%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en La Plata County http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1709--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1709.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/la-plata-county"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_La_Plata_County.svg__0.png?itok=qUkGuYii" width="1090" height="789" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/la-plata-county" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>La Plata County, named for one of the three rivers flowing through it, includes the town of Durango as well as the Southern Ute Reservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1702--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1702.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/la-plata-county-google-map"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/LaPlata_0.jpg?itok=2mTvCCng" width="1090" height="920" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/la-plata-county-google-map" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">La Plata County on Google Map</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/La+Plata+County,+CO/@37.3198878,-108.2114304,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x873ea2e07d71ceb9:0x1bb386c94972c67d!8m2!3d37.2125857!4d-107.763621">La Plata County</a>, named for one of the three rivers flowing through it, includes the town of Durango as well as the Southern Ute Reservation.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span 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<time datetime="2016-08-16T10:31:09-06:00" title="Tuesday, August 16, 2016 - 10:31" class="datetime">Tue, 08/16/2016 - 10:31</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/la-plata-county" data-a2a-title="La Plata County"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fla-plata-county&amp;title=La%20Plata%20County"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>La Plata County covers 1,700 square miles in southwest Colorado. It is named for the La Plata River and La Plata Mountains, both of which are named for the Spanish word for “silver.” La Plata County is bordered to the north by <a href="/article/san-juan-county"><strong>San Juan County</strong></a>, to the east by <strong><a href="/article/hinsdale-county">Hinsdale</a></strong> and <strong><a href="/article/archuleta-county">Archuleta</a> </strong>counties, to the south by the state of New Mexico, to the west by <a href="/article/montezuma-county"><strong>Montezuma County</strong></a>, and to the northwest by <a href="/article/dolores-county"><strong>Dolores County</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>La Plata County has a population of 53,989. <strong>Durango</strong>, the county seat, was a major supply, processing, and shipping depot for mines in the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Today, the town is a popular tourist destination and has a population of 17,557. Just south of Durango and covering the southern third of the county are the <strong>Southern Ute </strong>and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Ute</strong></a> Reservations, the only tribal reservations in Colorado. US Route 160 is the county’s major east–west highway, linking Bayfield in the east, Durango, and <strong>Mancos</strong> in Montezuma County to the west. US Route 550 is the major north–south highway, running from San Juan County in the north, through Durango, and into New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Three major rivers flow southward through La Plata County from the San Juan Mountains: the La Plata River in the west, the <a href="/article/animas-river"><strong>Animas</strong></a> in the middle, and the <strong>Los Piños </strong>in the east. The La Plata River exits the mountains near the community of Mayday, flows past the small town of Hesperus, and runs along State Highway 140 through the county’s sparsely populated western flank. The Animas River runs out of San Juan County to the north, through Durango, and is shadowed by US Route 550 all the way to New Mexico. The Los Piños River flows out of the San Juans in northeastern La Plata County and runs through the towns of Bayfield and <strong>Ignacio</strong> before it runs into New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indigenous People</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Pueblo</strong></a> peoples occupied the area near present-day Durango by the mid-eighth century. They were part of a larger pattern of Ancestral Puebloan settlement spanning from southeastern Utah to the Animas River Valley. About 4,500 people lived in the region, mostly in hamlets of one or two households. As in the <a href="/article/mesa-verde-national-park-archaeology-and-history"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> region to the west, Ancestral Puebloan occupation of the La Plata County area ended with a massive southward migration around AD 1300.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By AD 1500, the La Plata County area was occupied by two bands of Utes—the Weenuche, or “long time ago people,” and the Capote, whose name may have come from the Spanish word for “cloak” or “cape.” The Utes lived off the natural wealth of Colorado’s mountains and river valleys, hunting elk, deer, jackrabbit, and other game. They also gathered a wide assortment of wild berries and roots, including the versatile yucca root. The Weenuche in the La Plata County area moved with the seasons, following game into the high country during the summer and wintering along the lower stretches of the three rivers. The Utes used many trails on their seasonal journeys throughout southwest Colorado—for instance, the route now known as the Old Ute Trail connected the sites of present-day Ignacio, Hesperus, and Towaoc.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Spanish Era</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>By the early seventeenth century, the northern frontier of New Spain pressed up against the lands of the Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The Utes’ relationship with the Spaniards was one of alternate raiding and trading, and as early as 1640 they had acquired horses from the Spanish. The animals allowed the Utes, who were already accustomed to ranging across vast territories, to cover even more ground in search of trade or larger populations of game such as buffalo.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In July 1765, the Spanish explorer <a href="/article/juan-antonio-mar%C3%ADa-de-rivera"><strong>Juan Rivera</strong></a> reached the Los Piños River and stumbled across ancient Pueblo buildings, which the Spaniards thought contained evidence of gold casting. They trekked on to the Animas River near present-day Durango, where a Ute guide named Wolfskin had promised to meet them but failed to show up. From there, Rivera headed north into the mountains to search for silver but found none. On the way back to New Mexico, Rivera’s party found Wolfskin camping along the La Plata River near present-day Hesperus. The guide led the party into the mountains on a brief and unsuccessful search for silver. In the fall, Rivera crossed the La Plata County area again, and with the help of various Ute tribes he was able to reach the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rivera and his expedition carved out a route for future traders and explorers, such as the friars <strong>Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Dominguez</strong>. In July 1776, the friars were dispatched to find an overland passage from Santa Fé to Monterey, California. After following Rivera’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/old-spanish-national-historic-trail"><strong>old route</strong></a> through present-day Archuleta, La Plata, Montezuma, Dolores, and <a href="/article/san-miguel-county"><strong>San Miguel</strong></a> counties, Dominguez and Escalante pushed northeast into the Gunnison Valley and then northwest into Utah. In October a punishing blizzard forced them to head back to Santa Fé.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Spanish era of La Plata County history ended when Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. At the conclusion of the Mexican-American War (1846–48), the area became US territory.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Anglo-American Settlement</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The ruggedness of the San Juan Mountains kept most Anglo-Americans out of the La Plata County area until 1860. That year, a prospecting party led by <strong>Charles Baker</strong> arrived in the upper Animas River valley and found several small gold deposits near present-day Silverton. Just before the winter storms hit, the party followed the river down to the area north of present-day Durango and set up a small village called Animas City.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By 1861, when the US government organized the <a href="/article/colorado-territory"><strong>Colorado Territory</strong></a>, news of Baker’s find had spread across the Rockies. In April Baker and several hundred other prospectors returned to the gold-bearing ground along the upper Animas, now referred to as Baker’s Park. But the miners had ascended too soon, and as the weather worsened, they were forced to quickly stake claims and head back to Animas City. They returned in May, but by June it was evident that there wasn’t as much gold as Baker originally thought. Meanwhile, the Utes had expressed their displeasure at the recent white incursion by burning Animas City to the ground.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Baker and about 600 other disenchanted miners left later that year. White Coloradans did not return to the San Juans for almost a decade, and in the meantime, southwest Colorado became part of a 12-million-acre reservation for the Utes via the <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a>. In 1870, however, a prospecting party led by Adnah French, Dempsey Reese, and Miles T. Johnson sought to follow up on the Baker discovery and reoccupied Animas City. Instead of merely panning for gold in the streams of Baker’s Park, the party pursued the mother vein within the mountains. Within weeks they had found it and set up the Little Giant Mine. As with Baker’s discovery, more miners followed, and by 1872, multiple operations were pulling some $30,000 in gold and silver ore out of the San Juans.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>County Establishment</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a> operations complicated enforcement of the 1868 treaty, which had banned all whites from the Ute reservation in western Colorado. Fearing another Animas City–type episode, miners in the area of today’s San Juan County called for the US government to negotiate a new treaty with the Native Americans. In the 1873 <a href="/article/brunot-agreement"><strong>Brunot Agreement</strong></a> the Utes ceded 3.5 million acres of the San Juan Mountains to the United States in exchange for annual payments of $25,000. The cession left a narrow strip of land at the southern end of the state for the Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes. This land became the Southern Ute Indian Reservation. In 1877 an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agency</strong></a>—where the Ute people went to receive money and supplies from the government—was established on the Los Piños River near the present site of Ignacio.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Brunot Agreement and mining settlements in the San Juans paved the way for the establishment of La Plata County in 1874. Originally, La Plata County occupied an area about four times its current size in the southwest corner of Colorado; the northern half became San Juan County in 1876 and the western portion of the southern half became Montezuma County in 1889.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Animas City and Durango</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Animas City was formally reestablished south of its original location in 1874–75, populated by <a href="/article/homestead"><strong>homesteaders</strong></a>. The town had about 3,000 residents by the time it incorporated in 1878. Anticipating the arrival of <a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer"><strong>William Jackson Palmer</strong></a>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong>, Animas City hiked up its land prices. But instead of building his line there, Palmer established his own town, Durango, to the south of Animas City on September 13, 1880.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>As with <a href="/article/colorado-springs"><strong>Colorado Springs</strong></a>, Palmer had Durango completely mapped out in his head before his railroad arrived. He set up a smelter to process the ore that his railroad would ship south from the mines of San Juan County as well as coal mines to fuel the smelter and a hotel to accommodate what would surely be a huge number of visitors. By December 1880, only a few months after it was established, the city had a population of 2,500. Always attuned to his cities’ recreational needs, Palmer also included two parks in Durango’s design and made sure to promote his rail line to<strong> <a href="/article/silverton-0">Silverton</a></strong> as a tourist attraction when it opened in 1882.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A devastating fire in 1889, an economic downturn caused by a crash in silver prices in 1893, and a strike at the local smelter in 1899 all tested Durango’s resolve, but the city recovered and had a population of 3,400 by 1900. The smelter was still the largest employer in town. Though it consisted mostly of northern European and Anglo-Protestants or Anglo-Catholics, the county population was becoming more diverse. Immigrants from Austria and Italy began arriving in greater numbers after 1880. Census takers in 1900 recorded seventeen African Americans in Durango but overlooked a thriving community of Hispano coal miners, teamsters, and smelter workers.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Changes on Ute Reservation</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite Palmer’s vision for a clean, respectable metropolis, all was not orderly and beautiful in Durango’s early days. On June 23, 1882, for instance, convicted murderer George Woods was hanged in public. Palmer also did not ask permission before setting up construction camps and laying railroad tracks through the Southern Ute Reservation, which angered the Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Many Durango residents made it clear that they wanted the Southern Ute bands removed to New Mexico, just as the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Northern Ute</strong></a> bands had been forced into Utah. To build their case, whites in La Plata County falsely accused the Native Americans of stealing cattle and other crimes. Nevertheless, there was some friendly interaction between Utes and Durango’s white population. The Ute leader <a href="/article/buckskin-charley"><strong>Buckskin Charley</strong></a> (Sapiah), for instance, always received a warm welcome in the city and decried Ute violence against white residents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Despite the occasional friendly encounter, tension continued to mount between the Utes and Anglo-Americans. In 1880 <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a> was moved from <a href="/article/pagosa-springs-0"><strong>Pagosa Springs</strong></a> to Hesperus to help keep the peace between whites and Native Americans. In 1881, fed up with what it saw as the government’s attempts to accommodate the Utes, the <em>Durango Democrat</em> called for a local militia of “cowboys, miners and pioneers” to “march against” the Utes and “not return until . . . the tribe has been annihilated.” Despite the paper’s racist rancor, no such militia was raised.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The federal government did eventually coerce the Utes onto a smaller reservation. In 1887 Congress passed the <a href="/article/dawes-act-general-allotment-act"><strong>Dawes Act</strong></a>, which required that Native American land be divided into individual plots. In 1895 the government greatly reduced the size of the Southern Ute Reservation and Congress passed the <strong>Hunter Act</strong>, which imposed the terms of the Dawes Act on the Southern Ute bands. Southern Colorado’s Utes reacted to the act in different ways. The Weenuche rejected the allotment and chose to manage their land collectively, as they had always done. The Weenuche under <strong>Chief Ignacio</strong> moved to the western part of the newly formed Consolidated (Southern) Ute Reservation, and their land became the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation. Meanwhile, by 1906, many members of the Capote and Muache bands accepted the individual allotments and remained on the Southern Ute Reservation, which now occupies 1,059 square miles from eastern Montezuma County to central Archuleta County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>San Juan National Forest</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Besides changes to the Utes, there were land management changes. President Theodore Roosevelt created the San Juan National Forest in 1905, with Durango as its headquarters. The forest’s first rangers were charged with monitoring sheep and cattle grazing, a task that required them to balance the priority of conserving the natural environment with respecting the livelihood of ranchers. For example, Ray C. Montgomery, a forest ranger who served north of Durango from 1915–20, once wrote that “the time of the small sawmill man or the poor Mexican with a little bunch of sheep is as important and as valuable to him as ours is to us.” Today, the San Juan National Forest covers 1.8 million acres, including the northern half of La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Agriculture, Depression, and Recovery</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the first few decades of the twentieth century, the La Plata County economy also underwent a large-scale transition. As the stressful work of the San Juan National Forest rangers suggests, sheep and cattle ranching had been an important part of the county economy since its founding. But those early ranchers, as well as early farmers, mostly supplied the mining industry, the backbone of the county economy. But as mining declined after the turn of the century, La Plata County farmers put some 360,000 additional acres into cultivation by 1925. National prices did not hold up, however, and residents of rural La Plata County struggled to get by. The Great Depression of the 1930s, punctuated by the closure of the Durango smelter in 1930, exacerbated their economic plight. Some ranchers had their sheep repossessed by the banks, while others, such as Mary Petty and her husband, managed to hold on to their herds.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><strong><a href="/article/new-deal-colorado">New Deal</a> </strong>projects such as the infrastructure work of the Works Progress Administration, public lands work by the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a>, and a dam on the Los Piños River helped lift the county out of the Depression. In addition, during World War II, the US government secretly used the Durango smelter to produce <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> for the Manhattan Project, its clandestine nuclear bomb program. Durango residents were not told of the project until after the military dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the decades after being shouldered aside by Palmer and his railroad in 1880, the small town of Animas City fought its southern neighbor for railroad rights-of-way and water rights until it finally merged with Durango in 1948. Today, the town is home to the Animas Museum, which resides in an old schoolhouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Lewis College</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Like the county’s people, land, and cities, Fort Lewis also underwent multiple changes in the twentieth century. The fort had been decommissioned in 1891 and served as an off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans until 1911. That year it was transformed into an agricultural and mechanical school with both Indian and white students. The school became a two-year college in the 1930s and moved to its present location in Durango in 1956. <a href="/article/fort-lewis-college"><strong>Fort Lewis College</strong></a> began awarding four-year bachelor’s degrees in 1964.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Utes in the Twentieth Century</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The twentieth century also brought changes to La Plata County’s Ute population. The combined population of the Ute Mountain and Southern Ute tribes stood at just 813 in 1930, but by 2000, it had grown to more than 9,500. With 695 members, the Southern Ute Tribe was the most numerous in La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early decades of the century, outbreaks of diseases such as <a href="/article/tuberculosis-colorado"><strong>tuberculosis</strong></a>, venereal disease, Spanish flu, and measles were common. The importance and proficiency of Muache and Capote medicine men declined with the introduction of Western Medicine, and many Weenuches remained skeptical of white health care facilities. Muache and Capote patients regularly visited a new hospital that opened in Ignacio in 1933.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ute leadership underwent a transition in 1936. John Miller, the successor to the Weenuche chief Ignacio, died in 1936 along with the Muache chief Buckskin Charley. The passage of these leaders, together with the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934, led to a new age of government for the Southern Ute and Ute Mountain Ute Tribes. The Ute Mountain Ute leadership fiercely resisted the IRA at first, but by 1940, both tribes had approved constitutions and elected tribal councils.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the early 1990s, the Southern Ute tribe has expanded its on- and off-reservation economic activities to include oil and gas developments, casinos, and support of local nonprofit organizations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Today, the Southern Ute Tribe is the largest employer in La Plata County, furnishing 1,500 jobs. The Sky Ute Lodge and Casino in Ignacio opened in 2008 and provides between 400 and 450 jobs. Other major employment sectors include health care—Mercy Medical provides 625 jobs—and education, including the Durango School District and Fort Lewis College. The Durango &amp; Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad remains a prominent tourist attraction, as does the city’s historic downtown district.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Agriculture also continues to play an important role in La Plata County. The county is ranked third in the state in the number of horses, donkeys, and mules. Some 11,600 head of cattle and 700 sheep are raised in the county. The county is also home to 4,253 bee colonies, the second largest in the state, although the beekeeping business has recently been stung by the nationwide epidemic of colony collapse disorder.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/durango" hreflang="en">Durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute" hreflang="en">southern ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-reservation" hreflang="en">Southern Ute Reservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-durango" hreflang="en">history of durango</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/animas-museum" hreflang="en">animas museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-pinos-river" hreflang="en">los pinos river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-river" hreflang="en">la plata river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/animas-river" hreflang="en">Animas River</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southwest-colorado" hreflang="en">southwest colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis-college" hreflang="en">fort lewis college</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-lewis" hreflang="en">Fort Lewis</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute" hreflang="en">ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/la-plata-county-history" hreflang="en">la plata county history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Bond, “<a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5283889.pdf">History of the San Juan National Forest</a>,” US Forest Service, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Carson, <em>Across the Northern Frontier: Spanish Explorations in Colorado </em>(Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.scan.org/uploads/2011_CEDS_laplata.pdf">Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy 2011</a>,” La Plata County.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Peter R. Decker, “<em>The Utes Must Go!”: American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.skyutecasino.com/about/careers/">Employment</a>,” Sky Ute Casino Resort, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Olivia Everett, “<a href="https://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/finding_aids/inventory/AnimasCity.htm">Collection M 120: Animas City (Colo.) government records draft inventory—Historical Note</a>,” ed. Todd Ellison (Durango, CO: Center of Southwest Studies, Fort Lewis College), last modified January 24, 2008.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.fortlewis.edu/master-plan/ExistingConditions/HistoryofFortLewisCollege.aspx">General history of Fort Lewis College</a>,” Fort Lewis College, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.utemountainutetribe.com/">Honeyville casts net to keep up</a>,” <em>Durango Herald</em>, February 14, 2012.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/natural-resources/lands/assignments/living-in-la-plata-county/">Living in La Plata County</a>,” Southern Utah Indian Tribe, n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Jill Seyfarth and Ruth Lambert, <em>Pioneers, Prospectors and Trout: A Historic Context For La Plata County, Colorado </em>(Durango, CO: La Plata County and Colorado State Historical Fund, 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Durango Diary </em>(Durango, CO: Herald Press, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane A. Smith, <em>Durango Diary II </em>(Durango, CO: Durango Herald Small Press, 2007).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.southernute-nsn.gov/">The Southern Ute Indian Tribe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p> “<a href="https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/">2012 Census of Agriculture County Profile: La Plata County Colorado</a>,” US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard K. Young, <em>The Ute Indians of Colorado in the Twentieth Century </em>(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.animasmuseum.org/">Animas Museum</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.durango.org/">City of Durango</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.durangotrain.com/">Durango &amp; Silverton Railroad</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.co.laplata.co.us/">La Plata County</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Paul M. O’Rourke, <a href="https://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/new_documents/co4.Par.36501.File.dat/orourke.pdf"><em>Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwest Colorado</em></a> (Denver: US Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, 1992).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, “<a href="https://www.cozine.com:8443/2015-january/indian-agencies-colorado">Indian Agencies in Colorado</a>,” Colorado Central Magazine, January 1, 2015, cozine.com.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.skyutecasino.com/">Sky Ute Casino Resort</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Sky Ute Casino, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/6-ways-enjoy-sky-ute-casino-resort-southwest-colorado">6 Ways to Enjoy Sky Ute Casino Resort in Southwest Colorado</a>," Colordo Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.colorado.gov/ignacio">Town of Ignacio</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.utemountainutetribe.com/">Ute Mountain Ute Tribe</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frederic B. Wildfang, <em>La Plata: Tri-cultural Traditions in the Upper San Juan Basin </em>(Chicago: Arcadia, 2002).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 16 Aug 2016 16:31:09 +0000 yongli 1701 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Brunot Agreement http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Brunot Agreement</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1409--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1409.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ouray-and-subchiefs-1873"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Brunot-Agreement_0.jpg?itok=a5rOSC3Z" width="1000" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ouray-and-subchiefs-1873" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ouray and subchiefs, 1873</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ute Indians and agents in Washington, DC after conclusion of the 1873 Brunot Agreement. Front row, left to right: Guero, Chipeta, Ouray, and Piah; second row: Uriah M. Curtis, James B. Thompson, Charles Adams, and Otto Mears; back row: Washington, Susan (Ouray’s sister), Johnson, Jack, and John.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1410--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1410.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-camp-los-pinos"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/10025071_0.jpg?itok=r97qtfJy" width="1000" height="571" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-camp-los-pinos" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Camp at Los Pinos</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Ute camp at <a href="/article/los-pinos-indian-agency"><strong>Los Pinos Agency</strong></a>, 1874.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" 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field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2016-05-18T14:41:15-06:00" title="Wednesday, May 18, 2016 - 14:41" class="datetime">Wed, 05/18/2016 - 14:41</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/brunot-agreement" data-a2a-title="Brunot Agreement"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbrunot-agreement&amp;title=Brunot%20Agreement"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Brunot Agreement between the Nuche<strong>&nbsp;</strong>(<strong><a href="/search/google/ute">Ute</a></strong>)&nbsp;and the US government in 1873 led to the development of mining in&nbsp;the <a href="/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> by taking&nbsp;3.7 million acres (about 5,780 square miles) from the Ute Reservation in western Colorado. As white encroachment continued over the next decade, tensions escalated and the Utes were eventually force-marched to&nbsp;Utah in 1881.</p> <p>Unlike previous agreements between the US government and Native Americans, the Brunot Agreement was not a <a href="/article/indigenous-treaties-colorado"><strong>treaty</strong></a>; treaties were considered to be agreements between sovereign nations, and the US government no longer recognized Indigenous&nbsp;sovereignty <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-appropriations-act-1871"><strong>after 1871</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Origins</h2> <p>Miners first made their way into the San Juan Mountains in 1860–61, but it was not until 1869 that valuable minerals were discovered and not until 1871–72 that mine development took place. The <strong><a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868">Treaty of 1868</a> </strong>put the San Juan Mountains within a Ute reservation that encompassed almost the entire western third of Colorado. Although off limits to non-Indians, prospectors and miners entered the region. The growing mining activity drew the attention of the Utes, who were unhappy about the incursions but not openly hostile.</p> <h2>First Negotiations</h2> <p>Realizing the importance of the minerals, the federal government began negotiating with the Utes in 1872 to have the San Juan Mountains ceded from the reservation. The first attempt at an agreement was a dismal failure. In 1872 John D. Lang of Maine,<strong> <a href="/article/colorado-territory">Colorado territorial</a></strong> governor <a href="/article/edward-m-mccook"><strong>Edward M. McCook</strong></a>, and John McDonald of Missouri were appointed commissioners to carry out the negotiations, which began at the <a href="/article/los-pi%C3%B1os-indian-agency"><strong>Los Piños Indian Agency</strong></a> on August 26, 1872. Although not an official member of the commission, <strong>Felix R. Brunot</strong>, Chairman of the Board of Indian Commissioners, was present. Nearly all of the Ute bands, as well as the Jicarilla Apache, were represented by headmen, and the government recognized Chief <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, a Tabeguache Ute, as the overall Ute leader. The meeting also included numerous government officials and almost all the <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agents</strong></a> of the respective bands. Suspicious of government and territorial officials, the Utes flatly refused to sell any of their reservation, wanting only that the government live up to its obligations of the Treaty of 1868 by removing trespassers.</p> <h2>Second Negotiations</h2> <p>Despite the Utes’ distrust of Brunot during negotiations, he had private conversations with Ouray in which he discovered that Ouray’s only son had been taken captive by the Lakota and traded to the<strong> Arapaho</strong>. Using this information, Brunot succeeded in finding a young man he thought was Ouray’s son, whom he promised to return to Ouray. In return, Ouray reassured Brunot that the Utes would agree to cede the mining lands in the San Juan Mountains.</p> <p>Charles A. Adams, the agent at Los Piños, and <strong>Jerome B. Chaffee</strong>, delegate to Congress from Colorado, worked to have Brunot appointed to a new commission to negotiate the land cession. Brunot and Nathan Bishop of the Board of Indian Commissioners were appointed on June 2, 1873. On June 25, before the negotiations, Ouray and Adams went to Cheyenne to finalize arrangements with Brunot. Brunot planned to bring Ouray’s son with him to the negotiations.</p> <p>Brunot was delayed by waiting for Ouray’s son to arrive. Bishop was also unable to join him, so Brunot, secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners Thomas K. Cree, and Spanish interpreter James Phillips finally arrived at the Los Piños Agency on September 5, 1873. Ouray acted as the Ute interpreter for each of the Ute bands, all of which were represented by headmen except the White River Utes, whose leaders had left because of the delay. Representatives of the Jicarilla Apache were also present. Upon his arrival, Brunot learned that the Indians were unhappy about the delay and that Ouray was disappointed to have not been reunited with his son.</p> <p>Before negotiations began, several days were spent deflecting questions from Shavano of the Tabeguache about the eastern and southern reservation boundaries, the desire of the Muache and Capote bands to remain in New Mexico, and a request for Brunot’s intervention on behalf of the Jicarilla Apache in New Mexico. In these matters, Brunot was far from forthcoming and rather deceitful, brushing issues aside in order to get to the real point of the negotiations: the land cession. Brunot spent considerable time ingratiating himself with the Utes, attempting to convince them that he was trustworthy. Although Ouray noted that “they [miners and other Utes] say the man who comes to make the treaty will go off to the States, and it will all be as they [the government] want it,” he indicated that Brunot had convinced him of his trustworthiness.</p> <h2>Finalizing the Agreement</h2> <p>Brunot quickly discovered that the Utes were willing to sell only the existing mines, so long as no houses or permanent settlements were established and only a single road provided access. To the Utes’ surprise, Brunot declined to negotiate on those terms, knowing that trespasses were certain. A keen negotiator, Brunot asked the Utes what the boundary line should be around land that they would cede. He convinced the Utes it would be better to sell their land rather than lose it by force with no compensation. He proposed that an agency be established in the southern portion of the reservation for the Muache and Capote, that the Utes could continue to go onto the plains to hunt bison, and that the land west of the ceded portion remain in Ute hands to connect the southern and northern parts of the reservation.</p> <p>After Ouray consulted with the Ute bands, Brunot offered $25,000 per year forever in exchange for the mountains. Ouray pointed out that the abundant game in the mountains was important, so Brunot agreed that the Utes could continue to hunt on the land that they sold. Brunot then added a $1,000 yearly salary for Ouray. On September 13, 1873, all of the principal men of the Utes signed the agreement, providing that representatives of the different bands visit the land being sold to make certain that it contained only mining land and no farmland. In accordance with the agreement, Cree, Adams, and Dolan accompanied several Utes on a weeklong inspection journey, which confirmed that little or no agricultural land was included in the cession. As a result, the remaining Utes at the agency signed the agreement, and a copy was sent to the White River, <a href="/article/denver-special-indian-agency"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Cimarron, and Tierra Amarilla agencies to be signed by other Utes. Ouray and a delegation of Utes carried the agreement to Washington in October 1873, and Congress approved it on April 24, 1874.</p> <p>The ceded land boundary began on the eastern boundary of the Ute Reservation fifteen miles north of the southern boundary of Colorado, then ran west parallel with the southern boundary to a point twenty miles east of the western boundary of Colorado. The boundary then ran north parallel to the western boundary for ten miles to the 38th parallel, east to the eastern boundary of the reservation, and then south along the boundary to the first point. Uncompahgre Park, valley land on the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong> just north of the current town of <a href="/article/ouray-town"><strong>Ouray</strong></a>, was to be excluded from the ceded land. The Weenuche, Capote, and Muache Utes retained the southern part of the reservation for their own use, and an agency was to be established for them when the president deemed it expedient.</p> <h2>Aftermath</h2> <p>With completion of the agreement, the San Juan Mountains saw a mining rush that resulted in many towns being established in 1874 and 1875, including <a href="/article/silverton"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>. When the boundaries of the ceded lands were surveyed, the surveyor failed to exclude Uncompahgre Park, and it was quickly settled, much to the dissatisfaction of the Utes. Seeing the abundant farm and grazing land that surrounded the ceded territory, the Colorado citizenry became even more covetous of the Utes’ land, making it only a matter of time before most of the Utes were forced from their Colorado homeland.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/horn-jonathon-c" hreflang="und">Horn, Jonathon C.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/treaty-1868" hreflang="en">Treaty of 1868</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agent" hreflang="en">Indian Agent</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/indian-agency" hreflang="en">Indian Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-reservation" hreflang="en">Southern Ute Reservation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/meeker-massacre" hreflang="en">meeker massacre</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capote-ute" hreflang="en">Capote Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/muache-ute" hreflang="en">Muache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/weeminuche-ute" hreflang="en">Weeminuche Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/tabeguache-ute" hreflang="en">Tabeguache Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/uncompahgre-ute" hreflang="en">Uncompahgre Ute</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/los-pinos-agency" hreflang="en">Los Pinos Agency</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/edward-m-mccook" hreflang="en">Edward M. McCook</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to S. H. Elbert, Governor of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, April 28, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Jerome B. Chaffee, Denver, Colorado, April 29, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 7, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 24, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to H. R. Clum, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 16, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles Adams, Indian agent, Los Piños Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 21, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, August 3, 1874” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 18, 1875” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>Henry F. Bond, Indian agent, Los Piños Indian Agency, “Letter to J. Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, May 24, 1876” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>Felix R. Brunot, chairman of the Board of Indian Commissioners, “Letter to Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, May 24, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Jerome B. Chaffee, delegate, Colorado Territory, “Letter to Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, May 15, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary, Board of Indian Commissioners, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 27, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Interview with Ouray, Chief of the Utes, Cheyenne, Wyoming, June 24–25, 1873,” in Report of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe of Indians, October 15, 1873, <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Minutes of the Council Held with the Ute Indians, at Los Piños Agency, Colorado, September 6–12, 1873,” <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Thomas K. Cree, secretary of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, “Report of the Commission to Negotiate with the Ute Tribe of Indians, October 15, 1873,” <em>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1873</em> (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874).</p> <p>Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, “Letter to Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 20, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Charles J. Kappler, compiler, “An Act to Ratify an Agreement with Certain Ute Indians in Colorado, and to Make an Appropriation for Carrying Out the Same, April 29, 1874,” <em>Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties</em>, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904).</p> <p>Allen Nossaman, <em>Many More Mountains</em>, vol. 1: <em>Silverton’s Roots</em> (Durango, CO: Allen Nossaman, 2006).</p> <p>Major William Redwood Price, “Letter to Lt. William J. Sartte, AAA Genl., District of New Mexico, September 7, 1872” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, “Letter to Felix R. Brunot and Nathan Bishop, June 21, 1873” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 203).</p> <p>James B. Thompson, special agent, Special Indian Agency, Denver, “Letter to the President, December 15, 1875” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> <p>J. A. Williamson, Secretary of the Interior, “Letter to J. Q. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, July 24, 1876” (Washington, DC: National Archives, Microcopy 234, Roll 206).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="http://ocs.fortlewis.edu/forestPlan/roundtable/brunotAgreement.pdf">Brunot Agreement, 1874 (text)</a>, Fort Lewis College.<br /> <br /> Peter Decker, <em>“The Utes Must Go!</em>”<em> American Expansion and the Removal of a People</em> (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004).</p> <p>James Jefferson, Robert W. Delaney, and Gregory C. Thompson, <em>The Southern Utes: A Tribal History</em> (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Printing Services, 1972).</p> <p>Jan Petit, <em>Utes, the Mountain People</em> (Boulder, CO: Johnson Printing, 1982).</p> <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 18 May 2016 20:41:15 +0000 yongli 1408 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org