibits, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>, cattle, railroading, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Tabor</strong></a> family souvenirs. In addition to offices for the historical society, the museum building also housed a number of other state agencies for many years, including civilian-related <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> activities, Depression-era offices and programs, the <strong>State Bureau of Mines</strong> along with its rocks and minerals collection, and the <strong>Colorado Department of Higher Education</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 the Colorado State Museum became the <strong>State Archives</strong> as well when the Colorado General Assembly declared it should be responsible for the preservation, destruction, or microfilming of all state records. In 1959 the Division of State Archives became a separate department and moved to a different building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum saw a tremendous expansion in activities under the leadership of longtime executive director and first state historian <strong>LeRoy Hafen</strong>. From 1924 to 1954, Hafen led the State Historical Society in overseeing the <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, publishing books, guides, leaflets, bulletins, pamphlets, and maps, and building <strong>historical markers</strong> all across the state. During the mid-1900s, the museum acquired some of its most notable collections, including the Tabor collection with Horace Tabor’s gold watch fob and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-%E2%80%9Cbaby-doe%E2%80%9D-tabor"><strong>Baby Doe Tabor</strong></a>’s wedding dress, 7,000 glass plate negatives of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a>’s photographs, the Thomas McKee and Joseph C. Smith Native American collections, the Woodard textile collection, and the Dwight D. and <strong>Mamie Eisenhower</strong> collection.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legislative Services Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 1923, the State Historical Society had complained of inadequate space in its then eight-year-old building. By the 1960s, the Colorado State Museum was bursting at the seams. Schoolchildren touring the building filled it with joyous but distracting glee. An ever-growing collection had to be largely consigned to offsite storage. Exhibits filled every nook and cranny. William E. Marshall, who became executive director in 1963, made a new building his priority, but not until May 7, 1975, was ground broken on a new building at 1300 Broadway. On November 5, 1977, the <strong>Colorado Heritage Center</strong> opened to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the society and museum moved to the new building, the old Colorado State Museum building was restored by Pahl, Pahl &amp; Pahl Architects of Denver as legislative offices. These architects worked with a light touch, appreciating what historian Richard Brettell had recently written in his 1973 book <em>Historic Denver</em>: “The building is architecturally pure and its imagery exudes a hardened pomp and grandeur. Its memorial, almost funeral [<em>sic</em>] appearance is appropriate because it is a museum—a historical society—and because it was Edbrooke’s self-consciously last building.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now officially known as the Legislative Services Building, it houses the Joint Budget Committee and a variety of other legislative offices and hearing rooms. Remarkably unaltered on the exterior, in 1974 it was included in the Civic Center Historic District, and in 2012 it was included in the Civic Center National Historic Landmark District.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-edbrooke" hreflang="en">Frank Edbrooke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-historical-and-natural-history-society" hreflang="en">State Historical and Natural History Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Maxine Benson, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v57n1-4_Annual1980.pdf">A Centennial Legacy</a>,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 57 (1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard R. Brettell, <em>Historic Denver: The Architects and the Architecture, 1858–1893</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The Colorado State Museum: A Guide to Exhibits</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>The Denver Civic Center: The Heart of the Mile High City</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “History of the State Historical Society of Colorado,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, 3 parts (Summer 1953, Fall 1953, Winter 1954).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Hartmann (longtime Colorado Historical Society employee and director), various interviews by Tom Noel.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Denver Civic Center,” National Historic Landmark Nomination (March 31, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 08 Feb 2021 23:03:56 +0000 yongli 3530 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Education at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/education-denver-museum-nature-and-science <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Education at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-31T15:28:24-06:00" title="Friday, July 31, 2020 - 15:28" class="datetime">Fri, 07/31/2020 - 15:28</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/education-denver-museum-nature-and-science" data-a2a-title="Education at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Feducation-denver-museum-nature-and-science&amp;title=Education%20at%20the%20Denver%20Museum%20of%20Nature%20and%20Science"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</strong></a> (DMNS), previously the Colorado Museum of Natural History, was established in 1900. Although the museum has made many contributions to archaeology and anthropology, it has also played a crucial role in educating Coloradans about science and natural history.</p> <p>The museum represented the culmination of the shared visions of <strong>Edwin Carter</strong>, a naturalist based in <strong>Breckenridge</strong>, and John Francis Campion, a Denver businessman. The two men believed that such a museum would not only promote the rapidly growing city’s importance within the region, but also educate and entertain citizens. When Carter died in 1901, his private natural history collection of birds and mammals formed the basis of the Colorado Museum of Natural History. The museum opened to the public in 1908, providing citizens with the opportunity to experience and learn about the natural world of Colorado and beyond.</p> <p>Like New York City’s American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), on which the DMNS was modeled, and many other museums at the turn of the century, the guiding mission of DMNS has always focused on public science education. According to its founding document, the museum aimed to “encourage and aid the study of Natural Science [and] to advance the general knowledge of kindred subjects.” To further this mission the early exhibits at the DMNS concentrated on the natural world of the Rocky Mountain region. One of the most successful education programs supported educators in Denver public schools with their nature studies curriculum. Begun in the early 1910s, the partnership with the school system continues today. Thousands of schoolchildren had their first experiences with the natural world at the museum. For many children and their caretakers in the 1950s and 1960s, viewing and understanding the natural world was only possible by visiting the habitat dioramas, looking at displays of minerals, or watching a nature movie at the museum on a Saturday morning. The careful placement, labeling, and interpretation of specimens offered the museum-going public a new way to learn about the natural world.</p> <p>The museum’s governing board originally focused on collecting and exhibiting zoological specimens and objects from Colorado. As a relatively new state (Colorado became a state in 1876), little was known about the natural plants and wildlife in the region. A few local naturalists—scientists who study plants and animals—studied the wildlife of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, but these studies were rarely disseminated to the general public. The Denver museum became a space where this new knowledge of Colorado’s wildlife could be shared with and enjoyed by a wide audience.</p> <p>The museum’s first professional director, Jesse D. Figgins, arrived in 1910 from AMNH. An experienced exhibit designer and field collector, Figgins proved to be a major influence on the intellectual development and organization of the museum. He introduced new collecting methods to ensure that the museum’s collections featured a wider representation of Colorado’s wildlife. Then, employing techniques learned at the AMNH, he set about designing and building new freestanding cases to hold animal groups. The groups often included a particular collection of animals mounted and displayed in front of a hand-painted flat background, which represented the animals’ natural habitat. The museum visitor viewed the animals from the front through a glass screen. These early dioramas became important educational exhibits for museum visitors.</p> <p>Figgins expanded the museum’s collections to include paleontology (the study of prehistoric animals) and archaeology. The first Colorado dinosaur to arrive at the museum was a partial skeleton of diplodocus in 1915. Dall DeWeese, a local resident, found the dinosaur in the Garden Park Fossil Area in <strong>Cañon City</strong>. DeWeese was concerned that Colorado’s dinosaurs and other fossils were being lost to eastern museums and universities. After DeWeese’s discovery, Figgins sent fieldworkers to find fossil sites around the state, and by 1920 one of the museum’s most productive sites for late Eocene mammals was discovered on the eastern plains of Colorado. A few years later, in the 1930s, Frederick Kessler—a Cañon City high school teacher—took a group of his students into the Garden Park Fossil area, where they found another dinosaur: stegosaurus. The stegosaurus became Colorado’s state fossil in 1982, and Kessler’s specimen is now on display in the walk-through exhibit <em>Prehistoric Journey, </em>which opened in 1995 and explores Colorado’s ancient environments. Today, paleontologists at the museum work throughout the American West and around the world, bringing back new discoveries and information about the earth’s past to share with museum visitors and the scientific community.</p> <p>The museum is renowned for the detailed habitat dioramas that represent different landscapes and animals from all over the world. Alfred M. Bailey, the second museum director, is credited with creating the larger diorama halls in the Denver museum. When the dioramas first appeared in the late 1930s and early 1940s, many visitors experienced the wildlife and landscapes of far-off places for the first time. Habitat dioramas, imitations of the natural environment, are large constructions built into the exhibit hall. They have curved backgrounds depicting scenic views that represent actual locations. In the foreground of the diorama, exhibit designers and workers place plants and rocks—accessories—similar to those found at the site, while in the middle ground they place the specimens of mammals and birds that fieldworkers collected from that area. The placement of specimens and accessories creates a three-dimensional effect that, in essence, tricks the eye of the beholder making it appear as if viewers are actually witnessing a natural scene through a glass window.</p> <p>Collecting zoological specimens and displaying them in the dioramas introduced the science of ecology to museum visitors. Visitors were able to see how different environments supported a variety of plant life and animals and learned about animals that were endangered or had become extinct as a result of human activity. Many visitors experienced the natural worlds of Alaska, the Amazon Basin, Antarctica, Australia, and Botswana through the work of museum fieldworkers, who had visited those places from the 1920s to the early 1970s. In an era before today’s nature movies and television documentaries helped the public learn about the intricacies of ecology, the DMNS’s first habitat dioramas served this function.</p> <p>The construction of the Botswana Hall dioramas in the 1970s coincided with the emergence of concern over the killing and poaching of Africa’s large mammals. By displaying African wildlife in a variety of environments, museum curators conveyed the connections between wildlife and the environment and helped raise awareness of the ecological pressures facing faraway places and animals. Moreover, for the first time at the museum, the Botswana Hall included exhibits connecting humans to the environment. The Botswana exhibit placed humans within nature instead of separated from it—a fundamental shift in the museum’s pedagogy.</p> <p>Since it opened in 1908, the DMNS has played an important role in educating Coloradans and others about the natural world, from the deep past through paleontology to the modern era through the display of wildlife specimens in habitat dioramas. The museum’s commitment to science education continues today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/donofrio-karen-lloyd" hreflang="und">D’Onofrio, Karen Lloyd </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-museum-nature-and-science" hreflang="en">denver museum of nature and science</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/natural-history" hreflang="en">natural history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/science" hreflang="en">science</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edwin-carter" hreflang="en">edwin carter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife" hreflang="en">wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/education" hreflang="en">education</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Victoria Cain, “<a href="http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-12/no-02/cain/">Professor Carter and His Collection: Amateur Naturalists and Their Museums</a>,” <em>Common-Place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life </em>12, no. 2 (January 2012).</p> <p>Charles H. Hanington, “The Colorado Museum of Natural History: An Historical Sketch, <em>Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History </em>17, no. 1 (March 1, 1938).</p> <p>Kirk Johnson et al., “Denver’s Natural History Museum: A History,” <em>Denver Museum of Nature and Science Annals</em>, no. 4 (December 31, 2013).</p> <p>Kirk Johnson and Richard K. Stucky, <em>Prehistoric Journey: A History of Life on Earth </em>(Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2006).</p> <p>Patricia Monaco, “A Short History of Dinosaur Collecting in the Garden Park Fossil Area, Cañon City, Colorado,” <em>Modern Geology </em>23, no. 4 (July 1998).</p> <p>Karen Wonders, “Habitat Dioramas and the Issue of Nativeness,” <em>Landscape Research </em>28, no. 1 (2003).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bureau of Land Management, “<a href="http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/fo/rgfo/paleontology.html">Geology and Paleontology</a>,” updated October 15, 2015.</p> <p>Denver Museum of Nature and Science, “<a href="https://www.dmns.org/science/museum-scientists/annual-reports">Annual Reports</a>.”</p> <p>Garden Park Fossil Area, “<a href="https://www.handsontheland.org/garden-park/history-kessler.html?showall=1">History</a>.”</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Jul 2020 21:28:24 +0000 yongli 3400 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Byers-Evans House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byers-evans-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Byers-Evans House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-03-13T14:45:41-06:00" title="Friday, March 13, 2020 - 14:45" class="datetime">Fri, 03/13/2020 - 14:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byers-evans-house" data-a2a-title="Byers-Evans House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbyers-evans-house&amp;title=Byers-Evans%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1883, the Byers-Evans House at 1310 Bannock Street in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> is a Victorian mansion notable for its association with two of the city’s most influential early families. <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, who built the house, had established the city’s first newspaper, the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>, and during his time in the house helped lead the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company"><strong>Denver Tramway Company</strong></a>. In 1889 Byers sold the house to a fellow Tramway executive, <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, who was the son of former territorial governor <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a> and the sister of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/anne-evans"><strong>Anne Evans</strong></a>, one of the city’s leading cultural patrons.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After William Evans died in 1924, his wife, sister, and daughters maintained the residence for more than fifty years as the surrounding neighborhood shifted from residential to commercial to cultural. In 1981 the Evans family donated the property to the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>), which continues to operate it as the Center for Colorado Women’s History at the Byers-Evans House Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Byers House</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Byers and Evans families were closely connected from Denver’s early years, and they both had ties to the land where the Byers-Evans House sits before the house itself was built. In 1866 John Evans first acquired an interest in eighty-one acres southeast of Broadway and <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>. Two years later, after Evans platted and subdivided the land, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-byers"><strong>Elizabeth Byers</strong></a> bought six lots at the corner of what is now West Thirteenth Avenue and Bannock Street.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Byers land sat vacant for fifteen years before the family decided to build on it. In early 1883, Elizabeth and William Byers built a large brick house in a style variously described as Italianate or Victorian eclectic. Facing west toward the mountains, the house featured a front porch with a red tile floor and pressed-tin ceiling. Inside, the 3,600-square-foot residence was appointed with mahogany woodwork, water and sewer service (including a second-story bathroom, rare at the time), and gas lights. A two-story carriage house stood at the rear of the property. The Byers family moved in on June 3, 1883.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Evans House</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Five months after the Byers family moved into their new house, John Evans’s eldest son, William Gray Evans, married <strong>Cornelia Lunt Gray</strong> in the <strong>Evans Chapel</strong> across the street. By the end of the decade, the couple had two young children but were still living in the house of <strong>Samuel Elbert</strong>, William Evans’s brother-in-law. When William Byers, who had become Evans’s business partner at the Denver Tramway Company, decided to move to his South Denver estate in 1889, Evans jumped at the chance to buy the Byers house. The $30,000 purchase was completed on April 20. William and Cornelia Evans moved in with their children, John and Josephine, and welcomed a second daughter, Margaret, at the end of the year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Soon after family patriarch John Evans died in 1897, his widow, Margaret, and their youngest daughter, Anne, moved in with William and Cornelia Evans. To give his mother and sister private spaces separate from his own growing family (a third daughter, Katharine, had been born in 1894), William significantly expanded his house in 1899–1900. The addition was essentially a whole new dwelling attached to the southeast corner of the original house. The two-story, 1,840-square-foot apartment had a kitchen, dining room, and library on the first floor and three bedrooms and a bath upstairs. The addition’s exterior blended seamlessly with that of the original house. Two years later, as the elder Margaret Evans’s mobility decreased, a bedroom and bath were added to the first floor so that she would not have to use stairs.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Evans Women</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Further additions to the Evans house followed in the first two decades of the 1900s, most notably a connection to the carriage house in 1911–12. The house experienced its greatest period of change, however, in the 1920s. William Gray Evans died in 1924, leaving the house in the hands of the Evans women who lived there: his widow, Cornelia, daughters Josephine and Katharine, and sister Anne.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, the area surrounding the house was in the midst of a transition from a wealthy residential neighborhood to a commercial district. Other private houses still dotted the nearby blocks, but they were giving way to businesses and to the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> complex of parks, government buildings, and cultural institutions that was taking shape just north of the house. In 1925 the block where the house sits was zoned as commercial. By the end of the decade, the Evans women were neighbors to a Ford showroom.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the changes around them, the Evans women were committed to maintaining their house as a home. Under Katharine’s leadership, they were also committed to preserving the house largely as it had appeared in the early 1900s, down to the furniture. That campaign proved largely successful, even as the house’s roster of Evans women shifted over time. Anne died in 1941, and Cornelia followed in 1955. After the death of her mother and her husband, Margaret Evans Davis moved back into the house to live with her two sisters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The area around the Evans house changed again in the decades after <strong>World War II</strong>. Cultural institutions that Anne Evans had helped establish began to surround her former home as the Civic Center continued to develop. In the 1940s, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-art-museum"><strong>Denver Art Museum</strong></a> began to acquire land just north of the house for its first permanent home, which opened in 1949. A block east, the <a href="/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a> opened a new central library in 1956. Then, in 1967, the entire block surrounding the Evans house was razed to make way for a new Denver Art Museum building. The intensive construction work threatened the structural integrity of the Evans house, so concrete pilings were driven into the ground around the house to protect it from damage. The new museum opened next door in 1971.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, even with the Evans sisters still in residence, the house was increasingly recognized for its historic value, in part because it seemed so clearly threatened by the large-scale development around it. In 1968 the house received Denver landmark designation, and in 1970 it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1974 it became the only single-family house included in the Civic Center National Historic District.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Evans women who lived in the house passed away—Josephine in 1969, Katharine in 1977—the remaining family members made plans to give the house to the Colorado Historical Society upon the death of the house’s last resident, Margaret Evans Davis, which occurred in 1981. The historical society’s Byers-Evans House Museum opened to the public the next year. In 1989 Long Hoeft Architects restored the house to its 1910s appearance. For the next three decades, it functioned as a house museum displaying the Evans family furniture and containing exhibits on the Byers and Evans families.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With house museums declining in popularity, History Colorado decided in 2018 to establish the Center for Colorado Women’s History at the Byers-Evans House Museum. The center is a way of increasing interest in the museum while also honoring the legacy of the influential and active women who called the Byers-Evans House their home. The first space in the state dedicated to women’s history, the center hosts exhibits, talks, workshops, and book clubs focused on women’s history and offers fellowships for scholars in the field.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-byers" hreflang="en">william byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elizabeth-byers" hreflang="en">elizabeth byers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cornelia-evans" hreflang="en">Cornelia Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/anne-evans" hreflang="en">Anne Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/center-colorado-womens-history" hreflang="en">Center for Colorado Women&#039;s History</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byers-evans-house" hreflang="en">Byers-Evans House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-evans" hreflang="en">Margaret Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/josephine-evans" hreflang="en">Josephine Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/katharine-evans" hreflang="en">Katharine Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/margaret-evans-davis" hreflang="en">Margaret Evans Davis</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Victoria Carodine, “<a href="https://www.5280.com/colorados-first-womens-history-center-opens-in-denver/">Colorado’s First Women’s History Center Opens in Denver</a>,” <em>5280</em>, March 20, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>David Fridtjof Halaas, “The House in the Heart of a City: The Byers and Evans Families of Denver,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 4 (1989).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elaine Colvin Walsh and Jean Walton Smith, <em>The Byers-Evans House</em> (Denver: n.p., 1985).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Wenzel, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2018/03/21/center-for-colorado-womens-history/">Harnessing the Power of #MeToo, History Colorado Creates First-Ever Women’s History Museum</a>,” <em>Denver Post</em>, March 21, 2018.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Allen duPont Breck, <em>William Gray Evans, 1855–1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver, 1964).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/center-colorado-womens-history">Center for Colorado Women’s History at the Byers-Evans House Museum</a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barbara Sternberg with Jennifer Boone and Evelyn Waldron, <em>Anne Evans—A Pioneer in Colorado’s Cultural History: The Things That Last When Gold Is Gone</em> (Denver: Buffalo Park Press, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Mar 2020 20:45:41 +0000 yongli 3180 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Broomfield Depot http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broomfield-depot <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Broomfield Depot</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-07T12:21:28-07:00" title="Thursday, December 7, 2017 - 12:21" class="datetime">Thu, 12/07/2017 - 12:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/broomfield-depot" data-a2a-title="Broomfield Depot"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbroomfield-depot&amp;title=Broomfield%20Depot"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Broomfield Depot was built in 1909 to serve the <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern</strong> and <strong>Denver &amp; Interurban Railroads</strong>. It is a rare surviving example of a combination passenger and freight depot that also served both steam railroad and electric interurban lines, and it is the only Denver &amp; Interurban depot that retains its historical integrity. Originally located where the railroad tracks cross West 120th Avenue near downtown <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a>, the depot was moved to Zang’s Spur Park in 1976 and now houses Broomfield’s local history museum (2201 W 10th Ave, Broomfield, CO 80020).</p> <h2>Early Broomfield</h2> <p>Long before the Broomfield Depot was built in 1909, the area’s development was already tied to transportation. The city started as an agricultural community soon after the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59. Its position along the <strong>Cherokee</strong> and <a href="/article/overland-trail"><strong>Overland Trails</strong></a> allowed local farmers to sell their crops—including the city’s namesake broomcorn—to mining towns and travelers. By 1864 Henry and Sarah Church operated a stage stop in the area.</p> <p>Later in the nineteenth century, several railroads built lines through Broomfield, starting with the <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> in 1873. The Colorado Central line through Broomfield later became part of the <strong>Union Pacific, Denver &amp; Gulf Railroad</strong>, which was eventually absorbed by the new Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad (C&amp;S) in 1898. At the time, Broomfield remained a small unincorporated town, with much of the land in the area belonging to <strong>Adolph </strong><strong>Zang</strong>’s roughly 4,000-acre ranch.</p> <h2>The Kite Route</h2> <p>In 1904 C&amp;S created the Denver &amp; Interurban Railroad (D&amp;I) as a wholly owned subsidiary, with the goal of running an electric rail line from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> to <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and ultimately on to <a href="/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a>. The company started a local streetcar system in Fort Collins, and in 1907–8 it built an interurban line linking Denver and Boulder. The line went from Denver through Broomfield to near <strong>Louisville</strong>, where it split in two. One path to Boulder went west through Superior and Marshall, while the other went north through Louisville, forming a “kite” shape that gave the route its name.</p> <p>The Kite Route’s first train left Denver at 3:00 PM on June 23, 1908, carrying Governor <strong>Henry Buchtel</strong>, Denver mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-w-speer"><strong>Robert Speer</strong></a>, and Boulder mayor Isaac Earl along with other officials and reporters. “Boulder is now a suburb of Denver,” <strong><em>The</em></strong> <strong><em>Denver Post</em></strong> declared. Regular service started the next day, with trains running every couple of hours. The original goal was for the one-way journey between Denver and Boulder to take only an hour, but the trip usually lasted closer to eighty minutes. By July trains were running every hour in alternating directions around the kite portion of the route, for a total of sixteen round-trips per day.</p> <h2>New Broomfield Depot</h2> <p>To accommodate increased traffic from the D&amp;I, in 1909 C&amp;S built a new depot in Broomfield to serve both electric interurban and steam railroad traffic. Located along the railroad tracks on the north side of West 120th Avenue in Broomfield’s commercial district, the depot was a one-and-a-half-story wood-frame building with a hipped roof and horizontal board siding. Inside, the first floor of the depot was divided in half, with the southern part of the building (closest to the tracks) containing railroad facilities such as the ticket office, waiting room, and baggage area. The north half of the first floor and the entire upper floor served as the station agent’s living quarters, complete with living room, kitchen, pantry, and two bedrooms. Most of the depot’s interior had wood floors and plaster walls and ceilings.</p> <p>At the time, it was not unusual for railroad depots to include a residence for the station agent, especially in rural areas. By building living quarters into depots, railroad companies could attract workers more easily while also ensuring that they would be on site at all times to deal with any problems. Broomfield’s first station agent was John P. Colstadt, who lived in the depot from 1910 to 1915 with his wife and teenage nephew.</p> <h2>Decline of the D&amp;I</h2> <p>The D&amp;I never achieved its original goal of forging an interurban link between Denver and Fort Collins. In 1908 C&amp;S was acquired by the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad, which wanted no part of developing extensive interurban systems and halted the D&amp;I’s expansion at Boulder. The only further extensions of the Kite Route were short spurs to <strong>Eldorado Springs</strong> and to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/westminster-university"><strong>Westminster College</strong></a>. Nevertheless, throughout the 1910s the route attracted an average of 565,000 passengers per year, mostly commuters and tourists.</p> <p>By the late 1910s, the D&amp;I faced mounting financial problems as more people started to use automobiles to get around. The line then experienced a devastating blow when two trains had a head-on collision in <strong>Globeville</strong> on Labor Day 1920, leaving twelve people dead. The D&amp;I recovered to post a few profitable years in the early 1920s, but it could not escape the inexorable effects of better road networks and rising automobile ownership. In 1926 the D&amp;I rail line ceased operations and was replaced by the D&amp;I Motor Company bus service.</p> <p>After the D&amp;I’s demise, the Broomfield Depot continued to serve multiple C&amp;S trains passing through the town daily. As time went on, the depot’s aging residence became less attractive to the agents who worked there, especially since it had no indoor toilet and only a pump for running water. The last agent to live in the depot was John C. Ward, who resided there with his two sons in early 1952.</p> <h2>Relocation</h2> <p>In 1952 the <strong>Denver–Boulder Turnpike</strong> opened, offering drivers a direct route between the two cities, and Broomfield started to develop into a metropolitan suburb. As new turnpikes and interstate highways siphoned off traffic, passenger rail service declined across the country. In May 1967, the last C&amp;S passenger train stopped at the Broomfield Depot. After that, station agent Herb Rutledge still served eight to ten freight trains per day, but the depot building itself no longer saw much use and began to fall into disrepair.</p> <p>In 1970 C&amp;S started leasing part of the depot to the Broomfield Jaycees, who cleaned the interior and installed a new furnace so they could use the building for meetings. Hoping to replace the old depot, in 1975 C&amp;S offered to sell it to the Jaycees for $1 if the Jaycees would move it to a different location. Station agent Rutledge backed the plan, so the Jaycees took over the depot with the support of the newly formed Broomfield Historical Society, which was started with the goal of opening a museum in the relocated building.</p> <p>In 1976 the Jaycees and the City of Broomfield had the depot moved a little more than a mile northwest to Zang’s Spur Park on the north side of West Tenth Avenue in Broomfield. When it was moved to its new location, the depot was placed atop a new foundation with a walk-out basement, which served as meeting space for the Jaycees. Over the next few years, Broomfield Historical Society volunteers cleaned and repaired the depot’s interior and collected artifacts related to Broomfield’s history. In 1983 the depot opened to the public as a local history museum.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In 1988 the Broomfield Historical Society changed its name to the Broomfield Depot Museum. In 2011 the group sold its collection to the City and County of Broomfield. Broomfield now runs the Broomfield Depot Museum, while the former historical society is now known as Broomfield Depot Museum Friends.</p> <p>In 2014 the museum was closed for seven months while the depot’s foundation and exterior were repaired with the help of nearly $300,000 from the City and County of Broomfield and the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>. At the same time, the basement was remodeled to serve as office space and archival storage. When the museum reopened in early 2015, it featured a new focus on the depot’s history. The ticket office, waiting room, and baggage area now house artifacts from the depot’s interurban era in the 1910s, while the station agent’s living quarters display artifacts and furniture that represent the depot’s appearance in the 1930s. The final phase of the depot’s exterior rehabilitation was completed in 2016, when the building received a new wood-shingle roof.</p> <p>The depot is a Broomfield Landmark and was listed on the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties in 2016. The museum offers free admission and is open to the public on Saturdays and for group tours during the week.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broomfield" hreflang="en">broomfield</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-and-county-broomfield" hreflang="en">City and County of Broomfield</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broomfield-history" hreflang="en">broomfield history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-southern-railroad" hreflang="en">colorado &amp; southern railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-interurban-railroad" hreflang="en">denver &amp; interurban railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroad-depots" hreflang="en">railroad depots</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broomfield-historical-society" hreflang="en">broomfield historical society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/broomfield-depot-museum" hreflang="en">broomfield depot museum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Colleen O’Connor, <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/03/16/broomfields-historic-train-depot-evokes-forgotten-history-in-colorado/">“Broomfield’s Historic Train Depot Evokes Forgotten History in Colorado,”</a> <em>Denver Post</em>, March 16, 2014.</p> <p>Sylvia Pettem, <em>Broomfield: Changes Through Time</em> (Longmont, CO: Book Lode, 2001).</p> <p>Thomas H. Simmons and R. Laurie Simmons, “Broomfield Denver &amp; Interurban Railroad/Colorado and Southern Railway Depot,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (November 30, 2015).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The Denver &amp; Interurban Railroad</em>, National Electric Railway News Digest 5 (October 1947).</p> <p>William C. Jones and Noel T. Holley, <em>The Kite Route: Story of the Denver &amp; Interurban Railroad</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1986).</p> <p>Don Robertson and Kenton Forrest, <em>Denver’s Street Railways</em>, vol. 3: <em>The Interurbans</em> (Golden, CO: Colorado Railroad Museum, 2010).</p> <p>Laura L. Spitler and Lou Walther, <em>Gem of the Mountain Valley: A History of Broomfield</em> (Boulder, CO: Mathis Printing, 1975).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 07 Dec 2017 19:21:28 +0000 yongli 2830 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ute Indian Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Indian Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2810--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2810.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=t1xuEc2S" width="1000" height="593" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Museum Dedication</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The first version of the Ute Indian Museum opened to the public in 1956. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2811--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2811.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=_p2Mt0y9" width="1000" height="971" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chief Ouray Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several Ute tribal members pose at the monument honoring Chief Ouray. The obelisk was erected in 1926, on the grounds just north of the Museum. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-05T16:26:14-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 5, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Tue, 12/05/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum" data-a2a-title="Ute Indian Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fute-indian-museum&amp;title=Ute%20Indian%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a>, or as they call themselves, <em>Nuche</em> (The People), are Colorado’s longest continuous residents. Their rich cultural heritage and history is on display at the Ute Indian Museum. Nestled in the heart of traditional Uncompahgre Ute territory in <strong>Montrose</strong>, the Ute Indian Museum is <strong>History Colorado</strong>’s only facility in western Colorado. It is also a State Historic Monument and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ute Indian Museum occupies a little less than nine acres, where the Ute <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Chief Ouray</strong></a> and his wife, <a href="/article/chipeta"><strong>Chipeta</strong></a>, lived.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ute History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Long before white immigrants arrived, Colorado’s mountains and canyon lands belonged to the Utes. The Ute Nation was transformed when the horse became an integral part of its culture in the seventeenth century. Today there are three Ute tribes: the <strong>Southern Utes </strong>and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Utes</strong></a> in southern Colorado and the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-%20reservatio"><strong>Ute Indian Tribe</strong></a> of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ute culture is resourceful and creative, using local plants and animals in sustainable and respectful ways. For hundreds of years Utes thrived in Colorado, living in mountains during the summer and moving to river valleys in the winter. This changed when they encountered a European migration that overtook and displaced them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1849, a year after Mexico’s defeat in the Mexican-American War, the first official <strong>treaty </strong>between the Utes and the United States was negotiated at Abiquiú, New Mexico. The Calhoun Treaty, as it was known, resulted in the establishment of an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agency</strong></a> at Taos, New Mexico. In the decades that followed, a series of treaties and agreements restricted the Utes to increasingly smaller tracts of land until the current reservations were established in the late nineteenth century. The reduction of Ute territory led to multiple violent incidents, such as the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879 and the <a href="/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1885.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The landscape around the Ute Indian Museum has been heavily modified from its original native state. This process began in 1875, when the federal government gave Ouray and Chipeta about 500 acres as a farm and ranch. After Chipeta’s death in 1924, the transformation of a small portion of their farm into the museum grounds began with the construction of Chipeta’s crypt. Then, in 1926 the obelisk commemorating Chief Ouray was erected, and the gravesite of Chief John McCook (Chipeta’s brother) followed in 1937.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The museum opened in 1956 and expanded in the early 1960s to include additional exhibit space and a terrace. Below the road to the museum, the <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Dominguez-Escalante Expedition</strong></a> monument was built as part of the bicentennial celebration in 1976. To the north of this monument, the native gardens and walkway were built in 1988–90. The walkway extends northeast on an elevated boardwalk through wetlands to the southwest bank of the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A newly expanded museum was built in 2017. With the collaboration of the three Ute tribes, traditional stories and oral histories are now tightly woven into the permanent exhibit space. Throughout the exhibits, visitors journey to iconic places across Colorado to learn the story of Ute life, history, and culture. Told in the voices of tribal members, the exhibits include contemporary views of Ute life, including cultural survival, political self-determination, economic opportunity, and the celebration of the <strong>Bear Dance</strong>. There are approximately 200 artifacts on exhibit, including a headdress from <a href="/article/buckskin-charley"><strong>Buckskin Charley</strong></a> (Sapiah), a velvet dress belonging to Chipeta, a robe that belonged to <strong>Ignacio</strong>, and one of Ouray’s shirts. The museum also includes a changing gallery, a gift shop, a patio with stunning views, shady picnic areas, and <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/brafford-cj" hreflang="und">Brafford, C.J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/museums-colorado" hreflang="en">museums in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-mountain-utes" hreflang="en">Ute Mountain Utes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">northern ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chipeta" hreflang="en">Chipeta</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “An Inventory and Test Excavation at the Ute Indian Museum, Montrose County, Colorado,” unpublished technical report (Denver: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, History Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janice Colorow, ed., <em>Ute Mountain Ute Government</em> (Towaoc, CO: Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Facilities Services Division, “Ute Indian Museum, Facility and Program Plan, FY-08-09,” unpublished manuscript (Denver: Office of Facilities Management, History Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Historical Summary of the Ute Indians and the San Juan Mining Region,” <em>Ute Indians</em>, Vol. 2: <em>American Indian Ethnohistory: California and Great Basin-Plateau Indians</em>, comp. and ed. David Agee Horr (New York: Garland, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ernie Rose, <em>Utahs of the Rocky Mountains, 1833–1935</em> (Montrose, CO: Montrose Daily Press, 1968).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.visitmontrose.com/171/museums/">Montrose Museums</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/story/community-museums/2016/02/24/ute-indian-museum">Ute Indian Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Dec 2017 23:26:14 +0000 yongli 2808 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Limon Railroad Depot http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/limon-railroad-depot <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Limon Railroad Depot </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T15:52:54-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 15:52" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 15:52</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/limon-railroad-depot" data-a2a-title="Limon Railroad Depot "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flimon-railroad-depot&amp;title=Limon%20Railroad%20Depot%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Limon Railroad Depot was built in 1910 on a triangular piece of land bounded by the intersection of <strong>Chicago, Rock Island &amp; Pacific Railroad </strong>(CRI&amp;P) and <strong>Union Pacific Railroad</strong> (UP) lines. The interchange made <strong>Limon</strong>, in <a href="/article/lincoln-county">Lincoln County</a>, an important railroad hub, and the town’s depot remained in active use until 1980. One of only three Chicago, Rock Island &amp; Pacific depots in Colorado that remain intact at their original location, the building is now part of the Limon Heritage Museum and Railroad Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Hub City of the High Plains</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon has a long history as one of the main transportation hubs on Colorado’s eastern plains. The town started to take shape in the late 1880s, when the CRI&amp;P (often known as the Rock Island) chose the site as a division point where the single line would split into two branches, one to <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> and the other to <a href="/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a>. The division point lay along an existing UP line to Denver, making it a major railroad interchange.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1888 the Rock Island started building lines east and west from its division point, which was called Limon’s Camp after construction foreman John Limon. Passenger service started in November. Limon’s Camp became Limon Station, where the Rock Island established a rail yard and shops, including a ten-stall roundhouse, the Grier House hotel and dining room, and a one-story union depot serving both the Rock Island and UP lines.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon Station became an important shipping depot for farmers and ranchers in the area, and the town of Limon began to take shape north of the railroad interchange. In the early 1900s the town grew quickly, increasing in population from 75 in 1900 to 600 by 1910. The railroad industry played a vital role in the town’s growth; at its height, the Rock Island employed several hundred workers in Limon.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>New Depot</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On June 28, 1910, a large fire at the Limon rail yards destroyed several freight cars, an oil storage building, and the existing depot. A new depot was built later that year on the triangular piece of land bounded by the Rock Island and Union Pacific lines. The one-story, wood-frame building was similar in many ways to other early twentieth-century Rock Island combination depots—that is, depots that served both passenger and freight traffic. Most of these rectangular depots had a clearly defined “town” side and “track” side. Inside, the passenger waiting room occupied one end and baggage and freight service the other end, with a ticket office and station agent in the middle.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The unique setting of the Limon Depot, which had rail lines on all sides, required several modifications to the standard plan. The depot had no “town” side, since it served Rock Island lines on both main sides. In addition, the Limon station agent’s office had to be located in the building’s southwest corner so that the agent could see trains coming and going along three separate lines—one Union Pacific (on the west side) and two Rock Island (on the north and south sides). As a result, the rest of the depot’s interior layout also had to be rearranged, with the waiting room in the center and baggage and freight on the eastern end. With its new depot, Limon boomed as a railroad hub in the 1910s and early 1920s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, the Rock Island reduced its workforce in Limon, but in 1936 the railroad launched an ambitious modernization program that generated many new jobs. In Limon the depot received new doors and windows, a smooth brick veneer, and cement-asbestos siding. The modernization effort included a new diesel-powered passenger train called the <strong>Rocky Mountain Rocket</strong>, which started service in 1939. The train arrived early every morning in Limon, where a crew split it into separate sections headed for Denver and Colorado Springs. In the afternoon those two sections returned to Limon and were joined together again for the trip east.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Limon’s railroad industry boomed during World War II, as trains full of troops and materials passed through on the way to <strong>Camp Carson</strong> and <strong>Peterson Field</strong> in Colorado Springs. After the war, rail traffic slowed. Passenger and freight traffic was shifting to cars, trucks, and airplanes. In 1949 the Rocky Mountain Rocket lost the contract to carry mail between Limon and Colorado Springs. The Rock Island started to cut back its presence in Limon, moving or razing most of its buildings by the middle of the 1950s. Eventually the depot was the only railroad building left. In 1966 the Rocky Mountain Rocket stopped running, marking the end of Rock Island passenger service in Limon, and in 1980 the Rock Island stopped freight service as well. Union Pacific erected a metal shed to handle its operations, and the railroad depot started to fall into disrepair.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1989 a tourist train called the Limon Twilight Limited started to use the depot as a base for its brief trips along the former Rock Island railroad line. After the Limon Twilight Limited stopped running in 1991, the Mid-States Port Authority donated the depot to the town of Limon. The Limon Heritage Society began to restore the depot, which became the centerpiece of the Limon Heritage Museum and Railroad Park. The building houses the Houtz Native American Collection, a “Trains on the Plains” exhibit, and other local history artifacts. In 2003 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The depot is no longer used for railroad operations, but it remains at the center of rail traffic in Limon. It still has a Union Pacific track to the west and a Genesee &amp; Wyoming (formerly Rock Island) track to the north. The Rock Island’s old southern branch to Colorado Springs was torn up in 1994. On the south side of the depot, a short section of this line remains intact and is used to store several old railroad cars.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/limon" hreflang="en">limon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chicago-rock-island-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">chicago rock island pacific railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/union-pacific-railroad" hreflang="en">Union Pacific Railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/railroad-depots" hreflang="en">railroad depots</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Michael C. Doty and E. M. McFarland, “Rocketing to the Rockies,” <em>Colorado Rail Annual</em> 17 (1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vivian Lowe and Lucille Reimer, “Limon Railroad Depot,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (August 30, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>James E. Fell Jr., <em>Limon, Colorado: Hub City of the High Plains, 1888–1952</em> (Limon, CO: Limon Heritage Society, 1997).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://ourjourney.info/myjourneydestinations/limonheritagemuseum.asp">“Limon Heritage Museum &amp; Railroad Park,”</a> Our Journey: Colorado’s Central Plains.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 21:52:54 +0000 yongli 2600 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cozens Ranch http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cozens-ranch <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cozens Ranch</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-17T16:34:59-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 17, 2017 - 16:34" class="datetime">Wed, 05/17/2017 - 16:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cozens-ranch" data-a2a-title="Cozens Ranch"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcozens-ranch&amp;title=Cozens%20Ranch"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1874 by pioneer homesteader <strong>William Zane Cozens</strong>, Cozens Ranch was an important early ranch and stage stop in the Fraser River valley in north-central Colorado. The ranch also served for nearly thirty years as the area’s main post office. The Cozens family later donated the ranch to the Jesuits of the College of the Sacred Heart (later Regis College), who used it for much of the twentieth century as a summer retreat. Now the ranch is open to the public as a museum. Along with <a href="/article/four-mile-house"><strong>Four Mile House</strong></a> in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and <a href="/article/hildebrand-ranch"><strong>Hildebrand Ranch</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a>, it is one of the few planked log buildings remaining in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ranch and Stage Stop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Canada and raised in New York, William Zane Cozens came to Colorado in the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and made his way to <a href="/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>. He soon became sheriff of <a href="/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong></a>, married a devout Catholic Irishwoman named Mary York, and started a family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1870s, the Cozenses decided to move their family from Central City to the <strong>Fraser valley</strong>. In 1872 Cozens paid a little more than $500 to buy George Grimshaw’s squatter’s rights to land on the west bank of the Fraser River north of <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong>. Two years later, he built a 1.5-story ranch house on his land near the recently completed wagon road over Berthoud Pass and through the valley (now US 40). The ranch house served as the first stage stop beyond Berthoud Pass, with Mary York Cozens and her two daughters providing hearty meals to travelers, and in 1876 it became home to the Fraser post office, with Cozens as postmaster. After additions for the post office and stage stop, the building measured more than 3,000 square feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch prospered and grew. It housed the only post office between Empire and <strong>Hot Sulphur Springs</strong> and the main stage stop in the Fraser valley. By 1885 the ranch consisted of 320 acres of improved land and buildings worth $6,000, as well as $800 in livestock and $300 in farming equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch experienced several major changes in the early twentieth century. In 1901 a group of Denver Jesuits from <strong>Regis College</strong> camped at the ranch and struck up a friendship with Cozens and his wife. The Cozens family invited them back in subsequent summers. In 1905 the Cozens family sold the Jesuits eighty acres of land for use as a summer retreat. The Jesuits built a three-part building there and called the retreat Maryvale after Mary, the mother of Jesus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1904 William Cozens died, and in 1905 the <a href="/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railway</strong></a> was completed over Rollins Pass to the Fraser valley. As a result, stage traffic over Berthoud Pass decreased, and the post office was relocated to the new railroad town of Fraser, just north of the ranch. Around the time of Mary York Cozens’s death in 1909, the family sold a few parcels of land. The three Cozens children (Will, Mary Elizabeth, and Sarah) continued to live at the ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Sarah’s death in 1923, Mary Elizabeth offered the ranch to Regis College, saying it had long been the family’s wish to give their land to the Jesuits. In November 1924, Mary Elizabeth and her brother, Will, signed the property over to the Jesuits of Regis College and High School. When Mary Elizabeth died in 1928, Will moved to Regis College as a guest of the Jesuits. He continued to spend summers with them at Cozens Ranch until his death in 1938.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Regis Jesuits kept Cozens Ranch basically the same as they found it, with the exception that they converted the ranch house for use as a chapel for almost thirty years. In the 1980s, Regis deeded the site to the town of Fraser, which in turn gave it to the <a href="/article/lake-city-0"><strong>Grand County</strong></a> Historical Association in 1987. The original Jesuit retreat building collapsed during this period and was removed in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1988 the historical association succeeded in having the ranch listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The historical association also opened a museum, called the Cozens Ranch Museum, which has exhibits on Grand County history and a gallery featuring work by local artists and artisans.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-zane-cozens" hreflang="en">William Zane Cozens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fraser-river" hreflang="en">Fraser River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/planked-log-buildings" hreflang="en">planked log buildings</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fraser-valley" hreflang="en">Fraser Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/regis-university" hreflang="en">Regis University</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-york-cozens" hreflang="en">Mary York Cozens</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-county-historical-association" hreflang="en">Grand County Historical Association</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Regina M. Black, “Cozens Ranch House,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (n.d. [1988]).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alice Reich and Thomas J. Steele, eds., <em>Fraser Haps and Mishaps: The Diary of Mary E. Cozens</em> (Denver: Regis College Press, 1990).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Lela McQueary, <em>Widening Trails: Narratives of Pioneer Days in Middle Park on the Western Slope of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains</em> (Denver: World Press, 1962).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Robert C. Black III, <em>Island in the Rockies: The History of Grand County, Colorado, to 1930</em> (Boulder: Pruett, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Grand County Heritage Coalition, “<a href="https://grandcountyhistory.org/museums/cozens-ranch-museum/">Cozens Ranch Museum</a>,” Grand County History.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>In 1874<strong> William Zane Cozens</strong> built an unusual cabin on his ranch. It was in north central Colorado. It was unusual because it was built with planks. These are long, thin pieces of lumber. Most cabins were built with whole logs. It is one of the few planked log buildings still in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stage coaches stopped at Cozens Ranch. It became a post office in the Fraser River valley. In 1905 the Cozens donated the ranch to the Jesuits of the Sacred Heart. These priests started the school that became Regis University. They used the ranch as a summer retreat. Now the ranch is a museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ranch and Stage Stop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Canada, William Zane Cozens was raised in New York. He came to Colorado in the <strong>1858–59 gold rush</strong>. He settled in <strong>Central City</strong>. He became sheriff of <strong>Gilpin County</strong>. He married Mary York. She was Irish and a devout Catholic. They had three children: Will, Mary Elizabeth, and Sarah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1870s the Cozens moved to the Fraser River valley. Their land was on the west bank of the river, north of <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong>. William built a one-and-a-half-story house. A new wagon road passed close by. That road is now US 40. Cozens’ ranch became a stop for stage coaches. William expanded the house for travelers. Mary and her daughters cooked meals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1876 the ranch became Fraser’s post office. It was the only one between Empire and Hot Sulphur Springs. Cozens was postmaster. He expanded his house to more than 3,000 square feet. By 1885 the ranch had 320 acres of improved land. The land and buildings were worth $6,000. There was also $800 in livestock and $300 in farm equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1901 some Jesuits camped at the ranch. Jesuits are a branch of Catholic priests. These Jesuits were from Sacred Heart College near Denver. The college became <strong>Regis College</strong>, then Regis University. The priests were friends with William and Mary. The Cozens family invited them back. In 1905 the family sold the Jesuits eighty acres. They used it for a summer retreat. The retreat was called Maryvale. It was named for Mary, the mother of Jesus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1904 William Cozens died. The next year, the <strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> was finished. Stage coach traffic over Berthoud Pass slowed. The post office moved. Mary York Cozens died in 1909. The family sold some land. All three children still lived at the ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sarah died in 1923. Mary Elizabeth offered the ranch to Regis College. She knew her family wanted to give its land to the Jesuits. In November 1924, Mary Elizabeth and her brother Will signed over the property. After Mary Elizabeth died in 1928, Will moved to Regis College. He spent summers with the Jesuits at the ranch where he had lived. Will died in 1938.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Regis Jesuits kept Cozens Ranch for fifty-six years. They converted the house into a chapel. Most of the ranch stayed unchanged. In the 1980s, they gave the site to the town of Fraser. In 1987 the town gave it to the Grand County Historical Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1988 the ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historical association opened a museum. The Cozens Ranch Museum has exhibits on <strong>Grand County</strong> history. A gallery shows work by local artists.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Cozens Ranch was built in 1874 by pioneer homesteader <strong>William Zane Cozens</strong>. It was important both as a ranch and as a stage stop in the Fraser River valley in north central Colorado. The ranch served for nearly thirty years as the area’s main post office. Later the Cozens family donated the ranch to the Jesuits of Sacred Heart. For much of the twentieth century they used it as a summer retreat. Now the ranch is open to the public as a museum. It includes one of the few planked log buildings remaining in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ranch and Stage Stop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Canada and raised in New York, William Zane Cozens came to Colorado in the <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59. He made his way to <strong>Central City</strong> and soon became sheriff of <strong>Gilpin County</strong>. He married Mary York, a devout Catholic Irishwoman, and started a family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1870s, William and Mary moved their family to the <strong>Fraser River valley</strong>. In 1872 William paid a little more than $500 to buy land on the west bank of the Fraser River, north of <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong>. Two years later he built a one-and-a-half-story ranch house. The recently completed wagon road (now US 40) that went over Berthoud Pass passed near the house. The ranch house served as the first stage stop beyond the pass. Mary and her two daughters provided hearty meals to travelers. In 1876 the ranch also became the Fraser post office. Cozens served as postmaster. After additions for the post office and stage stop, the building had more than 3,000 square feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch prospered and grew. It was the Fraser valley’s main stage coach stop. It housed the only post office between Empire and Hot Sulphur Springs. By 1885 the ranch consisted of 320 acres of improved land and buildings, together worth $6,000. In addition, there was $800 in livestock and $300 in farming equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch experienced several major changes in the early twentieth century. In 1901 a group of Denver Jesuits from <strong>Regis College</strong> camped at the ranch and struck up a friendship with Cozens and his Catholic wife. The Cozens family invited them back in subsequent summers. In 1905 the Cozens family sold the Jesuits eighty acres of land for use as a summer retreat. The Jesuits built a three-part building there and called the retreat Maryvale, named after Mary, the mother of Jesus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1904 William Cozens died. The next year, the <strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> was completed over Rollins Pass into the Fraser valley. As a result, stage traffic over Berthoud Pass decreased. The post office was moved north of the ranch to the new railroad town of Fraser. Around the time of Mary York Cozens’s death in 1909, the family sold a few parcels of land. The three Cozens children, Will, Mary Elizabeth, and Sarah, continued to live at the ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Sarah’s death in 1923, Mary Elizabeth offered the ranch to Regis College. She noted that it had long been the family’s wish to give their land to the Jesuits. In November 1924 Mary Elizabeth and her brother Will signed the property over to the Jesuits of Regis College and High School. When Mary Elizabeth died in 1928, Will Cozens moved to Regis College. He continued to spend summers with the Jesuits at Cozens Ranch until his death in 1938.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Regis Jesuits kept Cozens Ranch much the same as they found it. The main exception was that they converted the ranch house for use as a chapel for almost thirty years. In the 1980s, Regis deeded the site to the town of Fraser. The city then gave it to the Grand County Historical Association in 1987. The original Jesuit retreat building collapsed during this period and was removed in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1988 the ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historical association also opened a museum. The Cozens Ranch Museum has exhibits on <strong>Grand County</strong> history and a gallery featuring work by local artists and artisans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Cozens Ranch was built in 1874 by pioneer homesteader <strong>William Zane Cozens</strong>. It was an important early ranch and stage stop in the Fraser River valley in north central Colorado. The ranch served for nearly thirty years as the area’s main post office. Later the Cozens family donated the ranch to the Jesuits of Sacred Heart (later Regis College). For much of the twentieth century the Jesuits used it as a summer retreat. Now the ranch is open to the public as a museum. The ranch includes one of the few remaining planked log buildings in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ranch and Stage Stop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in Canada and raised in New York, William Zane Cozens came to Colorado in the <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59 and made his way to <strong>Central City</strong>. He soon became sheriff of <strong>Gilpin County</strong>. He married Mary York, a devout Catholic Irishwoman, and started a family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1870s, William and Mary decided to move their family from Central City to the Fraser River Valley. In 1872 William paid a little more than $500 to buy George Grimshaw’s squatter’s rights to land on the west bank of the Fraser River north of <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong>. Two years later he built a one-and-a-half-story ranch house on his land. It was near the recently completed wagon road, now US 40, that went over Berthoud Pass and through the valley. The ranch house served as the first stage stop beyond Berthoud Pass. Mary York Cozens and her two daughters provided hearty meals to travelers. In 1876 it became home to the Fraser post office, with Cozens as postmaster. After additions for the post office and stage stop, the building had more than 3,000 square feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch prospered and grew. It housed the only post office between Empire and Hot Sulphur Springs as well as the main stage stop in the Fraser valley. By 1885 the ranch consisted of 320 acres of improved land and buildings worth $6,000, as well as $800 in livestock and $300 in farming equipment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cozens Ranch experienced several major changes in the early twentieth century. In 1901 a group of Denver Jesuits from <strong>Regis College</strong> camped at the ranch and struck up a friendship with Cozens and his Catholic wife. The Cozens family invited them back in subsequent summers. In 1905 the Cozens family sold the Jesuits eighty acres of land for use as a summer retreat. The Jesuits constructed a three-part building there and called the retreat Maryvale, after Mary, the mother of Jesus.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1904 William Cozens died, and in 1905 the <strong>Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railroad</strong> was completed over Rollins Pass to the Fraser valley. As a result, stage traffic over Berthoud Pass decreased. The post office was relocated to the new railroad town of Fraser just north of the ranch. Around the time of Mary York Cozens’s death in 1909, the family sold a few parcels of land. The three Cozens children, Will, Mary Elizabeth, and Sarah, continued to live at the ranch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Sarah’s death in 1923, Mary Elizabeth offered the ranch to Regis College, saying it had long been the family’s wish to give their land to the Jesuits. In November 1924 Mary Elizabeth and her brother Will signed the property over to the Jesuits of Regis College and High School. When Mary Elizabeth died in 1928, Will Cozens moved to Regis College as a guest of the Jesuits. He continued to spend summers with the Jesuits at Cozens Ranch until his death in 1938.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Regis Jesuits kept Cozens Ranch much the same as they found it, with the exception that they converted the ranch house for use as a chapel for almost thirty years. In the 1980s Regis deeded the site to the town of Fraser. They in turn gave it to the Grand County Historical Association in 1987. The original Jesuit retreat building collapsed during this period and was removed in 1989.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1988 the historical association had the ranch listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historical association also opened a museum, the Cozens Ranch Museum, which has exhibits on <strong>Grand County</strong> history and a gallery featuring work by local artists and artisans.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 17 May 2017 22:34:59 +0000 yongli 2582 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org El Pueblo http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">El Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2067--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2067.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/el-pueblo-replica"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/EL%20Pueblo%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=78OGOE2e" width="800" height="362" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/el-pueblo-replica" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">El Pueblo Replica</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the early 2000s, History Colorado constructed a replica of El Pueblo near the site of the original trading post. Located near the confluence of Fountain Creek and the Arkansas River, it consisted of a rough square of rooms arranged around a central courtyard.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2070--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2070.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/city-pueblo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/El-Pueblo-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=XEjzqiAR" width="1000" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/city-pueblo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">City of Pueblo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>El Pueblo was largely abandoned after 1854. By 1860, the city of Pueblo was taking shape at the same site. Pueblo's development buried all evidence of El Pueblo in the 1880s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2071--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2071.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/el-pueblo-excavation"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/El%20Pueblo%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=rL_7VqSC" width="800" height="600" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/el-pueblo-excavation" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">El Pueblo Excavation</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the late 1980s, William G. Buckles and students at the University of Southern Colorado (now CSU–Pueblo) successfully identified the site of the original El Pueblo and began to excavate the structure's ruins. The dig is now protected by the William G. Buckles Archaeological Pavilion.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2072--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2072.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/el-pueblo-museum-complex"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/El%20Pueblo%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=nDjq7fUj" width="800" height="600" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/el-pueblo-museum-complex" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">El Pueblo Museum Complex</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The William G. Buckles Archaeological Pavilion (pictured) is part of the larger El Pueblo Museum complex built in the early 2000s, which includes the museum, the pavilion, and a replica of the original trading post.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-18T16:09:14-07:00" title="Friday, November 18, 2016 - 16:09" class="datetime">Fri, 11/18/2016 - 16:09</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo" data-a2a-title="El Pueblo"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fel-pueblo&amp;title=El%20Pueblo"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Established in 1842, El Pueblo (301 N Union Ave, Pueblo, CO 81003) was an independent adobe <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> that operated at the site of the present-day city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> and was used by a diverse, multi-ethnic group of trappers, traders, women, and mountain men. Largely abandoned after an 1854 attack by Utes, the post gradually disappeared over the next three decades as the city was built over its ruins. In the 1980s, anthropology professor William G. Buckles and students at the University of Southern Colorado (now <strong>Colorado State University–Pueblo</strong>) discovered the site, which is now home to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>’s El Pueblo History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trading on the Arkansas River</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pueblo grew out of shifts that occurred in the Western <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> in the 1830s and 1840s, as established trading posts put an end to the old fur-trading practice of the annual rendezvous. In 1833 Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. built <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> east of what is now <strong>La Junta</strong>. It became an important trading post on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a> between Missouri and New Mexico. Traders working at the fort acquired buffalo hides from nearby bands of <strong>Cheyenne</strong> and <strong>Arapaho</strong> and sold the hides in St. Louis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1841–42, Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. failed to deliver a shipment of hides, creating a shortage in eastern markets. George Simpson, a trader who worked at Bent’s Fort, saw that the shortage created an opportunity for him to establish a new trading post independent of a large company like Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. Other traders who joined him at the new post probably included Francisco Conn, Mathew Kinkead, and Joseph Mantz as well as the Bent employees Joseph Doyle, Robert Fisher, and Alexander Barclay.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building an Independent Trading Post</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the summer of 1842, the group decided to build its independent post where the Arkansas River was joined by <strong>Fountain Creek</strong>, a spot about seventy miles upriver from Bent’s Fort. At the time, the Arkansas River was the border between the United States and Mexico, and the post’s location would make it the closest US settlement to Taos. The location offered several additional advantages as a trading center. Trading routes such as the <strong>Cherokee Trail</strong> and the <strong>Taos (or Trappers) Trail</strong> ran along the nearby rivers, providing easy access to multiple markets and trading partners, and Native American groups often passed through the area to use a well-known crossing of the Arkansas. In addition, the valley where Fountain Creek joined the Arkansas was at a relatively low elevation with a temperate climate, and the rivers promised plenty of water for agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From about May to September 1842, Hispano laborers built the trading post on the north bank of the Arkansas River west of Fountain Creek. The exact shape, size, and appearance of the post are unknown, but surviving accounts indicate that it was probably an adobe plaza similar in appearance to a New Mexico country house, with a series of rooms arranged in a rough square around a central courtyard. The rooms opened onto the interior plaza and had no entries on the outside, making the structure easier to defend. There was probably a large gate that allowed access to the central plaza from the side that faced the Arkansas River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life at El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Called <em>El Pueblo</em> (Spanish for “town” or “people”), the post was distinctive in that it was neither a military fort nor owned by a trading company. Instead, it was an independent post that served as a base of operations for a diverse group of traders with Hispanic, French, Anglo, and Native American roots. It is unclear how many people lived at El Pueblo at any one time, but it could hold up to 100 residents. Noted traders, trappers, and mountain men such as <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>, <strong>Richens Lacy Wootton</strong>, and <strong>James Beckwourth</strong> stayed there at times while the post was active. Hispano women like Teresita Sandoval provided the essential infrastructure for the day-to-day operations of El Pueblo. Each trader who stayed there had a few rooms for himself and his family and used the central plaza as a common trading area, with goods laid out on blankets on the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pueblo became a center for farming and ranching enterprises that developed in the area, many of them started by people who had first operated as traders at the post. They sold their produce at El Pueblo and marketed their livestock to wagon trains along the emigrant and trading trails. In 1846–47, a colony of several hundred Mormons camped near El Pueblo during the migration that eventually led them to Salt Lake City. At El Pueblo they acquired livestock and learned about irrigation and other techniques for farming in the arid West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The End of El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1840s, El Pueblo’s resident traders began to decline. The <strong>Mexican-American War</strong> suppressed trade between the United States and Mexico. When the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848, it also transformed the trade dynamics of the region by increasing US territory in the Southwest, which now included El Pueblo. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in California attracted fortune-seekers from across the continent. As a result of these changes, the population of El Pueblo dwindled, supplemented only by occasional wagon trains of migrants or traders passing through the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Mexican-American War, an influx of European Americans moving to and through the plains and Rocky Mountains began to place new pressures on Native Americans in the region. Hispanos from New Mexico started to establish permanent settlements in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> and the Arkansas River valley, while settlers from the East streamed across a network of migration trails. In 1854 Utes upset by broken treaties and poorly conducted negotiations began to skirmish with settlers in what is now southern Colorado. On Christmas Eve, 1854, the Ute chief Tierra Blanca led about fifty warriors in an attack on El Pueblo. Only about fifteen or twenty people were there at the time, and most of them were killed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the attack, El Pueblo was abandoned. Over the next several years it was occasionally used by travelers and others in the area as a temporary shelter, but it never had any long-term occupants. As the adobe walls crumbled, a small town called Fountain City took shape on the opposite side of Fountain Creek during the gold rush of 1858–59. By 1860, a rival settlement was established on the west side of Fountain Creek near the abandoned El Pueblo. Settlers used some of El Pueblo’s adobe bricks to build their own structures and adopted the name of Pueblo for their town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pueblo soon overtook Fountain City and became the dominant social and economic center along the Arkansas River. The city succeeded for many of the same reasons that El Pueblo was originally established there, and it proved so successful that by the 1880s El Pueblo had disappeared under new development.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rediscovering El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1959 the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) opened the El Pueblo History Museum, which included a full-scale replica of El Pueblo, in an old airplane hangar near the city’s Municipal Airport. At the time, the exact location of the original El Pueblo had been a subject of debate for decades. The question was complicated by the movements of the Arkansas River, whose course through downtown Pueblo had shifted about one-quarter mile south since the mid-1800s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, students at the University of Southern Colorado started a project to determine the site of El Pueblo. An 1873 photo showing the remains of the adobe trading post helped them settle on a possible location under the Fariss Hotel, which was built in the early 1880s on Union Avenue south of First Street. In 1989 University of Southern Colorado anthropology professor William G. Buckles initiated a survey of the Fariss Hotel’s basement. The work yielded promising evidence, so in 1991 the city tore down the Fariss Hotel to allow for more extensive archaeological excavations. Buckles and his team discovered signs of the El Pueblo structure, as well as hundreds of related artifacts such as trade goods, rifle balls, and stone tools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The excavation helped spark a revival of downtown Pueblo. The city and the Colorado Historical Society worked on a plan to bring the El Pueblo History Museum closer to the rediscovered El Pueblo site, and in 1992 the museum moved to a building on the same block. In 1996 the rediscovered El Pueblo site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, Pueblo was developing the <strong>Historic Arkansas Riverwalk</strong> for its downtown area and included a new El Pueblo museum complex in the master plan. With the help of a gift from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the museum complex went forward and was completed in 2003. The complex occupies the block where El Pueblo was discovered and includes the El Pueblo History Museum, the William G. Buckles Archaeology Pavilion at the excavation site, and a reconstruction that resembles the original trading post.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-pueblo" hreflang="en">city of pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arkansas-river" hreflang="en">Arkansas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bents-fort" hreflang="en">Bent’s Fort</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trading-posts" hreflang="en">trading posts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/el-pueblo-museum" hreflang="en">El Pueblo Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-pueblo" hreflang="en">Fort Pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-g-buckles" hreflang="en">William G. Buckles</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Edward Broadhead, <em>Fort Pueblo</em> (Pueblo, CO: Pueblo County Historical Society, 1981).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William G. Buckles, “El Pueblo,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (November 17, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janet Lecompte, <em>Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832–1856</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dianna Litvak, <em>El Pueblo History Museum: A Capsule History and Guide</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2006).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/museums/el-pueblo-history-museum">El Pueblo History Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_EL_PUEBLO.docx">El Pueblo Teacher Resource Set - Word</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_EL_PUEBLO.pdf">El Pueblo Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>El Pueblo was an important <a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts">trading post</a>. It was started in 1842 where the town of Pueblo is today. Trappers, traders, mountain men, and pioneers used the trading post to exchange goods. El Pueblo was attacked by Native Americans in 1854. Then it was deserted. The city of Pueblo was built over the site. In the 1980s, anthropology students discovered the site. It is now home to History Colorado’s El Pueblo History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trading on the Arkansas River</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Trading posts were built along wagon trails in the 1830s. They were places for people to meet and exchange goods. Before trading posts were built, trappers and traders met at an annual rendezvous. In 1833 Bent’s Fort was built. It became an important trading post on the Santa Fé Trail. Buffalo hides and other furs were popular items. Traders at the fort traded goods for buffalo hides from Native Americans and other trappers. They sold the hides to people in the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building an Independent Trading Post</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>George Simpson was a trader who worked at Bent’s Fort. In 1842 he and some friends decided to build another trading post. They chose a spot along the Arkansas River. It was seventy miles from Bent’s Fort. At that time, the Arkansas River was the border between the United States and Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The location was a good one for a trading post. The Cherokee Trail and the Taos/Trappers Trail went by the post. Native American groups passed through the area. The weather in the valley was mild. The river provided water for the post.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 Hispano workers built the trading post. It was an adobe plaza, with rooms around a central courtyard. The rooms opened onto a central plaza. It had no doors on the outside, so it was easier to defend. A large gate led into the central plaza.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life at El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The trading post was named El Pueblo. It means “town” or “people” in Spanish. The post was unusual. It was not a military fort and was not owned by a trading company. Instead, it was an independent post. Hispanic, French, Anglo, and Native American traders all used the post. One hundred people could live at El Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many traders, trappers, and mountain men stayed at El Pueblo. Some included Kit Carson, Richens Wootton, and James Beckwourth. Hispano women like Teresita Sandoval helped with the day-to-day operations of El Pueblo. Each trader had rooms at the post. The central plaza was used as the trading area. The traders’ goods were laid out on blankets on the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pueblo became a center for farming and ranching. Crops and animals were traded and sold. Wagon trains heading west needed supplies. In 1847 several hundred Mormons camped near El Pueblo on their way to Salt Lake City.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1840s, El Pueblo was used less often. There was a war between Mexico and the United States. People were going to California for the Gold Rush in 1849. Fewer wagon trains were coming by El Pueblo. The population of El Pueblo declined.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The United States won the Mexican-American War in 1848. Settlers started moving to Colorado. Hispanos from New Mexico moved to the area. They started towns in the San Luis and Arkansas River Valleys. Anglo-Americans from the East streamed across the wagon trails heading west.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Native American peoples had lived on the land for centuries. They were angry about broken treaties and the number of settlers who were arriving. They began to fight the settlers. On Christmas Eve, 1854, the Ute chief Tierra Blanca led fifty warriors in an attack on El Pueblo. About twenty people were there at the time. Most of them were killed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the attack, El Pueblo was abandoned. The adobe walls crumbled. In 1860 a town was started near El Pueblo. Some of El Pueblo’s adobe bricks were used to build the town. They named their new town “Pueblo.” Pueblo became the largest city along the Arkansas River. By the 1880s, El Pueblo had disappeared under the new city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rediscovering El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1959 the Colorado Historical Society opened the El Pueblo History Museum in Pueblo. It was located in an old airplane hangar. They named it El Pueblo to honor the trading post that once stood in the area. No one knew where the original El Pueblo was located.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, students at Colorado State University in Pueblo wanted to find the original site of El Pueblo. They found an old photo showing ruins of the trading post. They believed El Pueblo might be under the Fariss Hotel. The hotel had been built in the early 1880s. They dug into the basement of the hotel. They discovered the ruins of El Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1991 the city tore down the Fariss Hotel to find more of what remained of El Pueblo. The students and professors discovered parts of the El Pueblo trading post. They also found hundreds of related items like trade goods, rifle balls, and stone tools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1992 the Colorado Historical Society moved the El Pueblo History Museum closer to the El Pueblo site. In 1996 the El Pueblo site was given a special honor. It was put on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The El Pueblo Museum moved one more time. The town of Pueblo was making the Historic Arkansas Riverwalk near the El Pueblo site. As part of the project, they built a new El Pueblo History Museum in 2003. The museum is next to the El Pueblo site. People can visit the El Pueblo History Museum and the El Pueblo site. The museum has rebuilt the original trading post so people can know what El Pueblo was like.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>El Pueblo was an important trading post established in 1842. It was located where the city of Pueblo is today. The trading post was used by a diverse group of trappers, traders, and mountain men. El Pueblo was abandoned after an 1854 attack by Utes. The post gradually disappeared and the city of Pueblo was built over its ruins. In the 1980s, students at Colorado State University-Pueblo discovered the site. It is now home to History Colorado’s El Pueblo History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trading on the Arkansas River</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Trading posts were built along wagon trails in the 1830s. They were established as places for people to meet and exchange goods. The trading posts put an end to the old fur-trading practice of the mountain man rendezvous. In 1833 Bent’s Fort was built on the Arkansas River. It became an important trading post on the Santa Fé Trail between Missouri and New Mexico. Buffalo hides and other furs were in great demand at the time. Traders working at the fort acquired buffalo hides from mountain men and Native Americans. The hides were sold to customers in the East.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building an Independent Trading Post</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 a failed delivery of buffalo hides created a shortage in eastern markets. George Simpson, a trader who worked at Bent’s Fort, saw an opportunity to establish a new trading post. Other traders joined him to build a trading post at El Pueblo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 they decided to build this independent trading post where the Arkansas River joined Fountain Creek. The spot was about seventy miles upriver from Bent’s Fort. At the time, the Arkansas River was the border between the United States and Mexico. The post’s location made it the closest US settlement to Taos, which was in Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The location had many advantages as a trading center. Trading routes such as the Cherokee Trail and the Taos (or Trappers) Trail ran by the site. These provided easy access to markets and trading partners. Native American groups often passed through the area as well. In addition, the valley was at a low elevation with a temperate climate, while the rivers promised plenty of water for agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 Hispano laborers built the trading post on the north bank of the Arkansas River. The exact shape, size, and appearance of the post are unknown. Surviving accounts indicate that it was an adobe plaza similar to a New Mexico country house. It likely had a series of rooms arranged in a square around a central courtyard. The rooms opened onto the interior plaza. It had no entries on the outside, making the structure easier to defend. There was probably a large gate that allowed access to the central plaza from the side that faced the Arkansas River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life at El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The trading post was named El Pueblo, which means “town” or “people” in Spanish. The post was distinctive in that it was not a military fort or owned by a trading company. Instead, it was an independent post that served as a base for a diverse group of Hispanic, French, Anglo, and Native American traders. It is unclear how many people lived at El Pueblo at any one time, but it could hold up to 100 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Noted traders, trappers, and mountain men such as Kit Carson, Richens Wootton, and James Beckwourth stayed there. Hispano women like Teresita Sandoval helped run the day-to-day operations of El Pueblo. The traders who stayed there had a few rooms and used the central plaza as a common trading area. The traders’ goods were laid out on blankets on the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pueblo became a center for farms and ranches that developed in the area. These were started by people who had first worked as traders at the post. They sold their produce and marketed their livestock to wagon trains. In 1846–47, several hundred Mormons camped near El Pueblo while traveling to Salt Lake City. At El Pueblo they acquired livestock and learned about irrigation and other techniques for farming in the arid West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1840s, El Pueblo’s resident traders began to move on to other places. The Mexican-American War from 1846–48 stopped trade between the US and Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848. The war transformed the region by increasing US territory in the Southwest.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Mexican-American War ended, Anglo- and European Americans started moving to the plains and Rocky Mountains. Hispanos from New Mexico established permanent settlements in the San Luis and Arkansas valleys. Settlers from the East streamed across a network of migration trails.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Native American people, who had lived on the land for centuries, were incensed by this influx of people. In 1854 Utes upset by broken treaties and poorly conducted negotiations began to skirmish with settlers. On Christmas Eve, 1854, the Ute chief Tierra Blanca led about fifty warriors in an attack on El Pueblo. Twenty people were there at the time and most of them were killed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the attack, El Pueblo was abandoned and the adobe walls crumbled. By 1860 a town was established near the abandoned El Pueblo. Settlers used some of El Pueblo’s adobe bricks to build their own structures. They adopted the name of Pueblo for their town. Pueblo became the dominant social and economic center along the Arkansas River. The city was successful for the same reasons that El Pueblo had been successful. By 1880 El Pueblo had disappeared under new development.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rediscovering El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1959 the Colorado Historical Society opened the El Pueblo History Museum. It was named El Pueblo to honor the trading post that once stood in the area. At the time, the exact location of the original El Pueblo had been debated for decades. The question was complicated by changes in the course of the Arkansas River. The river through downtown Pueblo had shifted about a quarter mile south since the mid-1800s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, students at the University of Southern Colorado (now Colorado State University-Pueblo) wanted to determine the site of El Pueblo. An 1873 photo showing the remains of El Pueblo led them to believe it might be under the Fariss Hotel. The hotel had been built in downtown Pueblo in the early 1880s. Anthropology professor William G. Buckles surveyed the basement of the Fariss Hotel. The work appeared promising, so in 1991 the city tore down the Fariss Hotel to allow for an archaeological excavation. Buckles and his team discovered evidence of the El Pueblo structure. They found hundreds of artifacts such as trade goods, rifle balls, and stone tools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The excavation helped spark a revival of downtown Pueblo. In 1992 the city and the Colorado Historical Society moved the El Pueblo History Museum closer to the El Pueblo site. In 1996 the El Pueblo site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The El Pueblo Museum moved one more time. The town of Pueblo was making the Historic Arkansas Riverwalk near the El Pueblo site. As part of the project, they built a new El Pueblo History museum in 2003. The museum is next to the El Pueblo site. People can visit the El Pueblo History Museum and the El Pueblo site. The museum has rebuilt of the original trading post so people can know what El Pueblo was like.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>El Pueblo was an important trading post established in 1842 at the site of the present-day city of Pueblo. The trading post was used by a diverse group of trappers, traders, and mountain men. El Pueblo was abandoned after an 1854 attack by Utes. The post gradually disappeared and the city of Pueblo was built over its ruins. In the 1980s, anthropology professor William G. Buckles and students at Colorado State University–Pueblo discovered the site. It is now home to History Colorado’s El Pueblo History Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trading on the Arkansas River</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The establishment of trading posts put an end to the old fur-trading practice of the annual mountain man rendezvous. In 1833 Bent’s Fort was built on the Arkansas River east of what is now La Junta. It became an important trading post on the Santa Fé Trail between Missouri and New Mexico. Traders working at the fort acquired buffalo hides from mountain men and Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans. The hides were transported and sold in St. Louis.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building an Independent Trading Post</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1842 a failed delivery of buffalo hides created a shortage in eastern markets. George Simpson, a trader who worked at Bent’s Fort, saw an opportunity to establish a new trading post. Other traders joined him to build a new trading post about seventy miles upriver from Bent’s Fort.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>They built their post where the Arkansas River joined Fountain Creek. At the time, the river was the border between the United States and Mexico. The post’s location made it the closest US settlement to Taos, Mexico. The location had many advantages as a trading center. The Cherokee Trail and the Taos (or Trappers) Trail ran by the site. These travel routes provided easy access to markets and trading partners. Native American groups often passed through the area as well. In addition, the valley was at a low elevation with a temperate climate, while the rivers promised plenty of water for agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From May to September 1842, Hispano laborers built the trading post on the north bank of the Arkansas River. The exact shape, size, and appearance of the post are unknown. Surviving accounts indicate that it was likely an adobe plaza similar in appearance to a New Mexico country house. It likely had a series of rooms arranged in a rough square around a central courtyard. The rooms opened onto the interior plaza and had no entries on the outside, making the structure easier to defend. There was probably a large gate that allowed access to the central plaza from the side that faced the Arkansas River.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Life at El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>They named the trading post El Pueblo, which means “town” or “people” in Spanish. The post was distinctive in that it was neither a military fort nor owned by a trading company. Instead, it was an independent post that served as a base for a diverse group of Hispanic, French, Anglo, and Native American traders. It is unclear how many people lived at El Pueblo at any one time, but it could hold up to 100 residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Noted traders, trappers, and mountain men such as Kit Carson, Richens Wootton, and James Beckwourth stayed there while the post was active. Hispano women like Teresita Sandoval helped run the day-to-day operations of El Pueblo. The traders who stayed there had a few rooms and used the central plaza as a common trading area. The traders’ goods were laid out on blankets on the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>El Pueblo became a center for farms and ranches that developed in the area. These were started by people who had first operated as traders at the post. They marketed their produce and livestock to wagon trains along the emigrant and trading trails. In 1846–47, several hundred Mormons camped near El Pueblo during the migration that eventually led them to Salt Lake City. At El Pueblo they acquired livestock and learned about irrigation and other techniques for farming in the arid West.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>End of El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the late 1840s, El Pueblo’s resident traders began to move on to other places. The Mexican-American War from 1846–48 suppressed trade between the United States and Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848. It also transformed the region by increasing US territory in the Southwest. Meanwhile, the discovery of gold in California attracted fortune-seekers from across the continent. As a result of these changes, trade declined at El Pueblo and its population dwindled.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Mexican-American War ended, European Americans started moving to the plains and Rocky Mountains. Hispanos from New Mexico established permanent settlements in the San Luis and Arkansas valleys. Settlers from the East streamed across a network of migration trails.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Native American people, who had lived on the land for centuries, were incensed by this influx of people. In 1854 Utes upset by broken treaties and poorly conducted negotiations began to skirmish with settlers in what is now southern Colorado. On Christmas Eve, 1854, the Ute chief Tierra Blanca led about fifty warriors in an attack on El Pueblo. Only about fifteen or twenty people were there at the time, and most of them were killed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the attack, El Pueblo was abandoned. Over the next several years it was occasionally used by travelers as a temporary shelter. As the adobe walls crumbled, a small town called Fountain City took shape on the opposite side of Fountain Creek during the Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59. By 1860 a rival settlement was established on the west side of Fountain Creek near the abandoned El Pueblo. Settlers used some of El Pueblo’s adobe bricks to build their own structures and adopted the name “Pueblo” for their town.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pueblo soon overtook Fountain City and became the dominant social and economic center along the Arkansas River. By 1880 El Pueblo had disappeared under new development.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Rediscovering El Pueblo</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1959 the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) opened the El Pueblo History Museum in an old airplane hangar near the city’s airport. At the time, the exact location of the original El Pueblo had been debated for decades. The question was complicated by changes in the course of the Arkansas River. The river through downtown Pueblo had shifted about a quarter mile south since the mid-1800s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1980s, students at the University of Southern Colorado (now Colorado State University-Pueblo) started a project to determine the site of El Pueblo. An 1873 photo showing the remains of El Pueblo led them to believe it might be under the Fariss Hotel. The hotel had been built in downtown Pueblo in the early 1880s. In 1989 anthropology professor William G. Buckles surveyed the basement of the Fariss Hotel. The work appeared promising, so in 1991 the city tore down the Fariss Hotel to allow for an archaeological excavation. Buckles and his team discovered evidence of the El Pueblo structures, as well as hundreds of artifacts such as trade goods, rifle balls, and stone tools.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The excavation helped spark a revival of downtown Pueblo. The city and the Colorado Historical Society worked on a plan to bring the El Pueblo History Museum closer to the rediscovered El Pueblo site. In 1992 the museum moved to a building near El Pueblo. In 1996 the rediscovered El Pueblo site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Later, Pueblo was developing the Historic Arkansas Riverwalk for its downtown area. It included a new El Pueblo museum complex in the master plan. With the help of a gift from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the museum complex was completed in 2003. The museum moved to the new site. It occupies the block where El Pueblo was discovered and includes the El Pueblo History Museum, the William G. Buckles Archaeology Pavilion at the excavation site, and a reconstruction that resembles the original trading post.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 18 Nov 2016 23:09:14 +0000 yongli 2068 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Justina Ford House http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford-house <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina Ford House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1791--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1791.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/justina-ford-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Justina-Ford-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=SeoeCnQ3" width="1000" height="750" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/justina-ford-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina Ford House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>From 1912 to 1952, Justina Ford lived and saw patients in this house, then located on Arapahoe Street in Denver's Curtis Park neighborhood. It has now been moved to California Street, where it houses the Black American West Museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2174--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2174.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/justina-ford"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Justina-Ford-House-Media-2_1.jpg?itok=aKTyihRN" width="1000" height="1257" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/justina-ford" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina Ford</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In October 1902, Justina Ford was licensed as the first black woman doctor in Colorado. Over the next fifty years, she delivered more than 7,000 babies and became a well-respected member of the Denver medical community.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2177--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2177.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/justina-ford-house-arapahoe-street"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Justina-Ford-House-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=2i2J3Tzb" width="1000" height="697" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/justina-ford-house-arapahoe-street" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Justina Ford House on Arapahoe Street</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1982 a private developer acquired the block where Justina Ford's house was located and planned to clear the whole area. Local residents lobbied to delay demolition and worked out an agreement to save the house by moving it to a different site.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2178--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2178.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/moving-justina-ford-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/New-Justina-Ford-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=vzcYRz9A" width="1000" height="1033" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/moving-justina-ford-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Moving the Justina Ford House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In February 1984, the Justina Ford House was jacked up, placed on a wheeled platform, and towed about a mile to California Street. The house was renovated and became home to the Black American West Museum.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-29T15:30:40-06:00" title="Monday, August 29, 2016 - 15:30" class="datetime">Mon, 08/29/2016 - 15:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford-house" data-a2a-title="Justina Ford House"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjustina-ford-house&amp;title=Justina%20Ford%20House"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built in 1890 at 2335 Arapahoe Street in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/justina-ford"><strong>Justina Ford</strong></a> House served for forty years as the home and office of Colorado’s first black woman physician. In 1984 the house was moved to save it from demolition, and after renovations it opened at 3091 California Street as the new home of the <strong>Black American West Museum</strong>. In 1998 a statue of Ford was erected across the street at the <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong>’s Thirtieth and Downing light rail station.</p> <h2>Justina Ford’s House</h2> <p>What is now known as the Justina Ford House was originally built in 1890 on Arapahoe Street in the <strong>Curtis Park</strong> neighborhood of Denver. The house was a simple two-story rectangular box of red brick with an Italianate façade on a stone foundation. When the house was built, Germans, Irish, Jews, and other European immigrant groups were settling the neighborhood, and the Ford House’s first owner was a Jewish Denverite named Isaac Kohn. Kohn’s son, <strong>Samuel E. Kohn</strong>, also lived in the house; in 1898 he cofounded the American Furniture Company, now known as <strong>American Furniture Warehouse</strong>, which he ran until his death in 1943.</p> <p>Isaac Kohn sold the house by 1902, the year Ford came to Denver. Born in Illinois in 1871, she graduated from Hering Medical College in Chicago in 1899 and practiced briefly in Alabama before moving to Colorado. She received her Colorado medical license in October 1902, becoming the state’s first black woman doctor.</p> <p>Ford settled in Curtis Park, which in the early twentieth century was shifting to a more heavily black population. After moving several times during her early years in Denver, by 1912 she had established a successful practice and bought the former Kohn house on Arapahoe Street from Morris and Fanny Abromovitz. For the next forty years, she lived in the house and saw patients in a room on the first floor. By the time of her death in 1952, she had become a well-respected member of the Denver medical community, estimated to have delivered more than 7,000 babies in her fifty years in Colorado.</p> <h2>Rebirth as Black American West Museum</h2> <p>After Ford’s death, the area around her house declined as the end of racially restrictive housing covenants made it possible for middle-class blacks to move out of Curtis Park and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/five-points"><strong>Five Points</strong></a>. In 1982 a private developer acquired the block where her house was located and planned to clear the whole area to make way for a parking lot and other development. Local residents, led by Moses Valdez, lobbied to delay demolition to allow them time to figure out how to save the Ford House. The developer agreed to donate the house to a nonprofit if the nonprofit would cover the costs of moving it to a different location. Meanwhile, the Ford House was the only building left standing on its block.</p> <p>Meetings between the developer, the community, Historic Denver, and the Black American West Museum led to a plan in which Historic Denver would pay for the Ford House to be moved to the east side of the Curtis Park neighborhood, where it would be renovated and used as the museum’s new home. In February 1984, beams were placed under the house so that it could be jacked up, placed on a wheeled platform, and towed about a mile to 3091 California Street. There, the house was renovated, and its original wood porch was reconstructed using historical photographs.</p> <p>In 1989 the Black American West Museum, which had had no permanent home since <strong>Paul Stewart</strong> founded it in 1971, opened in the relocated and renovated Ford House with roughly 1,500 artifacts on display. The house still serves as the museum’s home and is easily accessible via the Regional Transportation District’s Thirtieth and Downing station, which opened across the street in 1994 and added a statue commemorating Ford in 1998.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dr-justina-ford" hreflang="en">Dr. Justina Ford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-american-west-museum" hreflang="en">Black American West Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/samuel-kohn" hreflang="en">Samuel Kohn</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/five-points" hreflang="en">Five Points</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/curtis-park" hreflang="en">Curtis Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paul-stewart" hreflang="en">Paul Stewart</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/african-americans-denver" hreflang="en">african americans denver</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Lane Ittelson, “Justina Ford House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (May 9, 1984).</p> <p>Joyce B. Lohse, “Justina Ford: Colorado’s Lady Doctor,” in <em>Doctors, Disease, &amp; Dying in the Pikes Peak Region</em>, ed. Tim Blevins et al. (Colorado Springs, CO: Pikes Peak Library District, 2012).</p> <p>John Wenzel, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/12/12/museum-founder-celebrates-blacks-in-the-west-colorado-celebrates-him/">Museum Founder Celebrates Blacks in the West, Colorado Celebrates Him</a>,” <em>The </em><em>Denver Post</em>, December 13, 2014.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Phil Goodstein, <em>Curtis Park, Five Points, and Beyond: The Heart of Historic East Denver</em> (Denver: New Social, 2014).</p> <p>Moya Hansen, “Pebbles on the Shore: Economic Opportunity in Denver’s Five Points Neighborhood, 1920–1950,” <em>Colorado History</em> 5 (2001).</p> <p>Laura M. Mauck, <em>Five Points Neighborhood of Denver</em> (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2001).</p> <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2349544027/">"Justina Ford, M.D.,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, February 28, 2013.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Dr. Justina Ford was Colorado’s first African American woman doctor. The Justina Ford House was her home and doctor’s office. The house was almost torn down, but people wanted to save the house to honor Justina Ford. They found a way to save the house. It was moved to another location. It is now the Black American West Museum. A statue of Justina Ford is outside the museum.</p> <h2>Justina Ford’s House</h2> <p>The Justina Ford House was built in 1890. Its address was 2335 Arapahoe Street. It was in the Curtis Park neighborhood of Denver. The house was a plain red brick, two-story home. When the house was built, European immigrants lived in the neighborhood.</p> <p>The house’s first owner was a Jewish man named Isaac Kohn. His son, Samuel Kohn, also lived in the house. In 1898, Samuel started the American Furniture Company. That company still exists. It is called American Furniture Warehouse. Isaac Kohn sold the house around 1902.</p> <p>Justina Ford was born in Illinois in 1871. She graduated from medical school in 1899. She worked as a doctor in Alabama. Then, she moved to Denver in 1902. She earned her Colorado medical license. She became Colorado’s first African American woman doctor.</p> <p>Ford moved into the Curtis Park neighborhood. African American people were moving to the neighborhood. At that time, African Americans were not allowed to live in some neighborhoods because of their race. Many neighborhoods had rules that said that minorities could not live there. Curtis Park did not have these rules. As a result, it became a thriving African American community.</p> <p>Justina Ford established a successful practice by 1912. She bought the house to use as a home and office. For the next forty years, she lived in the house. She saw patients in a room on the first floor. She was an important part of the community. Her specialty was delivering babies. She delivered more than 7,000 babies in her fifty years in Colorado. Dr. Ford died in 1952.</p> <h2>Rebirth as Black American West Museum</h2> <p>The Curtis Park Neighborhood was changing. The rules that said African Americans could not live in certain places ended. So, African Americans were moving to other parts of Denver. The neighborhood became run down. Curtis Park was close to downtown. Developers wanted the land for other purposes. In 1982 a developer bought the block where her house was located. He planned to tear down all the homes. He wanted to build a parking lot and offices.</p> <p>People who lived in Curtis Park wanted to save Dr. Justina Ford’s house. They wanted to remember Justina Ford and her contributions to the community. They talked to the developer. He said he would not tear down the house. He would give it to them and they could move it. The Ford House was the only building left standing on the block.</p> <p>They came up with a plan. Historic Denver was an organization that valued Denver history. They paid for the house to be moved to another site in Curtis Park. The Black American West Museum needed a building. Justina Ford’s house would be fixed up and used as the museum’s new home.</p> <p>In February 1984, beams were placed under the house. It was jacked up and placed on a wheeled platform. It was towed a mile to its new location at 3091 California Street. The house was fixed up. Its wood porch was rebuilt using historic photos.</p> <p>The Black American West Museum opened in the Justina Ford’s house in 1989. Paul Stewart, the museum’s founder, put 1,500 objects on display. The house still serves as the museum’s home. The museum is across the street from RTD’s Thirtieth and Downing Light Rail station. A statue of Justina Ford stands in the area to remind people of her importance in Denver’s history.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Justina Ford was Colorado’s first African American woman physician. The Justina Ford House served for forty years as her home and office. The house was built in 1890 at 2335 Arapahoe Street in Denver. To save it from demolition, the house was moved in 1984. It opened as the new home of the Black American West Museum. In 1998 a statue of Justina Ford was erected across the street at the RTD light rail station at Thirtieth and Downing.</p> <h2>Justina Ford’s House</h2> <p>The Justina Ford House was built in 1890 on Arapahoe Street in the Curtis Park neighborhood of Denver. The house was a simple two-story rectangular box of red brick. It had an Italianate façade on a stone foundation. When the house was built, Germans, Irish, Jews, and other European immigrant groups lived the neighborhood.</p> <p>The Ford House’s first owner was a Jewish Denverite named Isaac Kohn. Samuel E. Kohn, his son, also lived in the house. In 1898, Samuel founded the American Furniture Company, now known as American Furniture Warehouse. Isaac Kohn sold the house around 1902.</p> <p>Dr. Justina Ford moved to Denver in 1902. She was born in Illinois in 1871. She graduated from Hering Medical College in Chicago in 1899. Before moving to Colorado she was a doctor in Alabama. Her Colorado medical license was issued in October 1902. She became the state’s first African American woman doctor.</p> <p>Ford settled in Curtis Park, which was changing to an African American neighborhood. At that time, African Americans were not allowed to live in some neighborhoods because of their race. Many Denver neighborhoods had “restrictive covenants” or rules that said that minorities could not buy property. Curtis Park did not have these rules. As a result, it became a thriving African American community. The Curtis Park area is also called Five Points.</p> <p>Justina Ford moved several times during her early years in Denver. By 1912 she had established a successful practice. She bought the former Kohn house to use as a home and office. For the next forty years, she lived in the house and saw patients in a room on the first floor. By the time of her death in 1952, she had become a well-respected member of the Denver medical community. It is estimated that she delivered more than 7,000 babies in her fifty years in Colorado.</p> <h2>Rebirth as Black American West Museum</h2> <p>After Ford’s death, the area around her house declined. Restrictive housing based on race ended. Middle-class African Americans moved out of Curtis Park and Five Points. The neighborhood became run down. Since the area was close to downtown, people were looking to use the land for other purposes. In 1982 a private developer acquired the block where her house was located. He planned to tear down all houses in the area to make way for a parking lot and businesses.</p> <p>Moses Valdez and other local residents wanted to preserve the house to honor Dr. Justina Ford and her contributions to the community. They lobbied to delay demolition to allow them time to save the Ford House. The developer agreed to donate the house if they could move it to a different location. Meanwhile, the Ford House was the only building left standing on its block.</p> <p>Meetings between the developer, the community, Historic Denver and the Black American West Museum led to a plan. Historic Denver is an organization that strives to preserve historic buildings. Historic Denver paid for the Ford House to be moved to the east side of the Curtis Park neighborhood. The Black American West Museum was looking for a building to house its collection. The house would be renovated and used as the museum’s new home.</p> <p>In February 1984, beams were placed under the house. It was jacked up, placed on a wheeled platform and towed about a mile to 3091 California Street. There, the house was renovated. Its original wood porch was reconstructed using historical photographs.</p> <p>The Black American West Museum opened in the relocated Ford house in 1989. It had not had a permanent home since Paul Stewart founded it in 1971. The 1,500 artifacts in its collection were put on display. The Ford house still serves as the museum’s home. A statue commemorating Dr. Justina Ford was placed outside the house in 1998. The museum &nbsp;and is across from the RTD’s Thirtieth and Downing station.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Justina Ford was Colorado’s first African American woman physician. The Justina Ford House served for forty years as her home and office. The house was built in 1890 at 2335 Arapahoe Street in Denver. In 1984 the house was moved to save it from demolition. After renovations, it opened at 3091 California Street as the new home of the Black American West Museum. In 1998 a statue of Justina Ford was erected to honor her contributions to the community.</p> <h2>Justina Ford’s House</h2> <p>The Justina Ford House was built in 1890 on Arapahoe Street in the Curtis Park neighborhood of Denver. The house was a modest two-story rectangular box of red brick with an Italianate façade on a stone foundation. When the house was built, Germans, Irish, Jews, and other European immigrant groups lived the neighborhood.</p> <p>The Ford House’s first owner was a Jewish Denverite named Isaac Kohn. Samuel E. Kohn, his son, also lived in the house. In 1898, Samuel founded the American Furniture Company, now known as American Furniture Warehouse. Isaac Kohn sold the house around 1902.</p> <p>Justina Ford was born in Illinois in 1871. She graduated from Hering Medical College in Chicago in 1899 and practiced in Alabama before moving to Denver in 1902. She received her Colorado medical license in October 1902. She became the state’s first African American woman doctor.</p> <p>Ford settled in Curtis Park, which was changing to an African American neighborhood. The Curtis Park area is also called Five Points. At that time, African Americans were not allowed to live in some neighborhoods because of their race. Many Denver neighborhoods had “restrictive covenants” or rules that said that minorities could not buy property in certain places. Curtis Park and Five Points did not have restrictive covenants. As a result, the neighborhood became a thriving African American community.</p> <p>Justina Ford lived in several places in the Five Points area during her early years in Denver. By 1912, she had established a successful medical practice. She bought the former Kohn house to use as a home and office. For the next forty years, she lived in the house and saw patients in a room on the first floor. By the time of her death in 1952, she had become a well-respected member of the Denver medical community. Dr. Ford’s specialty was delivering babies. It is estimated that she delivered more than 7,000 babies in her fifty years working in Colorado.</p> <h2>Rebirth as Black American West Museum</h2> <p>After Ford’s death, the area around her house declined. Restrictive housing based on race ended and middle-class African Americans moved out of Curtis Park and Five Points. The neighborhood became run down and poverty-stricken. Since the area was close to downtown Denver, people considered using the land for other purposes. In 1982 a private developer acquired the block where Dr. Ford’s house was located. He planned to tear down all houses in the area to make way for a parking lot and businesses.</p> <p>Moses Valdez and other local residents wanted to preserve the house to honor Dr. Justina Ford and her contributions to the community. They lobbied to delay demolition to allow them time to save the Ford House. The developer agreed to donate the house if they could move it to a different location. Meanwhile, the Ford House was the only building left standing on its block.</p> <p>After negotiations, a plan was developed. Historic Denver, an organization that strives to preserve historic buildings, paid for the Ford House to be moved to the east side of the Curtis Park neighborhood. The Black American West Museum was looking for a building to house its collection, so the house would be renovated and used as the museum’s new home.</p> <p>In February 1984, beams were placed under the house. It was jacked up, placed on a wheeled platform, and towed about a mile to 3091 California Street. There, the house was renovated. Its original wood porch was reconstructed using historical photographs.</p> <p>The Black American West Museum opened in the relocated Ford house in 1989. It had not had a permanent home since Paul Stewart founded it in 1971. The 1,500 artifacts in its collection were put on display. The Ford house still serves as the museum’s home. A statue commemorating Dr. Justina Ford was placed outside the house in 1998. The museum is across from the RTD’s Thirtieth and Downing station.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 29 Aug 2016 21:30:40 +0000 yongli 1790 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org