%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Grand Junction http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2215--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2215.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=tUk9b81l" width="1000" height="566" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>With a population of more than 60,000, Grand Junction is the largest city on Colorado's Western Slope. This photo looks northwest over the city, with the Colorado River hidden behind a strip of trees in the foreground. St. Mary's Hospital, one of the largest employers in the region, is the tall rectangular building at center, while the southern slopes of the Roan Plateau spread across the background.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2216--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2216.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/grand-junction-1920s"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=IZgXNsB6" width="1000" height="557" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/grand-junction-1920s" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grand Junction, 1920s</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By the time this photo of a busy downtown Grand Junction was taken - sometime between 1919 and 1926 - the city was already the commercial hub of the Western Slope, drawing produce from the surrounding farmland and hundreds of tourists who came to see Colorado National Monument.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2217--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2217.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/holly-sugar-factory-grand-junction"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Grand-Junction-Media-3_0.jpg?itok=cdTwyqYh" width="1000" height="662" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/holly-sugar-factory-grand-junction" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Holly Sugar Factory, Grand Junction</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1899, the Holly Sugar Factory in Grand Junction was the first such factory built in Colorado. It processed beets into sugar. The factory was shuttered during the Great Depression but reopened in the 1950s as a processing plant for uranium mined elsewhere on the Western Slope.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-24T16:26:14-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 24, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Tue, 01/24/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grand-junction" data-a2a-title="Grand Junction"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgrand-junction&amp;title=Grand%20Junction"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>With a population of nearly 60,000, Grand Junction is the largest city on Colorado’s <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>. The city takes its name from its location at the junction of the <a href="/article/gunnison-river"><strong>Gunnison</strong></a> and <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado</strong></a> (formerly the Grand) Rivers, in the heart of the <strong>Grand Valley</strong>. Grand Junction lies near some of the state’s iconic natural features, including <a href="/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>, <strong>Grand Mesa</strong>, and the <strong>Book Cliffs</strong>. It is the county seat of <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a>.</p><p>Since its establishment in 1881, the city and its surrounding land have been the site of railroads, factories, orchards, highways, and vineyards. Grand Junction’s rapid early growth was due in large part to the agricultural productivity of surrounding communities, such as <strong>Palisade</strong> and <strong>Fruita</strong>, as well as major <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> projects funded by the federal <a href="/article/bureau-reclamation-colorado"><strong>Bureau of Reclamation</strong></a>. In the mid-twentieth century, the city also served as the processing hub for the Western Slope’s <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong></a> mines. Today, tourism and agriculture are the main drivers of the Grand Junction economy as thousands of outdoor recreation enthusiasts visit the city each year to hike, bike, camp, and raft in the area, as well as tour the Grand Valley’s fruit orchards and <strong>wineries</strong>.</p><h2>Early Inhabitants</h2><p>The climate and landscape of the Grand Valley shaped the history of those who lived there, from <a href="/article/paleo-indian-people"><strong>Paleo-Indians</strong></a> and <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-reservation"><strong>Ute</strong></a> people to the earliest white settlers and today’s mixed-ancestry population. The valley has historically hosted large populations of game and is generally warmer than the surrounding plateaus and mountains, making it a prime hunting and wintering area for both humans and animals.</p><p>By 1400 or so the Grand Valley became the homeland of the Ute, who remained the dominant group until their <strong>removal</strong> by the US government in 1880. Although many white Coloradans called for their removal from the state after the <strong>Meeker Massacre</strong> of 1879, the Utes were initially offered a reservation in the Grand Valley that included the present site of Grand Junction. But <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/otto-mears"><strong>Otto Mears</strong></a>, a road builder on the Western Slope who got along well with the Utes and went with a Ute delegation to survey the valley, wanted white settlers to move there instead. Foreseeing a profitable future of road and farm development, Mears convinced the Utes to reject the land as unsuitable for agriculture, and later in 1880 the Utes were forcibly removed to a reservation in Utah. White settlers quickly moved into the valley, eager to take up the Indians’ former lands under the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead"><strong>Homestead Act</strong></a>. Perhaps sooner than he expected, Mears’s vision for the area would become reality.</p><h2>Early Development</h2><p>On September 26, 1881, not even a month after the Utes had left the area, Civil War veteran and experienced town builder <strong>George W. Crawford</strong>—along with William McGinley, J. Clayton Nichols, and four other unidentified men—established the City of Grand Junction. As president of the Grand Junction Town Company, Crawford helped design and build the town’s irrigation ditches, the first of many <a href="/article/grand-valley-irrigation"><strong>irrigation projects in the valley</strong></a>. Three ditches were finished in the city’s first year, kick-starting the local farm and ranch economy.</p><p>The town developed quickly, as hunters, merchants, and developers followed the ranchers and farmers. By January of 1882, Grand Junction had a church, a general store, several local social groups, a newspaper, and a deal to bring the<strong> Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad </strong>(D&amp;RG) into town. The Randall House, a community building that was likely the town’s first brick structure, went up on the corner of Fifth and Main Streets later that year along with the two-story Mandel Opera House. The first D&amp;RG train arrived in November 1882. Crawford and other founders laid out plans for parks, schools, and local government. The town’s first schoolteacher was Nannie Blain, who moved from <strong>Cañon City</strong> in the early 1880s. By 1886, Grand Junction had several hundred residents. The societal structure was similar to Denver at the time, with many more men than women and most residents in their twenties and thirties. A Colorado business directory listed fifty-nine businesses in Grand Junction in 1883.</p><p>Farmer <strong>Elam Blain</strong> harvested the Grand Valley’s first fruit crop in 1884, taking advantage of the area’s mild winters and long growing season. Soon, the valley was home to dozens of apple, pear, apricot, cherry, and peach orchards. By 1900 the <strong>fruit industry</strong> was booming, using Grand Junction as a shipping hub to send its produce to far-off metropolises such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Ranchers, too, shipped their cattle from the city’s railroad <a href="/article/grand-junction-depot"><strong>depot</strong></a>. Less than two decades after its establishment, Grand Junction had grown to a population of 3,503 residents and 181 businesses.</p><h2>Social Life</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_0.jpg?itok=8LxlBaFT">&nbsp; </a><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/stranges-grocery-today"><img class="image-large" style="float:right;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_1.jpg" alt="Stranges Grocery Today " width="480" height="320"></a> Early Grand Junction was home to people of many professions and backgrounds. Hunting clubs and women’s groups were among the earliest social organizations, and residents could enjoy opera, plays, and musical performances, such as those by the Grand Junction Coronet Band. Italian railroad workers and their families established a thriving community in the southwest downtown district during the 1880s; one of Little Italy’s most prominent businesses was <a href="/image/stranges-grocery-today"><strong>Stranges Grocery</strong></a>, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><p>In 1885 <a href="/article/henry-teller"><strong>Henry M. Teller</strong></a>, US senator from Colorado, secured federal funds to build an off-reservation Indian boarding school in Grand Junction. The city’s local school expanded into a brick building in 1887, while the region’s first Fruit Fair took place in 1890. That year Barney Kennedy oversaw the installment of a narrow-gauge, horse-drawn trolley rail system that ran along Main Street from First to Seventh Streets. Meanwhile, stagecoaches and passenger trains took people to and from outlying communities such as <strong>Palisade</strong>, <strong>De Beque</strong>, and <strong>Parachute</strong>. One of the most popular early lodging places was the <strong>Brunswick Hotel</strong>, which was built in 1886 and hosted social and political events in addition to travelers.</p><h2>Agricultural Expansion</h2><p>Farming and ranching powered Grand Junction’s early boom days, but by the turn of the twentieth century town officials were ready to take their agricultural economy to the next level. In 1899 Charles Mitchell, <strong>Charles Boettcher</strong>, Charles Cox, and John Campion brought the <a href="/article/sugar-beet-industry"><strong>sugar beet industry</strong></a> to Colorado when they created the Colorado Sugar Manufacturing Company and built the state’s first beet-processing factory in Grand Junction. Cox, a resident of Mesa County, was instrumental in securing the city’s support for the factory.</p><p>While the factory was being built, Mesa County Immigration Commissioner A. A. Miller published a promotional booklet designed to entice sugar beet farmers to the area, calling Grand Junction “Queen City of the Western Slope.” Miller assured would-be settlers that an annual beet crop was certain and that the crop would sell at “a fixed price.” Miller had simple, urgent advice for potential immigrants: “Secure your land at once and start the plow.” As Miller and other city officials expected, sugar beets become one of the foundational crops propelling growth in Grand Junction, and the city’s population jumped from 3,503 in 1900 to 7,754 by 1910.</p><p>The new sugar beet crop as well as the fruit industry benefited greatly from the Highline Canal, a federally sponsored irrigation project completed in the early twentieth century. In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt created the Bureau of Reclamation, a federal agency responsible for engineering <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> allocation projects in the American west. To the relief of Grand Valley farmers, the bureau soon lent its support to the struggling canal project, and the first irrigation water was delivered in 1915. The project would eventually irrigate more than 40,000 acres, expanding the fruit industry and enabling farmers to grow greater variety of crops, including corn and wheat.</p><h2>A Monumental Boost</h2><p>As its agricultural economy diversified after the turn of the century, Grand Junction also gained one of the state’s most iconic natural attractions with the creation of Colorado National Monument in 1911. The movement to create the monument began with quirky outdoorsman <strong>John Otto</strong>, who came to the Grand Valley in 1906 and fell in love with the red-tinged landscape of canyons, mesas, and sandstone spires west of Grand Junction. On his own with two burros, Otto built a network of trails through the scenic country and began lobbying for its preservation as a national park.</p><p>Otto soon gained the support of Grand Junction officials and newspapers, and local lobbying efforts culminated with President William Taft’s declaration of the national monument on May 24, 1911. Thanks to Otto’s diligent trail-building, visitors could immediately begin exploring the new monument, and Grand Junction suddenly had a world-class tourism attraction to augment its robust agricultural economy.</p><h2>Depression and Recovery</h2><p>Although it was established in Grand Junction, the center of Colorado’s sugar beet industry soon shifted to the Eastern Slope, where vast beet fields watered by the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte</strong></a> and Arkansas Rivers outproduced Grand Valley farmers. The price of sugar dropped, and the Grand Junction beet factory was eventually forced to close during the Great Depression, though moisture from surrounding mountains helped insulate the rest of the valley’s agricultural industry from the hardship that many other farming communities faced.</p><p>In addition to abundant water, federal relief agencies played a critical role in helping Grand Junction through the Great Depression. In fact, the <strong>Resettlement Administration</strong>, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a>, had an office in Grand Junction and brought unemployed families to the area to make a new start in farming. Other New Deal programs provided additional relief. The <strong>Works Progress Administration</strong> and <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> provided jobs improving local irrigation infrastructure and building <a href="/article/rim-rock-drive"><strong>Rim Rock Drive</strong></a>, a twenty-three-mile scenic road that cuts through Colorado National Monument.</p><p>During and immediately following World War II, the federal government continued to fuel Grand Junction’s economic growth. In 1943 the US War Department bought a fifty-four-acre site in Grand Junction and built a refinery that produced uranium oxide for the government’s nuclear weapons program. After the war, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) coordinated uranium mining in western Colorado through its offices in Grand Junction, and profits from the uranium industry propelled personal incomes in Grand Junction above the national average. In 1950 the Climax Uranium Company converted the old sugar beet factory into a processing plant for uranium ores mined in the <strong>Paradox Valley</strong>. By 1954 Grand Junction had fifteen uranium companies and dozens of mining and mine supply companies. The Climax plant operated until 1970, when the price of uranium dropped and the industry became unviable.</p><h2>Education and Tourism</h2><p>While Grand Junction struggled during the Great Depression of the early 1930s and the uranium bust of the 1970s, the city continued to develop both culturally and economically. Adding to the city’s rich cultural tradition was the establishment of the Lowell School, a junior college, in 1925. In 1937 the school was renamed Mesa College and had expanded its educational offerings. Groups such as the Rotary Club, Women’s Club, Fortnightly Club, and the Lions Club contributed books to the college’s library at Houston Hall, and the campus was also the site of social and political activism. The college added a bachelor’s program in 1974 and master’s program in 1988. Today it enrolls more than 10,500 students as <strong>Colorado Mesa University</strong> (CMU).</p><p>As CMU developed into one of the premier educational institutions on the Western Slope, tourism became one of Grand Junction’s most profitable industries. Using the city as a base, visitors explored Colorado National Monument, Grand Mesa, and other natural attractions. In promotional literature during the 1930s, the Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce touted the scenic views of Rim Rock Drive, claimed that the Grand Valley had “more sunshine than in the Florida resort area,” and extolled the beauty of Grand Mesa, a “majestic playground” that “is incomparable in mountain scenery.”</p><p>To augment tourism and attract new residents, Grand Junction restructured its downtown area in 1962. Main Street was adjusted to have larger sidewalks, potted plants, and more foliage. The pedestrian mall encouraged people to walk, shop, and spend time downtown. The Grand Junction Commission on Arts and Culture was formed in 1990 to support the area’s artistic resources and cultural activities. Renovations and renewed support for the arts added to the city’s charm, attracting visitors as well as new residents—some 30,000 people called Grand Junction home by 1993.</p><h2>Today</h2><p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/grand-junction-downtown"><img class="image-large" style="float:left;margin:15px;" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Stranges_Grocery_20170415_1.jpg" alt="Grand Junction Downtown" width="480" height="320"></a> Today, Grand Junction remains a tourism hotspot, as thousands come to the Grand Valley each year to hike, camp, bike, raft the Colorado River, rock climb, and tour local orchards and wineries. The city’s downtown district includes a variety of shops, restaurants, and cultural events. Tourism revenue reached an all-time high in the city during the summer of 2015, when taxes from lodging receipts totaled $159,366. In addition to the lodging, food, and retail industries, many of Grand Junction’s major employers are in education and healthcare, including Mesa County Valley School District 51, St. Mary’s Hospital, CMU, and the Grand Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center.</p><p>Grand Junction’s diverse economy depends as much on the local environment as it does on individual businesses and industries, and that environment faces major challenges from climate change in the coming years. According to local water officials, the Colorado River’s overall flow levels are threatened by rising temperatures, and the water is already over-appropriated to downstream states as a result of decades-old interstate agreements. Institutions such as the Ruth Powell Hutchins Water Center at CMU and initiatives such as the Grand Valley Regional Water Conservation Plan—an agreement between the Grand Junction, Clifton, and Ute water districts—reflect residents’ efforts to maintain their natural resources. Additionally, the Mesa Land Trust, a nonprofit conservation group, helps protect riparian environments along the river by securing conservation easements.</p><p>As its population of more than 60,000 prepares to meet the challenges of the future, today’s Grand Junction has certainly lived up to its founders’ vision of a town that would become—and remain—the commercial and cultural hub of the Western Slope.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/johnson-nick" hreflang="und">Johnson, Nick</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/herritz-claire" hreflang="und">Herritz, Claire</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/gunnison-river" hreflang="en">gunnison river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/palisade" hreflang="en">palisade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-mesa" hreflang="en">grand mesa</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-monument" hreflang="en">Colorado National Monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fruita" hreflang="en">Fruita</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-rio-grande-railroad" hreflang="en">denver &amp; rio grande railroad</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/george-crawford" hreflang="en">george crawford</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bureau-reclamation" hreflang="en">bureau of reclamation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-valley" hreflang="en">grand valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/peaches" hreflang="en">peaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/brunswick-hotel" hreflang="en">brunswick hotel</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/sugar-beet-industry" hreflang="en">sugar beet industry</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-otto" hreflang="en">John Otto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-mesa-university" hreflang="en">colorado mesa university</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, <em>Colorado,</em> <em>A History of the Centennial State</em>, 3rd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1994).</p><p>Gail M. Beaton, <em>Colorado Women: A History</em> (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2012).</p><p>Colorado Mesa University, “<a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/about/history.html">History of CMU</a>,” 2016.</p><p>James Andrew Crutchfield, <em>It Happened in Colorado</em> (Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2003).</p><p>Laurena Mayne Davis, <em>125 People, 125 Years: Grand Junction’s Story</em> (Grand Junction, CO: Museum of Western Colorado, 2007).</p><p>Downtown Grand Junction and Museum of Western Colorado, “The History of Downtown Grand Junction,” walking tour, 2011.</p><p>Dave Fishell, <em>The Grand Heritage: A Photographic History of Grand Junction, Colorado</em>, rev. ed. (Virginia Beach: Donning, 1994).</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, “<a href="https://gjchamber.org/area-info/employment">Employment</a>,” updated 2016.</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, <em>The Valley of the Grand: The Place for You</em> (Denver: Smith-Brooks Press, 1906).</p><p>Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce, “Western Colorado, Scenic &amp; Recreational Wonderland,” c. 1939.</p><p>Grand Junction Visitor &amp; Convention Bureau, “<a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/areas/wine-country/">Wine Country</a>,” 2016.</p><p>Alan Kania, <em>Grand Junction</em> (Mt. Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010).</p><p>Steven F. Mehls, <em>The Valley of Opportunity: A History of West-Central Colorado </em>(Denver: Bureau of Land Management, 1982).</p><p>A. A. Miller, “Statement of the Resources and Progress of Mesa County, Colorado,” Board of Commissioners of Mesa County and the Board of the Aldermen of the City of Grand Junction, August 1, 1899.</p><p>Tish Minear and Janet Limon, <em>Discover Native America: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah</em> (New York: Hippocrene Books, 2009).</p><p>Thomas J. Noel and Duane A. Smith, <em>Colorado: The Highest State</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 2005).</p><p>Old Spanish Trail Association, “<a href="https://ostcolorado.org/about-osta/">About OSTA</a>,” n.d.</p><p>Rachel Parris, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/NRSR/5ME4147.pdf">Stranges Grocery</a>,” National Park Service form 10-900 (Denver: Colorado Preservation, Inc., 2012).</p><p>Caitlin Row, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/the-history-of-grand-junctions-whitman-park/">The History of Grand Junction’s Whitman Park</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), December 12, 2013.</p><p>Caitlin Row, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/tourism-numbers-up-in-grand-junction-colorado/">Tourism Numbers up in Grand Junction, Colorado</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), July 20, 2015.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&amp;d=PLT19090501-01.2.29&amp;srpos=2&amp;e=--1909---1909--en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-John+Otto-------0-Mesa">Scenic Wonder of Grand Valley</a>,” <em>Palisade Tribune</em>, May 1, 1909.</p><p>Lisa Scoch-Roberts, <a href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/colm/roads.pdf"><em>A Classic Western Quarrel: A History of the Road Controversy at Colorado National Monument</em></a>, Cultural Resources Selections no. 10 (Denver: National Park Service, Intermountain Region, 1997).</p><p>Duane A. Smith and Duane Vandenbusche, <em>A Land Alone: Colorado’s Western Slope</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1981).</p><p>Ryan Summerlin, “<a href="https://www.postindependent.com/news/local/colorado-river-faces-flood-of-challenges/">Colorado River Faces Flood of Challenges</a>,” <em>Post-Independent </em>(Glenwood Springs), September 16, 2016.</p><p>Kathleen Hill Underwood, <em>Town Building on the Frontier: Grand Junction, Colorado, 1880–1900</em> (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982).</p><p>US Bureau of Reclamation, “<a href="http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Grand+Valley+Project#Group485145">Grand Valley Project</a>,” updated May 10, 2011.</p><p>US Department of Energy, “<a href="http://www.lm.doe.gov/Grand_Junction/Fact_Sheet_GJO.pdf">Grand Junction, Colorado, Disposal and Processing Sites</a>,” Legacy Management Fact Sheet, December 10, 2015.</p><p>“Valley of the Grand—Its Extent, Character and Agricultural Possibilities under Irrigation,” <em>Tribune </em>(possibly <em>Denver Tribune</em>), 1883.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jodi Buchan, <em>Western Colorado Fruit &amp; Wine: A Bountiful History </em>(Charleston, SC: American Palate, 2015).</p><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm">Colorado National Monument</a></p><p>Laurena Mayne Davis, ed., <em>Monumental Majesty: 100 Years of Colorado National Monument </em>(Grand Junction, CO: Grand Junction Media, 2011).</p><p><a href="https://downtowngj.org/">Downtown Grand Junction</a></p><p><a href="http://www.gjcity.org/">Grand Junction</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjarts.org/">Grand Junction Commission on Arts &amp; Culture</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/">Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</a></p><p><a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/">Grand Junction Tourism</a></p><p>Gary Harmon, “<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/articles/tipton-wants-to-extend-life-of-radioactivewaste-di/">Tipton Wants to Extend Life of Radioactive-Waste Disposal Site</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, September 16, 2016.</p><p>&nbsp;“<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/special_sections/articles/little_italy_a_lively_place_in/">Little Italy a Lively Place in Southwest Downtown</a>,” <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, August 18, 2011.</p><p>“<a href="https://www.gjsentinel.com/opinion/articles/local-climate-change/">Local Climate Change?</a>” editorial, <em>Grand Junction Daily Sentinel</em>, March 17, 2016.</p><p><a href="http://www.mesadwellers.org/">Mesa County Genealogical Society</a></p><p><a href="https://www.gjarts.org/local-artists-groups-galleries/cultural-organization/?organization=mesa-county-historical-society-ebe49">Mesa County Historical Society</a></p><p><a href="https://cowestlandtrust.org">Mesa Land Trust</a></p><p><a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/">Museums of Western Colorado</a></p><p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365012749/">"Fly Girl,"</a>&nbsp;<em>Colorado Experience</em>, May 16, 2013.</p><p>Ruth Powell Hutchins Water Center, “<a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/water-center/documents/WC_AnnualReport_1415_web.pdf">Annual Report 2014/2015</a>,” Colorado Mesa University, 2015.</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 24 Jan 2017 23:26:14 +0000 yongli 2214 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado National Monument http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-monument <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--933--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--933.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/colorado-national-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Colorado-National-Monument-Colorado-John-Fielder_0.jpg?itok=BdhgvgWE" width="1090" height="872" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/colorado-national-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado National Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Colorado National Monument near <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a> encompasses more than 20,000 acres of spectacular canyons and rock formations.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-01-23T16:17:39-07:00" title="Monday, January 23, 2017 - 16:17" class="datetime">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:17</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-monument" data-a2a-title="Colorado National Monument"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-national-monument&amp;title=Colorado%20National%20Monument"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>On May 24, 1911, President William Howard Taft established Colorado National Monument in <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a>, near <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>. Today the monument, one of eight in Colorado, encompasses more than 20,000 acres of sandstone cliffs and monoliths, scenic canyons, and sparse vegetation. The area draws thousands of tourists each year and has become one of the most iconic landscapes in the state.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocks at the foundation of Colorado National Monument date from nearly 1.7 billion years ago. Since then, volcanic processes, the creation and disappearance of seas, three periods of chaotic mountain building, and hundreds of millions of years of water and wind erosion carved the spectacular landscape of the monument.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/independence-monument"><img alt="Independence Monument" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Colorado_National_Monument_20170415-1_1.JPG?itok=cbOUpO7R" style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; float:right; height:480px; margin:15px; width:320px" /></a> Thousands of years later, in the age of famed conservationist John Muir, a kindred spirit named <strong>John Otto</strong> dedicated himself to protecting and promoting these spectacular ancient landscapes in western Colorado. A quirky individual whose sanity was often questioned, Otto moved to the area in the early twentieth century to work on an <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/irrigation-colorado"><strong>irrigation</strong></a> project. When he first saw the rugged canyon lands and soaring monoliths south of Grand Junction, he was enthralled. In 1907 he wrote, that “these canyons … they feel like the heart of the world to me. I'm going to stay and build trails and promote this place, because it should be a national park.” Otto led fundraising campaigns, collected signatures for petitions, and wrote newspaper editorials and letters to politicians in support of national recognition for the ancient landscape.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>With pick, shovel, and two burros, Otto carved the first trails through the glorious red rock canyons. He gave patriotic names, such as Independence Monument and Liberty Cap, to the various rock formations he encountered. <strong>Monument Canyon</strong>, which runs the length of the park, includes such geologic features as the Kissing Couple and the Coke Ovens, which draw thousands of tourists annually.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce and the city’s newspaper—the <strong><em>Daily Sentinel</em></strong>—took note of Otto's persistent efforts to make the scenic landscape and began their own lobbying for a national park. In 1910 Colorado senator <strong>Simon Guggenheim </strong>introduced a bill to Congress to create such a park, but congressional deadlock threatened to kill the legislation. So, on May 24, 1911, President William Howard Taft exercised his authority under the 1906 <a href="/article/antiquities-act"><strong>Antiquities Act</strong></a> to create Colorado National Monument. In June 1911, the National Park Service (NPS) appointed John Otto as the monument’s first custodian.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Development</h2>&#13; &#13; <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/monoliths-colorado-national-monument"><img alt="Monoliths in Colorado National Monument" class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Colorado_National_Monument_20170415_2_0.jpg?itok=NFc3kf1e" style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; float:left; height:480px; margin:15px; width:320px" /></a> In order to promote tourism in the area, the NPS obtained funds to build roads in the monument. In 1911 Otto began surveying the monument’s first road, <strong>Trail of the Serpent </strong>(Serpents Trail), and construction on the winding, four-mile route commenced in February 1912. In June 1921, the <em>Daily Sentinel </em>reported that work on the Serpents Trail was nearing completion. The road made the monument accessible to an increasing number of automobile tourists, and remained the sole access point until 1937.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The <strong>Great Depression </strong>profoundly influenced the development of Colorado National Monument. Faced with unprecedented unemployment, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> (CCC) in 1937, a program that employed hundreds of thousands of young men in conservation projects throughout the country. That year, through the efforts of the CCC and the <strong>Works Progress Administration </strong>(WPA), the <strong>Fruita </strong>portion of <a href="/article/rim-rock-drive"><strong>Rim Rock Drive</strong></a> opened, providing another access point to the monument. Overall, thousands of CCC workers labored in the monument, building amenities such as Rim Rock Drive, Saddlehorn Headquarters, and the Devil’s Kitchen Picnic Shelter. Tourism to the monument dropped precipitously during World War II, but after the war visitation to the monument and the entire NPS system surged.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>More recently, the Coors Classic bicycle race began in the 1980s and secured the monument international renown. The race became known as the “Tour of the Moon” for the scenic, almost alien vistas offered by Rim Rock Drive.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Visitation to the park has steadily climbed in the twenty-first century, reaching nearly 600,000 in 2015. Today, the monument has a visitor center, a campground, and dozens of miles of hiking trails, and is a mecca for bicyclists and rock climbers. As with other NPS holdings, local economies have become dependent on tourist dollars and government spending, especially during economic slumps.</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/image/colorado-national-monument-0"><img alt="Colorado National Monument" src="/sites/default/files/Colorado_National_Monument_20170414_0.jpg" style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; height:181px; margin:0px; width:1000px" /></a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Since the monument was established, locals have continually lobbied for the landscape to be designated a national park, in hopes that such a designation would increase tourism. The boom and bust cycles typical of <a href="/article/uranium-mining"><strong>uranium</strong> mining</a> and oil and gas extraction have kept the issue of park designation simmering for decades. As recently as 2014, Colorado politicians once again encouraged Congress to designate the monument as a national park. The idea has even won support from filmmaker Ken Burns, producer of a 2009 documentary on the country’s national parks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Whether the monument ever achieves official national park status, it already provides the same benefits as many of the national parks—offering citizens and tourists the opportunity to escape the burdens of city life and to enjoy and appreciate the country’s natural heritage. As such, Colorado National Monument stands as an important marker of America's natural and cultural heritage and a pillar of the regional economy.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/dane-matthew-vanhoozer" hreflang="und">Dane Matthew Vanhoozer</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-monument" hreflang="en">Colorado National Monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-otto" hreflang="en">John Otto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/western-slope" hreflang="en">Western Slope</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/national-monuments" hreflang="en">national monuments</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-monument-history" hreflang="en">colorado national monument history</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mesa-county" hreflang="en">mesa county</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>National Park Service, “<a href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/colm/index.cfm">Geology Fieldnotes: Colorado National Monument, Colorado</a>,” updated January 4, 2005.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>National Park Service, “<a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/learn/historyculture/john-otto.htm">John Otto</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Thomas J. Noel and Duane A. Smith, <em>Colorado: The Highest State</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie and Thomas H. Simmons, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/OAHP/crforms_edumat/pdfs/633.pdf">Colorado National Monument Multiple Property Submission</a>,” National Park Service form 10-900b (Denver: History Colorado, 1994).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.nps.gov/colm/index.htm" title=" (external link)">Colorado National Monument</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado.com Staff, "<a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/ranger-programs-colorado-national-monument">Ranger Programs at the Colorado National Monument</a>," Colorado Tourism, 2017.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Laurena Mayne Davis, ed., <em>Monumental Majesty: 100 Years of Colorado National Monument </em>(Grand Junction, CO: Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.visitgrandjunction.com/" title=" (external link)">Grand Junction Vacation, Tourism, and Travel Information</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan J. Kania, <em>John Otto of Colorado National Monument</em> (Boulder: Roberts Rhinehart, 1984).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Alan J. Kania, <em>John Otto Trials and Trails</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Museums of Western Colorado, “<a href="https://www.museumofwesternco.com/learn/grand-valley-geo-and-paleo/" title=" (external link)">Geology of the Grand Valley</a>,” n.d.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 23:17:39 +0000 yongli 2211 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Rim Rock Drive http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rim-rock-drive <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rim Rock Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1632--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1632.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rim-rock-drive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rim_Rock_Drive_20170415.jpg?itok=SfDO4roU" width="1000" height="667" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rim-rock-drive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rim Rock Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Work on Rim Rock Drive stopped during World War II but resumed in the late 1940s. All twenty-three miles of the road were completed and paved by 1951.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--985--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--985.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/building-rim-rock-drive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/X-63159_0.jpg?itok=PUA_yrzt" width="1000" height="768" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/building-rim-rock-drive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Building Rim Rock Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Construction on Rim Rock Drive began in November 1931 and accelerated in 1933, when New Deal agencies such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) started to work on the road. The first CCC workers arrived in May 1933.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1630--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1630.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/rock-work-rim-rock-drive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rim%20Rock%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=JylHJAbb" width="556" height="387" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/rock-work-rim-rock-drive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Rock Work on Rim Rock Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>For much of its length, the road was built through solid rock using manual labor. Most of the rocks that were drilled, blasted, and sledgehammered to make way for the road were removed by hand or carted away by horses.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1631--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1631.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/masonry-work-along-rim-rock-drive"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Rim%20Rock%20Media%203_0.jpg?itok=E41WFC2S" width="556" height="361" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/masonry-work-along-rim-rock-drive" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Masonry Work along Rim Rock Drive</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As with other Civilian Conservation Corps projects, which sought to maximize wages and minimize other expenses, Rim Rock Drive included rustic rock walls. In addition, the road required more than 200 culverts to help it drain and prevent erosion.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-12-02T10:59:48-07:00" title="Wednesday, December 2, 2015 - 10:59" class="datetime">Wed, 12/02/2015 - 10:59</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rim-rock-drive" data-a2a-title="Rim Rock Drive"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Frim-rock-drive&amp;title=Rim%20Rock%20Drive"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Built primarily by <a href="/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> work programs in the 1930s, Rim Rock Drive is a twenty-three-mile scenic road through <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-national-monument"><strong>Colorado National Monument</strong></a>. Connecting Fruita and <a href="/article/grand-junction"><strong>Grand Junction</strong></a>, the road increased tourism to the monument by allowing travelers to drive through and continue on their journey. The road’s construction and landscaping are prime examples of the National Park Service’s naturalistic or rustic style, which emphasized native materials and harmony with the natural environment.</p> <h2>Early Efforts</h2> <p>In 1911, thanks to the efforts of <strong>John Otto</strong>, President William Howard Taft established Colorado National Monument west of <strong>Grand Junction</strong>. Over the next decade, Otto directed the construction of the Serpents Trail, the first road in the monument. Also called the Serpentine Trail or the Trail of the Serpent, the road was designed to provide automobile access to the monument from Grand Junction and to shorten the drive to Grand Junction for farmers and ranchers in Glade Park, a community just on the other side of the monument. Funded by a coalition of Grand Junction investors, Glade Park residents, and <a href="/article/mesa-county"><strong>Mesa County</strong></a>, the Serpents Trail was completed in 1921. With fifty-two switchbacks in only 7.5 miles, it was considered an extremely dangerous drive.</p> <p>Otto dreamed of extending the Serpents Trail to connect Grand Junction and <strong>Fruita</strong> through Colorado National Monument, but his idea never went forward before he left Colorado in the early 1930s. When Colorado National Monument received a $75,000 road appropriation in 1931, however, the National Park Service and local boosters started to plan their own road through the monument. The Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce pushed for a route that would show off the monument’s most scenic features to travelers in automobiles. The route would connect Grand Junction to Fruita via the monument, allowing travelers to exit the highway, drive through the monument, and continue on their way.</p> <p>These goals made the road more expensive than it would have been otherwise, but the National Park Service agreed and the Chamber of Commerce contributed money and workers to support the project. The local community also helped acquire a few parcels of land necessary to allow the road to take the desired route through the monument.</p> <p>Construction on Rim Rock Drive began in November 1931 with a workforce of about fifty men, who had been unemployed, from Mesa County. Work started on the west (Fruita) side of the monument, with the goal of opening Monument Canyon to automobile tourists as soon as possible. A mix of local and federal funds kept the project going for the next eighteen months.</p> <h2>New Deal Construction</h2> <p>The next phase of construction started in 1933, with the advent of the New Deal. The <a href="/article/civilian-conservation-corps-colorado"><strong>Civilian Conservation Corps</strong></a> (CCC) did much of the work of carving and grading Rim Rock Drive through Colorado National Monument. The first CCC camp in the monument was approved in April 1933, with workers arriving in May and June. Other workers came from the Works Progress Administration, Public Works Administration, Emergency Relief Administration, and National Park Service.</p> <p><a class="colorbox colorbox-insert-image" href="/image/tunnel-rim-rock-drive"><img alt="Tunnel on Rim Rock Drive " class="image-large" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Rim_Rock_Drive_20170415-2_0.JPG?itok=AjhZWlHa" style="float:left; height:321px; margin:15px; width:480px" /> </a> The road is notable for its engineering. For much of its length, the road was built through solid rock using manual labor. Men drilled, blasted, and sledgehammered rocks that had to be removed by hand or carted away by horses. The road includes three tunnels to allow it to climb steep canyon walls to the top of the monument as well as more than 200 culverts to help it drain and prevent erosion.</p> <p>Between July 1932 and July 1937, more than $500,000 was appropriated for the construction of Rim Rock Drive. The funding came from a variety of federal agencies and local sources, including the Civil Works Administration, Emergency Conservation Works, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, National Park Service, and Grand Junction Chamber of Commerce. By July 1937, twenty of the road’s eventual twenty-three miles were completed.</p> <p>Construction of the road eventually increased tourism in the region, but it also had a more immediate and obvious effect on Mesa County’s economy. The project employed more than 800 men at its height and boosted local companies that sold construction materials and camp supplies. Construction in Colorado National Monument came to a halt in 1942, when able-bodied men were needed for more pressing wartime work.</p> <h2>Recent History</h2> <p><a href="/image/public-right-way-existed-rim-rock-drive"><img alt="A public right of way existed on Rim Rock Drive" src="/sites/default/files/Rim_Rock_Drive_20170415_2.jpg" style="width: 480px; height: 320px; margin: 5px; float: right;" /></a>As originally constructed, Rim Rock Drive was graded gravel. Plans to pave it were proposed as early as 1937 but did not proceed until after World War II; work on the road resumed in the late 1940s. The sections closer to Fruita were paved first, and the final eastern sections near Grand Junction paved by 1951. In 1950 the Serpents Trail was closed to vehicle traffic and later converted into a hiking trail. With the completion of the new road, annual visitation to Colorado National Monument rocketed from 20,000 as a prewar peak to more than 100,000 in 1950.</p> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, the monument faced the problem of increasing commercial traffic on Rim Rock Drive to and from Glade Park’s mines and ranches. Local property owners felt they had a right to use the road without paying fees, whereas the National Park Service was trying to impose stricter regulations on how the road was used. This conflict led to a series of meetings and plans in the 1970s and eventually to a lawsuit involving the National Park Service, Mesa County, and a local property owner, John Wilkenson, in the 1980s. The suit questioned the National Park Service’s authority to regulate the road and in 1986 was decided in favor of the plaintiff, with the court declaring that a public right of way existed on Rim Rock Drive from the east (Grand Junction) entrance to the Glade Park turnoff.</p> <p>In 1993 Rim Rock Drive was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The monument now receives more than 400,000 visitors per year, most of them traveling on the scenic drive.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-junction" hreflang="en">Grand Junction</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fruita" hreflang="en">Fruita</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/serpents-trail" hreflang="en">Serpents Trail</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-otto" hreflang="en">John Otto</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-national-monument" hreflang="en">Colorado National Monument</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civilian-conservation-corps" hreflang="en">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Alan J. Kania, <em>John Otto of Colorado National Monument</em> (Boulder: Roberts Rinehart, 1984).</p> <p>Lisa Schoch-Roberts, <em>A Classic Western Quarrel: A History of the Road Controversy at Colorado National Monument</em>, Cultural Resources Selections 10 (Denver: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Intermountain Region, 1997).</p> <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, with revisions by Kathy McKoy, “Rim Rock Drive Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, (January 1994).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Alan J. Kania, <em>Colorado National Monument</em>, Images of America (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2008).</p> <p>Alan J. Kania, <em>John Otto: Trials and Trails</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1996).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Rim_Rock_Drive.docx">Rim Rock Drive Teacher Resource Set (Word)</a></p> <p><a href="/sites/default/files/TRS_Rim_Rock_Drive.pdf">Rim Rock Drive Teacher Resource Set (PDF)</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 02 Dec 2015 17:59:48 +0000 yongli 984 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org