%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Ouray (town) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-town <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ouray (town)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2652--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2652.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beaumont-hotel-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Beaumont_Hotel_20160726_01_0_0.jpg?itok=F5P2fQMM" width="1000" height="725" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beaumont-hotel-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beaumont Hotel Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After declining over the first half of the twentieth century, the Beaumont closed in the 1960s, unable to compete with newer, cheaper motels. Dan King revived the Beaumont in the early 2000s, pouring millions of dollars into restoring the hotel's former grandeur.</p> <p>The 1887 Beaumont Hotel brought chateauesque elegance to the picturesque town of Ouray.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3729--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3729.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ouray"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ouray_2020_0.jpg?itok=6dqbYLRb" width="900" height="440" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ouray" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ouray</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Founded in 1875, Ouray is a tiny, tidy town surrounded by towering peaks. Named for a nineteenth century <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Nuche leader</strong></a>, Ouray was settled by white miners after the <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a><strong> </strong>forced the Utes from the area in 1873.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3730--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3730.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ouray-hot-springs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ouray_Hot_Spring_0.jpg?itok=8Ee23mIM" width="900" height="506" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ouray-hot-springs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ouray Hot Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>These geothermal pools have been used for hundreds of years, including by the Nuche or <strong><a href="/search/google/ute">Ute</a> </strong>people. These springs are nestled into a valley surrounded by 13,000-foot, snow-capped peaks. Rain, snow, or shine, the Ouray Hot Springs are open year-round for public use.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3357--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3357.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jeeping-san-juans"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jeeping_San_Juans_20160727_0.jpg?itok=0Fq98Hi-" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jeeping-san-juans" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jeeping in San Juans</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>San Juan mountains near Ouray, Silverton and Telluride is a popular summer activity. Drive on these roads can be very challenge. If you don't feel comfortable driving on these roads, you can join off-road tours offered by local companies. More routes information can be found at OutThereColorado: <a href="https://denvergazette.com/outtherecolorado/6-epic-off-roading-routes-in-the-san-juan-mountains/">6 Epic Off-Roading Routes in the San Juan Mountains.</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3731--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3731.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/landslide-red-mountain-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/pt2021_07_26_12_56_15_0.jpg?itok=KbTflvpk" width="1090" height="1453" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/landslide-red-mountain-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Landslide on Red Mountain Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A landslide on <strong>US Highway 550</strong> on Red Mountain Pass. The <strong>Colorado Department of Transportation</strong> (CDOT) used heavy equipment to clear three feet of mud, debris, dead trees, limbs, and boulders following the slide.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T13:22:55-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 13:22" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 13:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-town" data-a2a-title="Ouray (town)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fouray-town&amp;title=Ouray%20%28town%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The town of Ouray was founded in 1875 along the Uncompahgre River near where it runs north out of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains">San Juan Mountains</a></strong>. Two years after the Nuche (<strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/utes">Ute</a></strong>) people were dispossessed by the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement">Brunot Agreement</a> </strong>in 1873, prospectors found <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>silver and later gold</strong></a> in the area and platted Ouray in a natural amphitheater surrounded by awesome, 5,000-foot walls of red, grey, and beige. The town’s name commemorates the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray"> <strong>Ute leader</strong></a> who signed the agreement. Ouray’s peak census count of 2,789 came in 1890. After the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/panic-1893">silver crash of 1893</a></strong>, Ouray’s population declined to a low of 707 residents in 1930 before slowly climbing to 1,010 by 2022. The seat of <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray-county">Ouray County</a></strong>, this picturesque town now relies on tourism, summer residents, and a growing number of retirees.</p> <h2>Early Years</h2> <p>By the time Ouray was incorporated in 1876, it had already boasted a population of 400. It had 214 buildings, including four general stores, two blacksmith shops, a sawmill, an ore sampling works, saloons galore, two hot bathhouses, two hotels, a post office, and a schoolhouse with forty-three students. Saloon names suggest Ouray’s major ethnic groups: The Roma, Pat’s Place, The Bon Ton, and Swedish taverns lined the blocks. In 1877 it was named the seat of Ouray County. It boasted waterworks, telegraph service, and a vigilant volunteer fire department that (along with the town’s brick and stone buildings) made Ouray one of the few mining towns never to suffer a major fire.</p> <p>Before the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad arrived in 1887 from <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose">Montrose</a></strong>, the remote town reached the outside world via the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach">Barlow and Sanderson Stage</a> </strong>and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears">Otto Mears</a></strong>’s toll roads: the Lake Fork and Ouray (1877), which connected east to <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/saguache-0">Saguache</a></strong>, and the Ouray and San Juan (1881), which ran south to Red Mountain and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0">Silverton</a></strong>. The latter road evolved into US Highway 550, the famous “Million Dollar Highway” that is now one of the state’s most scenic drives. Travelers could also negotiate with Ouray’s livery stables for mules or horses.</p> <h2>Riches of the Earth</h2> <p>&nbsp;A mining supply town, Ouray served many rich mines within its orbit—the Red Mountain, Imogene, and Sneffels districts. Red Mountain’s Yankee Girl head frame is probably the most photographed mine in Colorado. Other Red Mountain jackpots were the Grand Prize, Guston, National Belle, Orphan Boy, and Treasure Trove. To tap into rich Red Mountain ores, Otto Mears built the Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad in 1888. This unique rail system had a reputation as the steepest (5 percent grade) and most crooked (30-degree curves), but also the most profitable railroad in Colorado.</p> <p>Silver mining initially attracted prospectors, and Ouray boomed as prices climbed as high as $1.21 an ounce. When the federal government stopped subsidizing silver by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893, the price crashed to 50 cents an ounce and silver mining collapsed. Ouray’s decline was eased by the presence of gold along with a little zinc, lead, and copper in the American Nettle, Camp Bird, Revenue, Virginius, and other treasure troves. These major gold mines lay in the Mount Sneffels District eight miles south and 4,800 feet higher than Ouray. It was lucrative but dangerously hard to reach because of rockslides, deep snow, and deadly <a href="/article/avalanche"><strong>avalanches</strong></a>.</p> <p>Thomas F. Walsh, an Irish immigrant, made his Camp Bird Mine the best-known and most prosperous gold mine in the county. After opening in 1896, the Camp Bird yielded millions before Walsh sold it to a British firm for $6 million. Walsh’s wealth bought for his daughter Evalyn the Hope Diamond and for the town of Ouray a library and the town hall’s clock and bell tower. His Camp Bird and the Idarado, the biggest producer in the county during the 1970s, were both worked until the 1980s.</p> <p>Unlike most San Juan Mountain towns, Ouray’s relatively low elevation (7,706 feet) allowed some agricultural activity, with hay, oats, wheat, and barley flourishing in the well-watered, broad Uncompahgre River valley north of town. The lush valley also supported cattle and sheep.</p> <h2>Switzerland of America</h2> <p>David Frakes Day, the founding editor of Ouray’s newspaper, <em>The Solid Muldoon</em>, maintained as early as the 1880s that tourism, as well as gold and silver, was a resource to be mined. He was right: Tourism thrived after 1887, which saw the opening of one of Colorado’s grandest hotels, the three-story <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaumont-hotel">Beaumont</a></strong>, and the arrival of the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad. Ouray began billing itself as “The Switzerland of America” thanks to its snowcapped Alpine scenery. The major attraction in town was the large municipal hot springs, pool, and bathhouse, which opened in 1926. Natural hot springs in and around Ouray had long been used for smaller pools, geothermal heat, bathing, and commercial bath houses. To lure tourists, promoters puffed the waters’ supposed medicinal powers in newspaper ads: “Radium Vapor Health Institute. Hot Vapor Cave Baths. Natural Massages. Rubs. Electric Treatments.” Other natural wonders near Ouray included Cascade Falls, Bear Creek Falls, and the Box Canyon.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Tourism and outdoor recreation continue to drive the local economy. Jeep tours of the surrounding mountains have become a major local business. These excursions take rubber-neckers to <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/yankee-boy-basin-0">Yankee Boy Basin</a></strong>, with its awesome carpet of wildflowers, to various ghost towns, and to the ruins of many a mine. Numerous hiking and motor trails start in town, including paths to the Box Canyon and lower and upper Cascade Falls. Rock climbing has also emerged as a major attraction. During the 1990s, Ouray also began aggressively promoting winter tourism by keeping the natural hot pool open all year, encouraging cross-country skiing, and marketing itself as the American ice-climbing capital, with an annual ice festival held in January at the Ouray Ice Park.</p> <p>From the beginning, Ouray strove for architectural prominence and permanence by building in brick and stone. In 1983 the town was designated as a National Register Historic District encompassing 331 structures. Its unusually intact, well-preserved Main Street features the elegant Beaumont Hotel, the chateau-like Elks Club, the Wright Opera House, and many handsome storefronts. Quiet, tree-shaded streets are lined by well-kept Victorian homes in one of Colorado’s best-preserved mining towns.</p> <p>The Ouray County Historical Society has fought to save the town’s historic structures, including the famed Yankee Girl Mine head frame. The Society has also negotiated with the Environmental Protection Agency to keep environmental cleanup from wiping out ghost towns and mine sites. The agency has worked since the 1980s to remove and stabilize toxic tailings and reduce the effects of acid-mine drainage on local waterways.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray" hreflang="en">ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brunot-agreement" hreflang="en">Brunot Agreement</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-walsh" hreflang="en">Thomas Walsh</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/camp-bird-mine" hreflang="en">Camp Bird Mine</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-hot-springs" hreflang="en">Ouray Hot Springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ouray-ice-park" hreflang="en">Ouray Ice Park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beaumont-hotel" hreflang="en">Beaumont Hotel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jack Benham, <em>Ouray</em> (Ouray, CO: Bear Creek Publishing, 1976).</p><p>Josie Moore Crum, <em>Ouray County, Colorado</em> (Durango, CO: San Juan History, 1962).</p><p>Peter R. Decker, <em>Old Fences, New Neighbors</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998).</p><p>Doris H<em>.</em> Gregory,<em> History of Ouray: A Heritage of Mining and Everlasting Beauty</em> (Ouray, CO: Cascade Publications, 1995).</p><p>Marvin Gregory and P. David Smith, <em>The Million Dollar Highway: Colorado’s Most Spectacular Seventy Miles</em> (Ouray, CO: Wayfinder Press, 1986).</p><p>David Lavender, <em>Red Mountain: A Novel of the Boom Days in Colorado</em> (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963).</p><p><em>Ouray: The Gem of the Rockies</em> (Ouray, CO: Ouray Board of Trade, 1902).</p><p>Frank A. Rice, <em>The Mines of Ouray County</em> (Ouray, CO: Bear Creek Publishing, 1980).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.ouraycountyhistoricalsociety.org/">Ouray County Historical Society</a></p><p><a href="https://ourayhotsprings.com/">Ouray Hot Springs</a></p><p><a href="https://ourayicepark.com/">Ouray Ice Park</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 19:22:55 +0000 yongli 3728 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1789--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1789.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Governors%20Residence%20Media%204_0.jpg?itok=jtT82RpU" width="640" height="585" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Governor&#039;s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After Claude and Edna Boettcher died in the late 1950s, their mansion was offered to the State of Colorado as a governor's residence. After some hesitation because of the high cost of maintenance, Governor Stephen McNichols accepted the house at the end of 1959 and moved into it in 1961. The mansion continues to serve as the state's official executive residence.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-29T14:44:11-06:00" title="Monday, August 29, 2016 - 14:44" class="datetime">Mon, 08/29/2016 - 14:44</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/governors-residence-boettcher-mansion" data-a2a-title="Governor’s Residence at Boettcher Mansion"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgovernors-residence-boettcher-mansion&amp;title=Governor%E2%80%99s%20Residence%20at%20Boettcher%20Mansion"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located at 400 Eighth Avenue in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion was originally built in 1908 for the Cheesman family. In 1924 Gladys Cheesman Evans sold the Colonial Revival residence to <strong>Claude K. Boettcher</strong>, who lived there with his wife for more than three decades. After their deaths the <strong>Boettcher Foundation</strong> offered the house to the State of Colorado for use as the governor’s residence, a purpose it has served since 1960.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cheesman Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1903 Denver business leader <strong>Walter Cheesman</strong> started to plan a grand mansion on his land at the southeast corner of East Eighth Avenue and Logan Street. He hired the architects <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> to design the mansion, but his ill health delayed the project. He died in 1907, before construction could begin.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Cheesman’s death, his wife, Alice, and his daughter, Gladys, kept the project alive. To design the house, they hired architects <strong>Willis Marean and Albert Norton</strong>, whom they had engaged to build the Cheesman Memorial Pavilion in the newly renamed <a href="/article/cheesman-park"><strong>Cheesman Park</strong></a> starting in 1908. The mansion’s elaborate acre of gardens was designed by <strong>George Kessler</strong>, who laid out the landscaping around the Cheesman Pavilion.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Completed in 1908, the Cheesman mansion was a grand Colonial Revival residence, with twenty-seven rooms spread over two and a half stories. The Eighth Avenue entrance was framed with a formal portico and large Ionic columns, and the residence as a whole was memorable for its imposing symmetrical façade of red brick and white trim. Inside, mahogany woodwork and oak floors lent solidity and style to the large rooms and long hallways.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Soon after the residence was completed, it hosted the 1908 wedding of Gladys Cheesman and <strong>John Evans II</strong>, the grandson of territorial governor <a href="/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>. The couple shared the house for three years with Alice Cheesman before they had their first child and built their own residence. They continued to be frequent visitors. After 1911, the mansion’s primary resident was Alice Cheesman, who lived there until her death in January 1923.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Boettcher Mansion</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After Alice’s death, the Evans family sold the mansion to Claude K. Boettcher, who bought the house and much of its contents for $75,000 in February 1923. In their thirty-five years of living there, Boettcher and his wife, Edna, added many of the antique furnishings that gave the house’s interior its character. Their many notable acquisitions included a Louis XIV French cylinder desk made by one of the king’s own furniture makers; a Waterford crystal chandelier that hung in the White House in 1876, when Colorado attained <strong>statehood</strong>; and a variety of rare tapestries, Italian marble statues, and eighteenth-century Venetian chairs and French chandeliers. Over the years, the couple also expanded the house several times—most notably, by enlarging the south-facing Palm Room, which was finished with gleaming white marble.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Boettchers made the house a center of high society and hosted many famous visitors. They held a party for Dwight Eisenhower the summer before he was elected president, and Charles Lindbergh was a frequent visitor because of his friendship with the Boettchers’ son, Charles II. Lindbergh stayed there so often that one of the second-floor guest suites was known as “Charlie’s Room.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Governor’s Residence</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When Claude and Edna Boettcher died in 1957 and 1958, respectively, the house was left to the Boettcher Foundation, with the stipulation that it should be offered to the State of Colorado as a governor’s residence. Initially, the state was hesitant to take over the property because of the expense of maintaining such a large, old house. At one point, the contents were cataloged for auction when it looked as if the house would be demolished and the land sold. At the end of 1959, however, Governor <strong>Stephen McNichols</strong> accepted the Boettcher Foundation’s donation of the house, with the foundation agreeing to provide a $45,000 grant to cover maintenance costs over the next three years. The mansion was officially transferred to the state in spring 1960, and the McNichols family moved into the house in 1961.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since McNichols, the mansion has served as the state’s executive residence, with the first family living on the second and third floors. In 1969 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the 1980s, it received an extensive restoration. In 2003 Governor <strong>Bill Owens</strong> issued an executive order officially renaming the building the “Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion” to recognize the Boettcher family and the Boettcher Foundation for donating the building and assisting with its maintenance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Governor’s Residence hosts an open house every April as part of Doors Open Denver and offers free public tours during the summer and in December to showcase holiday decorations.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/walter-cheesman" hreflang="en">Walter Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gladys-cheesman-evans" hreflang="en">Gladys Cheesman Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans-ii" hreflang="en">John Evans II</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/claude-boettcher" hreflang="en">Claude Boettcher</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aaron-gove" hreflang="en">Aaron Gove</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-walsh" hreflang="en">Thomas Walsh</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/willis-marean" hreflang="en">Willis Marean</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albert-norton" hreflang="en">Albert Norton</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boettcher-foundation" hreflang="en">Boettcher Foundation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alice-cheesman" hreflang="en">Alice Cheesman</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/governor" hreflang="en">Governor</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“Boettcher Mansion Becomes New Executive Residence,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 37, no. 3 (1960).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/governor-residence/history-10">“History,”</a> Governor’s Residence at the Boettcher Mansion, Colorado Official State Web Portal.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jean Walton Smith and Elaine Colvin Walsh, <em>Queen of the Hill: The Private Life of the Colorado Governor’s Mansion</em> (Denver: Volunteers of the Colorado Historical Society, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mrs. James W. Allen, “Boettcher Cheesman Mansion (Governor’s Mansion),” Historic American Buildings Survey Inventory (May 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Fink, “Governor’s (Executive) Mansion,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (October 23, 1969).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365005651/">"The Boettchers,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, May 2, 2013.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 29 Aug 2016 20:44:11 +0000 yongli 1788 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1994--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1994.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-immaculate-conception"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=-sK1NX3V" width="1000" height="808" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-immaculate-conception" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception features twin Gothic Revival spires that rise 210 feet above Colfax Avenue.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1995--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1995.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/hugh-mcmenamin"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=x1M9GcpF" width="1000" height="826" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/hugh-mcmenamin" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Hugh McMenamin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Construction of the cathedral stagnated for many years before Hugh McMenamin became the driving force behind the building's completion in the early 1900s.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1996--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1996.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-dedication-1912"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=PUHrMyD0" width="1000" height="771" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-dedication-1912" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Dedication, 1912</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception was dedicated on October 27, 1912, in a ceremony that included a parade of 10,000 Catholics through the city.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1997--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1997.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-interior"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Basilica-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=uU4w4OBA" width="1000" height="1242" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-interior" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Interior</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The building featured Italian marble statuary and stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany. It could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city at the time.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1824--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1824.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Cathedral-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=OcNSF1gJ" width="1000" height="1511" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Designated as a minor basilica in 1979, the church remains the heart of Denver's Catholic community. Its lunch program serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and homeless.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-26T16:12:24-06:00" title="Friday, August 26, 2016 - 16:12" class="datetime">Fri, 08/26/2016 - 16:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception" data-a2a-title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcathedral-basilica-immaculate-conception&amp;title=Cathedral%20Basilica%20of%20the%20Immaculate%20Conception"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, on East Colfax Avenue in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/Denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, was the result of decades of effort on the part of the city’s early Catholic community. Sometimes called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the building’s elegant Gothic Revival design and twin 210-foot spires made it a Denver landmark. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral, designating it as a minor basilica in recognition of its distinguished history and architecture, and it continues to serve the city’s Catholic community today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Denver’s Catholic community</strong> took shape early in the city’s history. In 1860, two years after Denver was founded, Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish—St. Mary’s—and celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871 to accommodate a growing congregation, but it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status, which made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association was formed for the purpose of erecting a new and larger cathedral in Denver dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow, in part because Bishop Machebeuf tended to focus his energy on establishing and organizing the Catholic Church in Colorado. After Machebeuf’s death in 1889, his successor, <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong>, soon decided on a site for the new cathedral. Before the land could be acquired, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> intervened and caused the postponement of all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the cathedral project restarted around 1900, the involvement of local businessman and philanthropist <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial to its success. Mullen donated to the cause and convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue in <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a>, which was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901 and saw storied cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany, he devoted more time to getting the new Denver cathedral off the ground. The building committee raised $100,000 of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost, and ground was broken at the East Colfax site. But it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost quickly ballooned to $500,000, and the building fund was lost when its investments in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The arrival of <strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong>, who became an assistant in the cathedral parish in 1905 and was appointed rector of the cathedral in 1908, devoted significant energy to resuscitating the project and raising money for it. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid, but economic troubles intervened yet again—this time in the form of the Panic of 1907—to delay construction. McMenamin was there to keep the momentum going, and the cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the cathedral was designed by Detroit architect Leon Coquard in the Gothic Revival style. When Coquard came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. Constructed with Indiana limestone on a foundation of Colorado granite, the building measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide, with a pair of twin spires that rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue. The interior was decorated with statuary of Italian Carrara marble, stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany, and a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. The pews could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city. When the cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912, 10,000 Catholics paraded through the city—“the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region,” according to one Denver newspaper.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The congregation had taken on debt of about $250,000 to pay for the $500,000 cathedral. To help cover annual debt payments and operating costs totaling nearly $45,000, McMenamin sold naming rights to various parts of the new cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was onerous until 1919, when John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral to be used when it would be enough to retire the debt. McMenamin quickly threw himself into a new round of fund-raising, and he was able to pay off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921, in a ceremony attended by six archbishops, thirteen bishops, and a huge crowd estimated at 150,000 spectators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life, providing a stable presence while also adapting to the changing circumstances around it. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s best neighborhood; John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were among its neighbors and parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed significantly, especially along East Colfax Avenue, and the area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during its operating hours, and in 1970 the rector, James Rasby, started a sandwich line to provide people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Extensive renovations in 1974–75 enlarged the sanctuary, plastered cracks, improved the sound and lighting, and modernized the electrical wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare Denver’s newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica, a distinction usually given to churches whose history, record of service, and architecture are outstanding. In 1979 Pope John Paul II made the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event held in Denver in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral’s one-hundredth anniversary Mass was celebrated on October 27, 2012. It continues to serve as an active place of worship and remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral celebrates three daily masses and six Sunday masses, and the lunch program established by Rasby now serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and the homeless.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/catholicism" hreflang="en">Catholicism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colfax-avenue" hreflang="en">Colfax Avenue</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/joseph-machebeuf" hreflang="en">Joseph Machebeuf</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nicholas-matz" hreflang="en">Nicholas Matz</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-k-mullen" hreflang="en">John K. Mullen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hugh-mcmenamin" hreflang="en">Hugh McMenamin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leon-coquard" hreflang="en">Leon Coquard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aaron-gove" hreflang="en">Aaron Gove</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-walsh" hreflang="en">Thomas Walsh</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-rasby" hreflang="en">James Rasby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/world-youth-day" hreflang="en">World Youth Day</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Helen M. Arndt, “Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (September 1, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, 75th Anniversary, October 1987</em> (Denver: Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Colorado Catholicism and the Archdiocese of Denver, 1857–1989</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1989).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.denvercathedral.org/">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hugh L. McMenamin, <em>The Pinnacled Glory of the West: Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. . . .</em> 2nd ed. (Virginia Beach: Donning, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Michelle Pearson, <em>Historic Sacred Places of Denver</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365353648/">"Pope John Paul II,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, October 23, 2014.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Denver’s Cathedral was completed in 1912. Its full name is the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception. It is on East Colfax Avenue, near the state capitol. The building is elegant. Its tall spires make it a landmark. It is known as the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver’s Catholic community grew along with the city. The first Catholic parish was started in 1870. Father Joseph Machebeuf said the first mass at Saint Mary’s church. It was at Fifteenth and Stout Streets. Machebeuf became a Bishop in 1873. Churches for bishops are Cathedrals. That meant that little Saint Mary’s was now a Cathedral. But it was too small and plain. Denver needed something more grand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 a group was formed to plan a new cathedral. It would be dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus. The new church would be named the Immaculate Conception Cathedral. Progress was very slow. Bishop <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> decided on a site. But before the land was bought, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> stopped the plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The project started again around 1900. <strong>John K. Mullen</strong>, a businessman, donated money. He got other Catholics to donate and they bought land. The lots were at the corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1905 <strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became a parish assistant. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid. Money was a problem again. But McMenamin led the way forward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral was blessed on October 23, 1921. Six archbishops and thirteen bishops came. A huge crowd of almost 150,000 people stood outside.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s best neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> went to church there. By the 1960s, <strong>Capitol Hill</strong> had changed. The area around the cathedral had many homeless. Most of the millionaires were gone. The cathedral welcomed everyone. In 1970 the rector, James Rasby, started a sandwich line. This gave people at least one meal a day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral needed repairs. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver was <strong>James Casey</strong>. He asked that the Vatican call the cathedral a minor basilica. These are important Catholic churches. In 1979 Pope John Paul II said yes. The Pope celebrated Mass at the cathedral in August 1993 during <strong>World Youth Day</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral’s 100th anniversary was on October 27, 2012. It still serves as an active place of worship. It remains the heart of Denver’s Catholic community. The cathedral has three masses a day. On Sundays, there are six. The lunch program serves more than 50,000 meals a year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Denver’s Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception was completed in 1912. It sits on East Colfax Avenue, just blocks from the state capitol. It was the result of decades of effort. The building’s elegant French Gothic design and twin spires made it a Denver landmark. It is known as the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral. He designated it as a minor basilica. This recognized its noted history and architecture. It continues to serve the city’s Catholic community.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Denver was founded in 1858. The city’s<strong> Catholic community</strong> took shape early. In 1860 Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish. He celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church of Saint Mary’s at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871. While it held a growing congregation, it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status. This made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association formed. Its goal was to build a new cathedral. It would be dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow. Bishop Machebeuf needed to focus on the Catholic Church in Colorado. He had little time for the Cathedral. Machebeuf died in 1889. His successor <strong>Nicholas </strong>Matz, quickly decided on a site. Before the land could be purchased, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> postponed all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral project restarted around 1900. This time, the involvement of local businessman <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial. Mullen donated to the cause and convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site. The lots, at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue, were in the city’s <a href="/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a> neighborhood. This area was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901. He toured the cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany. Upon his return, he devoted more time to the cathedral project. The building committee raised $100,000. This was less than half of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost.  Ground was broken at the East Colfax site, but it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost ballooned to $500,000. Then, the building fund was lost when investments in Cripple Creek mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became an assistant in the parish in 1905. He became rector in 1908. His energy revived the project. In July 1906, the cornerstone was laid. Economic troubles delayed building again; this time it was the Panic of 1907. McMenamin kept the project going. The cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral was designed in the French Gothic style. The architect was Leon Coquard of Detroit. When he came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. Colorado granite served as the foundation. The building was constructed with Indiana limestone. It measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide. Its pair of twin spires rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue, giving it the nickname “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” The interior held a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. Decorations were statuary made of Italian Carrara marble. The Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany made the stained-glass windows. The pews could seat 1,500, giving it the largest capacity of any church in the city. The cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912. Ten thousand Catholics paraded through the city. A Denver paper said it was “the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To pay for the cathedral, the congregation had taken on debt. They owed about $250,000. McMenamin had to figure out how to made these payments and pay for operating costs. He sold naming rights to parts of the cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was burdensome until 1919. Then, John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral. McMenamin threw himself into a new round of fund-raising. He paid off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921. The ceremony was attended by six archbishops and thirteen bishops, and drew a crowd of about 150,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century, the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s wealthiest neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed. The area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during its operating hours. In 1970 rector James Rasby started a sandwich line. This provided people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Renovations took place in 1974–75. These enlarged the sanctuary and plastered cracks. They improved the sound and lighting and modernized the wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare the newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica. This distinction is usually given to churches whose history, record of service, and architecture are outstanding. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the request. He made the Cathedral the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral held its 100th anniversary Mass on October 27, 2012, and continues to serve as an active place of worship. It remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral has three daily masses and six Sunday masses, and its lunch program now serves more than 50,000 meals a year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Completed in 1912, the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception sits on East Colfax Avenue in <strong>Denver</strong>. It was the result of decades of effort on the part of the city’s early Catholic community. It is sometimes called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West.” The building’s elegant French Gothic design and twin 210-foot spires have made it a Denver landmark. In 1979 Pope John Paul II honored the cathedral. He designated it as a minor basilica in recognition of its distinguished history and architecture. It continues to serve the city’s Catholic community today.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Trials and Tribulations</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Denver’s Catholic community</strong> took shape early in the city’s history. In 1860, two years after Denver was founded, Father (later Bishop) <strong>Joseph Machebeuf</strong> established the city’s first Catholic parish and celebrated the city’s first Mass. The small church of Saint Mary’s at Fifteenth and Stout Streets was enlarged in 1871. While it accommodated a growing congregation, it was still not large enough. In 1873 the church was elevated to cathedral status. This made the need for a larger and grander building even more pressing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1880 the Immaculate Conception Cathedral Association was formed. Its purpose was to build a new and larger cathedral. It would be dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Progress was slow. Bishop Machebeuf’s energies focused on establishing and organizing the Catholic Church in Colorado. After Machebeuf’s death in 1889, his successor <strong>Nicholas Matz</strong> decided on a site for the new cathedral. Before the land could be acquired, the <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> caused the postponement of all building plans.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral project restarted around 1900. This time, the involvement of local businessman and philanthropist <strong>John K. Mullen</strong> proved crucial. Mullen donated to the cause, and he convinced other Catholic bankers and businessmen to do the same. They acquired eight lots for the cathedral site. The lots, at the northwest corner of Logan Street and East Colfax Avenue, were in the city’s <strong>Capitol Hill</strong> neighborhood. This area was rapidly filling with the mansions of Denver’s wealthiest residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bishop Matz visited Europe in 1901. He toured the storied cathedrals in Rome and his native Münster, Germany. Upon his return, he devoted more time to getting the new Denver cathedral off the ground. The building committee raised $100,000 of the cathedral’s projected $250,000 cost. Ground was broken at the East Colfax site, but it would take several more years to complete the cathedral. The building’s cost quickly ballooned to $500,000. Then the building fund was lost when its investments in Cripple Creek mining went bust. The building site remained little more than a hole in the ground over the next four years.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Pinnacled Glory of the West</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Hugh McMenamin</strong> became an assistant in the cathedral parish in 1905 and was appointed rector of the cathedral in 1908. McMenamin’s energy resuscitated the project and he raised money for it. The cornerstone was laid in July 1906. Economic troubles intervened yet again—this time in the form of the Panic of 1907—to delay construction. McMenamin was there to keep the momentum going. The cathedral was completed in 1912.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Called the “Pinnacled Glory of the West,” the cathedral was designed in the French Gothic style. When Detroit architect Leon Coquard came down with an illness, the Denver firm of <strong>Aaron Gove and Thomas Walsh</strong> supervised the project. It was built with Indiana limestone on a foundation of Colorado granite. The building measured 195 feet long and 116 feet wide, and its pair of twin spires rose 210 feet above East Colfax Avenue. The interior was decorated with statuary of Italian Carrara marble, stained-glass windows made by the Royal Bavarian Institute in Germany, and a massive 3,000-pipe Kimball organ. The pews could seat 1,500, the largest capacity of any church in the city. When the cathedral was dedicated on October 27, 1912, 10,000 Catholics paraded through the city. It was “the greatest religious demonstration ever witnessed in the Rocky Mountain region,” according to one Denver newspaper.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The congregation had taken on debt of about $250,000 to pay for the $500,000 cathedral. To help cover debt payments and operating costs, McMenamin sold naming rights to various parts of the cathedral, such as statues and windows. The debt was onerous until 1919. John Mullen put $110,000 in trust for the cathedral to be used when it would be enough to retire the debt. McMenamin quickly threw himself into a new round of fund-raising. He was able to pay off the remaining debt the next year, with $45,000 left over.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Once the cathedral was out of debt, it was consecrated on October 23, 1921. The ceremony was attended by six archbishops and thirteen bishops. A huge crowd was estimated at 150,000 spectators.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cathedral Basilica</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For more than a century, the cathedral has played a central role in Denver’s religious and social life. It provides a stable presence while adapting to the changing circumstances around it. When the cathedral was built, it was in Denver’s wealthiest neighborhood. John Mullen and <strong>Molly Brown</strong> were among its neighbors and parishioners. By the 1960s, Capitol Hill had changed significantly. The area around the cathedral probably counted more homeless residents than millionaires. The cathedral continued to keep its doors open to all during operating hours. In 1970 rector James Rasby started a sandwich line to provide people with at least one meal a day, six days a week.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1970s, the cathedral was starting to show its age. Extensive renovations took place in 1974–75. These enlarged the sanctuary, plastered cracks, improved the sound and lighting, and modernized the wiring. In 1977 the Archbishop of Denver, <strong>James Casey</strong>, requested that the Vatican declare the newly renovated cathedral a minor basilica. This distinction is usually given to churches with outstanding history, record of service, and architecture. In 1979 Pope John Paul II made the Cathedral the first minor basilica approved during his pontificate. The Pope later celebrated Mass at the cathedral during the <strong>World Youth Day</strong> event held in Denver in August 1993.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The cathedral celebrated its 100th anniversary with a Mass on October 27, 2012. It continues to serve as an active place of worship and remains the heart of the local Catholic community. The cathedral celebrates three daily masses and six Sunday masses. The lunch program established by Rasby now serves more than 50,000 meals annually to the poor and the homeless.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 26 Aug 2016 22:12:24 +0000 yongli 1785 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org