%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Chronic Wasting Disease http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chronic-wasting-disease <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chronic Wasting Disease</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1667--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1667.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/male-mule-deer"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RMNP_20160813_0042_1.jpg?itok=6AQCqvM2" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/male-mule-deer" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Male Mule Deer</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span class="subheading">Mule deer (</span><em class="subheading">Odocoileus hemionus</em><span class="subheading">) are very common</span> in Rocky Mountain National Park. They are smaller than the white-tailed deer and have a black-tipped white tail and white patch on the rump. Male mule deers have forked antlers.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1561--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1561.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-mule-deer"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DSC01239.jpg?itok=KugeYpjq" width="1000" height="668" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-mule-deer" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Mule Deer</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado’s mule deer population has been declining due to growth of homes, roads, traffic, disease, and etc. Wildlife officials are seeking help.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/08/12/with-colorados-mule-deer-population-declining-wildlife-officials-seek-help/">More information...</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1665--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1665.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mule-deer-rocky-mountain-national-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RMNP_20160813_0001_0.jpg?itok=wmsauicO" width="1090" height="701" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mule-deer-rocky-mountain-national-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mule Deer in Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mule deer often can be seen on tundra by Trail Ridge Road. This photo was taken on Tundra Communities Trail highest point, where elevation is <font size="-1">12,285 Feet. </font></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1666--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1666.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/mule-deer-tundra"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/RMNP_20160813_0031_0.jpg?itok=vdzx14HM" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/mule-deer-tundra" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mule deer on tundra</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>An mule deer grazing on Tundra Communities Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.rockymountainhikingtrails.com/tundra-communities-trail.htm">Tundra Communities Trail</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-02T15:37:40-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 2, 2016 - 15:37" class="datetime">Tue, 08/02/2016 - 15:37</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chronic-wasting-disease" data-a2a-title="Chronic Wasting Disease"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchronic-wasting-disease&amp;title=Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease that affects members of the deer family, causing erratic behavior and weight loss that eventually results in death. CWD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), a family of diseases that includes bovine wasting disease (mad cow disease) and scrapie, a similar disease that infects sheep. CWD affects members of the cervid family, such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/moose"><strong>moose</strong></a>, and multiple deer species. Colorado has been one of the epicenters of CWD since its discovery in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery, Description, and Spread</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1967 a group of scientists working at the Colorado Division of Wildlife facility in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> puzzled over why one of the <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a> they had in captivity started behaving strangely. Before long, the deer had died, and the scientists found it to be infected with a strange new disease. Several more infected mule deer were subsequently reported at Colorado facilities. Scientists knew little about CWD until 1978, when Elizabeth Williams, a researcher at the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, classified CWD as a TSE and determined that it was caused by irregularly folded prions—certain proteins—within the deer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Produced by all mammals, prions are normally used and then broken down within an animal’s cells. When these prions are irregularly folded, the organism’s cells cannot properly break down the protein. When the prions are not broken down, they build up in neural and lymphatic tissue, causing abnormal behavior in the infected animal. This behavior can include a loss of fear of humans, diminished social interaction, increased drinking and urination, and increased salivation. The buildup of prions eventually leads to the animal’s death, the cause of which often appears to be pneumonia. This mistaken diagnosis is believed to be due to the excessive salivation caused by CWD. Infected cervids may show no sign of the infection for up to seventeen months, but when the infection sets in, the average survival time is a few months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since 1967, CWD has spread from captive cervid populations in Colorado to free-ranging elk, moose, and deer in many parts of the country. The disease can be spread between cervids via blood, saliva, and feces. Because of this, most of the disease’s spread can be attributed to healthy cervids eating the same plants as infected ones. The first case of the disease reported outside of Colorado occurred at the Sybille Wildlife Research Facility in Wyoming in 1979. Since then, the disease has spread to more than twenty US states and two provinces of Canada.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>CWD in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Significant research on CWD has been conducted at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Since the mad cow disease can mutate to affect humans, many of the studies deal with CWD’s potential to infect noncervid organisms. So far, scientists have infected cows, transgenic mice, and spider monkeys with CWD via cranial injections, showing that the disease can theoretically infect noncervid hosts. Fortunately, the only instances of this infection have been in lab environments. So far, there are no known cases of CWD being transmitted to a noncervid organism in the wild. Studies examining the potential transfer of CWD to humans have shown no conclusive evidence that the disease is a threat to people. Nonetheless, researchers have found that it is possible for the disease to mutate in a way that could infect humans or other animals, with drastic consequences.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CWD has a significant impact on Colorado’s deer and elk population. In areas with dense cervid populations, up to 30 percent of the population can be infected. Consequentially, large numbers are likely dying before they can reproduce. From 2003 to 2013 Colorado’s mule deer population has dropped by 36 percent, despite a reduction in hunting tags. Along with the mule deer, Colorado’s elk herds have started to decline in some parts of the state, despite a lack of predators. CWD is one possible contributing factor to these population decreases.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/colorado-parks-and-wildlife"><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong></a> (CPW) and its predecessor agencies have attempted to manage the disease, to little avail. The research facility in Fort Collins failed in a first attempt to get rid of the disease in 1985. Then, in 2001, the Division of Parks and Recreation implemented a ten-year plan to prevent the spread of CWD as well as reduce the number of infected animals to 1 percent of the population. Methods included attempting to contain infected herds to the endemic area, killing and removing infected individuals from herds, and closely monitoring cervids being shipped in and out of the state. These efforts were largely ineffective; the disease remains prevalent and continues to spread. Officials continue to confine infected animals to historically infected areas and conduct further research on the disease.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From its discovery at a Fort Collins research facility to its rapid spread across a continent, chronic wasting disease has had a widespread impact on wildlife across Colorado and North America. Wildlife managers and scientists have been baffled, hunters frustrated, and some cervid populations within the state have begun to fall, all because of microscopic, misfolded prions. The history of this disease has only just begun, and Colorado is ground zero.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/bailey-shawn" hreflang="und">Bailey, Shawn</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chronic-wasting-disease" hreflang="en">chronic wasting disease</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elk" hreflang="en">elk</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/deer" hreflang="en">deer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-parks-and-wildlife" hreflang="en">colorado parks and wildlife</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wildlife-management" hreflang="en">wildlife management</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Adriano Aguzzi and Christina Sigurdson, “Chronic Wasting Disease,” <em>Molecular Basis of Disease</em> 1772 (2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paroma Basu, “<a href="https://news.wisc.edu/archive/cwd/">Soil-bound prions remain infectious</a>,” University of Wisconsin, May 30, 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ermias Belay et al., “<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/6/03-1082_article">Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans</a>,”<em> Emerging Infectious Diseases</em> 10, no. 6 (June 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance, “<a href="https://cwd-info.org/cwd-overview/">Chronic Wasting Disease: Implications and Challenges for Wildlife Managers</a>,” 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance, “<a href="https://cwd-info.org/timeline/">Timeline</a>,” 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/ResearchCWD.aspx">CWD Info &amp; Testing</a>,” 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado Parks and Wildlife, “<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/thingstodo/Pages/Statistics.aspx">Hunting Statistics</a>,” 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nicholas Haley et al., “Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Salivary, Urinary, and Intestinal Tissues of Deer: Potential Mechanisms of Prion Shedding and Transmission,”<em> Journal of Virology</em> 85 (2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Katie M. Lyon, “<a href="https://mountainscholar.orgbitstream/handle/10217/47291/Lyon_colostate_0053N_10432.pdf?sequence=1">Hunters’ Response to Chronic Wasting Disease in Four States</a>,” master’s thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 2011.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Bryan Richards, “Chronic Wasting Disease,” US Geological Survey, August 2007.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elizabeth Williams, “Chronic Wasting Disease,”<em> Veterinary Pathology</em> 42 (2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado State University, “<a href="https://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/modelingCWD/">The Laramie Foothills Mule Deer Project</a>,” 2009.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>University of Wyoming, Department of Veterinary Sciences, “Chronic Wasting Disease,” n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease. CWD affects <strong>elk,</strong> <strong>moose</strong>, and multiple types of deer.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery, Description, and Spread</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1967, a group of scientists found a captive <strong>mule deer</strong> behaving strangely. The deer later died. Scientists discovered it was infected with a new disease.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Scientists didn't know much about chronic wasting disease until 1978. They discovered the disease was caused by irregularly folded prions. Those are certain proteins found in mammals.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prions are normally used and broken down within an animal’s cells. When these prions are irregularly folded, the animal's cells cannot process the protein. The proteins build up. The buildup leads to the animal’s death.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Infected animals may not appear sick for months. Once the disease sets in, animals die within a few months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CWD has moved from captive animals to wild elk, moose, and deer. The disease is spread through blood and spit. Healthy animals can get the disease when they eat the same plants as infected ones.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1979, the disease was found in Wyoming. Since then, CWD has spread to more than twenty states.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>CWD in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Much of the research on CWD is being done at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Many of the studies deal with CWD’s potential to mutate and infect other types of animals. There are no known cases of CWD being transmitted to another type of animal in the wild. Studies have shown no evidence that the disease is a threat to people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CWD has had an impact on Colorado’s deer and elk population. From 2003 to 2013, Colorado’s mule deer population has dropped by 36 percent. Colorado’s elk herds have also started to decline in some parts of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong> has attempted to manage the disease. In 2001, a plan was put in place to prevent the spread of CWD. These efforts have not worked well.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease. It causes erratic behavior and weight loss that results in death. CWD affects <strong>elk</strong>, <strong>moose</strong>, and multiple deer species.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery, Description, and Spread</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1967, a group of scientists at the Colorado Division of Wildlife discovered a captive mule deer behaving strangely. Before long, the deer had died. Scientists discovered it was infected with a new disease. Several more infected <strong>mule deer</strong> were later reported. Scientists didn't know much about CWD until 1978, when they discovered the disease was caused by irregularly folded prions—certain proteins—within the deer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Prions are normally used and then broken down within an animal’s cells. When these prions are irregularly folded, the animal's cells cannot process the protein. The proteins build up. The buildup leads to the animal’s death. Infected animals may show no sign of the disease for months. Once infection sets in, the average survival time is a few months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since 1967, CWD has moved from captive animals to free-ranging elk, moose, and deer. The disease can be spread by blood, saliva, and feces. Healthy animals can get the disease when they eat the same plants as infected ones. The first case of the disease reported outside of Colorado occurred in Wyoming in 1979. Since then, the disease has been found in more than twenty US states and two Canadian Providences.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>CWD in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Much of the research on CWD has been conducted at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Many of the studies deal with CWD’s potential to mutate and infect noncervid organisms. So far, scientists have infected cows, transgenic mice, and spider monkeys. However, the only instances of infection have been in a lab. There are no known cases of CWD being transmitted to a noncervid organism in the wild. Studies have shown no conclusive evidence that the disease is a threat to people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CWD has a significant impact on Colorado’s deer and elk population. From 2003 to 2013, Colorado’s mule deer population has dropped by 36 percent. Colorado’s elk herds have also started to decline in some parts of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong> has attempted to manage the disease. In 2001, the Division of Parks and Recreation put a ten-year plan to prevent the spread of CWD in place. These efforts have been largely ineffective.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chronic wasting disease has had a widespread impact on wildlife. The history of this disease has only just begun. Colorado is ground zero.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease that affects members of the deer family. It causes erratic behavior and weight loss that results in death. It is part of a family of diseases that includes bovine wasting disease (mad cow disease) and scrapie, a similar disease that infects sheep. CWD affects <strong>elk</strong>, <strong>moose</strong>, and multiple deer species. Colorado has been one of the epicenters of CWD since its discovery in 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Discovery, Description, and Spread</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1967, a group of scientists working at the Colorado Division of Wildlife facility in <strong>Fort Collins</strong> discovered a captive <strong>mule deer</strong> behaving strangely. Before long, the deer had died. Scientists discovered it was infected with a new disease. Several more infected mule deer were later reported. Scientists knew little about CWD until 1978, when Elizabeth Williams, a researcher at the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, determined it was caused by irregularly folded prions—certain proteins—within the deer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Produced by all mammals, prions are normally used and then broken down within an animal’s cells. When these prions are irregularly folded, the organism’s cells cannot properly break down the protein. When the prions are not broken down, they build up in neural and lymphatic tissue, causing abnormal behavior. This behavior can include a loss of fear of humans, diminished social interaction, increased drinking and urination, and increased salivation. The buildup of prions eventually leads to the animal’s death. Infected animals may show no sign of the infection for up to seventeen months. Once infection sets in, the average survival time is a few months.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since 1967, CWD has spread from captive populations in Colorado to free-ranging elk, moose, and deer in other parts of the country. The disease can be spread by blood, saliva, and feces. Most of the disease’s spread can be attributed to healthy animals eating the same plants as infected ones. The first case of the disease reported outside of Colorado occurred in Wyoming in 1979. Since then, the disease has spread to more than twenty US states and two Canadian Providences.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>CWD in Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Significant research on CWD has been conducted at <strong>Colorado State University</strong>. Since mad cow disease can mutate to affect humans, many of the studies deal with CWD’s potential to infect noncervid organisms. So far, scientists have infected cows, transgenic mice, and spider monkeys. However, the only instances of infection have been in lab environments. So far, there are no known cases of CWD being transmitted to a noncervid organism in the wild. Studies examining the potential transfer of CWD to humans have shown no conclusive evidence that the disease is a threat to people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CWD has a significant impact on Colorado’s deer and elk population. In areas with dense cervid populations, up to 30 percent of the population can be infected. From 2003 to 2013 Colorado’s mule deer population has dropped by 36 percent. Colorado’s elk herds have also started to decline in some parts of the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Colorado Parks and Wildlife</strong> has attempted to manage the disease. In 2001, the Division of Parks and Recreation implemented a ten-year plan to prevent the spread of CWD. These efforts have been largely ineffective. Officials continue to conduct further research.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chronic wasting disease has had a widespread impact on wildlife across North America. The history of this disease has only just begun. Colorado is ground zero.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 02 Aug 2016 21:37:40 +0000 yongli 1560 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org