%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Enos Mills http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/enos-mills <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Enos Mills</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2959--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2959.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/enos-mills"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Enosmillsportrait_0.jpg?itok=3DpNGGKC" width="330" height="495" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/enos-mills" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Enos Mills</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Enos Mills overcame a chronic stomach illness to become one of Colorado's most famous naturalists. From his ranch near <a href="/article/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a>, Mills became one of the strongest advocates for the creation of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> in the early twentieth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1184--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1184.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/beaver-meadows-rocky-mountain-national-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/BeaverMeadows_0.jpg?itok=yqRIs9XN" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/beaver-meadows-rocky-mountain-national-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Beaver Meadows, Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Visitors enter <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a> via US Route 34 in Beaver Meadows, in southwestern Larimer County.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3518--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3518.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lake_Haiyaha_20210118_0180_0.jpg?itok=qeGgnNFO" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rocky-mountain-national-park" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rocky Mountain National Park</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Viewing Longs Peak from Lake Haiyaha trail.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span 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'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-10-06T16:21:25-06:00" title="Thursday, October 6, 2016 - 16:21" class="datetime">Thu, 10/06/2016 - 16:21</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/enos-mills" data-a2a-title="Enos Mills"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fenos-mills&amp;title=Enos%20Mills"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>As a boy and as a man, Enos Mills (1870–1922) lived a remarkable life. His bond with nature and wildlife inspired him to overcome personal hardship and become a successful speaker, author, naturalist, businessman, and driving force behind the creation of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a>. Today, Mills is remembered as Colorado’s premier conservationist.</p><h2>Invalid Boy</h2><p>As a boy, if he felt well and his chores were done, Mills loved to explore the woods and fields around his family’s eastern Kansas farm. But an undiagnosed digestive ailment frequently laid him low. When he turned fourteen and finished formal schooling, Mills’s doctor sounded a warning: the boy’s malady, mixed with the endless rigors of farm work, might prove fatal.</p><p>In the 1880s thousands flocked to the Rockies in attempts to restore their health in the clean, dry air and sunny <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-climate"><strong>climate</strong></a>. Ann and Enos Mills, Sr., sent their oldest son to live near the Lamb family, relatives who ranched in Colorado. Though sad to leave his <a href="https://medium.com/@solar-power-systems/solar-companies-in-colorado-1a11368fd9f8">family</a>, the young Mills relished living in Colorado’s mountains, a place he had heard about in family stories but never seen. Soon, from an open railway car window, he had his first glimpse of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a>-topped peaks.</p><h2>Making His Own Way</h2><p>In spring 1884, Enos Mills came to Lamb’s Ranch and guest house, known as Longs Peak House, lying below its namesake peak near <strong>Estes Park</strong>. The ranch remained his home base for the rest of his life. In the summer he worked in many capacities for the Lambs, including as a trail guide.</p><p>During cooler seasons Mills extended his knowledge of nature and mountain geography on treks beyond the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/content/longs-peak"><strong>Longs Peak</strong></a> region. Despite occasional bouts of stomach illnesses, he grew in stamina and self-confidence. Near the ranch, he built a log cabin on land he eventually <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaded</strong></a>. He found lucrative wages for thirteen winters—starting in 1887—working for mines in Colorado and Butte, Montana. He also found a cure for his digestive disorder when a Butte doctor diagnosed his “allergy to wheat”—what we know today as Celiac Disease.</p><h2>A Fortuitous Meeting</h2><p>Death-dealing fires wracked Butte’s Anaconda Copper Mine in fall 1889, putting Enos Mills out of work. Wanting to explore California and its Sierra Nevada mountains, he headed to San Francisco.</p><p>The Pacific Ocean topped his sightseeing list. Strictly by accident, Mills met someone on the beach who was knowledgeable about plants and animals of the shoreline. The young man offered his hand. The older man, with long, graying beard and hair, firmly shook it, saying, “I’m <strong>John Muir</strong> and I come from the Yosemite.” Though Mills had never heard of Muir, they began a four-mile walk filled with conversation about wild places and creatures.</p><p>Mills found that Muir, a writer, explorer, botanist, and pioneer conservationist, was a perfect mentor. Muir “became the factor in my life,” Mills later wrote. During this meeting and afterward, Muir encouraged his protégé to develop writing and public speaking skills and to travel, studying nature carefully and constantly. Muir told Mills, “I want you to help me do something for parks, forests, and wildlife.”</p><h2>Adventuring Days</h2><p>Mills took all of Muir’s words to heart. For nearly six months in 1890, Mills trekked California’s deserts, forests, and mountains. The next year he worked on a survey crew in Yellowstone National Park. There, he first conceived the idea of a national park in the Estes Park region. In 1892 and 1894 he sought out <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/glaciers"><strong>glaciers</strong></a> in southeast Alaska. 1893 found him visiting family and the Chicago World’s Fair.</p><p>In most summers of the 1890s, Mills guided parties from Longs Peak House. He spent “time camping alone without any gun . . . I tried everywhere to get acquainted with the birds, the flowers and the trees.” <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>Beaver</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/content/bighorn-sheep-0"><strong>bighorn sheep</strong></a>, and<strong> grizzly bear</strong> became his favorite mammals to trail and study.</p><p>Wherever he went, Mills kept track of observations in a pocket notebook. The notes became the basis for several hundred magazine stories and chapters of many books, starting with 1909’s <em>Wild Life on the Rockies</em>.</p><h2>Earning a Reputation</h2><p>In the winter of 1901–2, Mills bought the Lamb ranch, renaming it Longs Peak Inn. As innkeeper, he expanded the hostelry for a growing number of summer guests. Soon after, Colorado state engineer L. G. Carpenter named him Colorado’s first <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/content/snow"><strong>snow</strong></a> observer. For three winters Mills roamed the winter heights, making reports of snow depth, water content, and forest condition and, as he quipped, being “careful not to lose my life.” He helped Carpenter demonstrate the link between healthy headwater forests and downstream water quantity and quality.</p><p>Many organizations asked Mills to speak on forest and wildlife subjects. In early 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as a forestry agent for the new <a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado"><strong>US Forest Service</strong></a>. In little more than two years, Mills gave hundreds of forest conservation lectures in almost every state.</p><p>Mills coined the term <em>nature guide</em> for himself and inn employees who led groups outdoors. He believed that exposing participants to nature held greater importance than simply reaching a destination. Mills also felt that women often made better nature guides than men.</p><h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2><p>In fall 1909 Enos Mills began pouring considerable energy into a new project: the “preservation of scenery” visible from his own doorstep. His proposal for a 645,000-acre “Estes National Park” that stretched from Wyoming to the present <strong>Indian Peaks Wilderness</strong> area near <strong>Mt. Evans</strong> diverged from the Forest Service’s consumptive conservation principles—grazing, <strong>mining</strong>, timbering—and advanced the more protective ethic of John Muir and other preservation advocates. His proposal initially drew positive reactions from many. Mills made more speeches and contacted influential people: newspaper editors, civic organization heads, business leaders, and state and federal legislators.</p><p>Mills encouraged the founding of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/content/colorado-mountain-club"><strong>Colorado Mountain Club</strong></a> in 1912, which advocated the establishment of the national park. A 1913 park recommendation by the US Secretary of the Interior boosted the campaign’s momentum. Club president and lawyer <strong>James Grafton Rogers</strong> introduced to Congress legislation to create the park.</p><p>On January 26, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill creating Rocky Mountain National Park on 230,000 acres between the towns of Estes Park and <strong>Grand Lake</strong>. The park was much smaller than Mills envisioned, but it expanded to its current size of 265,761 acres with the addition of the <strong>Never Summer Mountains</strong> in 1929. Though many deserved credit for the park’s formation, newspapers saluted Enos Mills as the park’s “father.” At the park’s dedication on September 4, 1915, Mills said, “In years to come when I am asleep forever beneath the pines, thousands of families will find rest and hope in this park.”</p><p>Within seven years, Mills, by then a husband and father, was “asleep forever” after suffering blood poisoning from an abscessed tooth, which induced a heart attack at Longs Peak Inn on September 21, 1922.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/stansfield-john" hreflang="und">Stansfield, John</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/enos-mills" hreflang="en">Enos Mills</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/enos-mills-biography" hreflang="en">enos mills biography</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rocky-mountain-national-park" hreflang="en">rocky mountain national park</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountain-club" hreflang="en">Colorado Mountain Club</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/naturalists" hreflang="en">naturalists</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/longs-peak" hreflang="en">Longs Peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/estes-park" hreflang="en">Estes Park</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Alexander Drummond, <em>Enos Mills: Citizen of Nature</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1995).</p><p>Hildegarde Hawthorne and Esther Burnell Mills, <em>Enos Mills of the Rockies</em> (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1935. Reprint, Estes Park, CO: Temporal Mechanical Press, 2001).</p><p>Enos A. Mills, <em>Wild Life on the Rockies</em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909. Reprint, Estes Park, CO: Temporal Mechanical Press, 2004).</p><p>John Stansfield, <em>Enos Mills: Rocky Mountain Naturalist</em> (Palmer Lake, CO: Filter Press, 2005).</p><p>Mary Taylor Young, <em>Rocky Mountain National Park: The First 100 Years </em>(Helena, MT: Farcounty Press, 2014).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.museumatthebighorns.org/">Enos Mills Cabin</a></p><p>Rachel Estabrook, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/news/story/meet-father-rocky-mountain-national-park-it-turns-100">Meet the ‘Father’ of Rocky Mountain National Park as It Turns 100</a>,” Colorado Public Radio, Colorado Matters, September 3, 2015.</p><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/romo/index.htm">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Enos Mills (1870–1922) lived a remarkable life. His bond with nature and wildlife inspired him to overcome personal hardship. He became a successful speaker, naturalist, and driving force behind the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. Today, Mills is remembered as Colorado’s premier conservationist.</p><h2>Invalid Boy</h2><p>As a boy, Mills loved to explore the woods around his family’s eastern Kansas farm. However, a digestive ailment frequently laid him low. When he turned fourteen, Mills’ doctor sounded a warning. Mills' illness, mixed with hard farm work, might prove fatal.</p><p>In the 1880s thousands flocked to the Rockies in attempts to restore their health in the clean, dry air. Ann and Enos Mills, Sr., sent their oldest son to live near the Lamb family. They were relatives who ranched in Colorado. The young Mills loved living in Colorado’s mountains.</p><h2>Making His Own Way</h2><p>In spring 1884, Enos Mills came to Lamb’s Ranch and guest house. It was known as Longs Peak House, lying below its namesake peak near Estes Park. The ranch remained his home base for the rest of his life. In the summer he worked in many capacities for the Lambs, including as a trail guide.</p><p>Mills extended his knowledge of nature and mountain geography on treks beyond the Longs Peak region. He grew in stamina and self-confidence. Near the ranch, he built a log cabin on land he homesteaded. He found mining work for thirteen winters in Colorado and Butte, Montana. He also found a cure for his digestive disorder. A Butte doctor diagnosed his “allergy to wheat”—what we know today as Celiac Disease.</p><h2>A Fortuitous Meeting</h2><p>Fires wracked Butte’s Anaconda Copper Mine in fall 1889. The fires put Enos Mills out of work. Wanting to explore California and its Sierra Nevada mountains, he headed to San Francisco.</p><p>The Pacific Ocean topped his sightseeing list. By accident, Mills met someone on the beach who was knowledgeable about plants and animals of the shoreline. The young man offered his hand. The older man, with long, graying beard and hair, firmly shook it, saying, “I’m John Muir and I come from the Yosemite.” Though Mills had never heard of Muir, they began a four-mile walk filled with conversation about wild places and creatures.</p><p>Mills found that Muir was a perfect mentor. Muir “became the factor in my life,” Mills later wrote. Muir encouraged his protégé to develop writing and public speaking skills and to travel studying nature. Muir told Mills, “I want you to help me do something for parks, forests, and wildlife.”</p><h2>Adventuring Days</h2><p>Mills took all of Muir’s words to heart. For nearly six months in 1890, Mills trekked California’s deserts, forests, and mountains. The next year he worked on a survey crew in Yellowstone National Park. There, he first conceived the idea of a national park in the Estes Park region. In 1892 and 1894 he sought out glaciers in southeast Alaska. 1893 found him visiting family and the Chicago World’s Fair.</p><p>In most summers of the 1890s, Mills guided parties from Longs Peak House. He spent “time camping alone without any gun . . . I tried everywhere to get acquainted with the birds, the flowers and the trees.” Beaver, bighorn sheep, and grizzly bear became his favorite mammals to study.</p><p>Wherever he went, Mills kept track of observations in a pocket notebook. The notes became the basis for several hundred magazine stories and chapters of many books.</p><h2>Earning a Reputation</h2><p>In the winter of 1901–2, Mills bought the Lamb ranch. He renamed it Longs Peak Inn. As innkeeper, he expanded for a growing number of summer guests. Soon after, Colorado state engineer L. G. Carpenter named him Colorado’s first snow observer. For three winters Mills roamed the winter heights. He made reports of snow depth, water content, and forest condition. He quipped, he was being “careful not to lose my life.” Mills helped Carpenter demonstrate the link between healthy headwater forests and downstream water quality.</p><p>Many groups asked Mills to speak on forest and wildlife subjects. In early 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as a forestry agent for the new US Forest Service. In little more than two years, Mills gave hundreds of lectures.</p><p>Mills coined the term nature guide for himself and inn employees who led groups outdoors. He believed that exposing participants to nature held greater importance than simply reaching a destination. Mills also felt that women often made better nature guides than men.</p><h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2><p>In fall 1909 Enos Mills began pouring energy into a new project. He proposed a 645,000-acre “Estes National Park.” The park would stretch from Wyoming to the present Indian Peaks Wilderness area near Mt. Evans. The project diverged from the Forest Service’s consumptive conservation principles—grazing, mining, timbering. It advanced the more protective ethic of John Muir. His proposal drew positive reactions. Mills made more speeches and contacted newspaper editors, business leaders, and state and federal legislators.</p><p>Mills encouraged the founding of the Colorado Mountain Club in 1912. The club advocated the creation of the national park. A 1913 park recommendation by the US Secretary of the Interior boosted the campaign’s momentum. Club president and lawyer James Grafton Rogers introduced to Congress legislation to create the park.</p><p>On January 26, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill creating Rocky Mountain National Park. The park sat on 230,000 acres between the towns of Estes Park and Grand Lake. It was much smaller than Mills envisioned. However, it expanded to its current size of 265,761 acres with the addition of the Never Summer Mountains in 1929. Newspapers saluted Enos Mills as the park’s “father.” At the park’s dedication on September 4, 1915, Mills said, “In years to come when I am asleep forever beneath the pines, thousands of families will find rest and hope in this park.”</p><p>Within seven years, Mills was “asleep forever.” He suffered blood poisoning from an abscessed tooth, which induced a heart attack at Longs Peak Inn on September 21, 1922.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Enos Mills (1870–1922) lived a remarkable life. His bond with nature and wildlife inspired him to overcome personal hardship and become a successful speaker, author, naturalist, businessman, and driving force behind the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. Today, Mills is remembered as Colorado’s premier conservationist.</p><h2>Invalid Boy</h2><p>As a boy, Mills loved to explore the woods and fields around his family’s eastern Kansas farm. But a digestive ailment frequently laid him low. When he turned fourteen and finished formal schooling, Mills’ doctor sounded a warning. The boy’s malady, mixed with the endless rigors of farm work, might prove fatal.</p><p>In the 1880s thousands flocked to the Rockies in attempts to restore their health in the clean, dry air and sunny climate. Ann and Enos Mills, Sr., sent their oldest son to live near the Lamb family. They were relatives who ranched in Colorado. The young Mills relished living in Colorado’s mountains. Soon, from an open railway car window, he had his first glimpse of snow-topped peaks.</p><h2>Making His Own Way</h2><p>In spring 1884, Enos Mills came to Lamb’s Ranch and guest house. It was known as Longs Peak House, lying below its namesake peak near Estes Park. The ranch remained his home base for the rest of his life. In the summer he worked in many capacities for the Lambs, including as a trail guide.</p><p>Mills extended his knowledge of nature and mountain geography on treks beyond the Longs Peak region. He grew in stamina and self-confidence. Near the ranch, he built a log cabin on land he homesteaded. He found lucrative wages for thirteen winters working for mines in Colorado and Butte, Montana. He also found a cure for his digestive disorder. A Butte doctor diagnosed his “allergy to wheat”—what we know today as Celiac Disease.</p><h2>A Fortuitous Meeting</h2><p>Fires wracked Butte’s Anaconda Copper Mine in fall 1889, putting Enos Mills out of work. Wanting to explore California and its Sierra Nevada mountains, he headed to San Francisco.</p><p>The Pacific Ocean topped his sightseeing list. By accident, Mills met someone on the beach who was knowledgeable about plants and animals of the shoreline. The young man offered his hand. The older man, with long, graying beard and hair, firmly shook it, saying, “I’m John Muir and I come from the Yosemite.” Though Mills had never heard of Muir, they began a four-mile walk filled with conversation about wild places and creatures.</p><p>Mills found that Muir, a writer, explorer, botanist, and pioneer conservationist, was a perfect mentor. Muir “became the factor in my life,” Mills later wrote. Muir encouraged his protégé to develop writing and public speaking skills and to travel studying nature. Muir told Mills, “I want you to help me do something for parks, forests, and wildlife.”</p><h2>Adventuring Days</h2><p>Mills took all of Muir’s words to heart. For nearly six months in 1890, Mills trekked California’s deserts, forests, and mountains. The next year he worked on a survey crew in Yellowstone National Park. There, he first conceived the idea of a national park in the Estes Park region. In 1892 and 1894 he sought out glaciers in southeast Alaska. 1893 found him visiting family and the Chicago World’s Fair.</p><p>In most summers of the 1890s, Mills guided parties from Longs Peak House. He spent “time camping alone without any gun . . . I tried everywhere to get acquainted with the birds, the flowers and the trees.” Beaver, bighorn sheep, and grizzly bear became his favorite mammals to study.</p><p>Wherever he went, Mills kept track of observations in a pocket notebook. The notes became the basis for several hundred magazine stories and chapters of many books, starting with 1909’s Wild Life on the Rockies.</p><h2>Earning a Reputation</h2><p>In the winter of 1901–2, Mills bought the Lamb ranch. He renamed it Longs Peak Inn. As innkeeper, he expanded for a growing number of summer guests. Soon after, Colorado state engineer L. G. Carpenter named him Colorado’s first snow observer. For three winters Mills roamed the winter heights. He made reports of snow depth, water content, and forest condition. He quipped, he was being “careful not to lose my life.” Mills helped Carpenter demonstrate the link between healthy headwater forests and downstream water quantity and quality.</p><p>Many groups asked Mills to speak on forest and wildlife subjects. In early 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as a forestry agent for the new US Forest Service. In little more than two years, Mills gave hundreds of forest conservation lectures.</p><p>Mills coined the term nature guide for himself and inn employees who led groups outdoors. He believed that exposing participants to nature held greater importance than simply reaching a destination. Mills also felt that women often made better nature guides than men.</p><h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2><p>In fall 1909 Enos Mills began pouring energy into a new project: the “preservation of scenery” visible from his own doorstep. His proposal for a 645,000-acre “Estes National Park” that stretched from Wyoming to the present Indian Peaks Wilderness area near Mt. Evans diverged from the Forest Service’s consumptive conservation principles—grazing, mining, timbering—and advanced the more protective ethic of John Muir and other preservation advocates. His proposal initially drew positive reactions from many. Mills made more speeches and contacted influential people: newspaper editors, civic organization heads, business leaders, and state and federal legislators.</p><p>Mills encouraged the founding of the Colorado Mountain Club in 1912, which advocated the establishment of the national park. A 1913 park recommendation by the US Secretary of the Interior boosted the campaign’s momentum. Club president and lawyer James Grafton Rogers introduced to Congress legislation to create the park.</p><p>On January 26, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill creating Rocky Mountain National Park on 230,000 acres between the towns of Estes Park and Grand Lake. The park was much smaller than Mills envisioned, but it expanded to its current size of 265,761 acres with the addition of the Never Summer Mountains in 1929. Though many deserved credit for the park’s formation, newspapers saluted Enos Mills as the park’s “father.” At the park’s dedication on September 4, 1915, Mills said, “In years to come when I am asleep forever beneath the pines, thousands of families will find rest and hope in this park.”</p><p>Within seven years, Mills, by then a husband and father, was “asleep forever” after suffering blood poisoning from an abscessed tooth, which induced a heart attack at Longs Peak Inn on September 21, 1922.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Enos Mills (1870–1922) lived a remarkable life. His bond with nature and wildlife inspired him to overcome personal hardship and become a successful speaker, author, naturalist, businessman, and driving force behind the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. Today, Mills is remembered as Colorado’s premier conservationist.</p><h2>Invalid Boy</h2><p>As a boy, if he felt well and his chores were done, Mills loved to explore the woods and fields around his family’s eastern Kansas farm. But an undiagnosed digestive ailment frequently laid him low. When he turned fourteen and finished formal schooling, Mills’ doctor sounded a warning: the boy’s malady, mixed with the endless rigors of farm work, might prove fatal.</p><p>In the 1880s thousands flocked to the Rockies in attempts to restore their health in the clean, dry air and sunny climate. Ann and Enos Mills, Sr., sent their oldest son to live near the Lamb family, relatives who ranched in Colorado. Though sad to leave his family, the young Mills relished living in Colorado’s mountains, a place he had heard about in family stories but never seen. Soon, from an open railway car window, he had his first glimpse of snow-topped peaks.</p><h2>Making His Own Way</h2><p>In spring 1884, Enos Mills came to Lamb’s Ranch and guest house, known as Longs Peak House, lying below its namesake peak near Estes Park. The ranch remained his home base for the rest of his life. In the summer he worked in many capacities for the Lambs, including as a trail guide.</p><p>During cooler seasons Mills extended his knowledge of nature and mountain geography on treks beyond the Longs Peak region. Despite occasional bouts of stomach illnesses, he grew in stamina and self-confidence. Near the ranch, he built a log cabin on land he eventually homesteaded. He found lucrative wages for thirteen winters—starting in 1887—working for mines in Colorado and Butte, Montana. He also found a cure for his digestive disorder when a Butte doctor diagnosed his “allergy to wheat”—what we know today as Celiac Disease.</p><h2>A Fortuitous Meeting</h2><p>Death-dealing fires wracked Butte’s Anaconda Copper Mine in fall 1889, putting Enos Mills out of work. Wanting to explore California and its Sierra Nevada mountains, he headed to San Francisco.</p><p>The Pacific Ocean topped his sightseeing list. Strictly by accident, Mills met someone on the beach who was knowledgeable about plants and animals of the shoreline. The young man offered his hand. The older man, with long, graying beard and hair, firmly shook it, saying, “I’m John Muir and I come from the Yosemite.” Though Mills had never heard of Muir, they began a four-mile walk filled with conversation about wild places and creatures.</p><p>Mills found that Muir, a writer, explorer, botanist, and pioneer conservationist, was a perfect mentor. Muir “became the factor in my life,” Mills later wrote. During this meeting and afterward, Muir encouraged his protégé to develop writing and public speaking skills and to travel, studying nature carefully and constantly. Muir told Mills, “I want you to help me do something for parks, forests, and wildlife.”</p><h2>Adventuring Days</h2><p>Mills took all of Muir’s words to heart. For nearly six months in 1890, Mills trekked California’s deserts, forests, and mountains. The next year he worked on a survey crew in Yellowstone National Park. There, he first conceived the idea of a national park in the Estes Park region. In 1892 and 1894 he sought out glaciers in southeast Alaska. 1893 found him visiting family and the Chicago World’s Fair.</p><p>In most summers of the 1890s, Mills guided parties from Longs Peak House. He spent “time camping alone without any gun . . . I tried everywhere to get acquainted with the birds, the flowers and the trees.” Beaver, bighorn sheep, and grizzly bear became his favorite mammals to trail and study.</p><p>Wherever he went, Mills kept track of observations in a pocket notebook. The notes became the basis for several hundred magazine stories and chapters of many books, starting with 1909’s Wild Life on the Rockies.</p><h2>Earning a Reputation</h2><p>In the winter of 1901–2, Mills bought the Lamb ranch, renaming it Longs Peak Inn. As innkeeper, he expanded the hostelry for a growing number of summer guests. Soon after, Colorado state engineer L. G. Carpenter named him Colorado’s first snow observer. For three winters Mills roamed the winter heights, making reports of snow depth, water content, and forest condition and, as he quipped, being “careful not to lose my life.” He helped Carpenter demonstrate the link between healthy headwater forests and downstream water quantity and quality.</p><p>Many organizations asked Mills to speak on forest and wildlife subjects. In early 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as a forestry agent for the new US Forest Service. In little more than two years, Mills gave hundreds of forest conservation lectures in almost every state.</p><p>Mills coined the term nature guide for himself and inn employees who led groups outdoors. He believed that exposing participants to nature held greater importance than simply reaching a destination. Mills also felt that women often made better nature guides than men.</p><h2>Rocky Mountain National Park</h2><p>In fall 1909 Enos Mills began pouring considerable energy into a new project: the “preservation of scenery” visible from his own doorstep. His proposal for a 645,000-acre “Estes National Park” that stretched from Wyoming to the present Indian Peaks Wilderness area near Mt. Evans diverged from the Forest Service’s consumptive conservation principles—grazing, mining, timbering—and advanced the more protective ethic of John Muir and other preservation advocates. His proposal initially drew positive reactions from many. Mills made more speeches and contacted influential people: newspaper editors, civic organization heads, business leaders, and state and federal legislators.</p><p>Mills encouraged the founding of the Colorado Mountain Club in 1912, which advocated the establishment of the national park. A 1913 park recommendation by the US Secretary of the Interior boosted the campaign’s momentum. Club president and lawyer James Grafton Rogers introduced to Congress legislation to create the park.</p><p>On January 26, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill creating Rocky Mountain National Park on 230,000 acres between the towns of Estes Park and Grand Lake. The park was much smaller than Mills envisioned, but it expanded to its current size of 265,761 acres with the addition of the Never Summer Mountains in 1929. Though many deserved credit for the park’s formation, newspapers saluted Enos Mills as the park’s “father.” At the park’s dedication on September 4, 1915, Mills said, “In years to come when I am asleep forever beneath the pines, thousands of families will find rest and hope in this park.”</p><p>Within seven years, Mills, by then a husband and father, was “asleep forever” after suffering blood poisoning from an abscessed tooth, which induced a heart attack at Longs Peak Inn on September 21, 1922.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Oct 2016 22:21:25 +0000 yongli 1926 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Mountain Club http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Mountain Club</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1452--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1452.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-mountain-club-outing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-Mountain-Club-Way-Through-The-Rockies%5B1%5D%20%281%29_0.jpg?itok=wlTR-tlZ" width="578" height="306" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-mountain-club-outing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Mountain Club Outing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>"Hagerman Peak-Snowmass Lake," from the thirty-second annual Colorado Mountain Club Outing, Snowmass Lake, August 11-19, 1945.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-06-15T11:33:43-06:00" title="Wednesday, June 15, 2016 - 11:33" class="datetime">Wed, 06/15/2016 - 11:33</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-mountain-club" data-a2a-title="Colorado Mountain Club"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-mountain-club&amp;title=Colorado%20Mountain%20Club"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC) has been a potent force in shaping environmentalism in Colorado. Its members developed an intimate relationship with nature through the CMC’s conservation work and recreational activities. The CMC’s appreciation of wilderness, a legacy of early environmental thinkers such as Henry David Thoreau and <strong>John Muir</strong>, fostered its embrace of a sophisticated ecological understanding of the natural world before many other conservation groups and the general public.</p> <p>Since its formation in 1912, the Colorado Mountain Club has aimed to share and protect Colorado’s bountiful and beautiful wilderness. Its original mission statement set out to “disseminate information” and “stimulate the public interest” in the mountains and to make alpine regions “accessible” and “encourage the[ir] preservation.” The CMC has also advocated careful, scientifically based federal regulations to prevent exploitation by private industry.</p> <p>The organization’s original seven members, who had already climbed sixteen mountain peaks between them, were led by <strong>Mary Sabin</strong> and <strong>James Grafton Rogers</strong>. These two individuals initiated the idea of the CMC, which quickly expanded to twenty-five charter members. Membership has fluctuated throughout the years and has expanded into regional groups throughout the state. <em>Trail and Timberline</em>, the CMC’s main publication, began in 1918. This publication continues to be the voice of the CMC, keeping members informed of the organization’s activities.</p> <h2>Educational Activities</h2> <p>As part of its environmental education program, the CMC created a series of early guides to flora and fauna of the <strong>Rocky Mountains</strong>. It also produced regional hiking and skiing maps, sponsored lecture series, and set up slide and photography exhibits. The CMC has always had an appreciation for photography. The famous western photographer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a> was made an honorary member in 1938 and attended several CMC outings. Members also constructed informational guides such as the mountain name indicator in Denver’s <strong>Cheesman Park</strong>, which labeled the panorama of mountains visible from the park.</p> <p>Other CMC educational programs included a “school” held in 1939, which included rock- and ice-climbing instruction, as well as climbs on which the “students” put their newly acquired skills to the test. These “schools” evolved into extensive training grounds for all types of mountaineering skills. Courses in first aid, CPR, and other backcountry safety measures have become important parts of the club’s education programs.</p> <h2>Environmental Activities</h2> <p>The Colorado Mountain Club also played an integral role in the creation of <a href="/article/rocky-mountain-national-park"><strong>Rocky Mountain National Park</strong></a><strong>.</strong> <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/enos-mills"><strong>Enos Mills</strong></a>, widely considered the father of the national park, was a charter member of the CMC, and James Grafton Rogers, another charter member and the first president, drafted the initial bill for the creation of the park in 1913. The CMC lobbied hard for support of the bill, which was finally passed in 1915. Although Rogers’s first draft was defeated, various letters among his papers testify to the CMC’s continued involvement in the bill’s passage. Members produced handbills lauding the proposed park’s easy accessibility and representation of the Rocky Mountains. The CMC’s success in convincing the public that the value of nature extended beyond economics and that the natural environment should be preserved marked a major milestone in the development of environmentalism in Colorado.</p> <p>In the 1920s the CMC continued to promote its deep, often sentimental, love of nature. Its members conducted campaigns to preserve Colorado’s wildflowers, particularly the state flower: the <a href="/article/state-flower"><strong>Colorado Columbine</strong></a>. The Colorado Mountain Club’s “Good Woodsman” campaign was also a significant force in publicizing environmental protection. Members distributed signs admonishing campers to put out camp fires, keep the campsites clean, protect flowers and trees, and respect local wildlife.</p> <p>The CMC of the 1930s absorbed many budding ecological concepts such as the balance of nature, put forth by environmental thinkers such as Aldo Leopold, well in advance of other conservation organizations. To the CMC, the widespread drought and subsequent<a href="/article/dust-bowl"><strong> Dust Bowl</strong></a> also served as a frightening example of what happened when humans upset the balance of nature. Poetry by CMC members about mountain ecstasies and stories of flowery nature declined in the 1930s, replaced by scientifically grounded ecological thinking, including opposition to government predator eradication programs that remained popular into the 1960s. In this and other positions, the Colorado Mountain Club was far ahead of the rest of the nation.</p> <p>In a 1933 article for <em>Trail and Timberline</em>, “Should <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-lion"><strong>Mountain Lions</strong></a> Be Killed?,” M. Walter Pesman commented about the disasters that had occurred when humans destroyed predatory animals. He noted how the loss of wolves brought an increase in coyotes and that rodents flourished and grew destructive wherever predators were destroyed. He repeatedly stressed the concept of nature’s balance and how society’s disruption of ecology leads to unpredictable and possibly “dangerous” results. He relayed the Ecological Society of America’s recommendation that “Nature Sanctuaries” or “Nature Reserves” be set aside. By setting aside these areas, nature in all its fluctuations could be left alone and could teach humans how the natural balance functioned. He concluded that “a bit of humility on our part might be apropos in our meddling with nature’s scheme.”</p> <p>Other environmental activities of the CMC have included successful opposition to water projects, including dams on the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River,</strong></a> the <strong>Two Forks Dam </strong>on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a>, and Homestake II, an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> diversion plan. The CMC also joined other like-minded organizations in supporting a national wilderness preservation bill, which Congress passed in 1964. The CMC’s writings about the mountains in the postwar period increasingly emphasized the intangible values of wilderness, which coincided with the club’s active promotion of wilderness preservation.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>The Colorado Mountain Club continues to inspire a deep appreciation of nature through some 3,000 annual recreational activities and ongoing environmental advocacy. <em>Trail and Timberline </em>is now accessible online, and the club has expanded its activities beyond Colorado’s mountains. Two full pages of the fall 2015 issue offered “adventure travel,” with guided trips to Mount Everest, Mount Fuji, and the Italian Dolomites. Educational outreach continues through the club’s Youth Education Programs and articles offering safety tips for solo hiking. The CMC also maintains its environmental activism. The club played an important role in defeating two bills in the 2015 session of the Colorado State Legislature that would have opened public lands to oil and gas drilling.</p> <p>The history of the CMC helps us understand the roots of environmentalism in Colorado. Club members, while promoting recreational enjoyment of the wilderness in many forms, also developed an increasingly sophisticated understanding of ecology. The CMC recognized, long before the general public, that humans must reenvision their place in the world as part of a much larger ecological community.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/brady-tracy" hreflang="und">Brady, Tracy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mountain-club" hreflang="en">Colorado Mountain Club</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environmentalism" hreflang="en">environmentalism</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/environment" hreflang="en">environment</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mary-sabin" hreflang="en">mary sabin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/trail-and-timberline" hreflang="en">trail and timberline</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/enos-mills" hreflang="en">Enos Mills</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Morgan Anderson, “High Fiving Your Shadow: Safety Tips for Hiking Solo,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (Fall 2015).</p> <p>E. H. Brunquist, “Wilderness Areas Pros and Cons,” <em>Trail and Timberline </em>480 (December 1958).</p> <p>Tracy L. Brady, “The Colorado Mountain Club and the Growth of Environmentalism in Colorado” (master’s thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 1994).</p> <p>“CMC Adventure Travel,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline </em>1028</a> (fall 2015).</p> <p>Molly Daley, “YEP Teen Ventures Create Leadership Opportunities for Youth,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (fall 2015).</p> <p>Thomas R. Dunlap, <em>Savings America’s Wildlife: Ecology and the American Mind</em>, 1850–1990 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).</p> <p>Hugh E. Kingery, assisted by Elinor Eppich Kingery, <em>The Colorado Mountain Club: The First Seventy-Five Years of a Highly Individual Corporation</em> (Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, 1988).</p> <p>Julie Mach, “Conservation Legislation Update: Public Lands Seizure Bills Defeated,” <a href="https://issuu.com/christiangreen/docs/tt_1028_low_res"><em>Trail and Timberline</em> 1028</a> (Fall 2015).</p> <p>M. Walter Pesman, “Should Mountain Lions Be Killed?” <em>Trail and Timberline</em> 177 (July 1933).</p> <p>James Grafton Rogers, Collection #536, A Holding of the Library of the Colorado Historical Society [Now History Colorado] (Denver: Colorado Historical Society)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.cmc.org/">Colorado Mountain Club</a></p> <p>Roderick Nash, <em>The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics</em> (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).</p> <p>Holmes Rolston, <em>Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World</em> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).</p> <p><a href="https://www.cmc.org/About/Newsroom/TrailandTimberline.aspx">Trail and Timberline</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 15 Jun 2016 17:33:43 +0000 yongli 1451 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org