%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en The Civil War in Colorado http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civil-war-colorado <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Civil War in Colorado</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3825--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3825.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/battle-glorieta-pass"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass_Action_at_Apache_Canyon_0.jpg?itok=6GBX4Ujn" width="1090" height="728" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/battle-glorieta-pass" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Battle of Glorieta Pass</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Referred to as the "Gettysburg of the West," the Battle of Glorieta Pass pitted Union troops from Colorado against Confederates from Texas. The battle took place south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the spring of 1862. Although it was a stalemate on the field, the Colorado troops destroyed the Confederate supplies, ending the Confederacy's ambition to take the western territories.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3826--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3826.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/civil-war-soldier-statue-denver"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver_Civil_War_Monument_by_Jakob_Otto_Schweizer_%28cropped%29_0.jpg?itok=yO_VvKJz" width="1090" height="2080" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/civil-war-soldier-statue-denver" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Civil War Soldier Statue, Denver</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>From 1909 to 2020, a statue honoring the Coloradans who fought in the American Civil War stood outside the State Capitol building in Denver. It incorrectly listed the Sand Creek Massacre, in which Colorado troops slaughtered more than 200 women, children, and elderly Indigenous people, as a "battle" in the war. Civil Rights protesters took down the statue during demonstrations against police abuses and institutional racism in 2020.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2022-09-13T14:14:34-06:00" title="Tuesday, September 13, 2022 - 14:14" class="datetime">Tue, 09/13/2022 - 14:14</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civil-war-colorado" data-a2a-title="The Civil War in Colorado"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcivil-war-colorado&amp;title=The%20Civil%20War%20in%20Colorado"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Colorado’s role in the American Civil War (1861–65) was part of a broader geopolitical contest: control of the American Southwest. The war began in 1861, just two years after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> and mere months after Congress established the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. Although the territory was largely pro-Union, the Confederacy and its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/reynolds-gang"><strong>local sympathizers</strong></a> immediately realized Colorado's strategic and monetary value and wanted to take advantage of it.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Federal troops from Colorado turned back the Confederate invasion in New Mexico, ensuring that the Rocky Mountain <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold mines</strong></a> remained under US control. This paved the way for further conquest and development in Colorado and the rest of the West. The Civil War had wide-reaching effects, especially on Indigenous people. The <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>, passed during the war in part to promote free labor over slave labor in western territories, was a direct assault on Indigenous people’s sovereignty that increased tensions between whites and Native nations. Before the war was even over, Union troops committed the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a>, one of the worst atrocities on US soil and an event that would influence future conflicts between Americans and Indigenous people.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As it has elsewhere, the Civil War left a complicated legacy in Colorado, one that laid the foundation for the successes and struggles of the state to the present day. </p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Origins</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The tensions that eventually placed Colorado in the western theatre of the Civil War were tied to the same issue that caused the war: the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-guadalupe-hidalgo"><strong>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</strong></a> ended the Mexican-American War and added almost one million square miles to the United States. Southern politicians and elites wanted to expand slavery into this newly acquired land. The California Gold Rush followed in 1849, leading to the Compromise of 1850: Congress admitted California into the Union as a free state but reinforced the Fugitive Slave Act to satisfy southern complaints. In 1853 President Franklin Pierce appointed Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War. In that role, Davis, who would later become president of the Confederacy, wanted to create a southern transcontinental railroad that would cross New Mexico on its way to California.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, the Colorado Gold Rush of 1858–59 had put the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> on the map for many Americans. The resulting influx of white gold seekers and the myriad enterprises accompanying them created a need for law and order. After establishing a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho</strong></a>, the federal government organized Colorado Territory in February 1861, about a month and a half before the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter and ignited the Civil War in the east.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the outbreak of war, gold in Colorado and California and the latter’s Pacific ports represented valuable prizes for the new Confederacy. To win those prizes, the Confederates would need control of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong></a>, whose Mountain Branch followed the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a> through Colorado before turning south over <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/raton-pass-0"><strong>Raton Pass</strong></a> and into New Mexico<strong>. </strong>The trail was one of the major commercial routes in the West, and it was protected by Fort Union, the Army’s major supply depot north of Santa Fe. In addition, the scattered villages and towns of New Mexico territory were protected in the south by Fort Bliss near present-day El Paso, Texas, Fort Craig south of Albuquerque, and Fort Marcy at Santa Fe. The Confederate strategy was to invade north from Texas, take New Mexico and Colorado, and then turn west toward California.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Choosing Sides</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The outbreak of war east of the Mississippi River led the US government to relocate federal troops from the West for service in the East. Some officers resigned from the US Army to fight for the Confederacy. One was Major <strong>Henry Hopkins Sibley</strong>, who resigned on May 13, 1861. Colonel William Loring, Commander of the Military Department of New Mexico, quit on the same day, leaving Lt. Colonel <strong>Edward R. S. Canby</strong> of the Tenth Infantry to command federal troops in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1860 Colorado had 30,000 non-Indigenous residents, 70 percent of whom were from northern states and territories. The territory was largely pro-Union. But as Colonel Canby begged for reinforcements, Territorial Governor <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a> explained that a “malignant secession element” of 7,500 Confederate sympathizers had to be controlled. In <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver City</strong></a>, Charley Harrison’s Criterion Bar was the pro-Confederacy headquarters, while other sympathizers from across the territory secretly gathered at Mace’s Hole north of <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Harrison was eventually arrested, fined, and exiled from the territory. Scattered skirmishes and other clashes between Union- and Confederate-aligned Coloradans continued throughout the war, although no major battles were fought in the territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle Lines</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In May 1861, Canby received orders to send four infantry companies from Colorado and New Mexico to Fort Leavenworth in eastern Kansas. He kept troops to garrison Albuquerque and Forts Craig, Marcy, Union, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> in southern Colorado. In September, he appointed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> as Colonel of the First Regiment of New Mexico volunteers, newly recruited from the territory’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado"><strong>Hispano</strong></a> population. Canby left some troops at Fort Union to build an earthwork; the rest he sent to Albuquerque. But Sibley, now a Confederate Brigadier General, led an army out of Texas and up the Rio Grande, intending to take Colorado. Canby needed more troops.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>He appealed to Gilpin for volunteer troops to replace and support his garrisons. Gilpin was newly appointed by President Abraham Lincoln. Before he left Washington for Colorado, Secretary of War Simon Cameron assured Gilpin that the federal government would cover the costs of raising troops to defend the territory. Upon arriving in Denver City in May 1861, Gilpin raised two companies of volunteers, which grew by August to become the First Regiment of <strong>Colorado Volunteers</strong>. He appointed Denver lawyer John Slough as Colonel.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With their own weapons and civilian clothes, the recruits assembled at Camp Weld along the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> upstream from Denver City. Gilpin covered their expenses by issuing $375,000 in promissory notes, payable by the federal government, earning First Colorado the nickname “Gilpin’s Pet Lambs.” Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase refused to honor Gilpin’s promissory notes, and Denver merchants went to Washington to demand payment. Gilpin followed to explain his actions. The Treasury Department honored the notes, but President Lincoln fired Gilpin on March 18, 1862, and replaced him with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>.     </p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fortunately for Canby, Gilpin had other troops to send. Independent of the First Colorado, two companies of volunteers assembled in August at <strong>Cañon City</strong>, led by Captains Theodore Dodd and James Ford. In September, Gilpin ordered them to Fort Garland in the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. They arrived in December 1861 and mustered into federal service, rounding out Colorado’s federal forces.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle of Valverde    </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sibley’s Confederate force entered New Mexico on February 7, 1862, with 2,515 men, most of them Texans, and fifteen artillery pieces. While in overall command, Sibley was derided by his soldiers as “a walking whiskey keg” who somehow managed to be sick in a wagon during every battle in New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The wagon road from Fort Bliss to Santa Fe ran along the east side of the <strong>Rio Grande River</strong>. Fort Craig lay on the west side of the river. Canby had a garrison of 3,810 soldiers, a mix of regular US army troops, New Mexico militia volunteers, and Dodd’s company of Colorado troops. On February 21, 1862, Canby tried to block Sibley’s advance near the abandoned village of Valverde, resulting in a day-long battle that claimed more than 100 casualties on both sides.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sibley’s men won the battle of Valverde, but Canby still had 3,000 men in a strong position, and the Confederates had to give up on the food and fodder in Fort Craig, provisions they had counted on for their advance.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, federal forces abandoned Albuquerque and Santa Fe, falling back up the Santa Fé Trail to Fort Union. The Texans occupied Santa Fe on March 10, 1862, and turned their sights on Fort Union. Acting Governor <strong>Lewis Weld</strong> of Colorado sent the First Colorado Volunteers to reinforce Fort Union’s garrison of 800 men. On March 11, the Volunteers arrived at Fort Union, which they found in a dangerous position. The fort was tilted toward the hills to the west, where Confederate artillery could shoot exploding shells straight into the star-shaped earthwork. Believing the only possible defense was offense, Colonel Slough outfitted and resupplied his men, marching them down toward Santa Fe on March 22, 1862.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Battle of Glorieta Pass         </h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Slough led a combined force of 1,342 men, including assorted regulars and volunteers from Colorado and New Mexico. Unaware of the Union reinforcements, Confederate Major Charles Pyron probed forward from Santa Fe with a smaller battalion of 400 men and two six-pounder cannons. Slough sent an advance force of 418 infantry and cavalry, led by Major <strong>John Chivington</strong>, to try to find the Texans. On the night of March 25, the federals captured four Texans at Kozlowski’s Ranch, east of Glorieta Pass. Advancing west the next morning into Apache Canyon, Chivington captured thirty-two more Texans, opening the Battle of Glorieta Pass.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Pyron set up his cannons on the road in Apache Canyon but soon had to pull back as the Union forces threatened to surround his position. Pyron’s new position was behind an arroyo, spanned by a bridge that the Confederates burned. In front of his guns, with the arroyo at their front, Pyron’s cavalry formed a defense.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the most dramatic moment in Colorado’s Civil War, Company F of the First Colorado mounted a cavalry charge, leaping its horses over the arroyo and rolling over the Confederate line. In hand-to-hand fighting, Pyron got his cannons away to the rear. Night fell, ending the fighting in Apache Canyon and the first day of the Battle of Glorieta Pass. The federals lost five killed and fourteen wounded. Of Pyron’s 420 men, four were killed, twenty wounded, and seventy-one taken prisoner, the costliest single day of battle in the New Mexico campaign.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Texans withdrew to Johnson’s Ranch at the west end of Apache Canyon, and Chivington’s command pulled back for water to Pigeon’s Ranch at the east end. Both sides agreed to a truce for the night and prepared to repel an assault by the enemy the next day. Neither side attacked.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Chivington did move farther east, to Kozlowski’s Ranch, for more water.  Slough arrived there at 11:00 pm with the rest of the regiment. Then, at 3:00 am on the 27<sup>th</sup>, Confederate Colonel Scurry reinforced Pyron, taking command of the now 1,000 men at Johnson’s Ranch. Unaware of Scurry’s arrival, Slough planned a two-pronged attack for the 28<sup>th</sup>. Chivington was to lead 490 men on a sixteen-mile march over the mesa that formed the southern flank of Apache Canyon. His guide would be New Mexican volunteers led by Lt. Colonel Manuel Chaves. As Slough fought the Confederates on the Santa Fé Trail, Chivington’s command would fall upon the Texans’ rear.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On the early morning of the 28<sup>th</sup>, the Colorado troops advanced, with Chivington’s command splitting off to the south just before Pigeon’s Ranch. At the same time, the Texans left their supplies behind at Johnson’s Ranch as they struck at the federals. At 11:00 am, the two forces met west of Pigeon’s Ranch and began a six-hour artillery duel, with infantry pushing against each other’s lines. Without Chivington, Slough had 850 men to Scurry’s 1,000. Outnumbered, the federal forces had to fall back to avoid encirclement by the Texan infantry slowly. The Union position was eventually forced back five miles to Kozlowski’s Ranch. By about 5 pm, the Texans held the field at Pigeon’s Ranch, and the day was a tactical victory for the Confederates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>However, in the meantime, Chivington’s command had arrived on the bluff above Johnson’s Ranch and found that the Texans had left the entire Confederate supply train undefended below them. At 4 pm, they swept down into the canyon, captured the guards, and destroyed eighty wagons, a cannon, all the Texans’ food and supplies, and 500 mules and horses. Freeing federal prisoners, the Colorado troops retraced their steps, arriving at Kozlowski’s Ranch at 10 pm on the 28th.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Slough was ordered to return to Fort Union, where he resigned, and Chivington took command. Casualty counts vary, but contemporary sources estimate that the federal troops lost forty-nine killed, sixty-four wounded, and twenty-one taken prisoner. On the Confederate side, Scurry reported thirty-six Texans killed, sixty wounded, and twenty-five captured.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Without food and ammunition, the Texans could go no farther. They retreated to Santa Fe, and then south to Albuquerque. They headed back to Texas, loosely pursued by federal forces. An afternoon sandstorm ended an inconclusive artillery duel at the village of Peralta on April 16. Canby saw no reason to engage the retreating Confederates, and the last defeated Confederates straggled into Texas on July 8.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Engagements</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, now-Colonel Chivington was put in charge of the Military District of Colorado. The Colorado Volunteers shifted from patrolling for Confederates to patrolling for Indigenous parties who sought to repel the invaders from their homelands. In November 1862, the First Colorado was converted into cavalry. Chivington kept them in Colorado, centered on <strong>Fort Lyon</strong> (formerly Fort Wise), but that post’s commander sent some of the garrison east to Kansas. The First spent the rest of the war guarding wagon trails in Colorado and Kansas; in July of 1863, Major <strong>Ned Wynkoop</strong> led four companies to patrol the Oregon Trail all the way to Fort Bridger in southeastern Wyoming.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dodd’s and Ford’s Companies of the Second Colorado arrived at Fort Lyon from New Mexico in April 1863, joining six companies recruited by Colonel Jesse Leavenworth; Theodore Dodd became second in command. On April 11, 1863, Lt. George Shoup and a recruiting party of eleven men encountered a camp of three Confederate “guerrillas” near present-day <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, killing one, wounding one, and capturing the last. The War Department soon authorized a Third Colorado Infantry regiment. The Third Infantry later merged with the Second Infantry and was sent to Missouri to fight irregular enemy forces there. After outfitting as cavalry near St. Louis in December of 1863, Second Colorado deployed across Missouri, combatting Confederate guerrillas known as “bushwhackers.” Over the next year, the volunteers fought in several pitched battles as they defended St. Louis and Kansas City from advancing Confederates.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Colorado, assorted pro-Confederate guerrillas tried to operate, but territorial troops and vigilantes hunted them down as outlaws.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>From Saving the Union to Massacring the Innocent        </h2>&#13; &#13; <div>&#13; <p>In 1864 Governor Evans and Chivington wanted to remove the Cheyenne and Arapaho people from Colorado’s eastern plains. This objective arose from increased tensions after the 1851 <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Treaty of Fort Laramie</strong></a> was revised in 1861. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave white immigrants “free” land that many Cheyenne and Arapaho still considered theirs. Following the directives of the 1861 treaty, <strong>Moketaveto</strong>’s Cheyenne and <strong>Hossa</strong>’s Arapaho camped near Fort Lyon in November 1864. They had an American flag raised over the camp, indicating their allegiance to the treaty and distinguishing their camp from other warrior groups who resisted the new treaty.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In early June 1864, a party of Indigenous warriors—possibly Arapaho—<strong>killed a young family</strong> who worked for a homesteader on the plains outside of Denver. The murders were most likely reprisals from the earlier killing of an Indigenous man that day, but Denver residents blamed the Cheyenne and Arapaho. With a family killed and scattered attacks on wagons and homesteads occurring throughout the summer, Evans saw in the fears of the trespassing white population an opportunity to rid the territory of both the Cheyenne and Arapaho. He authorized Chivington to enlist a new Third Colorado Cavalry for 100 days, and Chivington, who hated Indigenous people as much as he hated Confederates, went on the warpath. On November 29, 1864, he found and attacked the peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camp at Fort Lyon, killing more than 200 women, children, and elders in what became known as the Sand Creek Massacre.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Praised as heroes in Denver, Chivington and the Third were seen as bloodthirsty murderers in the eastern United States. Chivington resigned to avoid a military court martial while war exploded across the plains. On January 7, 1865, 1,000 Cheyenne and Lakota fell on <strong>Julesburg</strong>, and on February 2, they burned the town before moving north out of Colorado. The so-called “<strong>Colorado War</strong>” resumed in March through July. President Andrew Johnson fired Evans over his role in precipitating Sand Creek.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legacy</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s experience in the Civil War can best be described as a successful defense of empire. When the war started, the territory was essentially defenseless and held a vast amount of vulnerable wealth; as the war came to its doorstep, Coloradans mounted a furious and successful defense of that wealth, even as Confederate sympathizers sought to sabotage it from the inside.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With the successful defense of the gold fields came federal military activity on a scale never before seen in the territory. With Indigenous people already facing <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>disease</strong></a> and starvation due to poorly understood and enforced <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaties</strong></a> and the contempt of white settlers and politicians, the militarization of Colorado after the Civil War led to destruction and disaster for the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and eventually the Nuche (<a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people) who lived in the Rocky Mountains. Eventually, the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/medicine-lodge-treaties"><strong>Treaty of Medicine Lodg</strong>e</a> in 1867 forced Colorado’s Cheyenne and Arapaho to cede their remaining land in the territory and assigned them to reservations in Oklahoma.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, for Colorado’s invading American population, the Civil War had dried up eastern sources of capital needed to fund mining, even as it helped them feel more secure in what was still a fledgling territory. Foreign technology arrived with <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/nathaniel-p-hill"><strong>Nathaniel Hill</strong></a>’s <strong>smelter </strong>in 1867, reviving the mining industry. With North and South at peace, the transcontinental<strong> railroad</strong> was finished and linked to Denver in 1870. Emancipation and a growing mining economy caused Colorado’s Black population to increase substantially from 1870 to 1900.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado achieved statehood in 1876. In 1898, as troops boarded trains in Denver to fight in the Spanish-American War, Union veterans lined one side of Seventeenth Street and Confederate veterans assembled on the other side. As a show of unity, they boarded the train together, seemingly burying the hatchet.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The past is still with us, of course. Despite the train station moment and other reconciliation between whites, the racism that brought the Civil War to Colorado has lingered in the state to the present. <strong>Redlining</strong>, or excluding Black residents from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, persisted throughout Denver and other cities, as did institutional discrimination in housing, education, and employment. Several Colorado towns, including <strong>Golden</strong>, <strong>Louisville</strong>, <strong>Loveland</strong>, and parts of Colorado Springs, were known at various times as “Sundown” towns—places where Black people were not welcome and would be run out of town at sundown. Police violence is still disproportionately aimed at Colorado’s Black residents and people of color.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Sand Creek Massacre was later erroneously listed as a “battle” on the plaque of a statue commemorating Colorado’s Civil War veterans. Chivington’s actions were considered horrific even during his time, but the plaque remained, igniting controversy until activists removed the statue during the 2020 <strong>Civil Rights</strong> demonstrations in Denver. As of this writing, streets, university buildings, and even mountains once named for those associated with the Sand Creek Massacre have either been renamed or are being evaluated for renaming in an ongoing reconciliation process.</p>&#13; </div>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/geoffrey-hunt" hreflang="und">Geoffrey Hunt</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civil-war-colorado-0" hreflang="en">civil war in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-civil-war-history" hreflang="en">colorado civil war history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/confederates-colorado" hreflang="en">confederates in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/confederate-history-colorado" hreflang="en">confederate history colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-territory" hreflang="en">Colorado Territory</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/maces-hole" hreflang="en">maces hole</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/julesburg" hreflang="en">julesburg</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sand-creek-massacre" hreflang="en">Sand Creek Massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cheyenne" hreflang="en">cheyenne</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arapaho" hreflang="en">arapaho</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nuche" hreflang="en">nuche</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-fort-wise" hreflang="en">Treaty of Fort Wise</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-fort-laramie" hreflang="en">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/santa-fe-trail" hreflang="en">Santa Fe Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/moketaveto" hreflang="en">moketaveto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hossa" hreflang="en">hossa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/black-kettle" hreflang="en">black kettle</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hungate-murders" hreflang="en">hungate murders</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/redlining" hreflang="en">redlining</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-floyd-protests" hreflang="en">george floyd protests</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sundown-towns" hreflang="en">sundown towns</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louisville" hreflang="en">louisville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/loveland" hreflang="en">loveland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-springs" hreflang="en">colorado springs</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/battle-glorieta-pass" hreflang="en">battle of glorieta pass</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-chivington" hreflang="en">John Chivington</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-evans" hreflang="en">John Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gilpin" hreflang="en">William Gilpin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-volunteers" hreflang="en">colorado volunteers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/us-army-colorado" hreflang="en">us army colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-history" hreflang="en">indigenous history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indigenous-removal" hreflang="en">indigenous removal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaties" hreflang="en">treaties</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lyon" hreflang="en">Fort Lyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ned-wynkoop" hreflang="en">ned wynkoop</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rio-grande-river" hreflang="en">rio grande river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lewis-weld" hreflang="en">lewis weld</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/apache-canyon" hreflang="en">apache canyon</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/henry-hopkins-sibley" hreflang="en">henry hopkins sibley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-canby" hreflang="en">edward canby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ers-canby" hreflang="en">ers canby</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hh-sibley" hreflang="en">hh sibley</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Don E. Alberts, <em>The Battle of Glorieta: Union Victory in the West</em> (College Station, Texas: Texas A&amp;M University Press, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don E. Alberts, <em>Rebels on the Rio Grande: the Civil War Journal of A. B. Peticolas </em>(Albuquerque: Merit Press, 1993).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ovando Hollister, ed. Richard Harwell, <em>Colorado Volunteers in New Mexico, 1862 </em>(Chicago: R.R. Donnelly and Sons Co., reprinted 1962).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Nolie Mumey, <em>Bloody Trails Along the Rio Grande: the Diary of Alonzo Ferdinand Ickis </em>(Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1958).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Christopher M. Rein, <em>The Second Colorado Cavalry: A Civil War Regiment on the Great Plains</em> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Micah Smith, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/news/local-news/sundown-towns-uncovering-colorados-dark-past-dangers-for-black-people-staying-out-after-sunset">Sundown towns: Uncovering Colorado’s dark past, dangers for Black people staying out after sunset</a>,” <em>Denver 7</em>, February 26, 2021.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Clarke Whitford, <em>Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War: the New Mexico Campaign in 1862 </em>(Denver: State Historical and Natural History Society, 1906).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Flint Whitlock, <em>Distant Bugles, Distant Drums: The Union Response to the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2006).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, 9 </em>(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880; reprinted 1985 by Historical Times, Inc.).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger, <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3A%22The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Centennial%20State:%20Colorado%20Territory,%201861-76%20%22" title="Find in a library with WorldCat"><em>The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em></a>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ray C. Colton, <em>The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 13 Sep 2022 20:14:34 +0000 yongli 3823 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Romano Residence http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/romano-residence <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Romano Residence</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-19T13:12:36-06:00" title="Friday, May 19, 2017 - 13:12" class="datetime">Fri, 05/19/2017 - 13:12</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/romano-residence" data-a2a-title="Romano Residence"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fromano-residence&amp;title=Romano%20Residence"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Romano Residence is a one-story Craftsman-style bungalow on South Golden Road in the Pleasant View neighborhood southeast of <a href="/article/golden">Golden</a> (16300 S Golden Rd, Golden, CO 80401). Built in 1927, the cobblestone house has been in the Romano family since 1929 and remains largely in its original condition. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p> <h2>Early Pleasant View</h2> <p>In the years after the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush">Colorado Gold Rush</a> of 1858–59, George Pullman and several other partners owned the area between South Table Mountain and Green Mountain and operated a ranch and way station there. In 1864 Pullman sold his land and returned to Chicago, where he developed the plush railroad sleeping car for which he became famous. In the late 1880s, Pullman’s old ranch started to be subdivided into smaller residential and commercial lots, and in 1891 the Denver, Lakewood &amp; Golden Railway built a line through the area.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, the <strong>Colorado National Guard</strong> established the State Rifle Range (now <strong>Camp George West</strong>) along South Golden Road. At the National Guard facility, Capt. Albert Bryan designed the Craftsman-style Officers’ Clubhouse (1911), which used cobblestones instead of the usual bricks or wood for its exterior walls. Cobblestones were not commonly used for the exterior of Craftsman-style buildings, but they had the advantage of being a cheap and plentiful building material that provided fireproof walls and low maintenance costs. In addition, their rustic look enhanced the Craftsman emphasis on handcrafted construction and harmony with nature. The Officers’ Clubhouse and Bryan’s 1913 Colorado National Guard Armory in Golden—which used cobblestone construction but not in the Craftsman style—may have spurred other builders in the area to use cobblestones.</p> <p>Bryan’s cobblestone buildings almost certainly influenced Capt. Leopold Rundstein Sr., a German immigrant who joined the National Guard and was stationed at Camp George West. In October 1924, Rundstein acquired some land about one-half mile west of Camp George West and started to build a one-story cobblestone house in the Craftsman style, like the Officers’ Clubhouse. The next year, while his house was still in progress, Rundstein reassembled logs from the dismantled <strong>Boston Company Store</strong>—Golden’s first building—on the east side of his property. He opened the Old Homestead Restaurant there and leased the restaurant to someone else to manage.</p> <p>Rundstein’s cobblestone bungalow was completed in early 1927. The rectangular house faced north toward South Golden Road, with a front-gabled roof projecting over a partial wraparound front porch. Inside, the front door opened onto the living room, which featured a brick fireplace surrounded by built-in wood shelves and cabinets. Farther south, along the east side of the house, were the dining room and kitchen. The west side of the house had a row of three bedrooms from front to back, with a bathroom between the middle and rear bedrooms. The woodwork, trim, and cabinetry all reflected the Craftsman aesthetic. The property also had a cobblestone entrance gate off South Golden Road, which framed a driveway leading to a detached garage behind the house.</p> <p>It is unclear whether Rundstein and his wife ever lived in the Pleasant View house; if they did, it was for a month or two at the most. In February 1927, they sold the property to Emery and Mary Barlock and moved to <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> just before their first child was born. Emery owned a store in Golden, and he started a small mink ranch on the Pleasant View property to <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-second-fur-trade">sell the furs</a> for additional income.</p> <h2>Romano Family Home</h2> <p>On February 7, 1929, the Barlocks moved to West Denver and sold the Pleasant View house to Samuel and Albina Romano. Samuel was born in Castelpizzuto, Italy, before immigrating to the United States in 1908. He moved to Colorado, married Albina, and ran a grocery store in North Denver. The Romanos bought the Pleasant View property in 1929 for its mink ranch, which they switched to a silver fox ranch. After about five years of raising silver foxes, they switched back to mink, which they continued to raise until the mid-1960s. Known as La Romana, the mink ranch covered eighteen acres south of the house. The animals roamed freely most of the time, with Samuel watching them from a tower he added to the garage in 1930.</p> <p>In addition to raising mink, the Romanos operated several other businesses on their property. The family built the most important, the Golden Market, just west of the house soon after they bought the property. The one-story brick building still stands on South Golden Road. Samuel also ran a lodge called the Fox Trot Inn, which no longer exists, and owned the Old Homestead Restaurant just east of the house, which remained open until the building was destroyed by fire in 1942.</p> <p>The Romanos maintained their heritage as part of a small Italian community in Golden. Samuel, Albina, and their four children belonged to St. Joseph’s Catholic Church in Golden, to which Samuel donated a life-size statue of St. Frances Xavier Cabrini that he imported from Italy. The family also grew grapes on the east side of the house, which Samuel used to make wine in the basement.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In the second half of the twentieth century, Pleasant View became part of the sprawling Denver metropolis. The land around the Romano Residence slowly filled in with development, especially after the Romanos closed their mink ranch and started selling that property in the late 1960s. In the 1970s, commercial buildings were constructed just east of the residence and north across South Golden Road. In the 1980s, two large apartment buildings went up on the former mink ranch south of the residence.</p> <p>Samuel and Albina Romano lived at the Romano Residence throughout their lives, and it is now owned by their grandson Sabino and his wife, Linda. The house remains largely unaltered, complete with the original flooring, fixtures, stove and oven, and Craftsman-style cabinetry. Today it sits on about an acre of land and is one of the few single-family houses left along South Golden Road.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pleasant-view" hreflang="en">Pleasant View</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-houses" hreflang="en">historic houses</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cobblestone-construction" hreflang="en">cobblestone construction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/craftsman-style" hreflang="en">Craftsman style</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/italian-immigrants" hreflang="en">Italian immigrants</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard J. Gardner, “Romano, Samuel and Albina, Residence,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (January 29, 2016).</p> <p>Carole Lomond, et al., <em>Jefferson County, Colorado: A Unique and Eventful History</em> (Golden, CO: Views Publishing, 2009).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Members of the Jefferson County Historical Commission, <em>From Scratch: A History of Jefferson County, Colorado</em> (Golden, CO: Jefferson County Historical Commission, 1985).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 19 May 2017 19:12:36 +0000 yongli 2590 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Arthur Lakes http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2521--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2521.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/arthur-lakes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arthur%20Lakes%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=2cy30csX" width="332" height="592" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/arthur-lakes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Arthur Lakes, an English naturalist who came to Colorado in the 1870s, helped establish the modern American field of geology. Lakes, along with his students and colleagues at Colorado School of Mines, discovered hundreds of dinosaur fossils, and his research on mining and minerals proved essential to the mining industry in the American West.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2522--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2522.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fishers-peak-arthur-lakes"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Arthur-Lakes-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=GJGMojK3" width="1000" height="369" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fishers-peak-arthur-lakes" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fisher&#039;s Peak by Arthur Lakes</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-05-03T14:22:03-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 14:22" class="datetime">Wed, 05/03/2017 - 14:22</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes" data-a2a-title="Arthur Lakes"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Farthur-lakes&amp;title=Arthur%20Lakes"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Arthur Lakes (1844–1917) was an English naturalist who discovered dinosaur bones near <a href="/article/morrison">Morrison</a> in 1877, setting off the “dinosaur bone rush” in Colorado and the American West. Additionally, his research on mineral deposits and extraction methods proved essential to the region’s mining industry. An insatiably curious scientist, as well as a talented illustrator and teacher, Lakes is considered one of the <span class="wsc-grammar-problem" data-grammar-phrase="founding fathers" data-grammar-rule="W_STYLE_INCLUSIVE" data-wsc-id="lgw3e5orezufwoj02" data-wsc-lang="en_US">founding fathers</span> of American geology.</p> <h2>Early Life</h2> <p>Born in England in 1844, the son of an Episcopalian minister, Lakes grew up in the Channel Islands. In 1863 he enrolled in Queen’s College at Oxford to study theology and natural sciences. By May 1866, Lakes found his way to New Brunswick, Canada, probably on a merchant ship captained by his older brother, John Gould Lakes. Working his way west through Chicago, Lakes arrived in Colorado by January 1867. He helped found the Calvary Episcopal Church in <a href="/article/golden">Golden</a> and Bishop George Randall soon hired him to teach writing and drawing at the local prep school, Jarvis Hall. By 1874, Lakes was teaching mineralogy at Jarvis Hall. Ever the writer, Lakes penned pieces for local newspapers describing the unspoiled natural wonders of Colorado’s mountains and plains.</p> <h2>Dinosaur Discoveries</h2> <p>In June 1874, Lakes was hiking on South Table Mountain, just east of Golden, with his students. One lad, Peter T. Dotson, found a huge serrated tooth. School of Mines geologist Edward L. Berthoud later packed it up and sent it to O. C. Marsh, a leading vertebrate paleontologist at Yale. They never heard anything more about it. As it turned out, the tooth found in Golden in 1874 was rediscovered by Dr. Kenneth Carpenter in the Yale Peabody Museum in 2000, who declared it to be the first tooth of a <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> ever found.</p> <p>On March 20, 1877, Lakes and a collecting friend, Henry C. Beckwith, along with other local residents, were hunting for fossil leaves along the Dakota Hogback north of Morrison when they came upon a huge saurian bone. This was the start of the “dinosaur bone rush” to the American West. Lakes’s important finds in Morrison included the first <em>Apatosaurus</em>, <em>Stegosaurus</em>, <em>Diplodocus</em>, and a small crocodile, <em>Diplosaurus felix</em>.</p> <p>For the next two years, Lakes and his men collected for O. C. Marsh, both at Morrison and, after a winter at Yale working in Marsh’s museum, at Como, Wyoming, where they discovered an almost complete <em>Stegosaurus.</em> Lakes painted the only visual records of the great dinosaur digs in Morrison and Como. His illustrations depicted geology quite accurately and rendered individual diggers recognizable<em>.</em> His dinosaur sketches often reappeared in publications other than the <em>American Journal of Science</em>, much to the disdain of O. C. Marsh, who, because of his rivalry with Edward D. Cope, wanted all the information kept secret.</p> <h2>Professional Career</h2> <p>While in Como, in March 1880, Lakes received notification that he had been hired as a full-time professor of geology at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden. Over the next fifteen years, Lakes built on the collections that he, Berthoud, and the students had started, filling drawers with local plant fossils and minerals from Colorado mines. His specimens are still slowly surfacing from the cabinets of the school’s world-renowned geology museum.</p> <p>Reports of the school’s summer field excursions and explorations appeared in the annual reports of the School of Mines, complete with drawings and maps. Lakes’s sketches of the school’s specimens appeared in his first textbook, <em>The Geology of Colorado Ore Deposits</em>, in 1888. A year later, his <em>Geology of Colorado Coal Deposits</em>, including sketches and drawings of the coalfields, laid the literary foundation for Colorado’s coal industry for at least two decades. At the same time, Lakes was a founder of the<em> American Geologist</em>, a prestigious journal that later became <em>Economic Geology </em>and the<em> Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists.</em></p> <h2>Family Life</h2> <p>Geology and teaching were Lakes’s passions. He toured Colorado in the name of the school, drumming up students and mapping and analyzing everything he observed. In 1883 he turned to family life. According to the <em>Colorado Transcript</em>, the thirty-nine-year-old “staunch bachelor” married sixteen-year-old Edith Slater, one of his drawing students in Golden. They lived in a “neat cottage” on the corner of Fifteenth and Washington Streets in Golden. Edith bore three sons—Arthur, Harold W., and Walter. In 1892 Edith died after a lingering illness, leaving Lakes with three growing boys. Lakes took a new, better-paying position as editor of the <em>Colliery Engineer</em> in the journal’s new western office in <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a>. At first, he commuted to work by train so the boys could grow up in familiar Golden; however, in 1896 the family moved to Denver, probably so the boys could attend school there. In 1898 the Lakes family suffered a second tragedy when a bullet from a pellet gun fired by young Arthur ricocheted and hit nine-year-old Walter in the eye. The boy was buried next to his mother in Fairmount Cemetery in south Denver.</p> <p>By this time, Lakes had published the first of three editions of <em>The Geology of Colorado and Western Ore Deposits</em>. His sojourn with the International Correspondence Schools, which published the<em> Colliery Engineer</em> (later named <em>Mines and Minerals</em>), continued full time for a decade, then part time until 1912, when the Denver office closed. Lakes was prolific: he sometimes published a dozen or more illustrated articles a month for the <em>Engineer</em>. He also authored units in the correspondence school’s technical library. Scans of over a thousand of his works fill a CD-ROM that accompanies the book <em>The Legacy of Arthur Lakes</em>.</p> <h2>Illustrator and Teacher</h2> <p>Lakes’s illustrations and sketches were amazingly accurate. Taught by the artists for the United States Geological Survey, he developed a technique for transferring the vast panoramic scenes of the West onto small pieces of paper. His paintings—mostly watercolors—were dramatic in their vivid shades, particularly Colorado skyscapes. Many of his paintings, including a group of dinosaur paintings, hang in the Colorado School of Mines’ Arthur Lakes Library. Other illustrations of dinosaurs and paintings of dinosaur hunting reside at Yale’s Peabody Museum and in the archives of his descendants. Still others, done late in life, are in the museum at Nelson, British Columbia, where Lakes retired to live with his sons—both renowned mining engineers—in 1912.</p> <p>A consummate teacher, Lakes was always giving talks or leading field trips. In the course of his life, he traveled from England to Europe, to America, across the American West, back east to New England, to Southern California, and finally to southern British Columbia. He continued to publish articles and paint until his unexpected death—likely from heart failure—on November 20, 1917, in Nelson.</p> <p>Arthur Lakes’s works illustrate his vast understanding of the forces that shape the Earth and the methods humans use to extract its riches. Geologists in Colorado and across the country are indebted to Lakes for the broad, solid foundation he built for today’s geological professions. Those who study the same ground that Lakes walked on, wrote about, and illustrated stand on the shoulders of a man, small in stature but big in science, writing, and artistic talent.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/simmons-beth" hreflang="und">Simmons, Beth</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/katherine-honda" hreflang="und">Katherine Honda</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-lakes" hreflang="en">Arthur Lakes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-ridge" hreflang="en">Dinosaur Ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/hogbacks" hreflang="en">hogbacks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-fossils" hreflang="en">dinosaur fossils</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-school-mines" hreflang="en">Colorado School of Mines</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arthur-lakes-geology-museum-csm" hreflang="en">arthur lakes geology museum csm</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>American Geologist</em>, nos. 5–7 (January 1890–June 1891).</p> <p>George L. Cannon Jr., <em>The Geology of Denver and Vicinity</em> (Denver: Chain &amp; Hardy, 1891).</p> <p>Kenneth Carpenter and D. Bruce Young, “Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado,” <em>Rocky Mountain Geology</em> 37, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 239.</p> <p><em>Colorado Springs Gazette</em>, June 28, 1876; August 19, 1876; November 22, 1876; December 9, 1876; November 17, 1877; January 27, 1877; November 17, 1877; January 19, 1878.</p> <p><em>Colorado Transcript</em>, July 8, 1874; March 13, 1878; March 29, 1878; September 5, 1883; May 4, 1898; May 21, 1903; November 29, 1917.</p> <p>Amanda Thornton Crawford, <em>Personal Reminiscences of Calvary Episcopal Church of Golden</em>, typewritten memoirs (Golden, CO: Calvary Episcopal Church), n.d.</p> <p><em>Georgetown Courier</em>, June 20, 1878; October 31, 1878.</p> <p><em>Georgetown Miner</em>, December 30, 1876.</p> <p>Katherine K. Honda and Beth Simmons, <em>The Legacy of Arthur Lakes</em> (Morrison, CO: Friends of Dinosaur Ridge, 2008).</p> <p><em>Jarvis Hall Monthly Record</em> 1, no. 1 (January 1871).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, <em>Geology of Colorado and Western Ore Deposits</em> (Denver: Chain &amp; Hardy, 1888).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes,<em> Geology of Colorado Coal Deposits</em> (Golden, CO: Colorado State School of Mines, 1889).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes,<em> Geology of Colorado Ore Deposits</em> (Denver: News Printing Company, 1888).</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, “Free-Hand Sketching with Mining Reports,” <em>Mining World</em> 313, no. 18 (October 30, 1909): 883–88.</p> <p>Arthur Lakes, “Digging up a Fossil Monster,” <em>Youth’s Companion</em>, no. 3545 (May 2, 1895).</p> <p><em>London Graphic</em>, April 20, 1878.</p> <p>Milton Moss, <em>Annual Report of Head of Faculty</em>, Colorado School of Mines (February 1880).</p> <p>“Notice,” <em>Mines and Minerals</em> 33, no. 4 (August 1912).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Arthur Lakes Library, Colorado School of Mines</p> <p>Beth Simmons and Marjorie Payne, <em>Arthur Lakes: Discovering Dinosaurs</em>, documentary, 2012</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 03 May 2017 20:22:03 +0000 yongli 2523 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Jefferson County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2448--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2448.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/jefferson-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Jefferson_County_0.png?itok=loSAsSjJ" width="1024" height="741" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/jefferson-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Jefferson County, popularly known as "Jeffco," lies west of Denver. It was established in 1861 as one of the original seventeen counties of the Colorado Territory.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-03-31T16:35:04-06:00" title="Friday, March 31, 2017 - 16:35" class="datetime">Fri, 03/31/2017 - 16:35</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/jefferson-county" data-a2a-title="Jefferson County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fjefferson-county&amp;title=Jefferson%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Jefferson County, commonly referred to as “Jeffco,” is named after former president Thomas Jefferson and covers 774 square miles in central Colorado west of Denver. Jeffco is bordered to the north by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder-county"><strong>Boulder</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-and-county-broomfield"><strong>Broomfield</strong></a> Counties, to the east by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arapahoe-county"><strong>Arapahoe</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/douglas-county"><strong>Douglas</strong></a> Counties, to the south and west by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-county"><strong>Park County</strong></a>, and to the west by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-county"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a> Counties. Jeffco’s southeastern border follows the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> out of Waterton Canyon.</p> <p>With a population of 534,543 as of 2010, Jefferson County is the fourth populous county in Colorado. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a>, the county seat, sits at the mouth of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek Canyon</strong></a> and has a population of 18,867. Most Jeffco residents—some 280,000—live in the Denver suburbs of <strong>Arvada</strong>, <strong>Wheat Ridge</strong>, and <strong>Lakewood</strong>, which are separated by the county’s major highways. In northern Jefferson County, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> divides Arvada to the north and Wheat Ridge to the south. Farther south, US Highway 6 divides Wheat Ridge and Lakewood. A conglomeration of suburban communities, including Columbine and Ken Caryl, lies across US Highway 285 south of Lakewood. The small community of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a> (population 430) is nestled against the foothills just south of I-70 and the mountain suburb of <strong>Evergreen </strong>(population 9,038) is located off State Highway 74 west of Morrison.</p> <p>Straddling mountains, cities, and plains, the county has a long and storied history that dates back to the Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne people, and white prospectors of the Colorado Gold Rush. Jeffco is also home to several popular areas within the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/red-rocks-park-and-amphitheatre"><strong>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee Park</strong></a>, and <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>.</p> <h2>Native Americans</h2> <p>The Jefferson County area has a long history of human habitation, attracting groups of hunter-gatherers since prehistoric times. An archaeological site on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/magic-mountain-archaeological-site"><strong>Magic Mountain</strong></a> south of Golden reveals that <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/paleo-indian-period"><strong>Paleo-Indian</strong></a> people hunted and gathered in the area as early as 4,000 BC.</p> <p>By the mid-sixteenth century, <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute Indians</strong></a> occupied the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>, hunting <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountain-elk"><strong>elk</strong></a>, <a href="/article/mule-deer"><strong>mule deer</strong></a>, <strong>bison</strong>, and other game and gathering a wide assortment of berries and roots. In the summer they followed game into mountain parks, such as Jeffco’s Elk Meadow Park, while the present site of Golden was a favored winter camp. Utes lived in temporary dwellings such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tipi-0"><strong>tepees</strong></a> or <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wickiups-and-other-wooden-features"><strong>wickiups</strong></a>. By the 1640s, the Utes had obtained horses from the Spanish, and some groups began venturing onto the plains to hunt buffalo.</p> <p>By the early nineteenth century, <strong>Arapaho </strong>and <strong>Cheyenne </strong>peoples arrived in the Jeffco area. Unlike the Utes, who primarily lived in the mountains, and the Cheyenne, who mostly kept to the plains, the Arapaho ranged across both landscapes, following buffalo across the plains and warring with Utes for hunting ground in the high country. Like the Utes, the Arapaho and Cheyenne lived in wickiups or tepees and wintered in the area of present-day Denver and Golden.</p> <h2>Early American Era</h2> <p>The United States acquired present-day Jefferson County as part of the <strong>Louisiana Purchase</strong> in 1803. Official American exploration began with the arrival of Maj. <strong>Stephen H. Long</strong>’s expedition in 1820. Thereafter, white trappers and traders began filtering into the area, hunting <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/beaver"><strong>beaver</strong></a> and other fur-bearing animals.</p> <p>The late 1850s brought hundreds of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold seekers</strong></a> to Colorado’s Front Range. A significant discovery along Cherry Creek in 1858 by <strong>William Green Russell</strong>’s party is credited with setting off the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1858–59. In spring 1859, Russell again found pay dirt along Clear Creek. On November 29, 1858, Arapahoe City was established as the first white settlement in Jefferson County. <strong>John H. Gregory</strong>, a miner from Arapahoe City, kept Colorado’s gold fever running high when he made a discovery near present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a> in May 1859.</p> <p>In June 1859, Golden City was established at the entrance of Clear Creek Canyon as a supply center for miners. In 1860 the surveyor <strong>Edward L. Berthoud</strong> arrived, and the next year he located <strong>Berthoud Pass</strong> and surveyed a wagon route from Golden City to Utah. Berthoud would become one of Golden’s most famous citizens, serving as speaker of the territorial legislature in 1866 and lending his name to the town of <strong>Berthoud</strong> in <a href="/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a>.</p> <p>With the establishment of mining camps and Golden City, the area’s indigenous people now had to contend with more than just each other for resources. Miners killed game and cut timber to build homes and mining structures and Golden City and Denver now lay atop the Indians’ prime wintering grounds.</p> <p>Seeing the Native Americans as a hindrance to white settlement and economic development, the US government sought to remove them. Some Arapaho and Cheyenne relocated to eastern Colorado after the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> in 1861. In 1864 the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> in present-day <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/kiowa-county"><strong>Kiowa County</strong></a> provoked an all-out war between the United States and several Indian nations on the Colorado plains. In 1867 the <strong>Medicine Lodge Treaty</strong> created the Cheyenne-Arapaho Indian Reservation in present-day Oklahoma, and by 1869, most of Colorado’s Cheyenne and Arapaho had moved there. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>, meanwhile, created the Consolidated Ute Indian Reservation on Colorado’s Western Slope.</p> <p>By the fall of 1870, Golden and Denver were linked to the rest of the country by three separate rail lines, and the train whistles in Jefferson County signaled the end of one way of life and the beginning of another. The last documented Ute encampment, led by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow"><strong>Colorow</strong></a>, was recorded in 1876.</p> <h2>County Development</h2> <p>Jefferson County was created with the establishment of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861, with Golden City as county seat. Although the economy was initially dependent on mining, farming and ranching also provided reliable income for the county’s first residents. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Jefferson County developed first as a supplier of food and mountain resources to the larger metropolis of Denver and later as a resource-consuming metropolis itself.</p> <p>As one of Colorado’s two largest cities at the time, Golden City sparred with Denver to become the capital of the new territory. Golden City claimed greater importance because it represented the interest of the territory’s mining communities while Denver saw itself as a broker and political headquarters for the whole territory. After serving as territorial capital from 1862–67, Golden City ceded the title to its rival on the plains.</p> <p>The late nineteenth century was a period of rapid growth for Jefferson County. The county population grew from 2,390 in 1870 to 6,804 in 1880 and increased to 9,306 by the end of the century. By 1879, Golden, which had dropped the word <em>City</em> from its name in 1872, had grown into a prosperous city, albeit not without pitting itself against its rival, Denver. In the fight for the <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong> during the late 1860s, Denver’s status as the state capital actually helped Golden’s case for hosting the college; the school was founded in Golden in 1874 to help train engineers and geologists for the mining industry. In 1873 German immigrant <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a> and his partner Jacob Scheuler brought another major industry to Golden when they founded the Coors Brewery. Coors attained sole ownership in 1880. Today, the brewery remains one of the city’s major employers and tourist attractions.</p> <p>In 1869 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arthur-lakes"><strong>Arthur Lakes</strong></a>, a deacon of the Episcopal Church, came to Golden to preach in mining camps and teach drawing and geology at Jarvis Hall Collegiate School (later Colorado School of Mines). In 1877 Reverend Lakes was searching for plant fossils on the hogback formation above the town of Morrison (established in 1872) when he discovered a set of fossilized dinosaur bones. Lakes eventually sent samples of the fossils to the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, setting off a rush of paleontologists to Jefferson County. The hogback yielded so many bones it eventually became known as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dinosaur-ridge"><strong>Dinosaur Ridge</strong></a>. Among the species discovered at Dinosaur Ridge were <em>Apatosaurus </em>and Colorado’s state fossil, <em>Stegosaurus.</em></p> <p>Jeffco’s rocks held more than gold and fossils. Coal mining began as early as 1859, and by 1880, there were ten coal mines in the county producing 45,000 tons per year. Though coal mining was essential to the state’s economic development, it proved to be extremely dangerous. In 1870, for example, a methane gas leak killed one of the owners of the Leyden Mine and in 1889 a flood at the White Ash Mine—on what is now the campus of Colorado School of Mines—killed ten workers.</p> <p>Miners of gold and coal had to be fed, and ranchers around Evergreen, Coal Creek Canyon, Conifer, and Pleasant Park raised cattle and chickens to sell in Golden, Denver, and Central City. Farmer David Wall dug the county’s first irrigation ditch off Clear Creek in 1859, and by the end of the year, the county had two more ditches. The farms that became the basis for the town of Wheat Ridge were also established in 1859.</p> <p>Arvada became one of the principal farming communities in early Jeffco. The town was founded in 1859 as Ralston Creek. It was originally named for Lewis Ralston, a member of the Cherokee party who made one of the first gold finds along the Front Range in 1850. In 1858 Ralston led a group of gold seekers back to the area, and when the surface gold was panned out, a number of miners took to farming. The fertile land between the creeks coming out of the mountains proved indispensable to feeding the mining communities.</p> <p>Arvada’s farmers supplied Denver with wheat, corn, oats, plums, melons, cherries, and strawberries, as well as celery and other vegetables. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-ah-loveland"><strong>W.A.H. Loveland</strong></a>’s <strong>Colorado Central Railroad</strong> arrived in 1870, allowing farmers to more easily export their crops. By the time of its incorporation in 1904, Arvada declared itself “Celery Capital of the World.” As a suburb of Denver, the city grew rapidly throughout the twentieth century.</p> <p>Lakewood, another Denver suburb in Jeffco, was platted in the summer of 1889 by W.A.H. Loveland and Charles Wech. By 1891, electric trolleys connected Golden, Arvada, and Lakewood.</p> <h2>Twentieth Century</h2> <p>While its suburban population increased during the twentieth century, Jeffco increasingly sought to balance that development with the preservation of its many scenic natural areas. Genesee Park, for example, was established as Denver’s first mountain park in 1912 and, at 2,413 acres, is the largest in the system. In 1914 the park was the site of the reintroduction of buffalo and elk, two species that were hunted nearly to extinction in Colorado during the late nineteenth century.</p> <p>Towering above the town of Morrison is a cluster of large red sandstone outcrops. The natural setting of the rocks, which are over 250 million years old, offers near-perfect acoustics. This drew the attention of entrepreneur John Brisben Walker in the early 1900s. Walker was the first to use the Red Rocks area as a music venue, putting on several concerts between 1906 and 1910. In 1927 the city of Denver bought the site from Walker, and with the help of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> and the Works Projects Administration, completed construction of the modern amphitheater by 1941. The venue has since hosted many famous musicians, from the Beatles to opera singers and reggae groups. It also hosts the Easter Sunrise Service, an annual nonsectarian outdoor service that began in 1947. Red Rocks Park was designated a National Historic Landmark on August 3, 2015.</p> <p>In 1951 the US government set up a nuclear weapons facility on a floodplain between Boulder and Golden called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-flats-nuclear-facility"><strong>Rocky Flats</strong></a>. The facility brought some 5,000 jobs to the Arvada community, but the large amount of radioactive waste it created posed a threat to workers and the environment. The top-secret facility often buried nuclear waste in the surrounding landscape and was prone to fires, the largest of which nearly ignited a regional catastrophe in 1969. From the time it opened until after a joint raid by the FBI and the US Environmental Protection Agency shuttered it in 1989, the Rocky Flats facility produced some 70,000 nuclear bomb cores. In 1991 the plant was decommissioned, and the government began cleaning up the surrounding area. Today, the Rocky Flats area is a wildlife refuge.</p> <p>In 1955 the aerospace manufacturing company Glenn L. Martin established a complex in southern Jefferson County. The company was renamed Martin Marietta Corporation in 1961 after merging with American Marietta Corporation, a sand and gravel supplier. In 1995 it merged with the aerospace company Lockheed, forming <strong>Lockheed-Martin</strong>. Today, the Lockheed-Martin facility is the largest employer in Jefferson County with 4,875 employees.</p> <p>As commercial and residential development expanded after World War II, Jeffco residents sought to put some of the county’s natural areas beyond the reach of bulldozers. In 1972 PLAN Jeffco and the League of Women Voters of Jefferson County proposed to the county commissioners a one-half of 1 percent sales tax increase that would support the preservation of natural areas within the county. Voters approved the tax, and <strong>Jeffco Open Space</strong> became the nation’s first county-level preservation program funded by a local sales tax.</p> <p>Important as they were to making Jefferson County a decent, peaceful place to live, robust economic development and a commitment to natural places did not prevent a national tragedy from occurring there. On April 20, 1999, two students went on a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/columbine-massacre"><strong>grisly shooting</strong></a> spree at Columbine High School, killing twelve students, one teacher, and themselves. The shooting was a catalyst for increased security in public schools across the country, as well as national debates on gun control and investigations into bullying.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Today, Lockheed-Martin remains a major employer in Jeffco, along with the Coors Brewery in Golden, two medical centers, and Terumo BCT, a medical technology company. Each provides more than 2,000 jobs. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden adds another 1,720. Suburban development in Jefferson County has expanded in surrounding communities such as Evergreen, Indian Hills, and Conifer.</p> <p>Although commercial businesses expand the county’s tax base and give residents the opportunity to live amid the scenic foothills, suburban development presents unique challenges, including management of natural areas and dealing with the threat of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado#page-title"><strong>wildfire</strong></a>. In July 2015, for instance, the North Hogback Fire prompted the Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office to issue pre-evacuation orders for the suburban communities of Ken Caryl and North Ranch.</p> <p>Since its foundation in 1972, Jeffco Open Space has acquired 53,000 acres of land for preservation and helped create more than 3,100 acres of conservation easements on private land. To maintain the integrity of its natural spaces amid a growing population, the organization continues to enforce a lengthy list of rules for fishing, wildlife interaction, fires, and other activities.</p> <p>While most of Jefferson County today can be described as either suburban or urban, there are still more than 500 farms in the county producing melons, potatoes, and vegetable crops. The county’s cattle herd numbers about 2,000 and ranchers also raise about 2,800 horses and ponies.</p> <p>Jeffco has also endeavored to honor its Native American past, particularly the life of the Ute leader <strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorow">Colorow</a></strong>. In 2013 the Jefferson County Historical Commission’s Landmark Designation Committee approved the Colorow Council Tree near Dinosaur Ridge as a county landmark. The tree, located on the historic <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rooney-ranch"><strong>Rooney Ranch</strong></a>, indicates where Colorow met with white settlers to broker peace. The landmark designation protects the tree and the area around it from removal or development. Additionally, in October 2015, the Jefferson County Historical Commission inducted Colorow into the Jefferson County Hall of Fame, and an exhibit about the Ute leader opened in Evergreen’s Hiwan Homestead Museum in 2016.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county" hreflang="en">jefferson county</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jeffco" hreflang="en">jeffco</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-history" hreflang="en">jefferson county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jefferson-county-historical-society" hreflang="en">jefferson county historical society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/adolph-coors" hreflang="en">adolph coors</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lakewood" hreflang="en">lakewood</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/wheat-ridge" hreflang="en">wheat ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/arvada" hreflang="en">arvada</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/evergreen" hreflang="en">evergreen</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dinosaur-ridge" hreflang="en">Dinosaur Ridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/morrison" hreflang="en">Morrison</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/red-rocks-amphitheatre" hreflang="en">red rocks amphitheatre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorow" hreflang="en">colorow</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbot, Stephen Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</em> 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p> <p>City and Community of Arvada, “<a href="https://www.arvadaco.gov/about-arvada/arvada-history/">Arvada History</a>.”</p> <p>City of Golden, “<a href="https://golden.com/history.htm">Golden History</a>.”</p> <p>Oscar Contreras, “<a href="https://www.denver7.com/traffic/traffic-news/brush-fire-in-jefferson-county-closes-lanes-causes-traffic-delays-on-c-470">Pre-evacuation notices lifted for North Ranch area following North Hogback Fire near C-470</a>,” 7NEWS Denver, October 14, 2015.</p> <p>Denver Mountain Parks, “<a href="https://www.mountainparkshistory.org/">Genesee Park</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jack Healy, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/04/us/after-uproar-colorado-school-board-retreats-on-curriculum-review-plan.html">After uproar, school board in Colorado scraps anti-protest curriculum</a>,” <em>The New York Times</em>, October 3, 2014.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1850s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1870s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Chronological History of Jeffco—the 1880s</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “<a href="https://historicjeffco.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/hj2011timeline.pdf">Jefferson County: A Chronology of Events</a>,” 2011.</p> <p>Historic Jeffco, “Hall of Fame: Chief Colorow,”</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Berthoud, Edward L.</a>,” updated April 22, 2013.</p> <p>“Jefferson County,” <em>Colorado County Histories Notebook </em>(Denver: History Colorado, 1989–2000).</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/open-space">History of Jefferson County Open Space</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/open-space">Jeffco Open Space Parks and Trails</a>,” n.d.</p> <p>Jefferson County Economic Development Corporation, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.org/pdfs/2015Profile.pdf">Jefferson County, Colorado Economic Profile 2015</a>.”Jack Linshi, “<a href="https://time.com/3984936/red-rocks-park-named-national-historic-landmark/">Red Rocks Park named national historic landmark</a>,” <em>Time</em>, August 4, 2015.</p> <p>Carole Lomond, ed., <em>Jefferson County, Colorado: A Unique &amp; Eventful History!</em> (Golden, CO: Views Publishing, 2009).</p> <p>Jesse Paul, “<a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2014/09/24/hundreds-of-jeffco-students-walk-out-in-largest-school-board-protest/">Hundreds of Jeffco students walk out in largest school board protest</a>,” <em>The Denver Post</em>, September 24, 2014.</p> <p>Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, “<a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/about/history-geology">History and Geology</a>,” n.d.US Department of Agriculture, “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: Jefferson County Colorado</a>,” National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> <p>Elliott West, <em>Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Eugene H. Berwanger,<em> The Rise of the Centennial State: Colorado Territory, 1861–76 </em>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cityofgolden.net/">Golden</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://historicjeffco.wordpress.com/">Historic Jeffco</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://emahs.org/">Jefferson County Historical Society</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jefferson County, “<a href="https://www.jeffco.us/county-archives">Reference Books—Jefferson County</a>,” updated 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Charles and Mary Ramstetter, eds., <em>John Gregory Country: Place Names and History of Ralston Buttes Quadrangle, Jefferson County, Colorado </em>(Golden, CO: C Lazy Three Press, 1999).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.redrocksonline.com/about/history-geology">Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="http://www.fws.gov/refuge/rocky_flats/">Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Beth Simmons, <em>Colorow! A Colorado Photographic Chronicle </em>(N.p., 2015).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 31 Mar 2017 22:35:04 +0000 yongli 2449 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lariat-trail-scenic-mountain-drive <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2141--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2141.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lariat-trail"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lariat%20Trail%20Scenic%20Media%201_0.jpg?itok=L79w2iNs" width="1024" height="758" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lariat-trail" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lariat Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Conceived and constructed by William "Cement Bill" Williams, the Lariat Trail climbs roughly five miles and 1,500 feet from Golden to the summit of Lookout Mountain.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2142--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2142.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/passing-below-m"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lariat-Trail-Scenic-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=3jxNfpY4" width="1000" height="744" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/passing-below-m" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Passing Below the M</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After climbing north toward Clear Creek and making a series of hairpin turns, the Lariat Trail traverses south across Mt. Zion, passing just below the Colorado School of Mines "M."</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2144--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2144.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/spring-house"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lariat-Trail-Scenic-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=ovcmndep" width="1000" height="786" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/spring-house" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spring House</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Above Windy Saddle, the road passes Spring House, built in 1916 to provide a rest area for people and cars in need of water.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2145--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2145.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/lariat-trail-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lariat-Trail-Scenic-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=eez71bRj" width="1000" height="813" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/lariat-trail-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lariat Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of the earliest scenic mountain drives in Colorado, the Lariat Trail influenced later scenic roads such as the Pikes Peak Highway.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2146--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2146.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/driving-lariat-trail"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lariat-Trail-Scenic-Media-5_0.jpg?itok=vDZNHkbz" width="1000" height="817" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/driving-lariat-trail" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Driving the Lariat Trail</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Lariat Trail served as the northern entrance to Denver's new system of Mountain Parks and soon became a popular drive, attracting more than 116,000 cars in 1918.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-12-19T16:26:06-07:00" title="Monday, December 19, 2016 - 16:26" class="datetime">Mon, 12/19/2016 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lariat-trail-scenic-mountain-drive" data-a2a-title="Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flariat-trail-scenic-mountain-drive&amp;title=Lariat%20Trail%20Scenic%20Mountain%20Drive"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Planned and built by <a href="/article/william-%E2%80%9Ccement-bill%E2%80%9D-williams"><strong>William “Cement Bill” Williams</strong></a> from about 1910 to 1914, the Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive winds roughly five miles and 1,500 feet from <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a> to the top of <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>. One of the earliest scenic mountain drives in Colorado, the road provided access to the new <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong></a> system and also influenced later scenic drives such as the <strong><a href="/article/pikes-peak">Pikes Peak</a> Highway</strong> and <a href="/article/trail-ridge-road"><strong>Trail Ridge Road</strong></a>. In 1990 the road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is also an integral part of the <strong>Lariat Loop National Scenic Byway</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Lariat Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The road up Lookout Mountain grew out of several forces at work in the early 1910s. First, Golden cement contractor William “Cement Bill” Williams wanted to attract more tourists to town, so he planned a road from the city to the summit of Lookout Mountain. Starting in 1910, he used his own money and donations from local businessmen such as <a href="/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a> to fund a survey and build a two-foot-wide trail along his proposed route, but the project stalled because of a lack of money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At roughly the same time, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> was planning to establish a system of mountain parks west of the city and wanted a network of roads to provide visitors with easy access and scenic views. Initially Denverites eyed a route up <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mount-vernon"><strong>Mount Vernon</strong></a> Canyon (now the <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> corridor), but soon they decided to back Williams’s road up Lookout Mountain as a northern entrance to the parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With help from Denver’s business community, in 1913 Williams secured funding for his road: $15,000 from the state and $7,500 each from Denver and <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a>. That summer he and his work crew widened his original two-foot trail into a road suitable for automobiles. Some sources indicate that landscape architects <a href="/article/saco-rienk-deboer"><strong>Saco DeBoer</strong></a> and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., who consulted on the overall design of the Denver Mountain Parks system, also provided advice on the road’s route as it was being constructed.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road managed to scale the steep slopes of Lookout Mountain with no grades over 6 percent. It started by climbing toward the north flank of Mt. Zion above <a href="/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a>, where it went through three hairpin turns. From there it traversed south across Mt. Zion and just under the <strong>Colorado School of Mines </strong>“M” (built in 1908) to Windy Saddle. Just past Windy Saddle was the Spring House, a rustic rest area with a natural spring. After four more tight hairpins, the road curled east and wrapped around the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1914, Denver had acquired its first two mountain parks—Lookout Mountain and <a href="/article/genesee-park"><strong>Genesee</strong></a>—and the Lariat Trail up Lookout Mountain had been extended as far as Genesee Saddle to provide access to both. Just one problem remained: Denver still owed Williams $2,500. Williams owned a piece of land that the road crossed, so in May 1914 he set up a gate and prevented drivers registered in Denver from going through. Drivers from elsewhere were free to use the road. In July Denver settled with Williams and secured a northern entry to its growing system of mountain parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lariat Loop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Lariat Trail became tremendously popular as the rise of automobile tourism and the opening of Denver’s mountain parks led Denverites and other tourists to explore the foothills by car. When <a href="/article/william-f-%E2%80%9Cbuffalo-bill%E2%80%9D-cody"><strong>William “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a> was buried on Lookout Mountain in 1917, for example, at least 20,000 people used the road to attend the ceremony. That summer nearly 70,000 cars traveled to Denver’s Mountain Parks, many using the Lariat Trail. In 1918 more than 116,000 cars drove the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>One major reason for the Lariat Trail’s popularity was that it could be connected via <strong>Bergen Park</strong> to the newly improved <strong>Bear Creek Canyon Drive</strong> to make the forty-mile Lariat Loop, which provided easy access to many of Denver’s Mountain Parks. The Lariat Trail was considered the north entry to the parks, and Bear Creek Canyon was the south entry. In 1917 large stone pillars marking the “Entrance to the Denver Mountain Parks” were erected at the start of both roads. The pillars at the base of Bear Creek Canyon in <a href="/article/morrison"><strong>Morrison</strong></a> have been removed, but the pillars near the bottom of Lookout Mountain still stand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Lariat Trail (also known as Lookout Mountain Road) has been paved and widened, but it maintains the same alignment that Williams laid out in the early 1910s. It remains a popular scenic drive and also draws cyclists and runners looking to test themselves on the nearly 1,500-foot climb. At the summit, the Buffalo Bill Museum parking lot includes a memorial to “Cement Bill” at a spot overlooking the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 the Lariat Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The full Lariat Loop was named a Colorado Scenic Byway in 2002 and a National Scenic Byway in 2009.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cement-bill-williams" hreflang="en">Cement Bill Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lookout-mountain" hreflang="en">Lookout Mountain</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-mountain-parks" hreflang="en">denver mountain parks</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lariat-loop" hreflang="en">Lariat Loop</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carole Lomond, <em>Lariat Loop Scenic &amp; Historic Byway</em> (Golden, CO: Views Publishing, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ann Moss, “Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (October 3, 1988).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Sorgenfrei, “Cement Bill Williams: Builder of the Lariat Trail Road,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Spring 2003).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Wendy Rex-Atzet, <em>Denver’s Mountain Playground: The Denver Mountain Parks, the City Beautiful, and the Rise of Modern Wilderness Recreation in Colorado, 1900–1940</em> (PhD dissertation, University of Colorado–Boulder, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-scenic-byway-lariat-loop">Colorado Scenic Byway: Lariat Loop</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive is a road that runs from the town of <strong>Golden</strong> to the top of <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>. It is also known as Lookout Mountain Drive. It is a beautiful road that winds through Denver’s foothills. It was one of the earliest scenic mountain drives in Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Lariat Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The road up Lookout Mountain started in the early 1910s. William Williams wanted to attract more tourists to Golden. He was a cement contractor whose nickname was “Cement Bill.” He planned a road from town to the summit of Lookout Mountain. In 1910 he built a two-foot wide trail where he wanted to build the road. He used his own money and donations from local businessmen. Adolph Coors, who started the beer company, was one of the funders. But Williams ran out of money before he could build the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, the City of <a href="/article/denver">Denver</a> was creating <strong>mountain parks</strong> west of the city. They needed new roads to give visitors a way to get to these parks. They decided that Williams’s road up Lookout Mountain was a good place for a road to the parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 Denver helped Williams get the money for the road. He got $15,000 from the State of Colorado. Denver and <strong>Jefferson County</strong> each paid $7,500. That summer the two-foot trail was widened. It was made into a road for automobiles. Frederick Olmsted Jr. and Saco DeBoer were landscape architects who helped design the Denver Mountain Parks system. They helped decide where the road would go.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road went up Lookout Mountain, which is very steep. It started up Mt. Zion, where it went through three hairpin turns. From there it went south across Mt. Zion. It passed under the Colorado School of Mines “M.” Just past Windy Saddle was the Spring House, a rest area with a natural spring. After four more tight hairpins, the road curved and wrapped around the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1914 Denver had its first two mountain parks. They were Lookout Mountain and <strong>Genesee Park</strong>. The Lariat Trail Drive was extended to Genesee to connect the parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Just one problem remained. Denver owed Williams $2,500 for the construction of the road. Williams owned a piece of land that the road crossed. In May 1914 he set up a gate and stopped cars from Denver from travelling on the road. Drivers from other places, however, were free to use the road. In July Denver paid Williams the money he was owed. Then, the northern entrance to Denver’s mountain parks was open to everyone.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lariat Loop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Starting around 1915, automobiles changed the way that Americans travelled. The new road let people explore the foothills by car. In 1917 nearly 70,000 cars drove through the parks. In 1918 more than 116,000 cars drove the road. The Lariat Trail allowed people from Denver to see the new parks in one day.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Lariat Trail was connected to another road called Bear Creek Canyon Drive. The two roads together made a forty-mile loop that passed through the beautiful Colorado mountains. The Lariat Trail was the north entrance to the parks. Bear Creek Canyon was the south entrance. In 1917 large stone pillars marking the “Entrance to the Denver Mountain Parks” were put up at both ends of the road. The pillars at the base of Bear Creek Canyon in Morrison have been removed. But the pillars near the bottom of Lookout Mountain still stand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Lariat Trail has been paved and widened. It is on the same route that Williams laid out in the early 1910s. It is still a popular scenic drive. Cyclists and runners also use the road. At the summit, there is a memorial to “Cement Bill” on a spot overlooking the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 the Lariat Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The full Lariat Loop was named a Colorado Scenic Byway in 2002. It became a National Scenic Byway in 2009. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive, also known as Lookout Mountain Drive, was one of the earliest scenic mountain drives in Colorado. It winds five miles and 1,500 feet from the city of <strong>Golden </strong>to the top of <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>. It was planned and built by <strong>William “Cement Bill” Williams</strong> from 1910 to 1914. The road provided access to the new <strong>Denver Mountain Parks</strong> system. In 1990 the road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Lariat Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The road to the top of Lookout Mountain began in the early 1910s. Cement contractor William “Cement Bill” Williams planned the road to attract more tourists to the town of Golden. In 1910 he used his own money and donations from local businessmen, including beer brewer Adolph Coors, to build a two-foot-wide trail along his proposed route. However, the project stalled because of a lack of money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, Denver was establishing a system of mountain parks west of the city. It needed roads to provide visitors with easy access and scenic views. Initially, Denver considered a route up Mount Vernon Canyon, which later would become Interstate 70. But the city chose Williams’s road up Lookout Mountain to serve as the northern entrance to the new parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 Williams secured funding for the road, including $15,000 from the state and $7,500 each from Denver and <strong>Jefferson County</strong>. That summer a work crew widened the original two-foot trail into a road suitable for automobiles.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road was designed to climb the steep slopes of Lookout Mountain with no grade over 6 percent. It started uphill toward Mt. Zion above Clear Creek, where it went through three hairpin turns. From there it traversed south across Mt. Zion and passed under the Colorado School of Mines “M” to Windy Saddle. Just past Windy Saddle was the Spring House, a rustic rest area with a natural spring. After four more tight hairpins, the road curled east and wrapped around the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1914 Denver had acquired its first two mountain parks, Lookout Mountain and <strong>Genesee Park</strong>. The Lariat Trail Drive on Lookout Mountain was extended to provide access to both parks. Just one problem remained: Denver still owed Williams $2,500 for construction of the road. Williams owned a piece of land that the road crossed, and in May 1914, he set up a gate and stopped cars that were registered in Denver from travelling on the road. Drivers from elsewhere were free to use the road. In July Denver settled payment with Williams and secured the northern entrance to its growing system of mountain parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lariat Loop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Lariat Trail became popular with the rise of automobile tourism. Starting in the 1910s, the automobile was changing the way that Americans traveled. The road allowed tourists to explore the Denver’s foothills by car. In 1917 nearly 70,000 cars traveled to Denver’s Mountain Parks. In 1918 more than 116,000 cars drove the road. William “Buffalo Bill” Cody was buried on Lookout Mountain in 1917, and at least 20,000 people drove up the road to attend the ceremony.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Lariat Trail was connected to the newly improved Bear Creek Canyon Drive. This created the forty-mile Lariat Loop. These roads combined to provide easy access to many of Denver’s Mountain Parks. In 1917 large stone pillars marking the “Entrance to the Denver Mountain Parks” were erected at the start of both roads. The pillars at the base of Bear Creek Canyon in Morrison have been removed, but the pillars near the bottom of Lookout Mountain still stand.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Lariat Trail has been paved and widened. It follows the same route that Williams laid out in the early 1910s. It is a popular scenic drive that also draws cyclists and runners looking to test themselves on the 1,500-foot climb. At the summit is a memorial to “Cement Bill” at the Buffalo Bill Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 the Lariat Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The full Lariat Loop was named a Colorado Scenic Byway in 2002 and a National Scenic Byway in 2009. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive, also known as Lookout Mountain Drive, winds five miles and 1,500 feet from the town of Golden to the top of Lookout Mountain. One of the earliest scenic mountain drives in Colorado, it was planned and built by William “Cement Bill” Williams from about 1910 to 1914. The road provided access to the new Denver Mountain Parks system and influenced later scenic drives such as the Pikes Peak Highway and Trail Ridge Road. In 1990 the road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is an integral part of the Lariat Loop National Scenic Byway.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Building the Lariat Trail</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The road up Lookout Mountain grew out of several forces at work in the early 1910s. Golden cement contractor William “Cement Bill” Williams wanted to attract more tourists to town, so he planned a road from the city of Golden to the summit of Lookout Mountain. In 1910 he used his own money and donations from local businessmen such as Adolph Coors to fund a survey and build a two-foot-wide trail along his proposed route. However, the project stalled because of a lack of money.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>At the same time, the City of Denver was planning to establish a system of mountain parks west of the city. They needed a network of roads to provide visitors with easy access and scenic views. Initially, Denver planned to construct a route up Mount Vernon Canyon, which later became the Interstate 70 corridor. But the city decided that Williams’s road up Lookout Mountain would better serve as the northern entrance to the parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913, with help from Denver’s business community, Williams secured funding for his road. Funds included $15,000 from the state and $7,500 each from Denver and Jefferson County. That summer he and his work crew widened the original two-foot trail into a road suitable for automobiles. Landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Saco DeBoer helped design the Denver Mountain Parks system, and it is likely that they provided advice on the road as it was being built.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The road was designed to scale the steep slopes of Lookout Mountain with no grades over 6 percent. It started by climbing toward the north flank of Mt. Zion above Clear Creek, where it went through three hairpin turns. From there it traversed south across Mt. Zion and just under the Colorado School of Mines “M” to Windy Saddle. Just past Windy Saddle was the Spring House, a rustic rest area with a natural spring. After four more tight hairpins, the road curled east and wrapped around the summit.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1914 Denver had acquired its first two mountain parks, <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong> and <strong>Genesee Park</strong>. The Lariat Trail Drive on Lookout Mountain had been extended as far as Genesee Saddle to provide access to both. Just one problem remained: Denver still owed Williams $2,500 for the construction of the road. The road crossed a piece of land that Williams owned, so in May 1914 he set up a gate and stopped cars that were registered in Denver from passing through; drivers from elsewhere, meanwhile, were allowed through. In July Denver settled payment with Williams and secured the northern entrance to its growing system of mountain parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lariat Loop</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The opening of Denver’s mountain parks allowed tourists to explore Denver’s foothills by car, and the Lariat Trail became tremendously popular with the rise of automobile tourism. When <strong>William “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong> was buried on Lookout Mountain in 1917, at least 20,000 people used the road to attend the ceremony. That summer nearly 70,000 cars traveled to Denver’s Mountain Parks, many using the Lariat Trail. In 1918 more than 116,000 cars drove the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The major reason for the Lariat Trail’s popularity was that it connected Bergen Park to the newly improved Bear Creek Canyon Drive. This created the forty-mile Lariat Loop that provided easy access to many of Denver’s Mountain Parks. The Lariat Trail was considered the north entry to the parks, while Bear Creek Canyon was considered the south entry. In 1917 large stone pillars marking the “Entrance to the Denver Mountain Parks” were put up at the start of both roads. The pillars at the base of Bear Creek Canyon in Morrison have been removed, but the pillars near the bottom of Lookout Mountain still stand.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Today the Lariat Trail, which is also known as Lookout Mountain Road, has been paved and widened, but it maintains the same alignment that Williams laid out in the early 1910s. It remains a popular scenic drive and also draws cyclists and runners looking to test themselves on the nearly 1,500-foot climb. At the summit, a memorial to “Cement Bill” is located near the Buffalo Bill Museum, at a spot overlooking the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1990 the Lariat Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The full Lariat Loop was named a Colorado Scenic Byway in 2002 and a National Scenic Byway in 2009. </p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Dec 2016 23:26:06 +0000 yongli 2139 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org William “Cement Bill” Williams http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-cement-bill-williams <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">William “Cement Bill” Williams</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-08-15T15:55:53-06:00" title="Monday, August 15, 2016 - 15:55" class="datetime">Mon, 08/15/2016 - 15:55</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-cement-bill-williams" data-a2a-title="William “Cement Bill” Williams"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-cement-bill-williams&amp;title=William%20%E2%80%9CCement%20Bill%E2%80%9D%20Williams"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>William “Cement Bill” Williams (1868–1945) was a prominent contractor, political agitator, and personality in <a href="/article/golden-0"><strong>Golden</strong></a> during the early 1900s. Williams’s tireless campaigning brought crucial road construction to Golden, much of which he built himself. Today, Williams’s legacy as a businessman and the larger-than-life stories from his career in cement contracting persist, as do the roads and dams he built throughout the <a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Early Life</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Bill Williams was born in East Orange, New Jersey, on October 31, 1868. As a young man, he found his way to Deadwood, South Dakota, where he worked in a smelter and did some small-scale placer gold mining. In 1901 he moved to Golden, where he got a job operating a blast furnace in the Golden Smelter. After about a year of smelter work, he quit to get into the cement contracting business. At the time, Golden had virtually no sidewalks, and Williams saw an opportunity. Soon he was making a good living as a cement contractor, pouring the concrete for most of the sidewalks in the growing town. People started calling him “Cement Bill” when local hardware stores could not keep enough cement on hand for his burgeoning business. He began to buy his cement by the boxcar-load directly from the Portland Cement Company rather than going through local suppliers. Williams ended up taking the name of Cement Bill as his own because, as he later explained it, “there was another William Williams who had a wife Nellie, as I did.” Their phone bills and mail were always getting mixed up, so Bill gave himself the middle name of Cement and “that fixed everything up.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Williams put the Cement Bill moniker on his letterhead, his business cards, and his car. This not only solved his problems with mixed-up mail but brought name recognition to his business. He earned a reputation as “a wizard in building things out of concrete.” Williams was a hard-boiled man, “known to cuss and take a drink once in a while,” and seemingly as durable as his adopted name. On one of his early contracting projects, a workman accidentally smashed Williams’s finger with a twenty-pound hammer. He famously lost the finger, but not a day’s work.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Road through Golden</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Another opportunity came along in 1911. The <strong>Colorado &amp; Southern Railroad</strong> decided to discontinue one of its two daily trains to <a href="/article/clear-creek-county"><strong>Clear Creek County</strong></a> from <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. The people of <strong>Idaho Springs</strong> decided it was time to build a road suitable for automobiles and trucks to their town from Denver via Floyd Hill. The existing roads over the steep down-and-up route of Floyd Hill, where stages and wagons had once brought freight into Idaho Springs, were not suitable for motorized vehicles. It would take a new, high-standard road for cars and trucks to haul goods into Clear Creek County. At the same time the citizens of Idaho Springs were demanding a road, Denver was planning to establish a series of <a href="/article/denver-mountain-parks"><strong>mountain parks</strong></a> west of town and therefore had an interest in roads being built into the mountains. Denver officials deemed that if a road were built, the best place for it was <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mount-vernon"><strong>Mount Vernon</strong></a> Canyon, several miles south of Golden. That route would have completely bypassed Golden, and Williams was determined that this not be the case.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Williams began a campaign among Golden’s merchants to raise road-building funds, but it met with little success. He plugged away at a new campaign, touting the road as a great attraction that would draw tourists and boost Golden’s economy. He also appealed to the state highway commission and the legislature that passed an act authorizing the road as State Highway 27. When Williams tried to draw funds for the road, it became apparent that the act was an entirely empty gesture—the legislature had authorized the road without providing any money for it. Again, Williams turned adversity into opportunity. He did his own survey using a panoramic map of <strong>Lookout Mountain</strong>, scaling the grades with a ruler. He then placed flags on rocks and trees as markers and started building a section of the road by himself with a donation of Portland cement from millionaire industrialist <strong>Charles Boettcher</strong> and some pipe donated from the Denver Sewer Pipe Company. Other companies donated tools and a ditcher. With this support, Williams constructed a two-foot-wide trail along what would be the roadbed in order to demonstrate that the road was feasible and that he was qualified to build it. According to <strong><em>The Denver Post</em></strong>, the state highway commission’s engineer examined Cement Bill’s survey and found that it was indeed the best route.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>For two years—from 1911–13—Williams attempted to get state funding to secure rights-of-way and backing from key local figures. <a href="/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a> donated $1,000 to the cause, and other Golden merchants chipped in. But this support only went so far, and Williams spent a great deal of his own money in order to keep the project alive. Williams told the <em>Post</em> that by 1913, he was out $10,000 in addition to losing income from his contracting business that he had set aside to focus on building the road.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1913 fortunes changed when the legislature appropriated $15,000 from the state highway fund. At the same time, $7,500 was forthcoming from the Denver<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong> City Park</strong></a> Fund, allowing construction to begin in earnest. It took Williams only three months to widen the trail he had already made into a first-class auto road to the summit of Lookout Mountain. He continued work on the road until it connected to Floyd Hill and Idaho Springs. With the road complete, he decided to make the most out of the route he built and opened a commercial automobile transportation company, taking passengers back and forth from Golden to Idaho Springs in a fleet of Stanley Steamers. He charged $1.50 one-way and $2.50 round-trip.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Feud with Denver</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Following a period of legal conflict with the city of Denver over money Cement Bill believed it owed him, in 1915 the city started taking credit for building the road. A January 1 piece in the<em> Post</em> about the road failed to mention him at all and also asserted that “no spadeful of earth was turned and no pick was sunk into the hard soil on any of this civic improvement until May of 1913,” ignoring his early labors entirely. The hard feelings between Cement Bill and the city of Denver persisted. In 1917, when <a href="/article/william-f-“buffalo-bill”-cody"><strong>William “Buffalo Bill” Cody</strong></a> was buried atop Lookout Mountain, the city forced Cement Bill to sell them Buffalo Bill’s plot.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Eventually, relations improved between the two parties. In 1919 the Colorado Legislature reimbursed Cement Bill over $6,000 for his expenses and labor, and on March 30 of that year, the<em> Post</em> finally acknowledged the work he had undertaken. By this time, he had earned a reputation as a man of dogged determination, who never quit until he accomplished what he started. In late April 1920, the area west of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> from Berthoud Pass was completely snowed in and impassable. The entire region was cut off from the rest of Colorado. Cattle were dying of starvation and food stocks for the area were getting dangerously low. Laughing off the newspapers’ visions of doom and gloom, Cement Bill and his crew cleared Berthoud Pass from the Empire side and soon had it open once again.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Later Accomplishments</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the 1920s, Cement Bill continued to expand his cement contracting business, pouring concrete for sidewalks, laying sewer pipe, and building dams and bridges. Throughout his life, he also campaigned for civic improvement. In 1924 he spearheaded an effort to obtain the Beaverbrook watershed for Golden in order to ensure an ample water supply for the city. The effort took him to Washington, DC, to convince government officials of the need to cede the mountain watershed, which lay on government land, to the city of Golden. That same year, Congress passed a bill ceding the watershed to the city. In the 1930s, he built two dams for the upper and lower reservoirs at Beaverbrook.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In Golden, Cement Bill Williams was regarded as an idealist and a visionary. He advocated a city manager form of government for the city that later became a reality. Throughout his life he was active in local Republican Party politics, although he never ran for public office. Williams never contemplated retirement and worked at his contracting business until the end of his life. In his twilight years he worked on projects such as the headgates for the <strong>High Line Canal</strong>, the dam at Lookout Mountain, road building in Sedalia, and the Smith Reservoir south of<strong> Lakewood</strong>. He died in his sleep on May 17, 1945.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong>Adapted from Robert Sorgenfrei, “Cement Bill Williams: Builder of the Lariat Trail Road,” <em>Colorado Heritage Magazine</em> 23, no. 2 (2003).</strong></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cement" hreflang="en">Cement</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bill" hreflang="en">Bill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/williams" hreflang="en">Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/cement-bill-williams" hreflang="en">Cement Bill Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden-history" hreflang="en">golden history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Mile High Newspapers, <em>150 Golden Years: Sesquicentennial Salute 1859–2009: Recognition of Twenty Great People and Twenty Great Events Which Shaped the Golden Community</em> (Golden, CO: Mile High Newspapers, 2009).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 15 Aug 2016 21:55:53 +0000 yongli 1688 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado Gold Rush http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado Gold Rush</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2182--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2182.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-colorado-city-historic-commercial-district"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-Springs-Media-6_0.jpg?itok=FuhT20K7" width="1000" height="417" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-colorado-city-historic-commercial-district" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old Colorado City Historic Commercial District</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado City, now known as "Old Colorado City," was established in 1859 during the Colorado Gold Rush. The town supplied miners in South Park, which lay on the other side of Ute Pass to the west. The city joined Colorado Springs in 1917.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2227--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2227.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/idaho-springs"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Clear-Creek-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=z3GLGR-N" width="1000" height="801" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/idaho-springs" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Idaho Springs</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>View of downtown Idaho Springs, seat of Clear Creek County, c. 1900-10. The town was formed in 1859, at the height of the Colorado Gold Rush.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-06T14:50:48-06:00" title="Friday, May 6, 2016 - 14:50" class="datetime">Fri, 05/06/2016 - 14:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush" data-a2a-title="Colorado Gold Rush"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-gold-rush&amp;title=Colorado%20Gold%20Rush"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The discovery of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>gold</strong></a> near present-day Denver in 1858–59 drew thousands of people to present-day Colorado, prompting the political organization of first a US territory and later a state. Many current cities and towns, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder"><strong>Boulder</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="/.../central-city–black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/breckenridge-historic-district"><strong>Breckenridge</strong></a>, and <a href="/.../central-city–black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>, were founded during the Colorado Gold Rush, and its associated activities produced tremendous social and environmental changes, including the displacement and deaths&nbsp;of Indigenous people&nbsp;and the pollution and large-scale manipulation of the Colorado environment.</p><h2>Origins</h2><p>Rumors of gold had filtered out of the Rockies since the sixteenth century. In 1807 explorer <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon M. Pike</strong></a> met trapper James Purcell in Santa Fe and learned that Purcell had found gold in the area eventually known as the&nbsp;<a href="/article/pikes-peak" target="_blank"><strong>Pikes Peak</strong></a>&nbsp;region. In 1850 Cherokees on their way to California found&nbsp;a small amount of gold in Ralston Creek in present-day&nbsp;<strong>Arvada</strong>. In May 1857, <strong>George Simpson </strong>noted&nbsp;gold dust in Cherry Creek, near its confluence with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a>.&nbsp;Around the same time, gold nuggets found near the future site of Denver by Fall Leaf, a Delaware US Army scout, sparked Midwestern and Eastern interest in the western fringe of Kansas Territory.</p><p>More excitement was stirred in the <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/solar-companies-north-carolina-solar-power-systems-reviews-pmftf">summer</a> of 1858, when the Russell brothers—<strong>William</strong>, Oliver, and Levi, along with John Beck and a party of Cherokees and whites from Georgia, reached Ralston Creek, where they found a little gold. They then headed upstream (south) along the South Platte, past&nbsp;<strong>Cherry Creek</strong>&nbsp;and on to Little Dry Creek in present-day Englewood, where they found paying quantities of placer gold. In the late summer and fall of 1858, hundreds of others followed in the Russells’ footsteps, leading to the founding of several towns including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a>, Denver, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><span><strong>Golden</strong></span></a>.</p><p>The 1858 discoveries were teasers. George Jackson’s discovery of a substantial placer deposit in Chicago Creek near present-day Idaho Springs in January 1859, a lode gold (veins of gold embedded in rock) discovery at Gold Hill in January 1859, and John Gregory’s finding of lode gold near Black Hawk fueled a Gold Rush which drew tens of thousands of prospectors into the region during the spring and summer of 1859. Those adventurers quickly fanned out across the&nbsp;<a href="/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a>&nbsp;and traveled&nbsp;deep into the Rockies.</p><p>However, as historians Kent Curtis and <strong>Elliott West</strong> argue, the discovery of gold alone was not enough to set off a rush. Two other factors—the pacification of Native Americans and the unstable economy—opened the door for the surge of immigrants to Colorado in 1859. First, the treaties of<strong> </strong><a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-laramie"><strong>Fort Laramie</strong></a><strong> </strong>(1851) and Fort Atkinson (1853), signed by representatives of the United States and several Indigenous Nations of the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great&nbsp;Plains</strong></a>, made the westward trails a bit safer for Anglo-American travelers. Then, an economic downturn beginning in 1857 bankrupted many eastern families, giving them the incentive to head west and start over. Finally, in 1857, news of Col. Edwin V. Sumner’s victory over a group of <strong>Cheyenne</strong> warriors in Kansas created the perception that Native Americans were no longer a threat. All of these events helped push Anglo-Americans and others westward at the time of the first major gold discoveries in the Rockies.</p><h2>Symbolism of Pikes Peak</h2><p>The Colorado Gold Rush is often referred to as the “Pikes Peak Gold Rush.” Although there was some prospecting around Pikes Peak in 1858–59, major gold mining near the mountain did not begin until the 1890s with the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a> strike. But as the easternmost of Colorado’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fourteeners"><strong>Fourteeners</strong></a>, the appearance of Pikes Peak on the western horizon served as an encouraging signpost for weary westward immigrants in 1859, and the mountain came to represent the rush to the Rockies more generally; its name was emblazoned on wagons and mentioned in newspaper reports about the rush, and the settlement of <strong>(Old)</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Colorado City</strong> was established at the base of Pikes Peak to supply gold camps in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/park-county"><strong>South Park</strong></a>.</p><p>In February and March 1859, thousands of gold seekers, spurred by bad crops and the pressure of debts, assembled in towns along the Missouri River in eastern Kansas and western Missouri for the journey west. For $600—half a year’s pay for a clerk—they could buy three yoke of oxen, wagons, tools, tents, flour, bacon, and coffee for four people at <strong>Pikes Peak Outfitters</strong>. For several weeks in April and May, newspaper editors in the major Missouri River towns reported the passage of forty, seventy-five, or 100 teams per day, and observers found the roads leading west from the river jammed with emigrants’ wagons.</p><h2>“Humbug Mania”</h2><p>As the spring migration began in earnest, editors started to worry that no shipments of gold had yet appeared from those who had wintered on the South Platte River. In early May the first reports of the “go-backers” appeared: stories of disappointed prospectors who had reached the Cherry Creek settlements, tried their hand at panning, and then gave up. By mid-May the ragged, foot-weary go-backers were crossing paths with thousands of wagons heading toward Colorado. According to <em>New York Tribune</em> editor <strong>Horace Greeley</strong>, the total number of go-backers may have been as high as 40,000.</p><p>By early May, Denver had lost two-thirds of its people, and the entire population of the gold region was perhaps only 3,000, a small increase over January and February. The region had gone through an entire cycle of boom and bust in half a year.</p><p>While thousands made their way back eastward across the plains, others turned to new gulches and new hopes along the Front Range. Rich gold mines were in operation west of Boulder&nbsp;at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gold-hill"><strong>Gold Hill</strong></a> and along <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a> by the end of April 1859. Other finds dating from that summer include Left Hand Creek, Twelve-Mile Diggings, Chicago Creek, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cache-la-poudre-river"><strong>Cache la Poudre</strong></a>, and the Jackson Diggings. Gold seekers swarmed over Kenosha Pass to South Park and the towns of Montgomery, Buckskin Joe, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fairplay"><strong>Fairplay</strong></a>, Tarryall, Hamilton, and Jefferson, and north over Hoosier Pass to American and Humbug gulches in the Blue River valley.</p><h2>Gregory Fever</h2><p>But additional discoveries were not enough to recharge the Colorado gold rush; that would take some timely publicity. The break came on May 13. Denverites were astonished by the display of a vial containing eighty dollars’ worth of gold brought from diggings found a week earlier by Gregory near the North Fork of Clear Creek. By the end of May, the excitement had grown so intense that towns at the base of the mountains were almost emptied.</p><p>Greeley, editor of the nation’s most widely read newspaper, visited Gregory Gulch in June and confirmed the findings in a <em>Rocky Mountain News </em>article. Prospectors became possessed by “Gregory Fever.” Early that month the wooded slopes of Gregory Gulch sheltered a population of 4,000 or 5,000 that slept in tents or lean-to shelters of pine boughs. Over the next month 500 newcomers arrived daily. They dug test holes, uprooted the eighty-foot pines, and left the landscape desolate in search of pockets of pay dirt. They set up numerous camps, one of which—Central City—emerged as the dominant gold camp in the area.</p><p>Most of the prospectors were young men, more than 90 percent of them born in the United States. The others came mainly from Ireland, England, and German-speaking areas of Europe. The 1860 census showed more than twenty men for each woman in the portion of Kansas Territory that would become Colorado.</p><h2>Political Effects</h2><p>Politically, the gold rush of 1858–59 inspired the creation of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a> in 1861 and shifted the balance of power on the Colorado plains from the Cheyenne and Arapaho to the United States. It also marked the beginning of the decline of the Nuche, or&nbsp;<a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute </strong></a>people,&nbsp;in Colorado, as the US government moved to protect mining interests after 1859 by appropriating Ute territory through a series of treaties. By 1880, twenty-one years after the initial gold rush, the Utes had ceded most of the Rockies and western Colorado—their homeland for centuries—to the United States.</p><p>As many as 100,000 gold seekers may have started for the so-called Pikes Peak goldfields over the course of 1859, but observers believed only 40,000 reached Denver. Perhaps 25,000 entered the mountains between April and October. About 10,000 remained in Colorado by early August—2,000 in Denver, a few hundred in Golden, and most of the remainder engaged in mountain gold mining operations or ever-deepening lode mines. As late as September 24, more than 2,000 were counted in the six-square-mile gulch region around Central City, along the North Fork of Clear Creek.</p><p>The influx of so many white immigrants took a disastrous toll on the Native Americans living in Colorado’s plains and mountains. When the rush began in earnest in 1859, groups of Cheyenne, <strong>Lakota</strong>, <strong>Arapaho</strong>, and <strong>Kiowa</strong> lived on the plains, while <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> and Arapaho bands lived throughout the Front Range. Plains Indians spent the harsh winters along the sheltered river bottoms of the South Platte River and its tributaries as well as in the natural trough running north and south along the foothills. After 1858 Anglo-Americans increasingly traversed and occupied these areas, killing buffalo, trampling grazing grass, and cutting down precious timber. Native Americans soon found their resource base dwindling, and some began raiding wagon trains for supplies or in hopes of scaring off other white immigrants. Meanwhile, in the mountains, the Ute and Arapaho increasingly found traditional hunting grounds occupied by white mining camps, which cut into supplies of timber and game.</p><p>Faced with starvation and sporadic outbreaks of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/impact-disease-native-americans"><strong>diseases</strong></a> for which they had no immunity, some Native American leaders, including the Cheyenne chief <strong>Black Kettle</strong> and the Arapaho chief <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/chief-left-hand-niwot"><strong>Left Hand</strong></a>, attempted to secure necessary food and supplies through negotiation. In agreements such as the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treaty-fort-wise"><strong>Treaty of Fort Wise</strong></a> (1861), the US government promised Native Americans food and payment in exchange for land granted to them in previous treaties. However, the government often reneged on these payments, called <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-annuities"><strong>annuities</strong></a>, leading some Native American groups to continue raiding white settlements. Warrior groups such as the Cheyenne <strong>Dog Soldiers</strong> engaged in a protracted war against the US military until 1869, when a decisive US victory in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/battle-summit-springs"><strong>Battle of Summit Springs</strong> </a>effectively ended Native American resistance on the Colorado plains. Afterward, most Arapaho and Cheyenne were moved to a reservation in present-day Oklahoma.</p><h2>Economic Effects</h2><p>Economically, a variety of gold rush-related industries supplanted traditional Native American activities. <strong>Ranching</strong> and irrigated <strong>agriculture</strong> fed miners, while <strong>coal</strong> and iron industries provided energy for steam-powered mining equipment, railroads to ship ore to market, and bricks for towns and cities. Raw ore needed to be smelted to produce valuable metals, and cities such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a> and <strong>Durango</strong> developed alongside busy smelters. In addition, the success of the 1859 gold rush engendered a sustained interest in the mineral resources of the Rocky Mountains, which led to silver mining in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/aspen"><strong>Aspen</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> as well as the 1890 Cripple Creek gold rush.</p><h2>Environmental Effects</h2><p>Finally, the surge of mining initiated by the 1859 gold rush produced significant changes in the Coloradan environment. To extract gold from quartz deposits, miners used dangerous chemicals such as cyanide, which often leaked into streams, posing a threat to both wildlife and humans. Miner and taxidermist<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/edwin-carter"> <strong>Edwin Carter</strong></a> noticed this effect as early as the 1860s, when he began finding pollution-induced abnormalities in animals. Deforestation associated with the mass construction of flumes, cabins, sluices, railroads, and mining camps, as well as the removal of large quantities of rock in subsurface mining operations, resulted in less stable hillsides, making it easier for dislodged sediments to clog streams.</p><div style="left:-9727px;position:absolute;"><p>Understanding the historical context of mining's impact on Colorado's environment highlights the importance of responsible and sustainable practices in all industries, including the online gaming sector. As a committed advocate for responsible gaming, OnlineCasino 65 emphasizes the significance of ethical practices within the virtual casino arena. 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By prioritizing online casinos that use renewable energy sources for their servers or support environmental initiatives, OnlineCasino 65 not only contributes to a safer gaming environment for players but also champions the cause of preserving our planet's delicate ecosystems, much like Edwin Carter's efforts to protect wildlife from the adverse effects of gold mining.</p></div><div style="left:-9837px;position:absolute;"><p>Looking for a smooth and secure way to fund your online gaming sessions? Opt for a reliable casino with Google Pay, the latest trend in Australia’s online gambling scene. Google Pay is a digital wallet platform that offers swift transactions, so you can top up your casino balance and start playing in mere seconds. The convenience of using Google Pay lies in its simplicity and the fact that it eliminates the need to enter lengthy card details. Australian players can now benefit from this hassle-free payment method at select reputable online casinos, ensuring that their personal information remains protected. A <a href="https://aucasinoslist.com/casinos/google-pay/">casino with google pay</a> assures a level of security synonymous with Google's trusted services while providing an uninterrupted and enjoyable online gaming experience. Make your next deposit with confidence and ease, knowing that you're using one of the fastest-growing payment methods in the Australian online casino market.</p></div><div style="left:-9611px;position:absolute;"><p>Transport yourself back to an era of old-world charm and classic gaming with <a href="https://nostalgia.cad.casino/">Nostalgia casino Canada</a>. As one of the most cherished online gambling destinations for Canadian players, this casino offers a unique blend of vintage aesthetics and modern-day online casino technology. Indulge in a vast array of games, including timeless slots, table games, and progressive jackpots, all within a secure and trustworthy environment. Nostalgia Casino Canada prides itself on its user-friendly experience and generous bonuses, starting with an inviting sign-up offer that allows you to delve into the world of gaming for just a small deposit. The casino also provides seamless banking options tailored for Canadian players, ensuring quick and safe transactions. At Nostalgia Casino Canada, you get to enjoy the elegance of bygone days coupled with cutting-edge gaming convenience, making it the go-to choice for anyone looking to relive the golden age of casino entertainment.</p></div><p>One of the most important changes that mining brought to the Colorado environment was the exposure of millions of tons of buried rock to oxygen, initiating a process known as <strong>acid mine drainage</strong>. Once exposed to air, sulfides in the metal lodged within the rock begin to break down into sulfuric acid, which dissolves the metals and allows them to drain into local water sources. Although it was initiated during the nineteenth century, this process continues to affect Coloradans today; one of the most dramatic examples occurred during summer 2015, when workers with the US Environmental Protection Agency accidentally released a torrent of water contaminated with liquefied metals into the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas River</strong></a>.</p><p><strong>Adapted from Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, </strong><em><strong>Colorado: A History of the Centennial State</strong></em><strong>, 5th ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2013) and Robert R. Crifasi, </strong><em><strong>A Land Made from Water</strong></em><strong> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2015).</strong></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-gold-rush" hreflang="en">Colorado Gold Rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak" hreflang="en">pikes peak</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/pikes-peak-gold-rush" hreflang="en">pikes peak gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/humbug-mania" hreflang="en">Humbug Mania</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/central-city" hreflang="en">Central City</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/auraria" hreflang="en">auraria</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-green-russel" hreflang="en">william green russel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gold-discovery-colorado" hreflang="en">gold discovery in colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gold-rush" hreflang="en">gold rush</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fifty-niners" hreflang="en">fifty-niners</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/59ers" hreflang="en">59ers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-founded" hreflang="en">denver founded</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-denver" hreflang="en">history of denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/horace-greeley" hreflang="en">Horace Greeley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gregory-fever" hreflang="en">Gregory Fever</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/go-backers" hreflang="en">Go-Backers</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kent Curtis, “Producing a Gold Rush: National Ambitions and the Northern Rocky Mountains, 1853–1863,” <em>Western Historical Quarterly </em>40, no. 3 (Autumn 2009).</p><p>“<a href="https://digital.denverlibrary.org/digital/collection/p15330coll22/id/75053">Gregory Gulch, Colorado</a>,” (Photo) Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Collection.</p><p>David Lindsey, ed., “<a href="http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1956/56_4_lindsey.htm">The Journal of an 1859 Pike’s Peak Gold Seeker</a>,” <em>Kansas Historical Quarterly </em>22, no. 4 (Winter 1956).</p><p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p><p>Elliott West, <em>The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado </em>(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).</p><p>Ellen Wohl, “<a href="https://www.u.arizona.edu:443/~conniew1/geog532/Wohl2006.pdf">Human impacts to mountain streams</a>,” <em>Geomorphology </em>79 (2006).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Bill Chappell, “<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/10/431223703/epa-says-it-released-3-million-gallons-of-contaminated-water-into-river">EPA Says It Released 3 Million Gallons of Contaminated Water Into River</a>,” The Two-Way, NPR, updated August 14, 2015.</p><p>“<a href="https://westernmininghistory.com/4785/the-colorado-gold-rush/">The Colorado Gold Rush</a>,” <em>Western Mining History</em>, July 16, 2009.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/colorado-mine-tours-gold-rush-towns">Colorado Mine Tours &amp; Gold Rush Towns</a>,” Colorado.com, last updated June 9, 2015.</p><p>Duane Smith, <em>The Trail of Gold and Silver: Mining in Colorado, 1859–2009 </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 06 May 2016 20:50:48 +0000 yongli 1335 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Golden http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Golden</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2722--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2722.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/golden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Golden_1.jpg?itok=c2opglR5" width="1090" height="818" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/golden" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Golden</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Founded during the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a> of 1859, the city of Golden is the <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a> seat and home to the world-famous Coors Brewery.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-16T14:11:08-07:00" title="Monday, November 16, 2015 - 14:11" class="datetime">Mon, 11/16/2015 - 14:11</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden" data-a2a-title="Golden"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgolden&amp;title=Golden"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Now a small pocket city in the suburbs of <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Golden was once the most powerful city in the state and the capital of the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>. Today, Golden is known for the <strong>Coors Brewery</strong> and the <strong>Colorado School of Mines</strong> and as the seat of <a href="/article/jefferson-county"><strong>Jefferson County</strong></a>. Over the years, a variety of industries have thrived in Golden.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1859, with the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>discovery of gold</strong></a> in <a href="/article/clear-creek-canyon-0"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a>, miners flooded into the region and displaced the local <a href="/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute</strong></a>, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native Americans who had lived in the foothills for generations. Golden, originally named Golden City, is believed to be named after <strong>Tom Golden</strong>, an early settler and miner. Rather than becoming a mining town, Golden City quickly became a supply center for miners going into the mountains and a transportation hub for wagons. The geography of Golden City—located at the mouth of the Clear Creek, on the last flat space before entering the mountains—was crucial to its success in the early days of Colorado. The location enabled a variety of industries—including agriculture, mining and manufacturing—to thrive.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>From 1862 to 1867, a time when industry flourished, Golden City was the capital of the Colorado Territory. By the 1870s, Golden was home to a <strong><a href="/article/cigar-making-colorado">cigar factory</a></strong>, a glass plant, a candy factory, a paper mill, stone quarries, multiple smelters, flour mills, and several local coal mines. In addition, the Colorado Central Railroad had finally reached Golden, turning the city into the gateway to the Rocky Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>It was during this time of rapid industrialization that <a href="/article/adolph-coors"><strong>Adolph Coors</strong></a>, a German immigrant, started the Coors Brewery with one of his partners. Founded in 1873, Coors was one of the earliest breweries in Colorado. Originally a small stone building, it grew to be an industrial complex that is now the largest single-source brewery in the world. Coors eventually branched out into porcelain and ceramic production of cooking utensils, chemical porcelain and flatware—all of which sustained the company during the Prohibition era. Tours of the brewery are a popular tourist attraction in present-day Golden.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>While industry was thriving in the 1870s, Golden was also experiencing growth as an intellectual hub of Colorado. Three colleges were built: Jarvis Hall, Matthews Hall, and Colorado School of Mines. Founded in 1873–74 by Bishop George M. Randall, the School of Mines is the only mining school that still exists. Specializing in engineering and applied science, it is recognized as a world-class institution.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1876, when Colorado became a state, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> replaced Golden as the capital. While many locals were outraged, industry in Golden was largely unaffected. The city remained the seat of Jefferson County and the county built an impressive new courthouse in 1990. The <strong>National Renewable Energy Laboratory</strong> (NREL) was also built in Golden during the energy crisis of the 1970s. The city has since expanded and remains a center for industry, education, and now tourism, with sites such as the kayak park at Clear Creek. It has preserved its small-town feel even as it is now part of the expanding Denver suburbs.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wirth-kathryn" hreflang="und">Wirth, Kathryn</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden" hreflang="en">golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/city-golden" hreflang="en">city of golden</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden-colorado" hreflang="en">golden colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-golden-colorado" hreflang="en">history of golden colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/golden-history" hreflang="en">golden history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-golden" hreflang="en">history of golden</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carole Lomond, <em>Jefferson County, Colorado: A Unique &amp; Eventful History</em> (Golden, CO: Views Publishing Company, 2009).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.cityofgolden.net/">City of Golden</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>William Wyckoff, <em>Creating Colorado: The Making of a Western American Landscape, 1860–1940</em> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.goldenhistory.org/">Golden History Museums</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Golden Pioneer Museum, <em>Images of America: Golden, Colorado </em>(Great Britain: Arcadia, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Visit Golden, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/golden-denvers-closest-mountain-town">Golden: Tours, Museums &amp; More in the World's Biggest Little Beer Town</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 16 Nov 2015 21:11:08 +0000 yongli 928 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org