%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike of 1959 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-and-iron-strike-1959 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike of 1959</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-16T11:15:59-06:00" title="Friday, October 16, 2020 - 11:15" class="datetime">Fri, 10/16/2020 - 11:15</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-and-iron-strike-1959" data-a2a-title="Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike of 1959"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-fuel-and-iron-strike-1959&amp;title=Colorado%20Fuel%20and%20Iron%20Strike%20of%201959"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>In 1959 union members at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</strong></a> (CF&amp;I) in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> participated in a nationwide strike for better job security. The strike led to a nationwide shortage of American-made steel, while the suspension of mining operations and steel production at CF&amp;I caused Pueblo to enter an economic depression. After 110 days, President Eisenhower invoked the Taft-Hartley Act to order steelworkers to return to their jobs for an eighty-day cooling-off period. On January 15, 1960, the <strong>United Steel Workers of America</strong> (USWA) reached an agreement that met union demands, and CF&amp;I resumed normal operations.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a> of 1914 shocked the nation and forced CF&amp;I to alter some of its labor practices. Owner John D. Rockefeller, Jr., brought in Canadian labor-relations expert MacKenzie King to improve working conditions and develop one of the first company-dominated trade unions to combat the negative publicity generated by Ludlow. The company union they created, called the Employee Representation Plan (ERP), aimed to avoid the emergence of outside union formation—a strategy later outlawed by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. In the meantime, the ERP gave the company’s coal miners and other workers a voice but with company oversight. This was a step forward for workers, but CF&amp;I employees still wanted to unionize throughout this period, leading to two decades of minor labor disputes.</p> <p>The ERP remained a dominant force and voice of the workers until CF&amp;I’s mine employees gained the power to organize themselves under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. As part of President Franklin Roosevelt’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, the act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to encourage collaboration among industry, labor, and government to create fair labor practices and set fair market prices. The act also allowed employees to bargain with unions without the fear of company retaliation or bullying. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers of America</strong></a> (UMWA) took advantage of this new law by starting to organize at CF&amp;I mines. Within a month, 95 percent of company miners joined the UMWA, effectively ending the ERP. The company’s steelworkers unionized a decade later, joining the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) in 1942.</p> <h2>Colorado Fuel and Iron 1959 Strike</h2> <p>Despite unionization, occasional labor disputes continued at CF&amp;I. Nothing grew out of these frequent scuffles until 1959, when CF&amp;I steelworkers took part in a nationwide strike. The USWA wanted a work-rules clause in its contracts to keep companies from introducing new machinery, rules, or practices that would result in a reduction in the number of steelworkers or their hours. When a deal could not be reached, the USWA authorized a nationwide strike on July 15, 1959.</p> <p>The strike closed CF&amp;I for 110 days, affecting all aspects of production from mining to the forging of steel. Because CF&amp;I was central to Pueblo’s economy, the city entered an economic depression. Nationally, other industries suffered, too, especially the automobile industry, because the strike caused a steel shortage at a time when many things were still made of steel. Many companies that needed steel to manufacture their goods started to look to foreign producers to meet their steel needs.</p> <p>As other industries faced layoffs, the uncompromising attitude of both parties in the strike led President Dwight Eisenhower to intervene. Invoking the Taft-Hartley Act, a 1947 law designed to restrict the power of unions, Eisenhower forced striking steelworkers to return to work for an eighty-day arbitration period, commonly known as a cooling-off period, intended to bring the parties together to reach an agreement within a set timeframe. CF&amp;I employees returned to work on November 7, 1959. In response, the USWA challenged the law in the Supreme Court and lost.</p> <p>Since 1960 was an election year, however, both political parties were worried that a resumption of the strike might lead to a recession that could harm them with voters, and they proved unwilling to support the steelmakers. With the backing of Vice President Richard Nixon, who planned to run for president that year, the USWA pressured steelmakers to concede to union demands. On January 15, 1960, the USWA won, and the union received wage increases, a cost-of-living adjustment clause, and better health and pension benefits. There would not be <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-and-iron-strike-1997"><strong>another significant strike at CF&amp;I until 1997</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>For workers, the successful strike of 1959 demonstrated unity and accentuated the bargaining power the steel union possessed. For the American steel industry as a whole, however, the strike marked the start of several difficult decades. By causing a shortage of domestic steel production, the strike led many American companies to start to import steel from foreign competitors. This had a lasting influence on all US steel producers. In the years after the strike, American companies such as CF&amp;I had to rely on their steel quality to maintain a competitive edge against lower-priced foreign steel. Foreign competition, continual modernization of equipment, increasing environmental regulations, and rising labor costs caused the US steel industry to struggle in the latter half of the twentieth century. CF&amp;I eventually declared bankruptcy in the early 1990s and was bought by Oregon Steel in 1993.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/martinez-daniel-victor" hreflang="und">Martinez, Daniel Victor </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron-history" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-and-iron" hreflang="en">Colorado Fuel and Iron</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cfi" hreflang="en">cf&amp;i</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-labor-history" hreflang="en">colorado labor history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/labor" hreflang="en">labor</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/strikes" hreflang="en">strikes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-and-iron-strike-1959" hreflang="en">Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike of 1959</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/united-mine-workers-america" hreflang="en">united mine workers of america</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/united-steel-workers-america" hreflang="en">United Steel Workers of America</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Gregory Howell, “<a href="http://www.gregoryhowell.com/colorado-fuel-iron-company">Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron Company</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Rosemary Laughlin, <em>The Ludlow Massacre of 1913–14 </em>(Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2006).</p> <p>&nbsp;“<a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/u-s-national-recovery-administration/">National Recovery Administration</a>,” Social Welfare History Project, Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries, January 21, 2011.</p> <p>Edward B. Shils, “Arthur Goldberg: Proof of the American Dream,” <em>Monthly Labor Review</em> 120, no. 1 (1997).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.evrazna.com/LocationsFacilities/RockyMountainSteelMills/tabid/71/Default.asp" title=" (external link)">EVRAZ Rocky Mountain Steel</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.steelworks.us/">Steelworks Center of the West</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 16 Oct 2020 17:15:59 +0000 yongli 3439 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Fuel & Iron http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-09-29T16:45:11-06:00" title="Thursday, September 29, 2016 - 16:45" class="datetime">Thu, 09/29/2016 - 16:45</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-fuel-iron" data-a2a-title="Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-fuel-iron&amp;title=Colorado%20Fuel%20%26%20Iron"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&amp;I) was a coal and steel company based in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0">Pueblo</a>.</strong> Most of its <strong>coal</strong> mines were located in southern Colorado. Its only <strong>steel mill</strong> was located in Pueblo. The firm came into existence as a result of a merger between the Colorado Coal and Iron Company and the Colorado Fuel Company in 1892. By 1910 it employed approximately 15,000 people, or about one-tenth of the entire Colorado workforce. During the 1920s it was the largest industrial corporation in the state.</p> <p>CF&amp;I also pioneered welfare capitalism—a strategy in which a company provides support in all aspects of employees’ lives in order to improve morale and loyalty. In 1901 it created a “Sociological Department,” an umbrella administrative organization for many management-sponsored programs such as schools and beautification efforts for mining towns, clubhouses for workers, a company hospital, and new housing. A glossy magazine, <em>Camp &amp; Plant</em>, was sent all around the country to highlight these activities. This publication contributed to the spread of welfare capitalism to other industries and regions. Management ramped down the Sociological Department’s programs during the 1908 recession, thinking them unnecessary. This led to the most important labor dispute in the company’s history.</p> <p>CF&amp;I was the main opponent of the <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america">United Mine Workers of America</a> </strong>(UMWA) during the union’s efforts to organize the Colorado coalfields in the early twentieth century. As the largest mining firm in the state, CF&amp;I led the entire western coal industry during two major strikes in 1903–4 and 1913–14. Its staunch opposition in both disputes originated from the company’s primary stockholders and owners, the Rockefeller family of Standard Oil fame. During the bloody 1913–14 strike, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who ran the family’s interests for his retired father, publicly agreed with the notion that keeping unions out of CF&amp;I was worth it even “if it costs all your property and kills all your employees.” This attitude directly resulted in the infamous <a href="/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a> in which at least nineteen people, including women and children, were killed.</p> <p>In response to bad publicity from the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller began to backpedal from his staunch opposition to worker organization, creating what came to be known as the Rockefeller Plan. The Rockefeller Plan was an employee representation plan designed to give CF&amp;I miners and steelworkers enough say over the terms and conditions of their employment so that they would not join a union or strike to gain union recognition. The results of the plan were mixed. Many workers, especially skilled ones, appreciated the plan both for the opportunity it gave them to voice their complaints and as a vehicle for the delivery of the company’s renewed efforts at welfare capitalism. However, less-skilled workers, particularly the Mexican and Mexican American workers who joined the company’s ranks, especially after World War I, did not have enough of a stake in the company to participate in the plan. As a result, CF&amp;I still faced major strikes in 1919, 1927, and 1933, when the UMWA finally organized the firm’s miners. The plan continued on in the steel mill until 1942, when it was invalidated by the National War Labor Board under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 as an illegal “company union.”</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/rees-jonathan-h" hreflang="und">Rees, Jonathan H.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cfi" hreflang="en">cf&amp;i</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron-history" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-jackson-palmer" hreflang="en">william jackson palmer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-rockefeller-jr" hreflang="en">john rockefeller jr.</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/united-mineworkers-america" hreflang="en">united mineworkers of america</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal" hreflang="en">coal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/coal-mining" hreflang="en">coal mining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-steel-mill" hreflang="en">pueblo steel mill</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Darrell F. Munsell, <em>From Redstone to Ludlow: John Cleveland Osgood’s Struggle Against the United Mine Workers of America </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009).</p> <p>Jonathan H. Rees, <em>Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2010).</p> <p>H. Lee Scamehorn, <em>Mill &amp; Mine: The CF&amp;I in the Twentieth Century</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">In 1892 Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron Company (CF&amp;I) was formed. It was based in <strong>Denver</strong> and <strong>Pueblo</strong>. Its <strong>coal</strong> mines were mostly found in southern Colorado. Its only <strong>steel mill</strong> was built in Pueblo. In 1910 about one-tenth of Colorado workers were working for CF&amp;I. By 1920 CF&amp;I was the largest industrial corporation in the state.&nbsp;</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">There was a reason why CF&amp;I grew to be so large. A new idea called “welfare capitalism” began at CF&amp;I in 1901.This idea was very new in Colorado at that time. It meant that a company gave workers what they needed to live day-to-day. New housing was built for the workers. CF&amp;I also built a hospital, schools, and clubhouses. It was important to make the mining towns look beautiful. A magazine, <em>Camp &amp; Plant</em>, had pictures and articles to show the good things happening at CF&amp;I. </span></p> <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">Then the recession of 1908 came. The company cut back on some of these basic supports. The workers were not happy with the new changes. CF&amp;I workers were not allowed to belong to an organized labor union. At that time the <strong>United Mine Workers of America</strong> (UMWA) was a well-known labor union. By 1913–14, the workers grew very frustrated and went on strike. The Colorado National Guard was sent to stop it. There was a fight between the two groups. Members of the National Guard killed striking miners and set a camp on fire. The event was called the <strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:times new roman,serif; font-size:12.0pt">The owners of CF&amp;I lived in New York and not in Colorado. They heard about the Ludlow Massacre and knew a different plan was needed. Not all workers liked the new plan. There were more strikes in 1919, 1927, and 1933. This was when the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) finally organized the Company’s miners.&nbsp;</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>In 1892 the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&amp;I) was a coal and steel company based in <strong>Denver </strong>and <strong>Pueblo.</strong> Most of its <strong>coal</strong> mines were located in southern Colorado. Its only <strong>steel mill</strong> was located in Pueblo. By 1910 it employed about one-tenth of the entire Colorado workforce.</p> <p>CF&amp;I also pioneered “welfare capitalism,” a strategy in which a company supports all aspects of employees’ lives to improve morale and loyalty. During the 1908 recession, CF&amp;I management halted many of these activities, thinking them unnecessary. This led to the most important labor dispute in the company’s history in 1913–14.</p> <p>CF&amp;I was the main opponent of the <strong>United Mine Workers of America </strong>(UMWA), a union that lobbied for better pay and working conditions for mine workers. The Rockefeller family, of Standard Oil fame, owned CF&amp;I during the bloody strikes of 1913–14. Owner John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated publicly that unions should be kept out of CF&amp;I. This attitude led to the <strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong><strong>, a battle between striking coal miners and the Colorado National Guard. </strong><strong>At</strong> least nineteen people, including more than a dozen women and children, died in the massacre.</p> <p>Because of bad publicity from the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller created what came to be known as the Rockefeller Plan. It was designed to give CF&amp;I miners and steelworkers enough control over their employment so that they would not join a union. CF&amp;I still faced major strikes in 1919, 1927, and 1933. At that time the UMWA finally organized the firm’s miners. The Rockefeller plan continued at the steel mill until 1942, when it was overturned by the National War Labor Board as an illegal “company union.”</p> <p>CF&amp;I declared bankruptcy in 1990. Its steel mill still stands in Pueblo today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Formed in 1892, the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&amp;I) was a coal and steel company based in <strong>Denver</strong> and <strong>Pueblo.</strong> Most of its <strong>coal</strong> mines were located in southern Colorado. Its only <strong>steel mill</strong> was located in Pueblo. By 1910 it employed approximately 15,000 people, or about one-tenth of the entire Colorado workforce. During the 1920s, it was the largest industrial corporation in the state.</p> <p>CF&amp;I also pioneered welfare capitalism, a strategy in which a company provides support in all aspects of employees’ lives in order to improve morale and loyalty. A glossy magazine, <em>Camp &amp; Plant</em>, was sent all around the country to highlight CF&amp;I activities. This publication contributed to the spread of welfare capitalism to other industries and regions. During the 1908 recession, CF&amp;I management halted many of these activities, thinking them unnecessary. This led to the most important labor dispute in the company’s history.</p> <p>CF&amp;I was the main opponent of the <strong>United Mine Workers of America </strong>(UMWA). CF&amp;I led the entire western coal industry against the union during two major strikes in 1903–4 and 1913–14. Its opposition in both strikes came from the company’s owners, the Rockefeller family of Standard Oil fame. During the bloody strike of 1913–14, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., publicly agreed with the idea that keeping unions out of CF&amp;I was worth it, even “if it costs all your property and kills all your employees.” This attitude led to the <strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong><strong>, in which Colorado National Guardsmen fired on striking coal miners in southern Colorado. </strong>Nineteen people, including more than a dozen women and children, were killed.</p> <p>Because of bad publicity from the Ludlow Massacre, Rockefeller began to retreat from his opposition to worker organization. He created what came to be known as the Rockefeller Plan, which was designed to give CF&amp;I miners and steelworkers enough control over their employment so that they would not join a union. The results of the plan were mixed. CF&amp;I still faced major strikes in 1919, 1927, and 1933. At that time the UMWA finally organized the firm’s miners. The Rockefeller plan continued at the steel mill until 1942. It was overturned by the National War Labor Board as an illegal “company union.”</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 29 Sep 2016 22:45:11 +0000 yongli 1899 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Minnequa Steelworks Office http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/minnequa-steelworks-office <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Minnequa Steelworks Office</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1294--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1294.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/minnequa-office-building"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/CF%26I_Main_Office_Building_0.jpg?itok=EllF-SxY" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/minnequa-office-building" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Minnequa Office Building</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As Colorado Fuel &amp; Iron's (CF&amp;I) Pueblo operations expanded in the early twentieth century, management had Denver architect Frederick J. Sterner design new office and medical dispensary buildings. Today the buildings, sporting the distinct Mission Style, house a museum run by the Steelworks Center of the West.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-04-20T10:48:23-06:00" title="Wednesday, April 20, 2016 - 10:48" class="datetime">Wed, 04/20/2016 - 10:48</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/minnequa-steelworks-office" data-a2a-title="Minnequa Steelworks Office"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fminnequa-steelworks-office&amp;title=Minnequa%20Steelworks%20Office"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built by the <a href="/article/colorado-fuel-iron"><strong>Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</strong></a> (CF&amp;I) in 1901–2, the Minnequa Steelworks office building and medical dispensary in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> are among the best examples of Mission-style architecture in Colorado. The dispensary helped provide healthcare to CF&amp;I’s thousands of workers, and the office building was where the company’s landmark Employee Representation Plan was adopted and implemented after the 1914 <a href="/article/ludlow-massacre"><strong>Ludlow Massacre</strong></a>. Today the Steelworks Center of the West operates a museum and archives in the dispensary and is renovating the office building for use as a multi-use space. In 2021 it was named a National Historic Landmark.</p> <h2>A Growing Steel Plant</h2> <p>In 1880 <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a> established Colorado Coal and Iron in Pueblo. His goal was to make Pueblo into the “Pittsburgh of the West” in order to provide coal, iron, and steel for his <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>. The company built its first blast furnace in 1881 and produced the first steel west of the Missouri River in 1882. After Palmer left the company in 1884, it survived but did not thrive. Meanwhile, <strong>John C. Osgood</strong>’s Colorado Fuel Company, founded in 1884, became the largest coal producer in the Rocky Mountains. In 1892 Colorado Fuel merged with Colorado Coal and Iron to form Colorado Fuel and Iron.</p> <p>A major economic depression that started in 1893 slowed CF&amp;I’s growth, but once the depression passed, the combined company expanded rapidly. From 1899 to 1903 CF&amp;I acquired new mines across the West and poured $24 million into its Pueblo steel plant. The company’s coal output tripled, and its Minnequa Steelworks in south Pueblo became the largest steel and iron plant in Colorado and one of the largest in the United States.</p> <p>By the early 1900s CF&amp;I was the largest employer in Pueblo, with more than 4,000 employees. Its personnel department and medical dispensary were torn down to make space for a new blast furnace, so the company planned a new office, dispensary, and laboratory complex at the corner of Canal Street and East Abriendo Avenue, just west of the Minnequa Steelworks gate. CF&amp;I chose Denver architect <strong>Frederick J. Sterner</strong> to design the buildings in the Mission style, with stucco walls and red tile roofs, which was commonly used for civic and domestic buildings at the time but rarely for industrial structures. The style was apparently chosen with the goal of enhancing property values in the company’s nearby Minnequa Heights development, which it started to build in 1900 to house workers.</p> <p>The main office building, two and a half stories tall with a four-story tower, was finished in 1901. The laboratory was also completed in 1901 but is no longer standing. The dispensary, a one-story building with six rooms, was completed in 1902. Given the company’s large workforce and the demanding nature of steelmaking, the dispensary was one of the most important and active CF&amp;I buildings in Pueblo. In 1902, for example, the company had 5,000 workers and the dispensary treated 23,000 cases of injury or illness, or about seventy-five per day. In addition, all prospective employees had to undergo a physical at the dispensary before they could begin work.</p> <h2>Employee Representation Plan</h2> <p>The Minnequa office building is especially significant as the site where CF&amp;I’s Employee Representation Plan was adopted and implemented in the late 1910s. An early and much-imitated example of welfare capitalism, the plan was essentially a “company union” established in response to a decade of labor disputes culminating in the Ludlow Massacre on April 20, 1914.</p> <p>The road to the Employee Representation Plan can be traced to 1903, when George Jay Gould and John David Rockefeller acquired CF&amp;I, helping it escape a financial crisis and continue its growth with an injection of capital. By 1910 the company had more than 15,000 workers, including about 10 percent of Colorado’s workforce. It owned fourteen company towns and operated mines and quarries in Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.</p> <p>Disputes over mine safety and company control of workers’ lives eventually led to a major strike in 1913–14 and ultimately to the Ludlow Massacre in April 1914, in which <strong>Colorado National Guard</strong> troops opened fire on a tent colony of miners north of <strong>Trinidad</strong>. Public reaction against the company’s owner, John D. Rockefeller Jr., was swift and harsh. Rockefeller Jr. quickly hired public-relations specialist Ivy Lee and labor expert William Lyon Mackenzie King, a former Canadian labor minister, to quell the trouble.</p> <p>King recommended that Rockefeller Jr. implement an Employee Representation Plan to mediate grievances and give workers a voice on company committees. Quarterly and annual conferences between workers and employers would be held at the Minnequa office building. The plan essentially took the place of the defeated <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers</strong></a> union, but without the right to collective bargaining and under the control of the company. Adopted by coal miners in 1915, it soon spread to all CF&amp;I employees and then to other Rockefeller-owned businesses. It served as a model for welfare capitalism programs established across the country in the late 1910s and 1920s.</p> <p>Company owners were pleased with the plan, but workers grumbled that it gave them little real power. When the National Industrial Recovery Act gave workers the right to organize in 1933, the United Mine Workers quickly recruited most miners in Colorado. The Employee Representation Plan officially ended in 1935, when the National Labor Relations Act rendered such company-controlled plans illegal.</p> <h2>Additions and Changes</h2> <p>Between the world wars CF&amp;I made significant additions to its Minnequa office and dispensary complex. In 1921 a two-story office annex, designed with Mission-style elements by Pueblo architect William Stickney, was completed north of the main office. Two additions in 1931 and 1945 expanded the annex.</p> <p>As CF&amp;I grew and added new processes for screening and hiring employees, its employment office could no longer fit in the main office building. In 1926 the company hired Pueblo architect <strong>Walter DeMordaunt</strong>, a former employee of Stickney’s, to design an addition at the west end of the dispensary to house the employment office. It continued the theme of Mission-style buildings at the complex.</p> <p>In 1944 Charles Allen &amp; Associates acquired CF&amp;I. The office and dispensary complex in Pueblo saw several changes over the next two decades. In the late 1950s the Pueblo Freeway (later <strong>Interstate 25</strong>) was built between the office and dispensary complex and the steel mill. The tunnel between the two had to be extended, and a new main gate house with Mission details was completed in 1955. In 1960, a year after the freeway was finished, the company erected a large corporate sign beside the highway.</p> <p>In 1969 Allen sold CF&amp;I to Crane Company, a New York–based conglomerate. The company streamlined CF&amp;I’s operations. In 1971 it built a large steel-frame sales office on the north side of the office annex. CF&amp;I ultimately went bankrupt when the American steel market collapsed in the early 1980s, but in the 1990s the mill and the office complex were acquired by a London-based multinational called Evraz and reopened on a smaller scale as Evraz Rocky Mountain Steel.</p> <h2>Steelworks Center</h2> <p>In 2002 the office and dispensary complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today Evraz Rocky Mountain Steel continues to manufacture steel rails, rods, bars, and pipes at the historic Minnequa Steelworks. Its sales offices are located in the former CF&amp;I sales office, but other parts of the office and dispensary complex are operated by the <strong>Steelworks Center of the West</strong> as a nonprofit educational facility. The former medical dispensary houses the Steelworks Museum and the Steelworks Archives, which include CF&amp;I’s company archives. In 2014 the organization began to build a new park, the Steelworks Park, north of the museum, and is spending $12 million to renovate the former main office building into a multi-use space called the Steelworks Center.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/minnequa-steelworks" hreflang="en">minnequa steelworks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pueblo-steel-mill" hreflang="en">pueblo steel mill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-pueblo" hreflang="en">city of pueblo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-fuel-iron" hreflang="en">colorado fuel &amp; iron</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cfi" hreflang="en">cf&amp;i</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rockefeller" hreflang="en">rockefeller</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-steel" hreflang="en">colorado steel</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Corinne Koehler, “Minnequa Steel Works, Office Building and Dispensary, Colorado Fuel and Iron Company,” National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet (May 20, 2008).</p> <p>James F. Munch, “Minnequa Steel Works Office Building and Dispensary, Colorado Fuel and Iron Company,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (May 18, 2001).</p> <p>Mary Jean Porter, “<a href="https://www.chieftain.com/life/2854062-120/steelworks-pueblo-center-hawkins/">New Name Designed to Honor Pueblo’s Enduring Steelmaking Heritage</a>,” <em>Pueblo Chieftain</em>, September 4, 2014.</p> <p>H. Lee Scamehorn, <em>Mill and Mine: The CF&amp;I in the Twentieth Century</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992).</p> <p>H. Lee Scamehorn, <em>Pioneer Steelmaker in the West: The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1872–1903</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1976).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas G. Andrews, <em>Killing for Coal: America’s Deadliest Labor War</em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).</p> <p>Joanne West Dodds, <em>They All Came to Pueblo: A Social History</em> (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers, 1994).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 20 Apr 2016 16:48:23 +0000 Nick Johnson 1293 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org