%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Montrose http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montrose</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-16T09:14:58-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 16, 2021 - 09:14" class="datetime">Wed, 06/16/2021 - 09:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose" data-a2a-title="Montrose"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmontrose&amp;title=Montrose"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The city of Montrose lies in the heart of the Uncompahgre Valley on Colorado’s <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>, about sixty miles southeast of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> and sixty-three miles east of the Utah border. With a population of about 20,000, it is the county seat and largest city in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county"><strong>Montrose County</strong></a>. Montrose’s main thoroughfares are US Highways 50 and 550, which connect the city to the towns of Olathe and <strong>Delta</strong> to the north, <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a> to the east, and the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> to the south.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Founded along the Uncompahgre River in 1882, Montrose was one of many towns established after the violent removal of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people from western Colorado in the early 1880s. It began as a supply town for mines in the San Juan Mountains, and it quickly became an agricultural hub thanks to the area’s mild climate and fertile valley soil. Today, the city is surrounded by farms irrigated by both the Uncompahgre and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> Rivers, thanks to an irrigation tunnel completed in 1909. While agriculture remains a central pillar of the community, Montrose also serves as a hub for outdoor recreation and tourism, with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-canyon-gunnison"><strong>Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park</strong></a> just a short drive from town.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For hundreds of years, the site of present-day Montrose was a winter campground for the Ute people, who spent the cold season in the relative warmth of the Uncompahgre Valley; they named the river “Ancapagari” on account of its reddish color. Two distinct bands of Utes, the Tabeguache and Parianuche, lived and hunted in the area of today’s Montrose.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the 1860s, Ute people across Colorado were feeling pressure from whites who had already advanced deep into the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in search of <strong>precious metals</strong>. In exchange for relinquishing the mining districts in the central Rockies, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> reserved for the Ute people a large section of land on Colorado’s Western Slope, including today’s Montrose County. However, by the late 1870s, white prospectors illegally occupied Ute lands in western Colorado, drawn by precious metal deposits in what is now Gunnison County and the San Juan Mountains. Poor treatment of Utes on the reservation resulted in the violent <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879, after which the US Army force-marched the Parianuche and Tabeguache Utes to a reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Founding</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose was founded in January 1882 by Joe Selig, a prospector and one of the original citizens of Gunnison who operated a liquor and cigar shop there in the late 1870s. After a series of discarded names, including Pomona and Dad’s Town, Selig selected “Montrose” after his favorite character from the Walter Scott novel <em>A Legend of Montrose. </em>The <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> (D&amp;RG) was already building a line from Gunnison to the site of Selig’s new town, which was described as “a magnificent farming country” and “the only natural shipping point  . . . to the above mining regions” in the San Juan Mountains. By February 1882, Montrose had a post office, and there were already forty houses built, with twenty more under construction.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The railroad arrived that September, spurring the growth of the new town to a frenzied pace. By January 1883, Montrose had a population of more than 700, and by the end of the year it was named county seat of the new Montrose County. Some of the earliest buildings were the Mears House hotel, the <em>Montrose Messenger</em> newspaper, and the Uncompahgre Valley Bank. The town also featured “eleven stores, two forwarding houses, one drug store, six restaurants, two lumber yards, three livery stables, two shoe shops, one watchmaker, three real estate dealers,” and “five blacksmith shops,” as well as “fifteen saloons” and an assortment of other businesses.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among Montrose’s first retailers were R. C. Diehl, who ran a dry goods business out of the city’s first commercial brick building; J. V. Lathrop, who built a hardware store on Main Street in 1889; and J. C. Frees, who operated Montrose Mercantile. Irrigation ditches were already under construction by this time, and ranchers were grazing large herds in the surrounding meadows.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1888 George Smith, Montrose’s first blacksmith, sunk an artesian well dubbed “Iron Mike.” The well became a local curiosity, with its mineral-rich waters said to inspire travelers to return to Montrose. Iron Mike provided water for the city’s first bathhouse, located at the second Belvedere Hotel, built in 1896. By that time, Montrose had grown to a population of around 1,300.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>One of the most important developments in twentieth-century Montrose was the opening of the Gunnison Tunnel, a 5.8-mile irrigation tunnel completed by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>US Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> in 1909. The tunnel brought water from the Gunnison River in the nearby Black Canyon to the Uncompahgre Valley, boosting the region’s agricultural potential and spurring further growth in Montrose. President William Howard Taft was on hand to celebrate the tunnel’s highly anticipated opening.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With agricultural business booming, the prosperous early decades of the twentieth century brought a number of new buildings to downtown Montrose. In 1912, after using a simple wood-frame structure for railroad traffic since its founding, the city successfully petitioned the D&amp;RG to build a new depot at 21 N. Rio Grande Avenue. The vegetable warehouse of J. F. Warren, built in 1915 at 147 N. First Street, exemplified the large number of agricultural storage and shipping facilities put up around the city. Montrose was also home to the Wonder-Weir Mercantile Company, which opened its Main Street doors in 1905 and became the largest wholesale retailer on the Western Slope. For entertainment, residents could head to C. F. Pennington’s pool hall or the Crystal Theater, both of which resided on the same Main Street block from 1912 onward.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The city’s institutions got new homes during this period as well. A new Montrose County Courthouse, the work of Denver architect William N. Bowman, went up in 1923, with the building dedicated to locals who served in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> (the old county courthouse dated to 1884 and was originally built as a skating rink by Joe Selig). After decades of doing city business in the backrooms of other buildings, Montrose finally built a city hall in 1927; the Art Deco building was the first of its kind in the city and housed the city library for several decades. A new post office building, built in the Renaissance Revival style, followed in 1932, and several years later the federal Works Progress Administration oversaw the completion of a new county jail.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose was also home to a camp of the federal <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> during the 1930s, which was tasked with, among other things, maintaining and enlarging the massive network of irrigation ditches and canals around the city. Thanks in part to the federal projects and the city’s relative insulation from the effects of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> that devastated agricultural communities elsewhere in Colorado, Montrose’s population increased during the years of the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, reaching 4,764 by 1940.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postwar Period</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Although agriculture continued to drive Montrose’s economy after World War II, tourism and outdoor recreation became increasingly important as well. Nearby Black Canyon of the Gunnison, which had been declared a national monument in 1933, attracted visitors, as did the Curecanti National Recreation Area (the result of another Bureau of Reclamation project) after it was established in 1965.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1956 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum"><strong>Ute Indian Museum</strong></a> was built in Montrose on land granted to Ute leader <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and his wife <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chipeta"><strong>Chipeta</strong></a> in 1875. Chipeta, who died in 1924, is buried there, and a monument to her husband, one of the most prominent Indigenous leaders of his time, went up two years later. The museum was rebuilt and expanded in 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the latter half of the twentieth century, Montrose received a number of improvements thanks to city manager Jim Austin, who served in the position from 1971 to 1980. Although Austin occasionally had to overcome what he described as a certain local “orneriness” and “stubbornness,” he was able to add several parks, a bike path, a new industrial park, and senior housing during his tenure. One of his most highly touted accomplishments was the lure of a Russell Stover candy factory to Montrose, which opened in 1973 and operated until the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a> caused it to close in 2020. By the end of Austin’s tenure, Montrose’s population had grown from around 6,500 in 1970 to 8,722.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1988 the city further solidified itself as a recreational destination by adding the Montrose Regional Airport, which is often used by skiers headed to Telluride. In 1999 Black Canyon of the Gunnison became a national park, driving annual visitation to the site to more than 250,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the city of Montrose remains a prominent agricultural hub, as well as a tourist destination providing accommodations and access to visitors of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, the San Juan Mountains, and myriad other outdoor recreation sites nearby.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to tourism-related businesses, the city is home to other industries and initiatives representative of a robust regional economy. One of the largest employers in Montrose today is Montrose Forest Products, a lumber company that provides some 575 jobs. Production of industrial hemp (cannabis) is also a burgeoning industry in the fertile Uncompahgre Valley, with acreage increasing from 4,000 acres in 2018 to 13,000 acres in 2019. The Montrose Urban Renewal Authority, formed in 2016, has attracted numerous businesses to the city’s downtown, winning Downtown Colorado’s 2019 Governor’s Award for Best Urban Renewal Project.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the Montrose Regional Airport added some $627 million to the local economy between 2013 and 2018. A planned expansion of the airport indicates the city’s continued importance as a regional hub of transportation and tourism.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose-history" hreflang="en">montrose history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose-county" hreflang="en">montrose county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-river" hreflang="en">uncompahgre river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-valley" hreflang="en">uncompahgre valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Phyllis A. Millard Johnson Alleman, “Montrose County Courthouse,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (August 25, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Garrison, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/news/local-news/russell-stover-shutting-down-montrose-plant-hundreds-of-jobs-to-be-impacted">Russell Stover Shutting Down Montrose Plant; Hundreds of Jobs to Be Impacted</a>,” Denver Channel, January 14, 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Liesl Greathouse, “<a href="https://www.montrosemirror.com/july-2013/a-brief-history-of-the-uncompahgre-valley/">A Brief History of the Uncompahgre Valley</a>,” <em>Montrose Mirror</em>, July 3, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ed Marston, “<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=WCR19830214-01.2.19&amp;srpos=7&amp;e=--1950---1990--en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22montrose%22-------0------1">Jim Austin Goes After Grants the Way Coyotes Go After Lambs</a>,” <em>Western Colorado Report</em>, February 14, 1983.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=GNP18830101-01.2.33&amp;srpos=46&amp;e=--1878-----en-20--41-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22joe+selig%22-------0------1">Montrose</a>,” <em>Gunnison-Review Press</em>, January 1, 1883.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose, Colorado, “<a href="https://www.cityofmontrose.org/DocumentCenter/View/42203/Historic-Walking-Tour-Guide">Historic Downtown Montrose Walking Tour</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Montrose County Museum / Denver and Rio Grande Depot,” Historic Building Inventory Record, Colorado Historical Society, May 1999.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="https://www.montroseedc.org/DocumentCenter/View/1426/2020-Annual-Report---Final-full-colored">2020 Annual Report</a>,” 2020.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose Regional Airport, “<a href="http://www.flymontrose.com/151/About-MTJ">About MTJ</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christine Pfaff, “<a href="https://www.usbr.gov/cultural/CCCarticle.pdf">‘Happy Days’ of the Depression: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado</a>,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em>, Spring 2001.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Roger Shores, “Montrose City Hall,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (August 1981).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&amp;d=CFT18820210-01.2.8&amp;srpos=18&amp;e=--1881-----en-20--1-byDA-img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA-%22montrose%22-------0------1">Ute Reservation</a>,” <em>Colorado Daily Chieftain</em>, February 10, 1882.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/ute-indian-museum">Ute Indian Museum</a>.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 16 Jun 2021 15:14:58 +0000 yongli 3562 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Montrose County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montrose County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/montrose-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Montrose_County_0.png?itok=9KtQ3Gdi" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/montrose-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Montrose County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Montrose County, one of the most significant agricultural counties on Colorado's Western Slope, was established in 1883.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-11-14T16:29:17-07:00" title="Monday, November 14, 2016 - 16:29" class="datetime">Mon, 11/14/2016 - 16:29</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montrose-county" data-a2a-title="Montrose County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fmontrose-county&amp;title=Montrose%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Montrose County covers 2,243 square miles in western Colorado. Named for its seat, <strong>Montrose</strong>, the county is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa</strong></a> and <a href="/article/delta-county"><strong>Delta</strong></a> Counties, to the east by <a href="/article/gunnison-county"><strong>Gunnison County</strong></a>, to the south by <a href="/article/ouray-county"><strong>Ouray</strong></a> and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> Counties, and to the west by the state of Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county has a population of 41,276. The <strong>Uncompahgre Plateau</strong> divides Montrose County into northeastern and southwestern segments. Montrose, with a population of 19,132, is located along the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong> in the northeastern segment. Several miles downstream on the Uncompahgre lies the community of Olathe (pop. 1,573). The two towns are connected by US Route 50, which cuts through a large corridor of heavily irrigated farmland along the Uncompahgre as it flows north into Delta County. Northeast of Montrose, the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> flows through the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/black-canyon-gunnison"><strong>Black Canyon of the Gunnison</strong></a>, an area managed by the National Park Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The central part of the county is managed by the <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a> as the <strong>Uncompahgre National Forest</strong>. In the county’s southwestern segment, the town of <strong>Naturita </strong>(pop. 635) is situated off State Route 141 along the <strong>San Miguel River</strong>. The town of <strong>Nucla</strong> (pop. 734), once a hub for <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium mining</strong></a>, lies a few miles north of Naturita. Route 141 follows the <strong>Dolores River</strong> as it flows northwest from Naturita into Mesa County. Montrose County’s first Anglo-American communities developed in the early 1880s, after the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people were forced from the area following the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879. Agriculture has long been the driver of the county economy, spurred by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> projects such as the <strong>Gunnison Tunnel</strong>, completed in 1909.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By about 1500 the Montrose County area was home to Paiute and Ute people. The Paiute ranged into the area from southern Utah, while three distinct bands of Utes, including the Parianuche, Tabeguache, and Weeminuche, occupied the area on a seasonal basis.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Utes were nomadic hunters who tracked elk, deer, buffalo, and other game into the high country during the summer and spent the winter in sheltered areas along rivers. The Parianuche, for instance, wintered in the Uncompahgre River valley between present-day Montrose and <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. In addition to hunting, the Utes gathered a wide assortment of roots and wild berries from the landscape.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Spanish Explorers</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early seventeenth century, the northern frontier of New Spain pressed up against Ute lands in southwestern Colorado. The Utes’ relationship with the Spaniards was one of alternate raiding and trading, although the Spaniards rarely made it as far north as present-day Montrose County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Official <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Spanish exploration</strong></a> of the Montrose County area began with the expedition of <a href="/article/juan-antonio-maria-de-rivera"><strong>Juan de Rivera</strong></a> in 1765. Rivera’s mission was to have Indigenous people lead him to a crossing of the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> and investigate rumors of silver deposits in the mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1765, Rivera’s expedition reached the Dolores River in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/montezuma-county"><strong>Montezuma County</strong></a>. Following a treacherous passage through Dolores Canyon, the expedition proceeded to present-day Naturita, where Rivera and his men camped with Tabeguache Utes. Rivera eventually crossed the Gunnison River west of present-day Delta and then headed south along the Uncompahgre, passing present-day Montrose and reaching present-day Colona before heading back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera’s expedition carved out a route for future traders and explorers, such as the friars Silvestre Escalante and Francisco Dominguez. In July 1776 the friars were dispatched to find an overland passage from Santa Fé to Monterey, California. They followed Rivera’s<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong> old route</strong></a> through the Uncompahgre Valley, reaching the Gunnison River near present-day Delta. Dominguez and Escalante continued into Utah, where a punishing October blizzard forced them to head back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spanish Era of Montrose County’s history ended when Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. The area then came under American control in 1848 after the Mexican-American War.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>American Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1853 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-w-gunnison"><strong>John Williams Gunnison</strong></a> from the US Corps of Topographical Engineers became the first white American to enter the Montrose County area, surveying the Gunnison River along Black Canyon and the site of present-day Montrose. Gunnison’s expedition was one of several unsuccessful federal parties dispatched to find railroad routes through the Rockies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1868 the Ute people were granted a reservation of some 16 million acres on Colorado’s Western Slope in exchange for relinquishing the Front Range and its prosperous mines to the United States. Whites were forbidden from prospecting or squatting on Ute lands, and <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agencies</strong></a> were set up at various places throughout the reservation. While one purpose of the agencies was to serve as distribution centers for <a href="/article/indian-annuities"><strong>annuities</strong></a>—money and supplies—promised to the Utes in treaties, they also served the purpose of increasing the Utes’ dependence on the government, making them more vulnerable to further land grabs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1879 Utes at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a> in present-day <a href="/article/rio-blanco-county"><strong>Rio Blanco County</strong></a> revolted against Indian Agent <a href="/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a>, who had tried to force the Utes to abandon their old ways of life and become Christian farmers. Meeker and ten others were killed in the attack, which terrified whites all over Colorado and prompted calls for the Utes’ removal. In a new agreement in 1880, the Utes near the White River Agency, as well as the Tabeguache and Parianuche, were forced to leave their lands in Colorado and move to a reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1881 most Utes were forced out of present-day Montrose County, and whites were fast on their heels. They set up small agricultural communities on the San Miguel River at Naturita in 1881, on the Parianuches’ former wintering grounds at Montrose and Olathe in 1882, in the Paradox Valley at Bedrock in 1883, and on Wright’s Mesa in the southern part of the county around the same time. In 1882 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> reached the tent town of Cimarron, east of Montrose, and the town quickly developed into an important cattle shipping hub. Montrose County was established in 1883, carved from western Gunnison County. The Redvale area on Wright’s Mesa was settled by the 1890s, and the town was established in 1907.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After 1881 some Utes continued to range into Montrose County to hunt, and their interactions with white immigrants ranged from violence to trade. On Wright’s Mesa, for instance, the Utes burned a cabin on land owned by Edwin Joseph in 1884. In Bedrock, however, a hotel proprietor known as Mrs. Johnson regularly welcomed and fed Ute hunting parties, and they repaid her hospitality with deliveries of venison.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Of all these early settlements, Montrose would prove to be the largest and most significant on account of its proximity to mining camps in the San Juans, farms and ranches in the Uncompahgre Valley, and its early road and rail connections. The Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad arrived in September 1882, and the fledgling town developed into a hub for supplies shipped by rail to mines in Ouray County and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/telluride"><strong>Telluride</strong></a>. In July 1882, there were already 125 houses in Montrose, and by 1890 the town supported a population of 1,330. Successful early businesses included Dave Wood’s Magnolia Freight Lines and Buddecke &amp; Diehl, a miners’ outfitting shop.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture quickly became the most lucrative venture in Montrose County. Cattle ranching was the main pursuit around Montrose and Olathe, along with the raising of alfalfa and other crops thanks to several ditches that were dug in the 1880s. Using the route of today’s Highway 90, ranchers in Naturita drove their cattle over the Uncompahgre Plateau to the railhead in Montrose.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It soon became apparent that the growing number of farms in the fertile Uncompahgre Valley threatened to overtax the waters of the Uncompahgre, which were recharged each year by seasonal runoff and only a small amount of rainfall. Residents in the Montrose area had considered drawing additional water from the Gunnison River since the 1880s, but the steep walls of the Black Canyon presented a difficult obstacle.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Newlands Act, the first program to provide federal funds for irrigation in the arid American West. A delegation from Montrose successfully pitched the Gunnison Tunnel project to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>reclamation</strong></a> officials in Washington, DC. Construction on the tunnel, which would finally allow water to flow from the Gunnison to the Uncompahgre Valley, began in 1905. On September 23, 1909, to great fanfare, President William Howard Taft presided over the official opening of the 5.8-mile tunnel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Gunnison Tunnel expanded the agricultural capacity of the Uncompahgre Valley by about 80,000 acres. By 1925 the area farmed under the project totaled 61,637 acres, with production valued at just over $3 million. Major crops included alfalfa, wheat, potatoes, oats, <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beets</strong></a>, and apples. Area ranchers raised nearly 13,000 cattle and 28,129 sheep as well as large numbers of pigs and poultry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While farmers in the county’s northeastern area could draw water from the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, southwestern Montrose County was far drier, making irrigation even more crucial for early white settlers. In 1889 the Naturita Cattle and Land Company built the first reservoir for irrigation on Wright’s Mesa. In 1896 the settlers of what would become the community of Nucla began construction on the area’s first irrigation ditch, although it would not be completed until 1904.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Mining</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>While agriculture has been the backbone of the Montrose County economy since its creation, the area also has a rich history of copper and uranium mining.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Around 1895 Tom Swain, the first store owner in the tiny outpost of Paradox in western Montrose County, discovered a sizeable copper deposit a few miles west of Bedrock. Instead of developing a mine himself, Swain made sure the news got out and stocked his store with mining supplies. In 1898 the La Sal Copper Company opened the Cashin Mine, and production boomed from 1899 to 1908. Production fell off thereafter, and the mine changed hands multiple times and operated intermittently between 1922 and 1972.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1896 prospector Tom Dullan re-staked a previously abandoned mining claim in western Montrose County at the confluence of the Dolores River and Roc Creek. Earlier prospectors had hoped that a yellow mineralization on the sandstone bed was evidence of some kind of profitable metal, but it was not gold, copper, or silver, so the claim was abandoned. Nobody was able to confirm what the substance was until Dullan sent samples to the Smithsonian for identification in 1896.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The yellow mineralization was found to be a rare form of uranium and vanadium ore. Around the same time Dullan sent his samples in, European scientists were discovering and researching the applications of the radioactive elements vanadium, radium, and uranium. All three would come to have various applications in medicine, industry, and arms production. The excitement over these materials crossed the Atlantic, and interest in Dullan’s Montrose County claim was high enough that he sold it to a group of California investors in 1897. By 1898 the claim had again changed hands, and after further testing it was found to be among the richest sources of uranium in the world. The first person to begin extracting the rare ore was Gordon Kimball, an ore-buyer from Ouray who began leasing the claim in 1898. Kimball was paid $26,000 for every ten tons of ore he could extract and ship to France, where the uranium would be isolated.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kimball’s extraordinary profits on Roc Creek induced other prospectors to try their luck mining for radioactive elements in Montrose County. In 1899 some of those prospectors found carnotite ore, a source of radium, in the same area, and western Montrose County experienced a small boom period of radioactive mining. The raw material still had to be sent to France for processing until North America’s first radioactive metals mill was built on La Sal Creek in 1900. This first radioactive metals boom brought more people to the western Montrose County communities of Bedrock, Naturita, and Paradox, with the population of the latter two towns doubling between 1900 and 1920.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Demand for vanadium rose after 1920 because it was used as an alloy for steel, and the United States Vanadium Corporation (USV) began developing vanadium mining and milling operations throughout the state. In 1935 USV built a company town in Montrose County on the west side of the San Miguel River, northwest of Nucla and east of Paradox. The company named the town Uravan—a contraction of uranium and vanadium—and by 1936 the town had housing for 250 residents, as well as gust housing, a US post office, a theater, medical clinic, store, churches, a school, and a community hall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The next year Colorado’s Western Slope became the world’s leading supplier of vanadium. The radioactive metals industry insulated the Montrose County economy from the Great Depression, and the industry ramped up even further during World War II, when vanadium was essential for the nation’s military buildup and uranium was needed for the Manhattan Project, the government’s secret attempt to build a nuclear bomb.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose and San Miguel Counties continued to supply uranium for the nuclear power industry from the 1960s to about 1980, when a collapse in prices ended large-scale radioactive mining in western Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, agriculture continues to be the main driver of the Montrose County economy. The value of its agricultural products was $103 million in 2012, an increase of 54 percent from 2007. The county currently has more than 1,100 farms and ranks sixteenth in the state in the total value of its agricultural products. In 2012 Montrose County was the second-largest producer of poultry and eggs in Colorado, and the fifth-largest supplier of cow milk. These rankings will likely change by the time of the 2017 US Census of Agriculture, as the county’s largest dairy producer, Whitfield Dairy, ceased milk production in mid-summer 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Though essential, agriculture is not the only important segment of the Montrose County economy. Local and state taxes linked to operations at Montrose Regional Airport totaled $9.5 million in 2015, and the airport provides 2,035 jobs. The Montrose County School District employs 948 and Montrose Memorial Hospital provides 622 jobs. In 2006 3M Company opened a grinding-wheel production facility in Montrose, and in 2015 the company contributed $56,000 to the community in support of schools, youth foundations, and military veterans.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose-county-history" hreflang="en">montrose county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nucla" hreflang="en">nucla</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uravan" hreflang="en">uravan</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uranium-mining" hreflang="en">uranium mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-river" hreflang="en">uncompahgre river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/paradox-valley" hreflang="en">Paradox Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redvale" hreflang="en">redvale</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wrights-mesa" hreflang="en">wright&#039;s mesa</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Evelyn Joan Brown, “Early History of Montrose County, Colorado and its Settlement Years 1880–1910” (Master’s Thesis, Western State University, Gunnison, Colorado, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Carson, <em>Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson Printing, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elaine Renee Hale, <em>More Valuable Than Gold </em>(n.p., 1978).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Steven F. Mehls, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co3.Par.90623.File.tmp/Mehls.pdf"><em>Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado</em></a> (Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Montrose Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="http://www.montroseedc.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/157">2016 Annual Report</a>,” 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Tom Noel, “<a href="https://history.denverlibrary.org/news/colorado%E2%80%99s-utopian-colonies-greeley-and-nucla">Colorado’s Utopian Colonies: Greeley and Nucla</a>,” Denver Public Library Western History and Genealogy, August 28, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mildred Jacobs Porter, <em>Beginnings: Shenandoah, Coventry, Redvale</em> (Gunnison, CO: B &amp; B Printers, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eric Twitty, “<a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/co/field_offices/uncompahgre_field/documents/cultural_resource.Par.97850.File.dat/Guide%20to%20Assessing%20Historic%20Mining%20Resources%20Part%20I.pdf">Guide to Assessing Historic Radium, Uranium and Vanadium Mining Resources in Montrose and San Miguel Counties Colorado</a>,” US Department of the Interior, National Park Service Form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Montrose County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Western Mining History, “<a href="https://westernmininghistory.com/mine-detail/10014257/">Cashin Mine</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Betty Zatterstrom, “<a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1395&amp;dat=19920910&amp;id=ABMlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=lhQGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1163,2985810&amp;hl=en">In History: The Cashin Mine</a>,” San Miguel Basin Forum, September 10, 1992.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.cityofmontrose.org/">City of Montrose</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Hamrick et al., <em>Uravan, Colorado: One Hundred Years of History </em>(Hot Springs, AR: UMETCO Minerals Corporation, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.co.montrose.co.us/">Montrose County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.nucla-naturita.com/">Nucla-Naturita Chamber of Commerce</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Marie Templeton, <em>Naturita, Colorado: Where the Past Meets the Future </em>(Denver: Rimrocker Historical Society, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.townofolathe.org/">Town of Olathe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/gmug/home">Uncompahgre National Forest</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.whafv.org/">Welcome Home Montrose</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Nov 2016 23:29:17 +0000 yongli 2051 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Grand Valley Irrigation http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-valley-irrigation <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Valley Irrigation</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2471--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2471.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/irrigation-ditches-grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand_Valley_Irrigation_01.jpeg?itok=xKLtn_en" width="1000" height="717" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/irrigation-ditches-grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> Irrigation Ditches in Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By 1886 the Grand Valley Canal was completed, watering about 45,000 acres. But by the early 1900s the valley’s rampant agricultural growth demanded even more water, prompting several additional irrigation projects.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-01T13:06:03-06:00" title="Monday, August 1, 2016 - 13:06" class="datetime">Mon, 08/01/2016 - 13:06</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-valley-irrigation" data-a2a-title="Grand Valley Irrigation"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgrand-valley-irrigation&amp;title=Grand%20Valley%20Irrigation"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The story of <a href="/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> in Colorado’s Grand Valley speaks volumes about the reciprocal relationship between land and community in the arid American West. Early white colonizers of Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a> espoused concepts of landscape and <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> control that physically transformed the landscape from salt brush desert to green garden. In turn, the metamorphosis of landscape fashioned the valley’s unique community.</p><p>Building irrigation ditches engendered a culture in which individuals valued both personal grit and collective action. The Grand Valley’s story of survival within the arid landscape reflects the process by which a culture interacts with nature, and how people shape and are shaped by their environment.</p><h2>Location and Geology</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/grand-valley"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;height:272px;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand_Valley_Irrigation_02_2.jpg" alt="Grand Valley " width="480"></a> The Grand Valley, named for the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>—once known as the “Grand River”—that runs through it, is located on the Western Slope of Colorado’s <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>. Averaging 4,700 feet in elevation and roughly twelve miles in width, the arid valley stretches some thirty miles between the towns of <strong>Palisade</strong> and Mack. The Colorado River meets the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a> in the city of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. On September 26, 1881, shortly after the <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Nuche</strong></a> were driven from the area,&nbsp;three men—James W. Bucklin, Richard D. Mobley, and George A. Crawford—saw the promise of a town at the confluence of the rivers. Like many who colonized the American West, water represented to them the hope of the future. The geology and hydrology of the Grand Valley allowed for individual farmers to stake their futures on water.</p><p>The physical realities of geology and hydrology, however, mandated that the settlers of the Grand Valley join to build irrigation systems. Shallow groundwater is not accessible in the region due to the Mancos Shale that underlies most of the Grand Valley. As a result, irrigation water must either come from drilling deep down to the Jurassic sandstone or from diverting water from the Colorado or <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison River</strong></a>. Both of these are expensive, difficult endeavors, which required early settlers to work cooperatively. The water used within the Grand Valley originates in the snowpack of the northern <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, <strong>Middle Park</strong>, <strong>Gore Range</strong>, <strong>Elk Mountains</strong>, <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>, and other smaller ranges in northern and central Colorado. Runoff from these distant mountains would provide life for the newly developing town.</p><h2>A Community Rooted in Irrigation</h2><p>The founders of Grand Junction recognized the agricultural potential of the area’s sunny climate and abundant runoff. On October 13, 1881, George Crawford officially established the Grand Junction Town Company for the purposes of obtaining water and establishing law. One year later, the company oversaw the building of the Pioneer Ditch and the Pacific Slope Ditch. In October 1882, the newly established <em>Grand Junction News</em> recognized the importance of ditches for the valley’s future and proclaimed, “All that is needed is more capital to ditch the valley and good farmers with good means to cultivate it.” Here, the newspaper reflected the desires of early white settlers across the American West: lay down roots within a good community, make the land into something productive, and prosper individually and collectively.</p><p>While settlers shaped the land, the land shaped their community. The building and maintenance of irrigation systems demanded both grit and teamwork. Virgil Hickman, an early settler of the Grand Valley, remembered as a young boy watching the construction of one of the early town dams and vividly recalled the backbreaking work required to build them.</p><p>The urgent need for dams across the valley resulted in group labor and use of horse teams and wagons to supply the town with water. For example, the building of Pioneer Ditch required the collaboration of twenty-two men, a considerable number for a small, new, and struggling community with few extra hands to spare. But their canal building eventually brought orchards to fruition and strengthened bonds within the developing community.</p><p>Water from these early irrigation projects provided for the growth of pears, peaches, and apples, and peaches soon became the fruit of choice in the Grand Valley. At the turn of the century, “Peach Day” became a yearly event that further served as a bonding agent for the growing town.</p><h2>Irrigation Expansion</h2><p>By 1886 the Grand Valley Canal was completed, watering about 45,000 acres. But by the early 1900s the valley’s rampant agricultural growth demanded even more water, prompting several additional irrigation projects.</p><p>From 1904 to 1906, five distinct irrigation districts were created that still serve the Grand Valley today. Furthermore, the <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>US</strong> <strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> (USBR), established in 1902 as the Reclamation Service, collaborated with the newly created irrigation districts to build the Grand Valley Project. The project officially began in 1912 and involved the construction of several canals, a dam, and a power plant, constituting one of the region’s main water sources for the rest of the twentieth century.</p><p>Increased agricultural and population demands created high water use through open ditches and channels. In turn, the water resources of the Grand Valley began suffering from high levels of salinity. By the 1980s the USBR and Grand Valley irrigation districts started shifting open ditch canals to a lined or piped system with salinity control to improve water quality.</p><p>By the year 2000, the Grand Valley Project turned toward water resource management, which included improvements to existing canals in order to make water usage more efficient by limiting the amount of water diverted from the river.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/albers-samantha-arbeiter" hreflang="und">Albers, Samantha Arbeiter </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation-grand-valley" hreflang="en">irrigation in grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river-irrigation" hreflang="en">colorado river irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction-irrigation-history" hreflang="en">grand junction irrigation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-irrigation-history" hreflang="en">colorado irrigation history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope-irrigation" hreflang="en">western slope irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope-water" hreflang="en">western slope water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wayne-aspinall" hreflang="en">wayne aspinall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mack" hreflang="en">mack</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-crawford" hreflang="en">george crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley-canal" hreflang="en">grand valley canal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/canals" hreflang="en">canals</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ken Baird, Don MacKendrick, and Karl Johnson, “M.C. Historical Society Panel on Mesa County History,” transcript OH-495, May 24, 1982 (Grand Junction, CO: Historical Museum and Institute of Western Colorado and Mesa County Library Biographical Library).</p><p>Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Grand+Valley+Project">Grand Valley Project</a>,” last modified May 10, 2011.</p><p>Halka Chronic, <em>Roadside Geology of Colorado </em>(Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1980).</p><p>Robert Hine, <em>Community on the American Frontier: Separate but not Alone</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).</p><p>&nbsp;“A Few News Items,” <em>Colorado Fruit Grower Magazine</em> 9 (January 1906).“Irrigation,”<em> Grand Junction News, </em>October 28, 1882.</p><p>Steven Mehls, <em>The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p><p>Mesa County Water Association, “<a href="http://www.mesacountywater.org">Grand Valley Irrigation History</a>,” February 14, 2009.</p><p>“Peach Day,”<em> Daily Sentinel </em>(Grand Junction, CO), September 11, 1900.</p><p>“Virgil Hickman,” Interview by Joe Schwarz, April 3, 1980, transcript OH-349 #1, 2–4 (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of the West, 1980).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Don Davidson, “The Grand River Ditch: A Short History of Pioneering Irrigation in Colorado’s Grand Valley,” <em>Journal of the Western Slope</em>&nbsp;1, no. 4 (Fall 1986).</p><p>Mark Fiege, <em>Irrigated Eden: The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the American West</em> (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).</p><p>Arthur F. McEvoy, “Toward an Interactive Theory of Nature and Culture: Ecology, Production, and Cognition in the California Fishing Industry,” <em>Environmental Review </em>11 (Winter 1987).</p><p>Richard Ott, ed., <em>When the River Was Grand </em>(Palisade, CO: Gazette Press, 1976).</p><p>Mary Rait, “Grand Junction, Colorado” (master’s thesis, University of Colorado, 1931).</p><p><a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/collections/">Mesa County Oral History Collection</a></p><p>William H. Nelson Water Collection, <a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/library/special-collections/index.html">Colorado Mesa University Special Collections</a>.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Aug 2016 19:06:03 +0000 yongli 1541 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Bureau of Reclamation in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bureau of Reclamation in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-12T16:53:58-06:00" title="Thursday, May 12, 2016 - 16:53" class="datetime">Thu, 05/12/2016 - 16:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado" data-a2a-title="Bureau of Reclamation in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbureau-reclamation-colorado&amp;title=Bureau%20of%20Reclamation%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The United States Reclamation Service, later renamed the Bureau of Reclamation, was created in 1902 to advance settlement of the West through construction of large dams, reservoirs, canals, and other projects. Since then, the service has played an important role in the development of Colorado’s <a href="/article/water-colorado"><strong>water resources</strong></a>. It has constructed sixteen projects in Colorado, improving water deliveries to irrigators, aiding in urban growth by supplying water and power to municipalities and industries, creating new recreational areas around its reservoirs, and providing flood control.</p> <h2>Uncompahgre and Grand Valley Projects</h2> <p>At first, the mission of the Reclamation Service focused on increasing settlement opportunities in the arid West. In Colorado, the Reclamation Service constructed two projects under this mandate: the Uncompahgre Project on the <strong>Uncompahgre</strong> and <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> Rivers and the <a href="/article/grand-valley-irrigation"><strong>Grand Valley Project</strong></a> on the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>.</p> <p><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>Irrigation</strong></a> development in the Uncompahgre River valley began during the early 1880s, shortly after the removal of the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> tribe to Utah. Similar to other irrigation projects at that time, private enterprise took the lead in constructing facilities. Some believed the Uncompahgre River capable of irrigating 175,000 acres. Water supplies, however, failed to meet these expectations, and by 1890, fewer than 30,000 acres were irrigated. Developers made plans to construct a tunnel to divert water from the nearby Gunnison River to stabilize Uncompahgre River water supplies. Construction on the tunnel began in 1901, but the project was soon abandoned due to lack of funds.</p> <p>In 1903 the Reclamation Service took over the project, and construction of the first project feature—the Gunnison Tunnel—began in 1905. Tunnel construction faced many challenges, including high temperatures within the tunnel, carbon dioxide build-ups, water leakage, and multiple varieties of rocks to dig through. These difficulties resulted in the deaths of twenty-six workers. In 1909 the Reclamation Service completed work on the Gunnison Tunnel, and President William Howard Taft attended the tunnel’s official opening on September 23.</p> <p>After the completion of the Gunnison Tunnel, the agency began work on the remaining project features, which included seven diversion dams and 128 miles of canals. Much of this work consisted of rehabilitation and improvement of existing facilities. By 1925 the Uncompahgre Project was essentially complete. The last major addition to the project came in 1934 with the construction of Taylor Park Dam and reservoir to shore up project water supplies. Located twenty miles upstream from the head of the Gunnison River, the dam was completed in 1937.</p> <p>The Uncompahgre Project provides irrigation water for over 76,000 acres, producing a wide variety of crops. Over the course of the twentieth century, recreation and tourism—such as visits to the <a href="/article/black-canyon-gunnison"><strong>Black Canyon of the Gunnison</strong></a>&nbsp;or Taylor Park Reservoir—have grown to become important aspects of the local economy. In addition, project features have been singled out for their unique engineering features. For example, the Gunnison Tunnel, the longest of its kind at the time, was declared a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p> <p>The Grand Valley Project is located in western Colorado in the area of <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, near the confluence of the Gunnison and Colorado Rivers. Early settlers in the 1880s found fertile land that responded well to irrigation and by 1886, 45,000 acres were irrigated. In 1907 valley residents requested that the RS improve existing facilities and provide new works to irrigate the higher benchlands.</p> <p>Construction began in October 1912. Project features included a fourteen-foot-high diversion dam on the Colorado River, four canals stretching over ninety miles, and three tunnels. The RS began work on the three tunnels, beginning with Tunnel No. 1, which was holed through in September 1913. Within two years, tunnels No. 2 and 3 were complete.</p> <p>The main feature of the Grand Valley Project is the 14-foot high and 546-foot-long Grand Valley Diversion Dam. Dam construction began in 1913. The structure is a roller crest dam, consisting of six rollers seventy feet long and over seven feet in diameter. The rollers allow engineers to raise the water level behind the dam and divert water into the main canal. When raised, the rollers permit large objects to pass over the top of the dam. The RS completed construction in October 1916. At the time, the Grand Valley Diversion Dam was the largest roller crest dam in the world and today is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p> <p>In May 1916 the Reclamation Service began water deliveries to irrigators, and by 1917, all project features were complete. With improved irrigation facilities, the amount of irrigated acreage slowly increased, and by 1921 project lands had risen to 21,290 acres. Over the course of the twentieth century that number increased, reaching a total of 34,160 acres in 1965. In March 1933 the Reclamation Service added a hydroelectric component to the project. Over time the delivery of water for municipal and industrial purposes increased in importance, serving growing communities and altering project purposes. Nevertheless, the project continues to aid irrigators in western Colorado, contributing to the success of agriculture.</p> <h2>Colorado River Storage Project</h2> <p>In November 1922 the&nbsp;multistate Colorado River Compact divided Colorado River water between the states in the upper and lower basins of the river. World War II, with its accompanying demographic growth in the Southwest, exponentially increased demands for water and power. As a result, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona signed the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact, dividing the waters of the Colorado River in 1947. With the compact in place, the Bureau of Reclamation (formerly the Reclamation Service) proposed an ambitious plan for the upper basin in 1948. The bureau’s plans included the construction of ten dams throughout the region to provide hydroelectricity and water storage for new and existing agricultural areas. In 1955 Congress approved the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP), and initial appropriations went to the construction of four units, including the Curecanti (Aspinall) Unit on the Gunnison River.</p> <p>Located on a forty-mile stretch of the Gunnison in west-central Colorado, the Curecanti Unit consists of three dams: Blue Mesa, Morrow Point, and Crystal. The unit’s primary purpose is water storage for power production and to supply supplemental irrigation water, along with municipal and industrial water. The unit allows Colorado to use its allotment under the Colorado River Compact. Congress authorized construction of Blue Mesa and Morrow Point dams and power plants in 1959 and Crystal Dam in 1962.</p> <p>Construction of Blue Mesa Dam began in 1961. Located thirty miles downstream from the town of Gunnison, Blue Mesa is an earth-fill embankment dam 390 feet high and 785 feet long at its crest. Its power plant consists of two 30,000-kilowatt generators. Reclamation completed construction in 1966, and the power plant began producing electricity in 1968.</p> <p>Just twelve miles downstream, construction of Morrow Point Dam also began in 1961. Bureau of Reclamation engineers designed the dam as a thin-arch double-curvature concrete structure 468 feet high and 724 feet long at its crest. The Morrow Point Power plant is the first underground hydroelectric facility and consists of two 60,000-kilowatt generators. The bureau completed construction of the dam in 1968, and the power plant went online by 1971.</p> <p>Located six miles downstream of Morrow Point Dam, preliminary work on Crystal Dam began in 1964. Originally planned as an earth-fill structure, the bureau changed the design to a double-curvature thin arch dam 323 feet high and 635 feet long at the crest. This design change delayed construction to 1973. The Crystal Dam Power Plant holds two 39,000-horsepower hydraulic turbines with a generating capacity of 28,000 kilowatts. The bureau completed dam construction in 1976 and finished the power plant in 1978.</p> <p>The bureau designed the unit to work in unison to meet specific needs at certain times. Blue Mesa Dam is the primary storage facility, allowing its power plant to meet load requirements depending on customer needs. Morrow Point and Crystal dams maintain uniform stream flows that provide a steady production of electricity. During the irrigation season, these dams ensure water deliveries to area farmers. The proceeds from the sale of electricity help to repay construction costs and allow for the continuing development of Colorado’s water resources.</p> <p>It took seventeen years to complete the Curecanti Unit, the last of the original CRSP units authorized by Congress in 1955. In 1980, the unit was renamed the Wayne Aspinall Unit in honor of long-serving Colorado congressman <strong><a href="/article/wayne-aspinall">Wayne </a></strong><a href="/article/wayne-aspinall"><strong>Aspinall</strong></a>, who had championed water reclamation projects in Colorado and throughout the West. Over time the Wayne Aspinall Unit has become an important feature of western Colorado’s outdoor recreation industry, providing multiple recreational activities such as camping, fishing, and hiking.</p> <h2>Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</h2> <p>During the second half of the twentieth century, irrigation development expanded throughout the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> valley. The bureau designed the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project to deliver supplemental irrigation water to Arkansas Valley farmers and provide municipal and industrial water to <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> communities. When completed, the project consisted of six storage dams, seventeen diversion dams, two power plants, and hundreds of miles of canals, conduits, and tunnels.</p> <p>The bureau began investigating ways to increase water supplies to the Front Range during the late 1940s. Citizens in western Colorado objected on the grounds that proposed diversion limited the potential growth of Western Slope communities. Proponents spoke of the desperate need for municipal water to keep up with growth. Contentious discussions lasted over ten years. The major stumbling block was the proposed<a href="/article/aspen"><strong> Aspen </strong></a>Reservoir, which the citizens of <a href="/article/pitkin-county"><strong>Pitkin County</strong></a> vehemently opposed. In 1959 the contesting parties reached an agreement by dropping Aspen Dam in favor of Ruedi Dam on the Fryingpan River. In the summer of 1962 Congress authorized construction of a scaled-back project, named the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project.</p> <p>The bureau’s construction of the project would take more than twenty years to complete and face changing American values concerning human relationship with the environment. Construction schedules were divided into four sections: West Slope, Buena Vista, Salida, and the Arkansas Valley. Over the length of development, the project went through many metamorphoses. Only two of the planned six power plants, Mount Elbert and Otero, were constructed. In total, the bureau built six storage dams—Ruedi, Sugar Loaf, Pueblo, Mt. Elbert Forebay, Twin Lakes, and Clear Creek—along with seventeen diversion dams and associated structures.</p> <p>The Fryingpan-Arkansas Project was one of the first projects in which the Bureau of Reclamation had to consider environmental regulations. In 1969 Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act that mandated that the bureau alter many project features. For example, the bureau relocated historic buildings in the town of <strong>Twin Lakes</strong> to avoid their destruction. In addition, it constructed tunnels instead of open canals across forest lands so as to not mar the natural scenery. Unforeseen results stemming from steadier water flows in the Arkansas River occurred when the river became a first-class trout stream and a popular attraction for whitewater rafting enthusiasts.</p> <p>Construction of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project ended in the early 1980s. Along with meeting environmental requirements, the twenty-year construction period saw changes in Front Range water needs. The region witnessed significant urban and suburban growth, along with rising demands for municipal and industrial water. As a result, significant amounts of water for Arkansas Valley agricultural lands were taken out of production.</p> <p>The Bureau of Reclamation’s contributions to the development of Colorado’s water resources changed as the state’s needs changed. Early in the twentieth century, construction of the Uncompahgre and Grand Valley projects reflected needs to enhance and expand Colorado agriculture. By midcentury, multiple-use projects became the focus of the bureau’s efforts, diversifying water utilization. Both the Wayne Aspinall Unit and the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project represent this change in its mission and water-user requirements. During the latter half of the twentieth century, water resources development encompassed meeting multiple demands, such as irrigation, municipal and industrial uses, flood control, power development, and recreation. Significantly, these expansions in the Bureau of Reclamation’s mission mirrored Colorado’s transformation from a rural/agricultural base to an urban/industrial society.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/gahan-andrew-h" hreflang="und">Gahan, Andrew H.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reclamation-colorado" hreflang="en">reclamation in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reclamation-west" hreflang="en">reclamation in west</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/united-states-reclamation-service" hreflang="en">united states reclamation service</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncomaphgre-project" hreflang="en">uncomaphgre project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley-project" hreflang="en">grand valley project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fryingpan-arkansas-project" hreflang="en">fryingpan arkansas project</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-river" hreflang="en">uncompahgre river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-tunnel" hreflang="en">gunnison tunnel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/taylor-park-dam" hreflang="en">taylor park dam</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/reservoir" hreflang="en">reservoir</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dams" hreflang="en">dams</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/irrigation" hreflang="en">irrigation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/water-history" hreflang="en">water history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-water" hreflang="en">colorado water</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/blue-mesa-reservoir" hreflang="en">blue mesa reservoir</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/curecanti-unit" hreflang="en">curecanti unit</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wayne-aspinall" hreflang="en">wayne aspinall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pitkin-county" hreflang="en">pitkin county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/twin-lakes" hreflang="en">twin lakes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/daniel-tyler" hreflang="en">daniel tyler</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>C. J. Blanchard, “Grand Valley—‘Valley of Your Dreams,’” in <em>Reclamation Record</em> 9 (February 1918).</p> <p>David Clark, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1305644241145.pdf">Uncompahgre Project</a>,” ed. William Joe Simonds (Denver: Bureau of Reclamation History Program, 1994).</p> <p>“Curecanti Unit,” in US Department of the Interior, <em>Water and Power Resources Service, Project Data</em> (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1981).</p> <p>C. M. Day, “Orchard Mesa Pumping Plant, Grand Valley Project, Colorado,” <em>New Reclamation Era</em> 18 (December 1927).</p> <p>“Fryingpan-Arkansas Project,” in US Department of the Interior, <em>Water and Power Resources Service, Project Data</em> (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1981).</p> <p>“Grand Valley Project,” in US Department of the Interior, <em>Water and Power Resources Service, Project Data </em>(Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1981).</p> <p>“Grand Valley Rescue” in <em>Reclamation Era</em> 36 (June 1950).</p> <p>Zachary Redmond, “Wayne Aspinall Unit: Colorado River Storage Project” (Denver: Bureau of Reclamation History Program, 2000).</p> <p>Jedediah S. Rogers, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1305042036789.pdf">Fryingpan-Arkansas Project</a>” (Denver: Bureau of Reclamation History Program, 2000).</p> <p>Steven C. Schulte, <em>Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002).</p> <p>Wm. Joe Simonds, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/ImageServer?imgName=Doc_1305042485344.pdf">Grand Valley Project</a>” (Denver: Bureau of Reclamation History Program, 2000).</p> <p>Stephen Sturgeon, <em>The Politics of Western Water: The Congressional Career of Wayne Aspinall</em> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002).</p> <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>Silver Fox of the Rockies: Delphus E. Carpenter and Western Water Compacts</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).</p> <p>Daniel Tyler, <em>The Last Water Hole in the West: The Colorado–Big Thompson Project and the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District </em>(Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1992).</p> <p>“Uncompahgre Project,” in US Department of the Interior, <em>Water and Power Resources Service, Project Data</em> (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1981).</p> <p>United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Region 7, <em>Initial Development Gunnison-Arkansas Project Roaring Fork Division</em>, Report No. 7-8a.49-1, January 1950.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.denverwater.org/">Denver Water</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 12 May 2016 22:53:58 +0000 yongli 1375 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org