%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Bison http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3833--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3833.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/north-american-bison"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2951113978_a2610f9dbd_k_0.jpg?itok=rrdBMyyp" width="1090" height="730" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/north-american-bison" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">North American Bison</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Once numbering in the millions, the North American <a href="/article/bison"><strong>Bison</strong></a> thrived on Colorado's <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a> for centuries until overhunting and other environmental pressures brought them to the brink of extinction in the nineteenth century. Thanks to <strong>reintroduction efforts</strong> in the twentieth century, several bison herds now roam Colorado, and ranchers even raise them for meat.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3834--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3834.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bison-genesee-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Bison_herd_at_Genesee_Park-2012_03_10_0603_0.jpg?itok=jJjdNsxE" width="1090" height="726" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bison-genesee-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bison at Genesee Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Brought back from the brink of extinction, Colorado is now home to several <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> herds that are re-establishing the keystone species in their native shortgrass prairie habitat. These bison were photographed at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> near <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>I-70</strong></a> in 2012.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/nick-johnson" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Nick Johnson</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-11-19T09:57:21-07:00" title="Saturday, November 19, 2022 - 09:57" class="datetime">Sat, 11/19/2022 - 09:57</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bison" data-a2a-title="Bison"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbison&amp;title=Bison"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The American Plains Bison (<em>Bison bison</em>) are large mammals in the Bovidae family, recognizable for their large head, shaggy coats, pronounced hump,&nbsp;and close association with the American West. Bison are commonly and incorrectly referred to as "buffalo," which are Asian and African animals. North American bison have long grazed in Colorado and are a central part of the spiritual and physical world of Colorado’s Indigenous people.</p> <p>For millennia, vast herds of bison roamed the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, until their numbers declined almost to extinction in the nineteenth century due to overhunting. Since then, however, their significance in American culture and their importance as a keystone species for the natural environment of the plains have prompted conservation efforts and a modest population resurgence. Today, those efforts have resulted in several <a href="/article/bison-reintroduction"><strong>managed bison herds</strong></a>&nbsp;across Colorado. In 2016 President Barack Obama named the bison the National Mammal of the United States.</p> <h2>Biology</h2> <p>Bison are diurnal animals, meaning they are active during the day. Historically, bison had distinct seasonal behaviors. In the winter, the gregarious mammals moved in small groups to seek forage and shelter, and in the summer months, they consolidated into massive herds for breeding and to protect the young. A much smaller population of free-ranging bison today continues these seasonal movements.</p> <p>Female bison, called cows, reach sexual maturity at about two to four years and typically give birth to only one calf at a time. The bison’s relatively slow reproduction rate compounded their decline when they were overhunted during the late nineteenth century. Calves are weaned off their mother’s milk after about one year. Male bison, called bulls, reach peak mass at about five to six years of age. Most bison do not live past twenty years.</p> <h2>Bison-Shortgrass Relationship</h2> <p>The Great Plains is the largest biome in North America. The High Plains, a part of that biome that extends across northeast Colorado to the foot of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, is an ideal environment for bison, the area’s keystone species. Bison have shaped the area to fit their needs. The shortgrass ecology of the High Plains consists of two primary types of grass, blue grama (<em>Bouteloua gracilis</em>) and buffalo grass (<em>Buchloë dactyloides</em>), both of which have shallow root systems and grow unimpeded by the aridity that characterizes the region. Bison themselves are selected for these dominant varieties based on the nutrition they provide and their tolerance to cyclical patterns of wet and dry years. The shortgrass provides bison with a crucial nutritional balance of protein and carbohydrates; as much as 90 percent of a bison’s diet consists of grasses and sedges.</p> <p>Further, the grazing of bison herds induces new growth for both blue grama and buffalo grass, while their droppings return critical fertilizer to the prairie soil. Their grazing patterns are more intentional than one would think, with herds returning to graze the same carefully selected areas. This symbiotic relationship is why bison have existed for many millennia on the High Plains and have long been a central resource for the people living there.</p> <h2>Bison and Indigenous Nations</h2> <p>Archaeological evidence from across Colorado confirms that bison were a staple food resource for people living in the region as far back as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian period</strong></a> (more than 9,000 years ago). At the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jones-miller-bison-kill-site"><strong>Jones-Miller</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/olsen-chubbuck-bison-kill-site"><strong>Olsen-Chubbuck</strong></a> Bison Kill Sites, which date to about 8,000 BCE, Paleo-Indians herded bison into gulches, killed them, and butchered the bodies. At these and other sites, pot sherds, projectile <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fluted-points-0"><strong>points</strong></a>, and bone debris indicate that the people who populated the High Plains hunted bison in cooperative groups and used their quarry for food, clothing, tools, and other materials. At the Massey Draw site near <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the large number of bones and the existence of modified organic materials for use as tools suggest that the site was a bison-processing encampment in the Middle <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic Period</strong></a> (~3,000-1,000 BCE). Similar killing and butchering techniques continued on the plains for thousands of years.</p> <p>In addition to its functional role as a food source, the bison is spiritually vital to many Western Great Plains Indigenous people. The nations most commonly associated with Colorado—including the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Nuche (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>) people—all depended on the bison as a food source. They held, and still hold, the animals as an essential part of their physical and spiritual connection to the land. To the Arapaho, who call the bison <em>heneecee</em>, the animal provided food and shelter and was a key component of trade and commerce. The Cheyenne, who call the bison <em>hotoa’e</em> and hunted them in extended family units, traded meat and pemmican to the horticultural nations on the eastern Great Plains in exchange for corn and wild foods. In addition, the Nuche, who call the bison <em>coch</em> or <em>kucu</em>, left their mountain encampments each summer to hunt bison herds on the Great Plains. They hunted bison for their own needs as well as to establish trade with Spanish colonists, known as Ciboleros, who specialized in the trade of bison flesh at markets in New Mexico.</p> <p>Bison were the foundation of transactions among Indigenous groups and between Indigenous nations and Euro-American nations. In this way, the mammals’ abundance undergirded the more extensive networks of imperial commerce on the nineteenth-century plains, such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>. Bison meat, hides, and tallow (fat) were principal commodities on the Great Plains. The market forces that came to bear on the region eventually spelled disaster for the bison in Colorado.</p> <h2>The Market for Bison</h2> <p>A variety of market factors drove the exploitation of the bison, including flesh for consumption or storage and bone ash for making fertilizer or to neutralize acids and clarify sugar, wine, and vinegar. However, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, demand for bison pelts surpassed these other uses as the main driver of the animal’s decline. Stemming directly from the already-established <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> pelt trade, the bison robe market became dominant as beaver became rarer in the mountains and High Plains.</p> <p>The earliest American engagement with the bison robe market occurred in the early nineteenth century at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading posts</strong></a> along overland trails. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, on the Arkansas River in what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otero-county"><strong>Otero County</strong></a>, was a well-known fur-trading post and commercial hub. There, white traders exchanged flour, firearms, textiles, and liquor for bison robes prepared by the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other Indigenous peoples. In tandem with intensifying resource competition between bison and the growing herds of horses used to hunt them, the massive demand for robes contributed to a decline in bison, as Indigenous people were incentivized to overhunt the animal. By the 1850s, the decline in the robe market shuttered many of the fur-trading forts in Colorado, and Indigenous people who relied upon the once-innumerable resource began to starve and relocate as herds diminished.</p> <p>Several forces combined to keep bison numbers on a downward trajectory throughout the mid-nineteenth century. Increasing numbers of American colonists crossing the plains on overland trails used bison as a food source. The Comanche overhunted bison to sustain their raiding-and-trading empire and built huge horse herds that competed with the bison for grazing territory.</p> <p>As railroad tracks were laid across eastern Colorado during the 1870s, bison migration patterns were affected, and train strikes began killing bison who wandered across tracks. An increasing number of cattle and other ranch animals and the increasing amount of acreage put under cultivation reduced bison’s access to vital shortgrass prairie, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches bisected their grazing spaces. Droughts, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfire</strong></a><strong>s</strong>, blizzards, and disease contributed significantly to the diminishing number of bison in Colorado and the broader Great Plains, as did the forced removal of Indigenous people who had previously managed the herds and held bison in higher regard than newly arriving colonists. On top of all that, tanners developed a new method for creating bison leather in the early 1870s, creating an insatiable demand for hides. By the 1880s, bison had been nearly hunted out of existence on the High Plains.</p> <h2>Saving a Species: Bison in the Twentieth Century</h2> <p>At the turn of the twentieth century, the bison underwent a transformation in the minds of many non-Indigenous Americans. For decades, hunting of the animals had been encouraged to weaken Indigenous nations and make way for the so-called progress of railroads, farming, and ranching in the West. With the conquest of the region complete, however, many Americans began to see both the bison and Indigenous people as symbols of a disappearing mythical frontier, and they became nostalgic about these symbols.</p> <p>Perhaps the best example of this change in sentiment is that of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-f-%E2%80%9Cbuffalo-bill%E2%80%9D-cody"><strong>William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a>, an army veteran who hunted bison for the Kansas-Pacific Railroad and the US Army only to make the animals an important part of his subsequent “Wild West” shows that celebrated the American frontier. Cody’s shows were immensely popular and gave bison staying power as symbols of a romanticized American West. Cody, who first helped kill the bison and then helped spur a national lamentation of their loss, is now buried on Lookout Mountain, near Golden, not far from where a reintroduced bison herd roams.</p> <p>Later, in 1934, the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> (CU) adopted the name “Buffaloes” to represent its sports programs and campus community, further tying the bison to the lives of contemporary Coloradans. The mascot was chosen due to a national naming contest by CU’s student newspaper, <em>Silver &amp; Gold</em>. Boulder resident A. J. Dickson was the first to submit the name “buffaloes.” For the first football game of the 1934 season, CU students paid twenty-five dollars to have a bison calf on the sidelines (it is not known where the calf was taken from, though it likely came from Genesee Park). Since 1967 CU has had a live female bison, nicknamed “Ralphie,” lead the football team onto the field at home games.</p> <p>In Colorado, conservation of the keystone species has been in progress since the early twentieth century. Beginning in 1908, the city of Denver rounded up a herd of eighteen bison for conservation. The Denver herd lived on the prairie of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> and the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-zoo"><strong>Denver Zoo</strong></a>, but as the herd grew, its home moved to a larger site at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a> in 1914 and expanded to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-park"><strong>Daniels Park</strong></a> in 1938. The city of Denver and the Denver Zoo continue to manage the bison herd, occasionally gifting bison to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Ute, and other Indigenous nations with strong cultural ties to the animals. Collectively, these efforts protect the region’s biodiversity, support the recovery of the species, acknowledge Indigenous nations as equal partners in their protection, and provide the people of Colorado the opportunity to engage with one of their region’s most important species.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Bison reintroduction programs continue in Colorado, and the state herds have increased significantly in number and physical health. A short distance from Denver, Coloradans can view the bison herd at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/rocky-mountain-arsenal"><strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong></a>. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden,</strong></a> the overlook at exit 254 off <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> allows observation of the Genesee Park herd. In <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>, bison viewing areas at Soapstone Prairie Natural Area and Red Mountain Open Space enable visitors to see a herd with genetic links to some of the last remaining wild bison in the Yellowstone region. The state of Colorado, the federal government, and many Indigenous nations continue to prioritize the reintroduction, study, and management of the prairie’s keystone species and the country’s national mammal.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/sean-mccollum" hreflang="und">Sean McCollum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison" hreflang="en">bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo" hreflang="en">buffalo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-hunting" hreflang="en">bison hunting</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-extinct" hreflang="en">bison extinct</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-colorado" hreflang="en">bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains" hreflang="en">high plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/great-plains" hreflang="en">Great Plains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/plains-ecosystem" hreflang="en">plains ecosystem</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ecology" hreflang="en">ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-mammal" hreflang="en">national mammal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/barack-obama" hreflang="en">barack obama</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodore-roosevelt" hreflang="en">theodore roosevelt</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-herds-colorado" hreflang="en">bison herds colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/see-bison-colorado" hreflang="en">see bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/genesee-park" hreflang="en">genesee park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/are-there-bison-colorado" hreflang="en">are there bison in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/are-there-bison-left" hreflang="en">are there bison left</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/daniels-park" hreflang="en">daniels park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-zoo" hreflang="en">Denver Zoo</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapho" hreflang="en">arapho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nuche" hreflang="en">nuche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-genocide" hreflang="en">indigenous genocide</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-mountain-open-space" hreflang="en">red mountain open space</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/soapstone-prairie-bison" hreflang="en">soapstone prairie bison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/soapstone-prairie-natural-area" hreflang="en">soapstone prairie natural area</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/larimer-county" hreflang="en">larimer county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-county" hreflang="en">denver county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grama-grass" hreflang="en">grama grass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-grass" hreflang="en">buffalo grass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shortgrass-prairie" hreflang="en">shortgrass prairie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/shortgrass-prairie-ecology" hreflang="en">shortgrass prairie ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/high-plains-ecology" hreflang="en">high plains ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-bill-cody" hreflang="en">buffalo bill cody</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bison-robe-trade" hreflang="en">bison robe trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-f-cody" hreflang="en">william f cody</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www3.uwsp.edu/biology/VertebrateCollection/Pages/Vertebrates/Mammals%20of%20Wisconsin/Bison%20bison/Bison%20bison.aspx#:~:text=Length%20of%20bison%20ranges%20from,shoulder%20and%20the%20thoracic%20girdle.">Bison bison—American Bison</a>,” Biology Department, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, updated 2004.</p> <p>Kathleen A. Brosnan, <em>Uniting Mountain and Plain: Cities, Law, and Environmental Change Along the Front Range</em> (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002).<br /> <br /> Cheyennelanguage.org, “<a href="http://www.cheyennelanguage.org/words/animals/animals.htm">Animals</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Coleman Cornelius, “<a href="https://source.colostate.edu/northern-colorado-bison-project-uses-high-tech-breeding-to-halt-disease-and-conserve-an-icon/">Northern Colorado Bison Project Uses High-Tech Breeding to Halt Disease and Conserve an Icon</a>,” <em>Source </em>(Colorado State University), March 10, 2015.</p> <p>City of Denver, “Bison Conservation,”&nbsp; n.d.</p> <p>City of Fort Collins, “<a href="https://www.fcgov.com/naturalareas/bison">Laramie Foothills Bison Conservation Herd</a>,”&nbsp; n.d.</p> <p>Andrew Cowell and Alonzo Moss, Sr., Williams C’Hair, Wayne C’Hair, et al., “<a href="https://homewitharapaho.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/arapaho-dictionary1.pdf">Dictionary of the Arapaho Language</a>,” 2012.</p> <p>Catherine S. Fowler, “<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/465789">Some Lexical Clues to Uto-Aztecan Prehistory</a>,” International Journal of American Linguistics 49, no. 3 (July 1983).</p> <p>Andrew C. Isenberg, <em>The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).<br /> <br /> Shanna Lewis, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/2020/12/17/wild-bison-return-to-colorados-great-plains/">Wild Bison Return to Colorado’s Great Plains</a>,” CPR, December 17, 2020.</p> <p>Mountain Scholar, University Historic Photograph Collection, “Bison Image—1,”&nbsp; July 1930.</p> <p>Sarah M. Nelson, <em>Denver: An Archaeological History</em> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).<br /> <br /> San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library, “<a href="https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/americanbison/summary">American Bison <em>(Bison bison)</em></a>,”&nbsp; updated March 9, 2021.</p> <p>University of Colorado, “<a href="https://cubuffs.com/sports/2016/6/28/ralphie-history">Ralphie History</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2015/10/21/usda-helps-bring-bison-back-colorados-prairies">USDA Helps Bring Bison Back to Colorado's Prairies</a>,”&nbsp; February 21, 2017.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dale F. Lott, <em>American Bison: A Natural History</em> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).<br /> <br /> Louis S. Warren, <em>Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show</em> (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Sat, 19 Nov 2022 16:57:21 +0000 Nick Johnson 3831 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-08-09T15:32:09-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 9, 2022 - 15:32" class="datetime">Tue, 08/09/2022 - 15:32</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/institute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar" data-a2a-title="Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Finstitute-arctic-and-alpine-research-instaar&amp;title=Institute%20of%20Arctic%20and%20Alpine%20Research%20%28INSTAAR%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><div>&#13; <p>The Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) is the oldest research institute at the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>. It studies the connectivity of cold desert ecosystems, like the ones found on <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> peaks. INSTAAR was one of the country's first prominent ecological research programs and found early success in the mid-twentieth century. Since the mid-1970s, INSTAAR has shifted its mission to study how climate change affects the high-altitude tundra and how these seemingly small changes in Colorado may affect similar ecosystems globally.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The idea for an alpine research organization was devised in 1946 when John Marr, professor of biology at the University of Colorado, took a group of students to the school’s <strong>Science Lodge </strong>on Niwot Ridge, near the Indian Peaks west of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong>,</a> to study winter plant ecology. While eating sandwiches and discussing dwarven plants, Marr and his students were overcome by a blizzard. The stormy picnic inspired Marr and his students to establish measurement stations around the lodge to record wild weather fluctuations and to gather more data about the alpine tundra. INSTAAR was born.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From the outset, INSTAAR was concerned with the global connectivity of tundra environments but had difficulty fulfilling its mission due to constant budget constraints. John Marr and his team aimed to record data in both Colorado and the Canadian Arctic, where he previously studied tree distribution and soil composition. But the institute could only get enough cash for a seasonal stint in Ungava Bay in Nunavut, Canada, in 1948. As he struggled to find funding for longer Arctic research trips, Marr insisted that the team could facilitate near-identical studies in Colorado, where high <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/.../beatrice-willard-alpine-tundra-research-%20plots"><strong>alpine tundra</strong></a> ecosystems mirrored Arctic conditions.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Neither CU nor the federal government was interested in funding a new biological database to survey conditions in Niwot because the research had no immediate promise of profit or Cold War-era military application. In response to the government’s data priorities, Marr advertised his program as an opportunity for the Army’s Quartermaster General office to test cold weather equipment. The Quartermaster General office took the bait and funded Marr’s alpine ecology field research on the condition that he and his students test military gear, such as coats, gloves, and even tank-like vehicles, while they collected data.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Ecology was officially formed in 1951 (the catchy acronym INSTAAR was not adopted until the mid-1960s). Within the year, Marr and his students established sixteen Environmental Analysis Stations around Niwot Ridge, at elevations ranging from 5,500 to 13,000 feet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, INSTAAR began to garner a reputation for its local accessibility, wide-ranging interdisciplinary research, and educational fieldwork opportunities. Meanwhile, Marr’s students conducted research of their own. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beatrice-willard"><strong>Beatrice Willard</strong></a>, a student of Marr’s in the late 1950s, was among the first to study sensitive alpine tundra environments along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/trail-ridge-road"><strong>Trail Ridge Road</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Shift in Focus</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1960s and early 1970s marked a shift in the University of Colorado’s emphasis on scientific research. In 1967 CU geography professor Jack Ives<strong>,</strong> former director of the Sub-Arctic Research Laboratory at McGill University in Québec, Canada, took on Marr’s position at INSTAAR. CU hired Ives as a way to attract other world-renowned cold temperature researchers and expand CU’s growing reputation as a scientific research behemoth. Ives took full advantage of the university’s renewed investment by finally cosigning yearly research trips to Baffin Island and Labrador in the Canadian Arctic. This solidified a permanent polar presence for the institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ives not only stretched INSTAAR’s geographic range but also helped make a compelling case for why Colorado’s ecology mattered globally. INSTAAR’s two-decade history of long-term ecological research in the alpine tundra earned Niwot Ridge a tundra biome site designation for the International Biological Program (IBP) in 1971. The program collected data about ecosystems around the world to understand how they might interact with one another on a global scale.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The 1960s also saw INSTAAR’s first major project emphasizing the functional application of tundra research for state and national interests. In 1969 INSTAAR partnered with <strong>Colorado State University</strong> (CSU) to research the effects of cloud seeding in the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>. The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a> funded the study and assessed how animals and plants reacted to higher precipitation and delayed snowmelt, in addition to how the active trigger chemical in seeding—iodide, toxic to both animals and humans—affected those life systems. CSU focused on collecting data on forest ecosystems, while INSTAAR tackled similar research in the alpine tundra.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The operation's goal was to build on previously successful cloud-seeding experiments toward adding more water to the Upper <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> Basin. The bureau hoped that weather modification would be the ultimate step in reconfiguring the western landscape against the threat of <strong>drought</strong> and the region’s growing population. INSTAAR and CSU took on this initiative despite knowing that the experiments might elevate levels of silver iodide in the Basin. The data ultimately reflected this worst-case scenario, and the program was shut down when toxicity in the region increased.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>INSTAAR’s work with CSU on the cloud seeding project demonstrated that it could successfully collaborate with other institutions. This led to an additional research partnership with the University of Washington, and the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labs in New Hampshire focused on <strong>avalanche</strong> research. These seven years brought considerable fame to INSTAAR in the academic community while highlighting additional applications of its tundra research.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Role of Climate Change</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1970s, INSTAAR has increasingly focused on atmospheric research and the impact of climate change. This was partly thanks to an invigorated <strong>environmental movement</strong> and increasing recognition of ecology’s role in human health and wellbeing. In response to this movement, the federal government launched the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) initiative, which awarded funding to long-term data-collection projects. The National Science Foundation began searching for sites in 1978, and by 1980 Niwot Ridge became one of the first locations to receive an LTER designation.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1992 the University of Colorado, in partnership with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), was awarded a second LTER site in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. INSTAAR’s inclusion in the LTER signaled a shift from national security applications to the scientific investigation of the effects of climate change.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Much of the USGS’s work in Antarctica involved drilling for ice cores to study biological and environmental conditions. The INSTAAR-USGS partnership in Antarctica culminated in the creation of the National Ice Core Lab in 1993. This was housed in the USGS federal center in <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and administered by INSTAAR. The goal of the Ice Core Lab is to collect, house, and distribute ice cores. Management of the lab has since been transferred from INSTAAR to the University of New Hampshire. Studying ice cores helps researchers understand historic chemical fluctuations in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide levels, providing insight into today’s atmospheric composition.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Recent Activity</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the 1980s, INSTAAR has pioneered several landmark observations and models regarding tundra and polar science. The Niwot LTER, for instance, has determined that the tundra is becoming incrementally wetter and has created several models articulating carbon and nitrogen cycling in the tundra. Researchers at the McMurdo site have studied how changing stream flows due to climate change have affected delicate microbial environments. In 2012 the INSTAAR team in Antarctica also worked with NASA to study microbiology in the context of climate change and potential extraterrestrial organisms. Research in both regions is ongoing and has been a critical resource for other federal scientific agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and other organizations. </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>INSTAAR’s decades of ecological research have helped scientists understand how global environments are connected. INSTAAR continues to advance this mission, making its work more accessible to the public through educational programs at Mountain Research Station and other trips that invite students into the field. INSTAAR has played an instrumental role in working to help Colorado scientists and communities understand how to mitigate and prepare for the effects of climate change.</p>&#13; </div>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/petrie-gentrice" hreflang="und">Petrie, Gentrice</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arctic-research" hreflang="en">arctic research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/instaar" hreflang="en">instaar</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra-research" hreflang="en">alpine tundra research</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/alpine-tundra-scientists" hreflang="en">alpine tundra scientists</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/science-colorado" hreflang="en">science in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountains" hreflang="en">Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ecology" hreflang="en">ecology</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/berthoud-pass" hreflang="en">berthoud pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-peaks" hreflang="en">indian peaks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-marr" hreflang="en">john marr</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/beatrice-willard" hreflang="en">Beatrice Willard</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-ridge-road" hreflang="en">Trail Ridge Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Martha Andrews, Scott Elias, Anne Jennings, et al. <em>Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research 1993-1994 Biennial Report. </em>Boulder: INSTAAR, 1994.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elena Aronova, Karen S. Baker, and Naomi Oreskes, “<a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/hsns/article-abstract/40/2/183/105628/Big-Science-and-Big-Data-in-Biology-From-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Big Science and Big Data in Biology: From the International Geophysical Year through the International Biological Program to the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, 1957–Present</a>,” <em>Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences</em>, May 1, 2010.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Daniel B. Botkin, “<a href="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/77workshop.pdf">Piolet Program for Long-Term Observation and Study of Ecosystems in the United States</a>,” National Science Foundation, February 10, 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Joel B. Hagen, <em>An Entangled Bank:</em> <em>The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology </em>(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James C. Halfpenny et al., “<a href="https://instaar.colorado.edu/uploads/occasional-papers/OP37.pdf">Ecological Studies in the Colorado Alpine: A Festschrift for John W. Marr</a>,” Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 1982.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/979">John W. Marr Papers</a>, University of Boulder Libraries, Boulder, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Margaret P. O’Mara, <em>Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Kathleen Salzberg, Nan Elias, and Polly Christensen, “<a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%5B50th-anniversary%5D.-Delatte/f84c18e4cb2de7efa9e092cf989fe28ae010d2c6?p2df">The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary: 1951-2001</a>,” Regents of the University of Colorado, 2001. </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leo Teller, Harold W. Steinhoff, Jack D. Ives, and Colorado State University Department of Water Sciences, <em>The San Juan Ecology Project, Phase I: A Problem Analysis and Study Plan for an Evaluation of the Ecological Impact of Weather Modification in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Final Report for the Period February 1970-August 1970</em> (Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Leo Teller, Harold W. Steinhoff, Jack D. Ives, and Colorado State University Department of Water Sciences, <em>The San Juan Ecology Project: An Evaluation of the Ecological Impact of Weather Modification on the Upper Colorado River Basin, Interim Progress Report for the period September 1970-October 1971 </em>(Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1971).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John F. Vernberg et al. “<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3881109">Field Stations of the United States</a>,” <em>American Zoologist</em>, 1963.  </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/instaar/research">INSTAAR Current Research</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a name="_Hlk30156368" id="_Hlk30156368"></a><a href="https://icecores.org/about">National Ice Core Facility</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://lternet.edu/network-organization/lter-a-history/">Timeline of the LTER project</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 09 Aug 2022 21:32:09 +0000 yongli 3733 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Byron White http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Byron White</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T15:18:45-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 15:18" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 15:18</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byron-white" data-a2a-title="Byron White"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbyron-white&amp;title=Byron%20White"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice, serving from 1962 to 1993, as well as a nationally known college athlete for the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and a star pro football player. As a justice, White was remembered for his belief in judicial restraint, writing brief, straightforward opinions that argued against expansive interpretations of constitutional rights. Some legal scholars believe his greatest influence came not in written decisions but in face-to-face discussions with his fellow justices. His sterling achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado, where the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the <strong>Byron White US Courthouse</strong> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-collins"><strong>Fort Collins</strong></a> on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of <strong>Wellington</strong>, where his father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet</strong></a> fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As valedictorian of his small high school, White received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). There he followed in the footsteps of his brother, who was a football player and student body president before being selected as a Rhodes Scholar in 1934. The younger White started college that year and became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average, making him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season and personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. He was named an All-American and finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game, which it lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention, which contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make: enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. Drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers), White earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When <strong>World War II</strong> broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. Enrolling at Yale Law School, he received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, however, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions, leading the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946, finishing first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns, who was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor <strong>Frederick Pitkin</strong> and the daughter of University of Colorado president <strong>Robert L. Stearns</strong>. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy, who was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado and joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry, where he spent fourteen years in practice. He changed his policy of avoiding involvement in electoral politics in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president and asked him to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs before being asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC, where White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work, recruited new lawyers, helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White also worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was quickly confirmed by the Senate and took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962, at the age of forty-four. He reportedly told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a substantial transformation from the height of the liberal Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s until White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically and has been described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist” who focused more on the specific facts of each case than on any sweeping constitutional doctrine. Similarly, White’s written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact, without any rhetorical flourishes, in line with his view that the role of judges should be a modest one.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court and tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government and, most important, judicial deference to the popularly elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As a result, White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions, which inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in <em>Miranda v. Arizona</em> (1966), which required people in police custody to be advised of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination. In his dissent, he wrote that the majority opinion “is neither compelled nor even strongly suggested by the language of the Fifth Amendment, is at odds with American and English legal history, and involves a departure from a long line of precedent.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process, the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in <em>Roe v. Wade</em> and <em>Doe v. Bolton</em> (1973), which declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential and more often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in <em>Bowers v. Hardwick</em> (1986), which upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. (The decision was overturned by <em>Lawrence v. Texas</em> in 2003.)</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in <em>Washington v. Davis</em> (1976), which held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. “Disproportionate impact is not irrelevant,” he wrote, “but it is not the sole touchstone of an invidious racial discrimination forbidden by the Constitution.” The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite similar votes to curb federal civil rights laws and end state and local affirmative action policies, White consistently supported federal power over states in civil rights matters, perhaps because of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in <em>United States v.</em> <em>Fordice</em> (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in <em>Bush v. Gore</em> (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at <strong>St. John</strong><strong>’</strong><strong>s Cathedral</strong>, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the <strong>US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</strong> in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/byron-white" hreflang="en">Byron White</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/supreme-court" hreflang="en">Supreme Court</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/robert-stearns" hreflang="en">Robert Stearns</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/football" hreflang="en">football</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-rights" hreflang="en">Civil Rights</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>“<a href="https://www.profootballhof.com/news/1938-national-football-league-draft/">1938 National Football League Draft</a>,” Pro Football Hall of Fame, n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep478/usrep478186/usrep478186.pdf"><em>Bowers v. Hardwick</em></a>, 478 US 186 (1986).</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/byron_r_white">Byron R. White</a>,”, <em>Oyez</em>, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/education/byron-white">Byron White</a>,” United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, n.d.</p> <p>“<a href="https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/find-a-building/all-historic-buildings/byron-white-us-courthouse-denver-co">Byron White US Courthouse, Denver, CO</a>,” US General Services Administration, n.d.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep410/usrep410179/usrep410179.pdf"><em>Doe v. Bolton</em></a>, 410 US 179 (1973).</p> <p>Linda Greenhouse, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/16/us/byron-r-white-longtime-justice-and-a-football-legend-dies-at-84.html">Byron R. White, Longtime Justice and a Football Legend, Dies at 84</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 16, 2002.</p> <p>Dennis J. Hutchinson, “<a href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7515&amp;context=ylj">The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White</a>,” <em>Yale Law Journal</em> 103, no. 1 (1993).</p> <p>Charles Lane and Bret Barnes, “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/04/16/longtime-justice-byron-white-dies/a5c2335a-81d8-4eb4-8696-1cc061a8b9f0/">Longtime Justice Byron White Dies</a>,” <em>Washington Post</em>, April 16, 2002.</p> <p>Douglas Martin, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/02/us/sam-white-91-researcher-on-effects-of-a-bombs-dies.html">Sam White, 91, Researcher on Effects of A-Bombs, Dies</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, May 2, 2004.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep384/usrep384436/usrep384436.pdf"><em>Miranda v. Arizona</em></a>, 384 US 436 (1966).</p> <p>Jacob Myers, “<a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2023-12-06/heisman-trophy-winners-and-runners-each-year-1935">Heisman Trophy Winners, Runners-Up Since 1935</a>,” <a href="https://www.ncaa.com/">NCAA.com</a>, December 14, 2019.</p> <p>“<a href="https://nflpa.com/press/nflpa-establishes-alan-page-community-award-as-its-highest-honor">NFLPA Establishes ‘Alan Page Community Award’ as Its Highest Honor</a>,” NFL Players Association, September 4, 2018.</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep505/usrep505717/usrep505717.pdf"><em>United States v. Fordice</em></a>, 505 US 717 (1992).</p> <p><a href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep426/usrep426229/usrep426229.pdf"><em>Washington v. Davis</em></a>, 426 US 229 (1976).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Dennis J. Hutchinson, <em>The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White: A Portrait of Justice Byron R. White</em> (New York: Free Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Justice White and the Exercise of Judicial Power</em>, special issue of <em>University of Colorado Law Review</em> 74, no. 4 (Fall 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a college athlete and a star pro football player. He played for the University of Colorado. His achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have left a mark on Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School is named for him. The Byron White US Courthouse in Denver also bears his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). He became a three-sport star. White earned all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He earned a straight-A average. He became student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season. White was named an All-American. He finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl. It was the school’s first bowl game. The team lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball. They created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White attracted intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White graduated valedictorian. He had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. His other option was to enter the National Football League. White had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He leaned toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and start one term late at Oxford. White was drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers). He earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today). White lead the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. He enrolled at Yale Law School. White received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. White returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946. He finished first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns. Marion was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin. She was also the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. The couple had two children. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado. He joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry. White he spent fourteen years in practice there. Previously, he had avoided involvement in politics. White changed his policy in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president. Kennedy asked White to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs. He was then asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election. Kennedy won the race.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC. White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work. He recruited new lawyers. White also helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama. He supervised federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was confirmed by the Senate. He took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a  transformation. The Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s was liberal. However, White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically. White focused more on the specific facts of each case than on constitutional doctrine. His written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court. He tended to side with the conservatives. He believed in a strong but accountable federal government.  Most important, White believed in judicial deference to the elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions. The decisions inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process. Substantive due process is the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973). The cases declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential. He was often in the majority.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White supported federal power over states in civil rights matters. This may have been a result of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. He continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000). It was one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health. White moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law earned him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a nationally known college athlete and a star pro football player. He played for the University of Colorado. His achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the Byron White US Courthouse in Denver bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Whit was valedictorian of his small high school. He received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). White became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average. This mad him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season. He personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. White was named an All-American. He finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game. The team lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. White was drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers). He earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. He enrolled at Yale Law School. White received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946. He finished first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns. Marion was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin and the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado. He joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry. White he spent fourteen years in practice there. Previously, he had avoided involvement in politics. White changed his policy in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president. Kennedy asked White to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs. He was then asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC. White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work. He recruited new lawyers. White also helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was confirmed by the Senate. He took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962. He told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a  transformation. The Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s was liberal. However, White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically. He was described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist.” White focused more on the specific facts of each case than on constitutional doctrine. His written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court. He tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government.  Most important, White believed in judicial deference to the elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions. The decisions inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in Miranda v. Arizona (1966).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process. Substantive due process is the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973). The cases declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential. He was often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986). The case upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. The decision was overturned by Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in Washington v. Davis (1976). The decision held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White supported federal power over states in civil rights matters,. This may have been a result of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in United States v. Fordice (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Byron White (1917–2002) was Colorado’s first-ever US Supreme Court justice. He served from 1962 to 1993. White was also a nationally known college athlete for the University of Colorado and a star pro football player. As a justice, White was remembered for his belief in judicial restraint, writing brief, straightforward opinions that argued against expansive interpretations of constitutional rights. Some legal scholars believe his greatest influence came not in written decisions but in face-to-face discussions with his fellow justices. His sterling achievements in sports and long service on the Supreme Court have ensured him an enduring reputation in Colorado. The Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado Law School and the Byron White US Courthouse in Denver bear his name.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Byron Raymond White was born in Fort Collins on June 8, 1917, to Maude and Albert White. He grew up about ten miles north, in the town of Wellington. His father served as mayor and worked as a manager for a lumber company. Byron and his older brother, Clayton Samuel White, made extra money by working in the area’s sugar beet fields.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Whit was valedictorian of his small high school. He received a full scholarship to the University of Colorado (CU). There he followed in the footsteps of his brother, who was a football player and student body president before being selected as a Rhodes Scholar in 1934. The younger White started college that year. He became a three-sport star, earning all-conference honors in football, basketball, and baseball. He still managed to earn a straight-A average. This mad him an easy choice for student body president during his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s senior year was one of the most remarkable in the history of college athletics. In the fall of 1937, he led CU to an undefeated season and personally led the country in scoring, rushing, and total offense. He was named an All-American. White finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting. CU was invited to the Cotton Bowl, the school’s first bowl game, which it lost to Rice Institute. That winter, sportswriters in New York wanted to see White play basketball so badly that they created the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) to bring CU to Madison Square Garden. The team lost to Temple in the finals. White was subjected to intense media attention. It contributed to his lifelong aversion to the press. He was so exhausted after the season that he skipped spring baseball even though he enjoyed the sport and was a .400 hitter.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Sports and Scholarship</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After graduating as valedictorian, White had an unusual decision to make. He could enroll at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, or enter the National Football League, where he had been promised the biggest payday in league history. He inclined toward Oxford until he learned that he could play the fall football season and still start one term late at Oxford. Drafted fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Steelers), White earned his record-high salary of more than $15,000 (about $275,000 today) by leading the league in rushing.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the season, White went to Oxford in January 1939 to study law. When World War II broke out in September 1939, he returned to the United States. Enrolling at Yale Law School, he received the highest grades in the first-year class. In fall 1940, however, he took a semester off to play football for the Detroit Lions. He led the league in rushing for a second time. He returned to the Lions again the next fall.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the United States entered World War II, White enlisted in the US Navy. He was awarded two Bronze Stars for his service in the Pacific Theater. As an intelligence officer, he wrote the report on the sinking of John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Legal Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Back home after the war, White completed his law degree at Yale in 1946, finishing first in his class. He spent a year in Washington, DC, clerking for newly appointed Chief Justice Fred Vinson at the Supreme Court. That year he married Marion Stearns, who was the great-granddaughter of Colorado governor Frederick Pitkin and the daughter of University of Colorado president Robert L. Stearns. They later had two children, Charles and Nancy. During his year in Washington, White also became reacquainted with John F. Kennedy, who was starting his first term in the US House of Representatives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 White returned to Colorado and joined the Denver law firm of Lewis, Grant, Newton, Davis &amp; Henry, where he spent fourteen years in practice. He changed his policy of avoiding involvement in electoral politics in 1960, when his old friend Kennedy was running for president and asked him to help the campaign in Colorado. White organized Colorado for Kennedy clubs before being asked to head the national Citizens for Kennedy group for the general election, which Kennedy won.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Kennedy entered the White House, he named White as deputy attorney general. The Whites moved back to Washington, DC, where White was second-in-command under Robert F. Kennedy at the Department of Justice. White did daily departmental administrative work, recruited new lawyers, helped select federal court nominees, and oversaw departmental initiatives in Congress. As the Civil Rights Movement gained strength, White also worked on federal efforts to prevent violence against peaceful protesters. In May 1961, he was on the ground in Alabama to supervise federal marshals and deputies sent to protect the Freedom Riders on their trip through the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Supreme Court</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In March 1962, President Kennedy nominated White to replace retiring Supreme Court associate justice Charles Whittaker. Calling him “the ideal New Frontier judge,” Kennedy noted that White had “excelled in everything he has attempted.” White was quickly confirmed by the Senate and took his seat on the Supreme Court on April 16, 1962, at the age of forty-four. He reportedly told one colleague that he was being “put out to pasture.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During White’s thirty-one years on the Supreme Court, the institution experienced a substantial transformation from the height of the liberal Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s until White was the only Democratic nominee remaining when he retired in the early 1990s. White himself was hard to categorize ideologically and has been described as a “nondoctrinaire pragmatist” who focused more on the specific facts of each case than on any sweeping constitutional doctrine. Similarly, White’s written opinions tended to be lean and matter-of-fact, without any rhetorical flourishes, in line with his view that the role of judges should be a modest one.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Judicial Restraint</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Nevertheless, White wrote almost 1,000 opinions during his three decades on the Court and tended to side with the conservatives. Broadly speaking, he believed in a strong but accountable federal government and, most important, judicial deference to the popularly elected branches of government.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As a result, White often found himself at odds with the Warren Court’s decisions, which inserted the Court forcefully into ongoing political debates. Most notably, White dissented from the majority in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which required people in police custody to be advised of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination. In his dissent, he wrote that the majority opinion “is neither compelled nor even strongly suggested by the language of the Fifth Amendment, is at odds with American and English legal history, and involves a departure from a long line of precedent.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Throughout his career, White was a strong critic of substantive due process, the doctrine by which courts place certain fundamental rights beyond the scope of government regulation or legislation. White made his view clear in his dissent in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton (1973), which declared a constitutional right to abortion. “I find nothing in the language or history of the Constitution to support the Court’s judgment,” he wrote. “This issue, for the most part, should be left with the people and to the political processes the people have devised to govern their affairs.” White continued to dissent in cases involving abortion rights until the end of his career.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the Court shifted to a more conservative orientation in the 1970s, White found himself more influential and more often in the majority. Perhaps his most famous opinion in these years came in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), which upheld a state law criminalizing sodomy. As usual, White argued that there was no constitutional right to homosexual sex that would override state legislative prohibitions. (The decision was overturned by Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.)</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Civil Rights</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Some legal scholars believe White’s most significant opinion came in Washington v. Davis (1976), which held that government policies needed to have discriminatory intent, not simply a discriminatory effect, in order to constitute an equal-protection violation. “Disproportionate impact is not irrelevant,” he wrote, “but it is not the sole touchstone of an invidious racial discrimination forbidden by the Constitution.” The decision was lamented by civil rights advocates because of the high burden it imposed to prove discrimination.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite similar votes to curb federal civil rights laws and end state and local affirmative action policies, White consistently supported federal power over states in civil rights matters, perhaps because of his experience in the Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Movement. “Surely the State may not leave in place policies . . . that serve to maintain the racial identifiability of its universities,” he wrote in his majority opinion in United States v. Fordice (1992), which required Mississippi to take affirmative action to better integrate its public universities, “if those policies can practicably be eliminated without eroding sound educational policies.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Final Years</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>White announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on March 19, 1993. As a retired justice, he continued to serve as a visiting judge on federal appeals courts, and he also led a commission to study the structure of the federal appeals courts. He sat in the front row of the Supreme Court gallery to watch oral arguments in Bush v. Gore (2000), which would be one of his final public appearances. In 2001 he closed his chambers because of ill health and moved back to Denver with his wife. He died of pneumonia on April 15, 2002, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral, where he was interred.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>White’s achievements in sports and the law merited him numerous honors during his life and after his death. In 1954 he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. The NFL Players’ Association’s community service award bore his name from 1967 to 2018. In 1990 the Byron R. White Center for the Study of American Constitutional Law was established at the University of Colorado Law School. In 1994 the newly renovated home of the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver was renamed the Byron White US Courthouse. In 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 21:18:45 +0000 yongli 3415 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Chauncey Billups http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chauncey-billups <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chauncey Billups</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-01-14T16:30:08-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 14, 2020 - 16:30" class="datetime">Tue, 01/14/2020 - 16:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chauncey-billups" data-a2a-title="Chauncey Billups"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fchauncey-billups&amp;title=Chauncey%20Billups"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Chauncey Billups (1976–) is a retired National Basketball Association (NBA) player who played for seven teams, including the <a href="/article/denver-nuggets"><strong>Denver Nuggets</strong></a>, before he retired in 2014. A Colorado native, Billups was a star player at the<strong> University of Colorado–Boulder</strong> before he was drafted into the NBA, where he went on to win the 2004 NBA Finals with the Detroit Pistons and was named Finals MVP. In 2013 he entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2015 Billups was inducted into the <strong>Colorado Sports Hall of Fame</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Born in <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> on September 25, 1976, Chauncey Ray Billups grew up in the nearby suburb of <strong>Park Hill</strong>. His parents, Ray and Faye, raised three children: Chauncey, Rodney, and Maria. By the time Billups entered fifth grade, he had earned the nickname “The King of Park Hill” because he excelled at both basketball and football in local leagues.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While attending <strong>George Washington High School</strong> in 1991–95, the kid the coaches nicknamed “Smooth” earned First-Team All-State honors all four years and Colorado Player of the Year twice during his sophomore and junior seasons. Billups was named Mr. Colorado Basketball as a sophomore, junior, and senior, becoming the only player to win the award three times. He led his high school team to the Class 5A State Title during his 1993–94 junior season and earned a selection to the 1995 McDonalds All-American game his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After high school, Billups decided to continue his basketball career in Colorado, attending the University of Colorado at Boulder. Billups joined a team that was coming off a losing season and a program that had not been to the NCAA Tournament since the late 1960s. In the 1995–96 season, Billups set the school’s freshman records for total points, assists, and per-game-scoring average. He became the second-fastest player in history to score 500 points in a college career, doing so in just twenty-eight games.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his sophomore season in 1996–97, Billups was voted First-Team All-American and unanimous First-Team All-Big 12. After leading the Buffaloes to a 22-10 record, he climbed to fourth in the Big 12 in points-per-game and third in assists. Billups brought the university a second-place Big 12 finish in their inaugural season in conference, and at one point had the team ranked eighteenth in the nation with a record of 14-3. That season, Colorado went to their first NCAA Tournament appearance in twenty-eight years. Billups led the 9-seed Buffaloes in an upset win against the 8-seed Indiana Hoosiers, 80–62, although they lost in the next round to North Carolina.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his two years at the University of Colorado, Billups averaged 18.5 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 5.1 assists in 55 games. He made 120 three-point field goals and a league-leading 85.7 percent of his foul shots. Billups became one of only two players in Buffalo history to score 1,000 points in two seasons. Billups entered the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 2015, and the university retired his number 4 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>NBA Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups became the highest-drafted Colorado Buffalo in the NBA when the Boston Celtics selected him third overall in the 1997 NBA Draft. Billups played seventeen seasons with seven different teams, including the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and Los Angeles Clippers. After bouncing around the league in his first few years, including a stint with his hometown Denver Nuggets in 1999–2000, Billups finally found his stardom with the Detroit Pistons. There, he earned the nickname “Mr. Big Shot” for his game-winning shots in both the regular season and playoffs. He led the Pistons to the 2004 NBA Finals, where they defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in five games and Billups was named the series’ Most Valuable Player. In 2008, during Billups’s last year with Detroit, he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award, an annual NBA award given to a player, coach, or staff member who provides outstanding service and dedication to the community.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009 Billups returned to the Denver Nuggets. In his second tour with team, he helped the Nuggets reach the Western Conference Finals for just the third time in franchise history and won the 2009 NBA Sportsmanship Award in the process. In 2013 he was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers, where he won the 2013 NBA Teammate of the Year award. Billups then returned to the Pistons, retiring prior to the 2014–15 season.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Billups finished his career as an NBA Champion, NBA Finals MVP, five-time All-Star, and two-time NBA All-Defensive Second Team. He scored 15,802 points and averaged 15.2 points, 5.4 assists, and 2.9 rebounds over 1,043 games. His 89.4 free-throw percentage remains the fifth-best in NBA history among retired players. In 2016 the Detroit Pistons retired his number 1 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postretirement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 Billups, along with former professional athlete Ronnie DeGray and Colorado businessmen Ronald Sally and Vince Buckmelter, launched the Chauncey Billups Elite Basketball Academy (CBEBA). The CBEBA is a nonprofit basketball program located in Denver and focuses on developing the skills of Colorado youth. Comprised of top players from the Colorado and Rocky Mountain region, this academy provides development amidst a competitive basketball environment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013, Billups entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015 he moved back home to Colorado with his wife, Piper, and their three daughters: Cydney, Ciara, and Cenaiya. During the 2014–15 NBA season, ESPN hired Billups to be a part-time analyst on SportsCenter along with other programs on the network. During the 2015–16 season, the network gave Billups a full-time job as an analyst on “NBA Countdown” alongside host Michelle Beadle and fellow analyst / former NBA player Jalen Rose.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 Billups became co-owner of the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute in <strong>Highlands Ranch</strong>. The institute is a performance facility established by Panorama Orthopedics and Spine Center that aims to optimize physical performance and help athletes recover from injury. Whether getting a workout in or making sure everything is running smoothly, Billups continues to stay involved with both the facility and its basketball programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the CBEBA, and in partnership with the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute, the Chauncey Billups Big Shot Basketball Academy started in the summer of 2018. This program is held at the PWSI facilities and designed for kids ages four to fourteen. The academy helps youth players advance in both written and skill-based testing.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/mungai-matthew-s" hreflang="und">Mungai, Matthew S. </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chauncey-billups" hreflang="en">chauncey billups</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nba" hreflang="en">nba</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/park-hill" hreflang="en">park hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-nuggets" hreflang="en">denver nuggets</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/athletes" hreflang="en">athletes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/basketball" hreflang="en">basketball</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Michele Bergh, “<a href="http://www.panoramasportsinstitute.com/basketball-programs-list/2018/1/31/big-shot-basketball-academy-starts-april-2">Chauncey Billups’ Big Shot Basketball Academy</a>,” Panorama Wellness &amp; Sports Institute, January 31, 2018.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="http://www.panoramasportsinstitute.com/team-members/2016/9/13/team-member-1">Chauncey Billups</a>,” Panorama Wellness &amp; Sports Institute, September 13, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christopher Dempsey, “<a href="https://www.nba.com/nuggets/news/golden-age-billups-081817">#TheGoldenAge: Chauncey Billups</a>,” Denver Nuggets, August 18, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nick Kosmider, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2017/05/12/chauncey-billups-signs-new-multi-year-deal-to-remain-nba-analyst-with-espn/">Chauncey Billups Signs New Multiyear Deal to Remain as NBA Analyst With ESPN</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, May 12, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Les Shapiro, “<a href="https://www.coloradosports.org/hall-of-fame/athletes/2015-inductees/chauncey-billups/">Chauncey Billups</a>,” Colorado Sports Hall of Fame, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>University of Colorado Athletics, “<a href="https://cubuffs.com/news/2015/5/11/210080791.aspx">Chauncey Billups, Colorado Athletic Hall of Fame</a>,” June 22, 2016.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Neill Woelk, “<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/coloradan/2014/12/01/mr-big-shot">Mr. Big Shot</a>,” <em>Coloradan Magazine</em>, University of Colorado Alumni Association, July 31, 2017.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Neil H. Devlin, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2013/06/29/homegrown-basketball-star-chauncey-billups-says-his-family-tops-fame/">Homegrown Basketball Star Chauncey Billups Says His Family Tops Fame</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, April 30, 2016. </p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Chauncey Billups (1976–) is a retired National Basketball Association (NBA) player. He is a Colorado native. He played for seven teams, including the Denver Nuggets. Billups was a star player at the University of Colorado–Boulder before he was drafted into the NBA. He won the 2004 NBA Finals with the Detroit Pistons. Billups retired in 2014. In 2015 Billups was inducted into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Ray Billups was born in Denver on September 25, 1976. He grew up in the nearby suburb of Park Hill. His parents, Ray and Faye, raised three children: Chauncey, Rodney, and Maria. By the time Billups entered fifth grade, he had earned the nickname “The King of Park Hill” because of his athletic skills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups attended George Washington High School in 1991–95.  He led his high school team to the Class 5A State Title during his 1993–94 junior season.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After high school, Billups continued his basketball career in Colorado. He attended the University of Colorado at Boulder. Billups joined a team that was coming off a losing season. The program had not been to the NCAA Tournament since the late 1960s. In the 1995–96 season, Billups set the school’s freshman records for total points and assists. He became the second-fastest player in history to score 500 points in a college career. He did so in just twenty-eight games.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his sophomore season in 1996–97, he led the Buffaloes to a 22-10 record. That season, Colorado went to their first NCAA Tournament appearance in twenty-eight years. Billups led the Buffaloes in an upset win against the Indiana Hoosiers. The Buffaloes lost in the next round to North Carolina.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups became one of only two players in Buffalo history to score 1,000 points in two seasons. Billups entered the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 2015. The university retired his number 4 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>NBA Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups became the highest-drafted Colorado Buffalo in the NBA. The Boston Celtics selected him third overall in the 1997 NBA Draft. Billups played seventeen seasons with seven different teams. Those teams included the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and Los Angeles Clippers. Billups found stardom with the Detroit Pistons. There, he earned the nickname “Mr. Big Shot.” He led the Pistons to the 2004 NBA Finals. They defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in five games. Billups was named the series’ Most Valuable Player.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009 Billups returned to the Denver Nuggets. He helped the Nuggets reach the Western Conference Finals. In 2013 he was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers. Billups then returned to the Pistons. He retired prior to the 2014–15 season. In 2015 he moved back home to Colorado with his family.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Billups scored 15,802 points during his career. His 89.4 free-throw percentage remains the fifth-best in NBA history among retired players. In 2016 the Detroit Pistons retired his number 1 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postretirement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 Billups launched the Chauncey Billups Elite Basketball Academy (CBEBA). The CBEBA is a nonprofit basketball program located in Denver. It focuses on developing the skills of Colorado youth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the 2014–15 NBA season, ESPN hired Billups to be a part-time analyst on SportsCenter. During the 2015–16 season, the network gave Billups a full-time job as an analyst on “NBA Countdown.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 Billups became co-owner of the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute in Highlands Ranch. The institute aims to increase physical performance. It also helps athletes recover from injury.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Chauncey Billups Big Shot Basketball Academy started in the summer of 2018. It is designed for kids ages four to fourteen. The academy helps youth players advance in both written and skill-based testing.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Chauncey Billups (1976–) is a retired National Basketball Association (NBA) player. He played for seven teams, including the Denver Nuggets. Billups he retired in 2014. He is a Colorado native. Billups was a star player at the University of Colorado–Boulder before he was drafted into the NBA. He won the 2004 NBA Finals with the Detroit Pistons and was named Finals MVP. In 2013 he entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015 Billups was inducted into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Ray Billups was born in Denver on September 25, 1976. He grew up in the nearby suburb of Park Hill. His parents, Ray and Faye, raised three children: Chauncey, Rodney, and Maria. By the time Billups entered fifth grade, he had earned the nickname “The King of Park Hill” because of his athletic skills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups attended George Washington High School in 1991–95.  He earned First-Team All-State honors all four years. He was Colorado Player of the Year twice during his sophomore and junior seasons. Billups was named Mr. Colorado Basketball as a sophomore, junior, and senior. He became the only player to win the award three times. He led his high school team to the Class 5A State Title during his 1993–94 junior season. He earned a selection to the 1995 McDonalds All-American game his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After high school, Billups decided to continue his basketball career in Colorado. He attended the University of Colorado at Boulder. Billups joined a team that was coming off a losing season. The program had not been to the NCAA Tournament since the late 1960s. In the 1995–96 season, Billups set the school’s freshman records for total points, assists, and per-game-scoring average. He became the second-fastest player in history to score 500 points in a college career. He did so in just twenty-eight games.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his sophomore season in 1996–97, Billups was voted First-Team All-American and unanimous First-Team All-Big 12. After leading the Buffaloes to a 22-10 record, he climbed to fourth in the Big 12 in points-per-game and third in assists. Billups brought the university a second-place Big 12 finish in their inaugural season in conference. At one point had the team ranked eighteenth in the nation with a record of 14-3. That season, Colorado went to their first NCAA Tournament appearance in twenty-eight years. Billups led the 9-seed Buffaloes in an upset win against the 8-seed Indiana Hoosiers. The Buffaloes lost in the next round to North Carolina.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his two years at the University of Colorado, Billups averaged 18.5 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 5.1 assists in 55 games. He made 120 three-point field goals and a league-leading 85.7 percent of his foul shots. Billups became one of only two players in Buffalo history to score 1,000 points in two seasons. Billups entered the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 2015. The university retired his number 4 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>NBA Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups became the highest-drafted Colorado Buffalo in the NBA. The Boston Celtics selected him third overall in the 1997 NBA Draft. Billups played seventeen seasons with seven different teams. Those teams included the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and Los Angeles Clippers. Billups found stardom with the Detroit Pistons. There, he earned the nickname “Mr. Big Shot.” He led the Pistons to the 2004 NBA Finals. The defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in five games. Billups was named the series’ Most Valuable Player. In 2008, during Billups’s last year with Detroit, he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award. The annual NBA award is given to a player, coach, or staff member who provides outstanding service and dedication to the community.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009 Billups returned to the Denver Nuggets. He helped the Nuggets reach the Western Conference Finals for just the third time in team history. He won the 2009 NBA Sportsmanship Award in the process. In 2013 he was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers. He won the 2013 NBA Teammate of the Year award. Billups then returned to the Pistons. He retired prior to the 2014–15 season.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Billups finished his career as an NBA Champion, NBA Finals MVP, five-time All-Star, and two-time NBA All-Defensive Second Team. He scored 15,802 points and averaged 15.2 points, 5.4 assists, and 2.9 rebounds over 1,043 games. His 89.4 free-throw percentage remains the fifth-best in NBA history among retired players. In 2016 the Detroit Pistons retired his number 1 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postretirement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 Billups launched the Chauncey Billups Elite Basketball Academy (CBEBA). The CBEBA is a nonprofit basketball program located in Denver. It focuses on developing the skills of Colorado youth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013, Billups entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015 he moved back home to Colorado with his family. During the 2014–15 NBA season, ESPN hired Billups to be a part-time analyst on SportsCenter. During the 2015–16 season, the network gave Billups a full-time job as an analyst on “NBA Countdown.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 Billups became co-owner of the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute in Highlands Ranch. The institute is a performance facility established by Panorama Orthopedics and Spine Center. It aims to optimize physical performance and help athletes recover from injury. Billups continues to stay involved with both the facility and its basketball programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the CBEBA, and in partnership with the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute, the Chauncey Billups Big Shot Basketball Academy started in the summer of 2018. This program is held at the PWSI facilities and designed for kids ages four to fourteen. The academy helps youth players advance in both written and skill-based testing.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Chauncey Billups (1976–) is a retired National Basketball Association (NBA) player. He played for seven teams, including the Denver Nuggets. Billups he retired in 2014. He is a Colorado native. Billups was a star player at the University of Colorado–Boulder before he was drafted into the NBA. He won the 2004 NBA Finals with the Detroit Pistons and was named Finals MVP. In 2013 he entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015 Billups was inducted into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Ray Billups was born in Denver on September 25, 1976. He grew up in the nearby suburb of Park Hill. His parents, Ray and Faye, raised three children: Chauncey, Rodney, and Maria. By the time Billups entered fifth grade, he had earned the nickname “The King of Park Hill” because of his athletic skills.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups attended George Washington High School in 1991–95.  He earned First-Team All-State honors all four years. He was Colorado Player of the Year twice during his sophomore and junior seasons. Billups was named Mr. Colorado Basketball as a sophomore, junior, and senior. He became the only player to win the award three times. He led his high school team to the Class 5A State Title during his 1993–94 junior season. He earned a selection to the 1995 McDonalds All-American game his senior year.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>College Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After high school, Billups decided to continue his basketball career in Colorado, attending the University of Colorado at Boulder. Billups joined a team that was coming off a losing season and a program that had not been to the NCAA Tournament since the late 1960s. In the 1995–96 season, Billups set the school’s freshman records for total points, assists, and per-game-scoring average. He became the second-fastest player in history to score 500 points in a college career, doing so in just twenty-eight games.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his sophomore season in 1996–97, Billups was voted First-Team All-American and unanimous First-Team All-Big 12. After leading the Buffaloes to a 22-10 record, he climbed to fourth in the Big 12 in points-per-game and third in assists. Billups brought the university a second-place Big 12 finish in their inaugural season in conference, and at one point had the team ranked eighteenth in the nation with a record of 14-3. That season, Colorado went to their first NCAA Tournament appearance in twenty-eight years. Billups led the 9-seed Buffaloes in an upset win against the 8-seed Indiana Hoosiers, 80–62, although they lost in the next round to North Carolina.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During his two years at the University of Colorado, Billups averaged 18.5 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 5.1 assists in 55 games. He made 120 three-point field goals and a league-leading 85.7 percent of his foul shots. Billups became one of only two players in Buffalo history to score 1,000 points in two seasons. Billups entered the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 2015, and the university retired his number 4 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>NBA Career</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Billups became the highest-drafted Colorado Buffalo in the NBA when the Boston Celtics selected him third overall in the 1997 NBA Draft. Billups played seventeen seasons with seven different teams, including the Boston Celtics, Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons, and Los Angeles Clippers. After bouncing around the league in his first few years, including a stint with his hometown Denver Nuggets in 1999–2000, Billups finally found his stardom with the Detroit Pistons. There, he earned the nickname “Mr. Big Shot” for his game-winning shots in both the regular season and playoffs. He led the Pistons to the 2004 NBA Finals, where they defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in five games and Billups was named the series’ Most Valuable Player. In 2008, during Billups’s last year with Detroit, he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award, an annual NBA award given to a player, coach, or staff member who provides outstanding service and dedication to the community.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009 Billups returned to the Denver Nuggets. In his second tour with team, he helped the Nuggets reach the Western Conference Finals for just the third time in franchise history and won the 2009 NBA Sportsmanship Award in the process. In 2013 he was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers, where he won the 2013 NBA Teammate of the Year award. Billups then returned to the Pistons, retiring prior to the 2014–15 season.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chauncey Billups finished his career as an NBA Champion, NBA Finals MVP, five-time All-Star, and two-time NBA All-Defensive Second Team. He scored 15,802 points and averaged 15.2 points, 5.4 assists, and 2.9 rebounds over 1,043 games. His 89.4 free-throw percentage remains the fifth-best in NBA history among retired players. In 2016 the Detroit Pistons retired his number 1 jersey.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postretirement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2010 Billups, along with former professional athlete Ronnie DeGray and Colorado businessmen Ronald Sally and Vince Buckmelter, launched the Chauncey Billups Elite Basketball Academy (CBEBA). The CBEBA is a nonprofit basketball program located in Denver and focuses on developing the skills of Colorado youth. Comprised of top players from the Colorado and Rocky Mountain region, this academy provides development amidst a competitive basketball environment.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2013, Billups entered the National High School Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015 he moved back home to Colorado with his wife, Piper, and their three daughters: Cydney, Ciara, and Cenaiya. During the 2014–15 NBA season, ESPN hired Billups to be a part-time analyst on SportsCenter along with other programs on the network. During the 2015–16 season, the network gave Billups a full-time job as an analyst on “NBA Countdown” alongside host Michelle Beadle and fellow analyst / former NBA player Jalen Rose.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2016 Billups became co-owner of the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute in Highlands Ranch. The institute is a performance facility established by Panorama Orthopedics and Spine Center that aims to optimize physical performance and help athletes recover from injury. Whether getting a workout in or making sure everything is running smoothly, Billups continues to stay involved with both the facility and its basketball programs.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the CBEBA, and in partnership with the Panorama Wellness and Sports Institute, the Chauncey Billups Big Shot Basketball Academy started in the summer of 2018. This program is held at the PWSI facilities and designed for kids ages four to fourteen. The academy helps youth players advance in both written and skill-based testing.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 14 Jan 2020 23:30:08 +0000 yongli 3104 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Given Institute http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/given-institute <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Given Institute</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-24T16:30:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 24, 2017 - 16:30" class="datetime">Wed, 05/24/2017 - 16:30</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/given-institute" data-a2a-title="Given Institute"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgiven-institute&amp;title=Given%20Institute"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Given Institute was an International Style conference and laboratory building designed by Harry Weese and built in 1972 at 100 East Francis Street in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen">Aspen</a>. Built on land that formerly belonged to <strong>Elizabeth Paepcke</strong> near Hallam Lake, the building was owned by the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> and used for medical conferences, public lectures, and other events. In 2011 the university sold the property to raise money and demolished the building—over the opposition of local preservationists and city officials—to make way for a private residence.</p> <h2>Conference on Advances in Molecular Biology</h2> <p>In 1964 Donald West King, head of the Pathology Department at the University of Colorado (CU) School of Medicine, spearheaded a conference on Advances in Molecular Biology that was held in Aspen. His idea was to bring together research scientists and medical doctors to discuss ideas and share information, and he chose Aspen because the resort had a growing reputation as an intellectual and cultural retreat thanks to organizations such as the <strong>Aspen Institute</strong> and the <strong>Aspen Music Festival and School</strong>. The conference was a success and soon grew to four sessions per summer, but it had to turn away participants due to severe space limitations at its location, the gym of Aspen Middle School. The conference would need a new facility to grow and expand into fields such as cell biology and genetics.</p> <h2>Building the Given Institute</h2> <p>In 1967 King and CU started discussions with the Aspen Institute to build a permanent conference and laboratory building, which King hoped to develop into a pathobiology institute where doctors could come for seminars and courses. Soon King secured a $500,000 donation from the Irene Heinz Given and John LaPorte Given Foundation to fund the building, which would be named the Given Institute in honor of the gift, and in 1970 Paepcke agreed to sell two acres of land near her house and Hallam Lake at a steeply discounted price as a site for the institute.</p> <p>Paepcke placed several conditions on the discounted sale. She wanted the site’s natural setting to be preserved and declared that any paving for parking should be kept to a minimum. She also stipulated that the building’s architect should be Harry Weese, a well-known modernist with a reputation for respecting a building’s site and context. Weese was based in Chicago and is now best known for his work on early Washington, DC, Metro stations, but he had strong ties to Aspen and the Paepckes.</p> <p>CU wanted the Given Institute to be designed for the kind of relaxed and informal discussions that might facilitate the free flow of ideas. Weese responded with a simple square building complicated by a series of interwoven geometrical slices, notches, and projections. The plan was dominated by a two-story circular auditorium that could seat 190 people at desks arranged in concentric rings around a central dais. The first floor also contained a laboratory and kitchen while the second floor housed small conference rooms, offices, and a library. Weese used simple materials—concrete blocks painted white for the walls, wood for the columns and roof—to ensure that the building would not overwhelm its natural setting. The location was also chosen with an eye to maximizing views and minimizing disruptions to the landscape (only one tree had to be relocated during construction). The building was completed in 1972.</p> <h2>Later Developments</h2> <p>The Given Institute started as a kind of biomedical think tank, with all funding coming from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and private donations. After NIH support ended in the late 1980s, the institute’s purpose shifted. CU made upgrades so that it could rent the building as a general-purpose conference facility throughout the year, while the Given Institute itself turned its attention to serving the local community. In 1991 a local advisory board established a public lecture series on biomedical topics, and the institute started to host youth summits, senior lunches, and dental and medical screenings. In 1999 the Aspen Given Foundation was established to raise money for the institute’s public programs and health events.</p> <h2>Demolition</h2> <p>In the wake of the Great Recession (2007–9), CU needed extra funds and no longer wanted to be burdened by the Given Institute’s annual operating costs of $200,000. It decided to sell the 2.25-acre property, which was sure to fetch a high price for its location just a few blocks from downtown Aspen. In June 2010, it became clear that the land would be more valuable to developers without the existing Given Institute building, and CU received a demolition permit.</p> <p>Preservationists quickly rallied to save the Given Institute. The Aspen Historic Preservation Commission nominated the building to the National Register of Historic Places, and the nonprofit <strong>Colorado Preservation, Inc.</strong> put the building on its 2011 list of the state’s most endangered places.</p> <p>Despite efforts by preservationists and city planners, CU’s plan to demolish the Given Institute building and sell the property moved forward. Developer SC Acquisitions was deterred after it faced stiff opposition to its plans to tear down the site’s trees and build three luxury houses, but in early 2011, Jonathan Lewis, who lived next door, stepped in to buy the property on the condition that CU would tear down the Given Institute. CU demolished the building in April, and the next month Lewis completed his purchase of the property for $13.8 million. CU used part of the money to fund a building on the <strong>Anschutz Medical Campus</strong> and placed the rest in an endowment.</p> <p>By 2014 Lewis’s relatives Adam and Melony Lewis were planning to build a 6,000-square-foot house on the former site of the Given Institute, with a 1,000-square-foot guesthouse on the north end of the property. Construction was expected to begin in late 2015 and take more than two years to complete.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/elizabeth-and-walter-paepcke" hreflang="en">Elizabeth and Walter Paepcke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/harry-weese" hreflang="en">Harry Weese</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/international-style" hreflang="en">International Style</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/aspen" hreflang="en">Aspen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lost-historic-sites" hreflang="en">lost historic sites</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert Bruegmann, <em>The Architecture of Harry Weese</em> (New York: WW Norton, 2010).</p> <p>Colorado Preservation, Inc.,<a href="https://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/given-institute/">“Given Institute,”</a> Endangered Places Archive, 2011.</p> <p>Amy Guthrie, “Given Institute,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (June 10, 2010).</p> <p>Karl Herchenroeder, <a href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/plans-ramping-up-at-former-given-institute-site-in-aspen/">“Plans ramping up at former Given Institute site in Aspen,”</a> <em>The Aspen Times</em>, September 11, 2014.</p> <p>Andre Salvail, <a href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/aspens-given-is-a-goner/">“Aspen’s Given is a goner,”</a> <em>The Aspen Times</em>, April 19, 2011.</p> <p>Andre Salvail, <a href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/future-in-doubt-for-aspens-given-institute-building/">“Future in doubt for Aspen’s Given Institute building,”</a> <em>The Aspen Times</em>, March 14, 2011.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 24 May 2017 22:30:03 +0000 yongli 2629 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Boulder http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-02-22T12:34:17-07:00" title="Wednesday, February 22, 2017 - 12:34" class="datetime">Wed, 02/22/2017 - 12:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder" data-a2a-title="Boulder"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fboulder&amp;title=Boulder"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Boulder is Colorado’s eleventh-most populous city, twenty-five miles northwest of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a><strong>, </strong>nestled against the foothills of the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>. Home of the <strong>University of Colorado</strong> (CU), the city has a population of 97,385 and is the seat of <a href="/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder County</strong></a>. Boulder was founded during the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59, and the university was established in 1861.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As the educational capital of Colorado for more than 150 years, Boulder has fostered a unique cultural amalgam of middle- and upper-class intellectuals, enthusiasts of the arts and outdoors, entrepreneurs, and college students. The counterculture of the 1960s found a comfortable niche in Boulder, and the area became a haven for hippies and socially liberal politics. Of course, Boulderites may fit all, some, or none of those categories, but the city’s culture is nonetheless distinct from the rest of the state and has earned it the nickname, “the People’s Republic of Boulder.”</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ancient and Indigenous Boulder</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder’s unique landscape is the result of tens of millions of years of mountain-building and thousands of years of human habitation. The <strong>Flatirons</strong>, Boulder’s iconic triangular mountains, are remnants of a prehistoric seafloor pushed up by the same geologic forces that built the Rocky Mountains between 60 and 70 million years ago. With the uplift of the mountains came streams such as Boulder Creek, which carried snowmelt down from the <strong>Indian Peaks </strong>and carved today’s Boulder Canyon.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 2009 workers at a west Boulder residence found primitive tools that date aboriginal occupation of the Boulder valley to the late Pleistocene, or at least 13,000 years ago. Native American occupation continued uninterrupted from the late Pleistocene to the present. During the <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> (9500 BC–5500 BC), <a href="/article/archaic-period-colorado"><strong>Archaic</strong></a> (5500 BC–AD 1), and Late Prehistoric Period (AD 1–1550), hunters and gatherers moved seasonally between the mountains and plains. Many of these groups spent the harsh Colorado winters in the shelter of the natural trough along the Front Range, where Boulder now sits. By the sixteenth century, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people occupied what is today western Boulder County, and by the early nineteenth century they were joined by the <strong>Arapaho</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Boulder</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Modern Boulder got its start in late fall of 1858, when <strong>Thomas Aikins </strong>and his group of Anglo-American prospectors arrived at <strong>Boulder Canyon</strong> during the Colorado Gold Rush. Aikins’s group built log cabins for shelter just below the mouth of the canyon. <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a> (“Left Hand”), a local Arapaho leader, allowed the prospectors to stay for the winter as long as they promised to leave in the spring. The decision would eventually cost his people their land and many of their lives.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On January 16, 1859, Aikins’s son James and several others found placer (surface) gold along a fork of Boulder Creek. The group set up a mining camp called <a href="/article/gold-hill"><strong>Gold Hill</strong></a>. In June, drawn by news of Aikins’s discovery, prospector David Horsfal arrived and found an even larger deposit: a massive, gold-bearing quartz seam that he named the Horsfal Lode. These discoveries not only brought more miners to the area but also merchants, farmers, and others looking to cash in on the newest pin on the gold-rush map.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On February 10, 1859, Tom Aikins, A. A. Brookfield, and fifty-three other men formed the Boulder City Town Company, platting a small settlement at the mouth of the canyon to serve the mining camps. The town had its first irrigation ditch later that year, and by 1860 it boasted some seventy cabins, mostly occupied by Anglo-American families of miners and merchants. Non-whites were part of Boulder’s early history, but they are rarely pictured. Chinese miners kept to themselves in mountain communities. Few blacks or Asians hired photographers to have their portraits taken, and photos of Boulder prostitutes were even rarer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1861 Boulder County was formed as one of the original seventeen counties of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, and the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> led to the removal of the Arapaho people from the Front Range. With their numbers thinned by disease and their resource base dwindling on account of mining and other white activities, Niwot’s band held out as long as they could but soon moved to the new Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation in southeastern Colorado. By 1862 the Boulder Creek deposits had already yielded $100,000 in gold, and more than 300 people lived in the modest community at the canyon’s mouth.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The town, consisting of a few log cabins, was centered around Twelfth (Broadway) and Pearl Streets. Except for a few cottonwoods, willows, and box elders along Boulder Creek, there were no trees. <strong>Isabella Bird</strong>, an adventurous Englishwoman who traveled through Boulder on horseback a few years later, called Boulder “a hideous collection of frame houses on the burning plain.” By contrast, the City of Boulder’s Forestry Division estimates that there are about 650,000 trees in the city today, supported by more than a century’s worth of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> delivery projects.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Horsfal mine supported both Gold Hill and Boulder for several years. Then came what is known as “the slump of 1863.” Gold ore farther from the surface required more sophisticated milling, and gold was lost in the processing. Meanwhile, American Indian uprisings on the plains, spurred by the <a href="/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> in 1864, interrupted shipments of supplies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many of the miners left to prospect elsewhere or fought in the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>.  Others saw their future in agriculture and <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaded</strong></a> farms around Boulder.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Civil War ended in 1865, many former slaves and their children moved west, and some settled in Boulder. The 1880 census listed blacks as approximately 1 percent of Boulder County’s 3,069 residents, but they nonetheless had formed their own thriving community in the city. Many of Boulder’s early black residents lived on the city’s west side, in a section of the Goss-Grave neighborhood known as the “Little Rectangle.” There, several houses originally built by former slaves still stand, including the home of Ruth Cave Flowers, one of the first black graduates of CU, as well as the home of musician John Wesley McVey.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Among the most prominent black Boulderites was <a href="/article/oliver-toussaint-jackson"><strong>Oliver Toussaint Jackson</strong></a>, the son of former slaves from Ohio who bought a farm outside the city in 1894. Jackson built a home at 2228 Pine Street, and he also opened a restaurant on Thirteenth Street, the Stillman Café and Ice Cream Parlor. Later, he opened a restaurant at Fifty-fifth and Arapahoe Streets that was famous for its seafood. Jackson went on to found the all-black agricultural settlement of <a href="/article/dearfield"><strong>Dearfield</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As African Americans built a community in Boulder, prospectors continued to search for gold in the mountains. In 1869 they found silver near present-day <strong>Nederland</strong>, setting up a small town called <strong>Caribou</strong>. A road up Boulder Canyon was completed to get supplies to Caribou, and revenues from the new mines began pouring into the city. By November 1871 Boulder’s economy was much improved, and the city was incorporated. In 1872 gold-bearing telluride ore was discovered near Gold Hill, and prospectors again rushed to the mountains west of Boulder to stake their claims. Mines cropped up all over the area, from Jamestown to Sunshine to <strong>Ward</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Miners west of Boulder depended on the city for supplies, and it grew steadily. Brick and stone commercial buildings began to replace the frame businesses on Pearl Street. Street merchants delighted Pearl Street crowds with flaring gaslights and displays of ventriloquism in order to sell hair restoratives, electric belts for rheumatism, and other cure-alls. The <strong>Colorado Central </strong>and Denver &amp; Boulder Valley Railroads arrived in 1873, and in 1878 another line connected the city to the coalfields several miles to the south. As its commerce and culture coalesced in the 1870s, Boulder continued its push to build Colorado’s first university.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>University of Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 1861, when the University of Colorado was officially founded, Boulderites took steps to ensure that their community would house the first university in the fledgling Colorado Territory. It took more than a decade to build the campus, however, as Boulder struggled to stay afloat after the first mining boom subsided. The town survived by catering to the needs of neighboring farmers and coal miners. To build the initial campus, the Territorial Legislature gave the city $15,000 on the condition that residents match that amount. Boulderites raised the money, and by the time Colorado became a state in 1876, the city finished Old Main, CU’s first building. Dr. <strong>Joseph Sewall</strong>, the university’s first president, and his family lived in the building, which also hosted the first classes. In the spring of 1882, CU graduated its first class, an all-male group of six. The university augmented Boulder’s industry-related growth, attracting people from elsewhere in the state. By 1890, Boulder had a population of 3,330.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The 100-Year Flood</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder’s late-nineteenth century growth was interrupted by a so-called 100-year <a href="/article/boulder-flood-1894"><strong>flood in 1894</strong></a>. The deluge completely severed Boulder from the rest of Colorado, wiping out all road and rail bridges and telegraph lines. It also destroyed farms and irrigation infrastructure. Most of the city’s red light district, which covered the area along Water (Canyon) Street between the current Municipal Building and the Boulder Public Library, was destroyed. Madams promptly moved their girls to upstairs rooms in the downtown business district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Goss and Grove Street neighborhood, home to most of the city’s minorities and immigrants, fared little better. Although the neighborhood was rebuilt, the majority of large homes, churches, and public buildings built after the flood were located north of downtown or on higher ground. It took the city several years to fully recover from the flood.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>“Athens of the West”</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After recovering from the catastrophic flood, Boulder became a sophisticated city in the early 1900s, calling itself “the Athens of the West” and “the Place to Be.” The business district, comprising late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings, was located between the new residential areas on Mapleton Hill and University Hill. Hardwoods and fruit trees were imported from the East.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>CU was also growing. By 1902 the university had many more buildings, including dormitories, a president’s house, and a library. Its student body had grown to 550, taught by 105 faculty members. At the outbreak of <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> in 1914, barracks were established at CU, and the university became one of the first college campuses to have a Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). It was also during this period that CU buildings began taking on their signature look: flagstone walls covered by red-tile roofs, a style referred to as Tuscan Vernacular and chosen by Day and Klauder, the architectural firm hired to homogenize the campus buildings.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Along with the university, temperance was a key part of Boulder’s identity as a sophisticated city. Although the city featured nineteen saloons by 1883 and was not known as a particularly drunken city, a significant segment of the citizenry opposed drinking establishments. Organizations such as the Golden Sheaf Lodge (1869), the local chapter of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (1881), and the Better Boulder Party (1900) vigorously opposed saloons and drinking by working to raise liquor license fees.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1907 the Better Boulder Party and nativists played on the moralist fears of many Boulder County citizens when they argued that going dry would curtail the licentious activities of prostitutes and alcohol-drinking immigrant groups such as the Germans, Irish, and Italians. That year, Boulder County approved a ban on alcohol that lasted until the repeal of federal prohibition in 1933. Boulder itself was a dry city until 1967.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As temperance advocates won prohibition, Boulder set its sights on obtaining the best drinking water for its growing population. The city purchased the watershed of the <strong>Arapaho Glacier</strong>, and later the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glaciers"><strong>glacier</strong></a> itself. A $200,000 steel pipeline brought the nearly flawless water from an intake pipe on Boulder County Ranch (now <strong>Caribou Ranch</strong>), to the Chautauqua and Sunshine Reservoirs in Boulder. All over Boulder, drinking fountains were installed that read “Pure Cold Water from the Boulder-Owned Arapahoe [sic] Glacier.” The only drinking fountain still marked today is in the<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/hotel-boulderado"> <strong>Hotel Boulderado</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Between Boulder’s drinking fountains lay stores that held just about anything a shopper wanted. Dress goods for both sexes and ready-to-wear clothing were available, and women could buy imported perfumes, diamond lockets, plumed hats, button shoes, and even rust-proof corsets. Stores stocked gourmet foods such as oysters and a wide selection of coffees, as well as choice and smoked meats. In the 1930s, nineteenth and early twentieth century storefronts were lowered and modernized.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Shoppers in early twentieth-century Boulder often rode streetcars, while boys on bicycles darted around early automobiles. In 1909 the automobile was still a novelty, but people were taking notice. Meanwhile, the Denver &amp; Interurban’s electrically powered trains made sixteen round-trips per day between Boulder and Denver. From 1908 to 1917, this cheap, clean, and efficient means of public transportation ran down Pearl Street on its way to <strong>Louisville</strong>, <a href="/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a>, and Denver. Between 1917 and 1926 the Interurban trains stopped at the Union Pacific depot and alternated their routes with runs through the university and Marshall. Narrow-gauge railroads, meanwhile, provided access to Nederland and other mountain towns to the west. Soon, automobiles began to replace stagecoaches, and trucks instead of wagons carried freight.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Postwar Growth</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the end of World War II, its chief support lay with the university. Enrollment at CU doubled over the course of a single year after World War II, going from 5,483 in 1946 to 10,421 in 1947. Over the next several decades, the university added new facilities to keep pace with increasingly higher enrollment, and the school was admitted to the American Association of Universities in 1967. The university had an enrollment of 20,000 by 1980.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the broader cityscape, postwar growth and the increasing popularity of the automobile took businesses away from downtown. The North Broadway, Arapahoe Village, and Basemar Shopping Centers were built in the 1950s. By 1955 Boulder was a city of nearly 30,000 people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1960s Boulderites talked about revitalizing downtown, buying open space, and limiting growth. In 1963, when the first segment of Crossroads Shopping Center was built, Boulder merchants and property owners organized “Boulder Tomorrow, Inc.” to help plan the redevelopment of the downtown area. Construction of a downtown pedestrian mall began in 1976 and was completed in 1977. The mall eliminated traffic on <strong>Pearl Street</strong> between Eleventh and Fifteenth Streets.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Historic preservation</strong> also came into style. Businesses and street merchants returned downtown. Many of Boulder’s original buildings were restored. In the early 1970s Historic Boulder, Inc. was formed to recognize and preserve Boulder’s historic buildings.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Since then, Boulder has become an indisputable high-tech mecca, with entrepreneurs drawn to the town for its combination of a skilled workforce, ambitious entrepreneurs, available venture capital—and healthy mountain living. <em>Inc.</em> magazine recently reported that Boulder has more startups per capita than any city in the United States—six times more startups than the national average. Companies like the tea maker <strong>Celestial Seasonings</strong> and the biotech firm Amgen have led the way.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder’s reputation as a citadel of freethinking has also continued to grow apace. With the pedestrian mall of Pearl Street as the physical focal point and the university as the draw, the city continues to evolve as a petri dish for new ideas. But Boulder has expanded carefully, keeping nearly 100,000 acres of open space under city management.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder remains so attractive that real estate prices can be 1.5 times more expensive than nearby Denver. Commuters between the two cities are often frustrated by high congestion rates on US Highway 36, which was expanded in 2016 to include HOV and bus lanes. As of 2016 Denver’s <a href="https://www.rtd-denver.com"><strong>Regional Transportation District</strong></a> (RTD) is extending the B Line of its light rail system to Boulder, with an eye toward relieving some commuters.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Parts of this essay adapted from Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, eds., <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 5th Ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013) and Robert R. Crifasi, <em>A Land Made from Water</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-boulder" hreflang="en">history of boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/flatirons" hreflang="en">flatirons</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-creek" hreflang="en">boulder creek</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-aikins" hreflang="en">thomas aikins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/niwot" hreflang="en">Niwot</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-horsfal" hreflang="en">david horsfal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/isabella-bird" hreflang="en">isabella bird</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/oliver-toussaint-jackson" hreflang="en">Oliver Toussaint Jackson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cu" hreflang="en">cu</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/1894-boulder-flood" hreflang="en">1894 boulder flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/better-boulder-party" hreflang="en">better boulder party</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho-glacier" hreflang="en">arapaho glacier</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pearl-street-mall" hreflang="en">pearl street mall</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/celestial-seasonings" hreflang="en">celestial seasonings</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>David Baron, <em>The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature (New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Company</em>, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Burt Helm, “<a href="https://www.inc.com/magazine/201312/boulder-colorado-fast-growing-business.html">How Boulder Became America’s Startup Capital</a>,” <em>Inc.</em>, December 2013-January 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Kieffer, <em>Boulder, Colorado</em><em>:</em> <em>A Photographic Portrait</em> (Rockport: Twin Lights Publishing, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erica Meltzer, “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/04/24/boulder-weighs-fate-of-historic-house-in-little-rectangle-neighborhood/">Boulder Weighs Fate of Historic House in ‘Little Rectangle’ Neighborhood</a>,” <em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, April 24, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Silvia-Pettem/e/B001JSA6II/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1">Silvia Pettem</a>, <em>Boulder: Evolution of a City</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Silvia Pettem, “<a href="https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/J_Tracking_Down_Boulder,_Colorado%E2%80%99s_Railroads-1-201509031602.pdf">Tracking Down Boulder, Colorado’s Railroads” and “Roads of the Mountains and Plains</a>,” Boulder Historic Context Project (Boulder, CO: Silvia Pettem, 1996).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/pearl-street-mall-beloved-boulder-attraction">Pearl Street Mall: Beloved Boulder Attraction</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://boulderdowntown.com/visit">Explore Downtown Boulder</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Silvia Pettem, <em>Boulder: Evolution of a City </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cu.edu/cu-careers/cu-boulder">University of Colorado</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 22 Feb 2017 19:34:17 +0000 yongli 2378 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Boulder County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1112--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1112.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/boulder-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BoulderCounty.svg__0.png?itok=WvvlfA8X" width="800" height="579" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/boulder-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Boulder County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Boulder County, in north central Colorado, encompasses 740 square miles of diverse geography, including mountains, plains, and foothills. It is home to nearly 300,000 Coloradans.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-28T15:47:34-07:00" title="Monday, December 28, 2015 - 15:47" class="datetime">Mon, 12/28/2015 - 15:47</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county" data-a2a-title="Boulder County "><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fboulder-county&amp;title=Boulder%20County%20"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Boulder County encompasses 740 square miles of the western plains and <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in north central Colorado. The county straddles three unique geographic zones: mountains in the west, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a> in the east, and a natural trough that runs between the plains and foothills. Its western boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/grand-county"><strong>Grand County</strong></a>, follows a jagged line of peaks in the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> of the Rocky Mountains. The northwest corner of the county holds the southern reaches of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>, including <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>. Its eastern boundary, which it shares with <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld</strong></a> and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties, runs along the plains on the eastern edge of the city of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/longmont"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Boulder County borders <a href="/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a>, <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson</strong></a>, and <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> Counties to the south and shares its northern boundary with <a href="/article/larimer-county"><strong>Larimer County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The county supports a population of 294,567, with much of it concentrated in the county seat of <a href="/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and the city of <a href="/article/longmont-0"><strong>Longmont</strong></a>. Nestled against the foothills, the city of Boulder is home to the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, the flagship campus of the University of Colorado system. The county is known for being the site of the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59</strong></a>. It was created in 1861, two years after prospectors discovered gold about a dozen miles up Boulder Canyon. Before the discovery of gold, the Boulder County area was frequented by several Native American groups, mainly the Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Native Americans</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> roamed the mountains of the Boulder County area as early as 7,000 BC. These people likely followed seasonal migration patterns and employed hunting strategies established by older groups of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clovis"><strong>Clovis</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/folsom-people"><strong>Folsom</strong></a> hunter-gatherers: they used creeks and streams to follow game to higher elevations during the summer, and when the first snows came, they retreated back down those same waterways to the natural sanctuary of the foothills. Near the mountain peaks, Paleo-Indians built huge stone corridors where they funneled and cornered large game; they also built stone blinds where they waited, bait in hand, to pick feathers from swooping eagles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute peoples</strong></a> had occupied the whole of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains for nearly a century. Several distinct Ute bands roamed the Front Range in what would become Boulder County: the Parianuche, or “Elk People,” the Tabeguache, or “People of Sun Mountain (<a href="/article/pikes-peak"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>)<strong>,</strong>” and Muaches, or “Cedar Bark People.” Expert hunters, Ute subsisted on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, deer, and other mountain game. They also gathered a wide assortment of roots, including the versatile yucca root, and wild berries. In the summer, they followed elk and <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> into high mountain parks, such as Allen’s Park (8,500 feet). In the winter, they followed the game back to the sanctuary of lower elevations in the foothills and river valleys (5,000–7,000 feet). After the 1640s, when the Ute obtained horses from the Spanish, river bottoms became important wintering grounds, as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cottonwood-trees"><strong>cottonwood</strong></a> twigs and roots provided food for ponies.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early nineteenth century, the Ute found their hunting and wintering grounds contested by the <strong>Arapaho</strong>, a group of Plains Indians that had been forced out of a sedentary life in the upper Midwest by the powerful Lakota. Unlike the Ute, who rarely left their mountain homeland, the Arapaho ranged across all three ecological zones in present-day Boulder County. In the spring and early summer, they hunted buffalo on the plains; in late summer, they followed the herds into cooler, higher elevations, camping and hunting as far as the Continental Divide; in winter, they returned to the natural shelter of the trough along the foothills, where milder weather prevailed. For most of the year, Arapaho and Ute occupied the same territory, and this put them in a near-constant state of warfare.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Cheyenne</strong>, another equestrian group of buffalo hunters, joined the Arapaho on the western plains north of the Platte River in the early 1820s. The two groups formed an alliance and fought the Ute not only for rights to hunting and wintering grounds, but also for access to the growing French and Anglo trade networks along the Front Range and western plains. But exposure to white trade goods came with a price—exposure to European <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>diseases</strong></a>, such as smallpox. These diseases, against which no American Indian had immunity, decimated populations of all three prominent native groups in the Boulder County area. For example, in 1800 one group of Arapaho numbered some 10,000; by 1858, when <a href="/article/niwot-left-hand"><strong>Niwot</strong></a>, or Left Hand, led the group, disease had brought their numbers down to fewer than 3,000.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot attended the signing of the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> in 1851, which preserved Arapaho rights to the Boulder Creek area. The treaty was brokered by his niece’s white husband, Thomas Fitzpatrick, who died in 1854. After gold was found along the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>, few whites felt obligated to obey the treaty. As they moved into the foothills, they chopped down cottonwood trees and killed game, adding lack of shelter and starvation to the growing list of threats to all native groups in the region.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the fall of 1858, Chief Niwot encountered Thomas Aikins and his group of <a href="/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold prospectors</strong></a> camped near the mouth of Boulder Creek. Niwot had learned English from his brother-in-law, a Kentuckian who traded at <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> on the upper Arkansas, and put it to use. Aware of the Americans’ intentions but preferring diplomacy to warfare, the Arapaho leader told the Aikins group in English to leave his people’s territory immediately. The prospectors told Niwot they had only come for the winter and promised to leave in the spring. Against the wishes of some of his people, Niwot relented and let the prospectors stay.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>That decision would prove invaluable to the prospectors and devastating to Niwot’s Arapaho. On January 16, 1859, while prospecting at a site along a Boulder Creek fork, Aikins’s son James and several others found gold. News of their discovery brought David Horsfal to the area, and he found an even larger deposit, the Horsfal Lode. A year later, the Boulder Creek deposits had already yielded a combined $100,000 in gold. <a href="/article/gold-hill"><strong>Gold Hill</strong></a>, as the area of discovery came to be known, soon attracted not just gold seekers but also miners of clay—used to make brick—limestone, coal, and granite.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On February 10, 1859, not even a month after his son’s discovery, Aikins founded the Boulder City Town Company. The city of Boulder was then platted on a two-mile stretch near the mouth of Boulder Canyon. In 1861, the new <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> was established, and Boulder County became one of its original seventeen counties. The same year, Arapaho leaders Niwot and <strong>Little Raven</strong> were forced to negotiate another treaty, the <a href="/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Fort Wise Treaty</strong></a>, which surrendered the Front Range to the whites and carved out a small reservation for the Arapaho and Cheyenne in southeast Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Niwot did not sign this new treaty. Unwilling to simply abandon their once-plentiful land, Niwot’s and Little Raven’s people spent two more lean and violent years in the Boulder Creek area before they moved to the Sand Creek camp, near Fort Lyon in present-day <a href="/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a>. Whites consistently assured the Arapaho and Cheyenne that they were safe near the fort; the near-starving Indians, for their part, also assured whites that they wished to camp peacefully and trade for supplies. But in 1864 Colonel John M. Chivington’s 550 volunteers smashed into the Cheyenne-Arapaho camp at Sand Creek, slaughtering between 150 and 200 women, children, and elders and scalping and disfiguring the bodies. Niwot was shot down as he held up his hands and called out in English for the troops to stop. He later died at an Indian camp on the Smoky Hill River.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The southern Arapaho under Little Raven were removed to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) after the <a href="/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong></a> of 1867. In 1875 the founders of a railroad town northeast of Boulder named their new community Niwot after the fallen Arapaho leader.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Flood of 1894</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>On May 30, 1894, heavy rain caused Boulder Creek to <a href="/article/boulder-flood-1894"><strong>rise out of its banks</strong></a>. The water tore through the canyon, laying waste to mines, railroad bridges, and settlements. By dawn the next day, the floodwaters crashed out of the canyon, inundating the city of Boulder. Rail and road bridges, as well as telegraph lines and many houses, were swept away, and farmland and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> ditches were destroyed. The city's Red Light District and other poor neighborhoods bore the brunt of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>, while surrounding towns, including Jamestown, Crisman, Glendale, and Springdale, also sustained severe damage. Many of those towns never recovered, as the deluge brought the county's three main industries--coal, metal mining, and agriculture--to a standstill. It took several years for the city of Boulder to fully recover.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Caribou, Nederland, and Longmont</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the devastating flood, by 1900 Boulder County's population had grown to more than 21,500; the mining communities of <strong>Caribou </strong>and <strong> Nederland</strong>, as well as the agricultural settlement of Longmont, were an essential part of that growth. In the mountains west of Boulder City, Nederland was founded in 1871 as Middle Boulder, serving as a mill and supply town for the nearby mining community of Caribou; that same year, on the plains some sixteen miles northeast of Boulder, the <a href="/article/chicago-colorado-colony"><strong>Chicago-Colorado Colony</strong></a> founded Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ohioan prospector Sam Conger organized the town of Caribou around his silver strike in 1870. The multiple blizzards that pounded the area during the long winter made life in early Caribou famously harsh; in addition to bracing their buildings to withstand the destructive winds, snowbound residents often had to exit their homes through second-story windows. The same year his town was organized, Conger sold his mine to Abel Breed, another Ohio investor, for $50,000. An influx of British miners skilled in ore extraction made the mine exceptionally profitable in its early years, and in 1873 Breed sold the Caribou mine to the Nederland Mining Company for the enormous sum of $3 million. As part of the purchase the Dutch group also obtained Middle Boulder, which they renamed Nederland after their home country.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While multiple fires and the crash in silver prices in 1893 doomed the town of Caribou over the next two decades, Nederland blossomed as a tourist town, offering picturesque views of the nearby mountains and Boulder Canyon. Then, in the early 1900s, Nederland again became a hotbed of mining activity as the fortunate Conger again struck a precious metal—this time it was tungsten, a hard metal used to make incandescent light bulbs and strengthen steel. Conger’s tungsten mines hummed until demand fell off with the end of <a href="/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> in 1918. Tourism again took over as the town’s economic backbone.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont, named for its view of <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, began as an agricultural colony on land granted to the Denver Pacific Railroad. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William N. Byers</strong></a>,<em> Rocky Mountain News </em>founder and agent for the railway’s land company, brokered a deal for some 23,000 acres near St. Vrain, Left Hand, and Boulder Creeks with Seth Terry, a representative from the Chicago-Colorado Colony. The colony bought an additional 37,000 acres in the area from the federal government and other parties.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In contrast to saloon-ridden mining towns like Boulder and Caribou, Longmont’s founders envisioned their town as a sober agricultural community. Deeds to land in the colony originally forbade the consumption or sale of alcohol on the property. By June 1871, three months after its initial settlers arrived, Longmont had twenty-three miles of irrigation ditches and seventy-five buildings, including Boulder County’s first library. After the turn of the century, Longmont farmers were producing profitable crops of wheat, pumpkins, peas, and sugar beets. Longmont was also one of the first Colorado settler towns to plot out parks, including Lake Park—subsequently renamed Roosevelt Park—the site of the <strong>Boulder County Fair</strong> from 1891 to 1978.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Coal Strikes</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In addition to the metal mining around Boulder, Caribou, and Nederland, coal mining became an important part of the Boulder County economy, especially in the early twentieth century. By that time, however, exploited coal miners began to organize in unions such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/united-mine-workers-america"><strong>United Mine Workers of America</strong></a> to lobby for better pay and working conditions. This led to a series of ugly strikes in Boulder County’s coal mining towns in 1903, 1910–14, and 1927.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>First, coal miners in Louisville won an eight-hour day, a 15 percent raise, and safer working conditions in 1903. Then, from 1910–14, some 2,700 Boulder County miners struck, with violence between strikers, guards, and scabs curtailed by the appearance of state and federal troops. At the end of this strike, miners won a 20 percent wage increase and more improvements in mine safety. During yet another strike, in 1927, blood was spilled when company guards at the Columbine Mine fired on strikers, killing six and wounding twenty. Again, federal troops intervened to quell the violence. Ownership of the Columbine Mine passed to <a href="/article/josephine-roche"><strong>Josephine Roche</strong></a>, the previous owner’s daughter, who raised wages, improved mine safety, and championed workers’ rights as the state’s first female gubernatorial candidate in 1934. Later in the twentieth century, the Boulder County economy shifted from mining to education and agriculture.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>University of Colorado</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Founded in 1861, the University of Colorado­–Boulder (CU) is the state’s flagship university. To build the initial campus, the Territorial Legislature gave the town $15,000 on the condition that Boulder residents match that amount themselves. The residents matched the appropriation and by 1876 had finished construction on Old Main, CU’s first building. Its first president, Dr. Joseph Sewall, and his family lived in the building, which also hosted the first classes. In the spring of 1882, CU graduated its first, all-male, class of six.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1980, CU-Boulder’s student population had reached 20,000 and faculty members worked with many prominent research institutes, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Today, the University of Colorado has campuses throughout the state, including the <strong>University of Colorado–<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs">Colorado Springs</a></strong>, <strong>University of Colorado–Denver</strong>, and the Health Sciences Center in Denver. With a combined enrollment of 44,500, the University of Colorado system remains a prestigious and nationally respected academic institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County remains culturally and economically diverse. A liberal pocket in an otherwise conservative state, the so-called "People’s Republic of Boulder" has evolved into an active, wealthy suburban community that also prioritizes conservation; the city maintains 145 miles of hiking trails and attracts hundreds of outdoor enthusiasts each year.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Giant tech companies such as IBM and Ball Corp., an aerospace company, are headquartered in Longmont. The town has reaped the benefits of being near a major university, as it recruits many CU graduates for its burgeoning biotech, aerospace, and software and IT industries. In 2015 CU Health, citing a lack of access to emergency care across the state, began construction on a $160 million hospital at County Line Road and Ken Pratt Boulevard in Longmont.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Hay and other forage crops are the county’s primary agricultural products by a wide margin; in 2012 hay and forage crops covered 23,397 acres, while the next-most plentiful crop, wheat, covered only 1,764. Boulder County is also among the top-ten poultry-and-egg-producing counties in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Although it has yet to endure a catastrophe like that of the 1894 flood, Boulder County remains vulnerable to flood events. After several days of heavy rain beginning on September 9, 2013, Boulder County was one of fourteen Colorado counties to experience historically destructive <a href="/article/flooding-colorado"><strong>flooding</strong></a>. Within Boulder County alone, floodwaters damaged more than 1,200 homes; took down ten bridges; washed out dozens of miles of roads, power lines, and open space trails; and killed three people, stranded over 100 more, and forced 1,600 to evacuate the flood zone. Immediately after the floods, Governor <a href="/article/john-hickenlooper"><strong>John Hickenlooper</strong></a> declared a state of emergency and funneled $6 million in state funds to pay for flood response and recovery.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Total repair costs from the flood are estimated at $217 million over a five-year period. Of that total, $56 million will be the responsibility of Boulder County; the rest will be reimbursed by state and federal agencies. As of September 2014, Boulder County workers, volunteers, and residents had removed 4,870 truckloads of debris, rebuilt five of the ten bridges destroyed during the storm, and repaired twenty-two miles of open space trails. In the wake of the floods, a coalition of state and local politicians, community leaders, and church leaders formed the Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County. The group’s website also provides links to mental health agencies, support groups, and financial resources to help flood victims who continue to struggle in the aftermath of the floods.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county" hreflang="en">boulder county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-history" hreflang="en">boulder county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder" hreflang="en">boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-history" hreflang="en">boulder history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado-boulder" hreflang="en">university of colorado boulder</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/university-colorado" hreflang="en">university of colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longmont" hreflang="en">longmont</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/boulder-county-flood" hreflang="en">boulder county flood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/thomas-aikins" hreflang="en">thomas aikins</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nederland" hreflang="en">nederland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/front-range" hreflang="en">front range</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Anticipated Costs for Unincorporated Boulder County,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Boulder County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Boulder County Open Space and Mountain Parks, “<a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/locations/trail/search/trail">Basic Trail Information</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frank H. Gille, ed., <em>Indians of Colorado: Past and Present </em>(St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Celinda Reynolds Kaelin, “Tava: A Ute Cultural History,” <em>A Sense of Place in the Pikes Peak Region</em>, Colorado College (Colorado Springs, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mona Lambrecht, “‘Good Baptist Weather’: Boulder County and the Flood of 1894,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 20, no. 4 (2001).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Longmont Area Economic Council, “<a href="http://longmont.org/Existing-Industries.aspx">Existing Longmont Industries</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Suzanne M. Marilley, <em>Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States </em>(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://niwot.com/discover-niwot/">Niwot History</a>,” Town of Niwot.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Dan Corson, <em>Boulder County: An Illustrated History </em>(Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“One Year Later: Moving Forward—Recovery and Repairs,” Boulder County, September 2014.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Blair Shiff, “Boulder County: Number of Missing Drops to 4,” <em>9 News</em>, September 18, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Boulder County, Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alicia Wallace,  “<a href="https://www.dailycamera.com/2013/09/08/boulder-and-broomfield-counties-top-50-employers-ibm-still-largest-local-company/">Boulder and Broomfield counties’ Top 50 employers: IBM still largest local company</a>,” <em>Boulder Daily Camera</em>, September 6, 2013.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Vince Winkel, “<a href="https://www.timescall.com/2015/09/10/new-er-construction-underway-in-north-longmont/">New ER construction underway in North Longmont</a>,”<em> Longmont Times-Call</em>, September 10, 2015.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://www.bouldercounty.org/">Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bouldercolorado.gov/">City of Boulder</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/">City of Longmont</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://bocofloodrecovery.org/">Long-Term Flood Recovery Group of Boulder County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Erik Mason, “<a href="https://www.longmontcolorado.gov/departments/departments-e-m/museum/collections/history-of-longmont">History of Longmont</a>,” City of Longmont, Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Elliot West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 28 Dec 2015 22:47:34 +0000 yongli 1062 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org