%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Denver International Airport http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-international-airport <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver International Airport</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3815--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3815.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-international-airport-roof"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/DIA-DistinctiveArchitecture_PIXNIO-787-3241x2045_0_0.jpg?itok=AdDRc40j" width="1090" height="688" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-international-airport-roof" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver International Airport Roof</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Built in 1995, <a href="/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a> is one of the largest and busiest airports in the United States. Its distinctive, tent-like roof, intended to mimic the snow-capped peaks of the <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a>, was designed by architects Curt Fentress and James Bradburn.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3816--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3816.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-international-airport-terminal"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5004658581_f4eaa81859_k_0_0.jpg?itok=2oJ5-mhZ" width="1090" height="727" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-international-airport-terminal" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver International Airport Terminal</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>One of the busiest airports in the United States, <a href="/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a> is also the largest employer in Colorado, with a work force of 35,000.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-09-14T16:36:35-06:00" title="Monday, September 14, 2020 - 16:36" class="datetime">Mon, 09/14/2020 - 16:36</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-international-airport" data-a2a-title="Denver International Airport"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-international-airport&amp;title=Denver%20International%20Airport"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Located on a 52.4-square-mile site 25 miles northeast of the city, Denver International Airport (DIA) is the largest airport in North America by land area and the second-largest in the world. This vast airport with a spectacular tented terminal makes Denver one of the nation’s top air hubs. Since its 1995 opening, DIA has become the fifth-busiest airport in the United States. As of 2020, DIA is the eighteenth-busiest airport in the world. With more than 35,000 employees, it is the largest employer in Colorado and has sparked a building boom in northeast metro <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>. By expanding access to not only Colorado but also the entire <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountain</strong></a> region, DIA enhances Denver’s sway over a huge hinterland.</p><h2>Origins</h2><p>Denver and Colorado have always relied upon transportation to dominate the Rocky Mountain region. Railroads originally made Denver a regional hub that, by 1890, was second only to San Francisco in population among western cities. Throughout the twentieth century, Denver struggled to maintain its position, losing ground to Sunbelt cities such as Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Denver and Colorado actually lost population during the 1980s <strong>oil bust</strong>, while Kansas City, San Antonio, Sacramento, San Jose, and Portland gained.</p><p>At the end of the 1980s, Denver mayor <strong>Federico Peña</strong> and Colorado governor <strong>Roy Romer</strong> both announced that transportation, notably a new airport, would be the key to Colorado’s recovery and prosperity. Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/stapleton-international-airport"><strong>Stapleton International Airport</strong></a> had first opened in 1929 as Denver Municipal Airport, with four gravel runways and a windsock. The airport was renamed Stapleton, after the mayor who presided over its development, in 1944. The airport grew after <strong>World War II</strong>, until it was the world’s fifth-busiest air hub by the 1980s. Yet despite continual expansions, Stapleton struggled to keep up with passenger service.</p><p>Dallas–Fort Worth’s 1973 airport (DFW), the last major one to be built in the United States, inspired Denver’s grandiose scheme. After its 1973 opening, DFW went from nine to forty-three carriers and soared ahead of Stapleton to become the world’s fourth-busiest in terms of passengers served. The Dallas–Fort Worth region experienced 25 percent growth during the 1970s, a success story not lost on Denver, which had become a national champion in empty office space and business bankruptcies during the oil crash of the mid-1980s.</p><p>While Denver was envying Dallas, it got a poke in the backside from Salt Lake City. The Utah capital emerged as a rival after Delta Airlines acquired Western Airlines in 1986 and made Salt Lake its western hub. This new threat was underlined by full-page ads in the <em>New York Times</em> and other national publications in February 1986, featuring a harried executive arriving late for a meeting who says, “Sorry I’m late, but I had to fly through Denver.” Next time he would fly through Salt Lake City. Mayor Peña protested to the airlines and authorized a $200,000 campaign to sing Stapleton’s praises. Boosters of the Beehive State stung Coloradans again in 1987 by creating a new, snow-white license plate with a skier and the slogan “Utah! Greatest Snow on Earth.”</p><p>Utah’s stinging competition jolted new airport proponents in Denver. So did Las Vegas’s long-range strategy of overbuilding its airport to promote economic growth. A blue-ribbon panel of Colorado business and civic leaders found that “in Dallas–Fort Worth and Atlanta, cities whose economies are similar to Denver’s as regional centers, new airports have been the key element in attracting new business.” Proponents claimed the new airport would pay for itself with revenue bonds to be paid from landing fees, concession rental, parking fees, and other airport income. Boosters claimed that Denver had to grow or wither, that it must replace Stapleton International with a new regional airport or lose business to rivals.</p><p>Where to put such a huge new facility became an issue. Some hoped to expand the existing Stapleton International Airport using the vacated <strong>Rocky Mountain Arsenal</strong> on the north edge of the existing airport. Others said that site was contaminated and not large enough. Ultimately, agreement was reached on largely unoccupied farmland on the northeast outskirts of Denver, much of which lay in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/adams-county"><strong>Adams County</strong></a>.</p><h2>Opposition</h2><p>Opponents charged that Denver’s new sky hub would generate more traffic and automobile pollution by moving the airport thirteen miles farther away from the core city. Denver, they added, would be the first city ever to scrap a major, functioning airport. Naysayers worried that the new airport would take business, conventions, and tourists away from the urban core to northern and eastern suburbs. That prediction later became true as many hotels and other enterprises opened along or near Peña Boulevard, the main road to DIA.</p><p>Critics also argued that both Continental and United, DIA’s two major carriers, were financially troubled. Both might shift their hubs from Denver’s expensive new facility to other, cheaper airports. Initially, Continental and United threatened to sue to stop construction, which they claimed was unneeded and would force them—and their customers—to pay exorbitant landing fees. The airlines pointed out that two of the five concourses at Stapleton were practically empty, as passenger service had declined since 1986. Critics further charged the airport would inevitably cost much more than the $1.9 billion estimate. That figure, they pointed out, did not cover highways and light rail to the airport, airline equipment costs, and clean-up costs of the abandoned airport. Denver’s claim that it could sell the Stapleton site for $100 million was also challenged.</p><p>There's an air of anticipation among the flow of travelers passing through the terminals at Denver International Airport, also known as DIA, akin to the spin of an online roulette wheel. Just like gamblers eagerly awaiting the outcome of their roulette bets, DIA passengers anticipate the adventure that awaits them upon arrival or departure. The airport's extensive facilities and efficient operations mirror the flawless mechanics of online roulette, where every spin promises excitement and new opportunities. Just like the diverse outcomes on a roulette wheel, DIA caters to a wide range of travelers, from tourists exploring the Rocky Mountains to business travelers flying to their next meeting. Online <a style="color:#494354;" href="https://toppcasinonorge.com/rulett-online/">roulette</a> has also captivated casino players around the world, offering an exciting mix of chance and strategy. Just as the DIA serves as a hub that brings people from all walks of life together, online roulette tables bring players from all over the world together in pursuit of fortune. The appeal of the game lies in its simplicity and unpredictability, similar to the unpredictability of traveling itself. In the digital world of online roulette and bustling DIA terminals, the journey itself becomes a destination, offering moments of suspense and excitement at every turn.</p><h2>Yea-Sayers</h2><p>Denver International Airport was approved by Adams County voters in 1988 and by Denver residents in 1989, with considerable cheerleading from business and political figures. Adams County citizens had to say yes to allow Denver to annex the land. Opponents forced the special Denver election on the issue. In oratory reminiscent of past promises for transportation panaceas, Governor Romer declared in 1989: “The airport is the single most important economic decision this state will make in the next 20 years. We have an opportunity to build an airport that will be second to none and will lead Colorado into the next century as the transportation hub of this nation.”</p><p>The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) agreed with the yea-sayers, pointing out that Stapleton was a bottleneck and claiming a new facility was necessary to end flight delays and hazardous congestion in the national air network. Noting that Denver was the only major US city seriously contemplating a large new airport, the FAA in 1989 endorsed the project. It approved the final Environmental Impact Statement and contributed $60 million for the groundbreaking.</p><h2>Building the World’s Largest Airport</h2><p>Mayor Peña and the airport planning team promised that in contrast to the hodgepodge of additions at Stapleton, the new airport would be a thoroughly planned, cutting-edge solution. A master plan—worked out among Denver, <strong>Aurora</strong>, <strong>Commerce City</strong>, and Adams County—clarified each community’s sphere of interest in surrounding commercial, industrial, recreational, and residential development. The airport-area master plan called for converting the nearby Rocky Mountain Arsenal into a national wildlife preserve, allowing travelers to observe golden and bald <strong>eagles</strong>, see <strong>bison</strong> roam, watch <strong>prairie dogs</strong> dig their own villages, and see the deer and the antelope play. Wheat farming would continue on a lease arrangement, and one barn would be left as a tribute to the land’s former use.</p><p>Denver charged ahead. In September 1989, Denverites watching the evening news saw ground broken in a wheat field and heard a beaming Mayor Peña declare that the world’s largest airport would open there in May 1993. In April 1990, the city sold $704 million in tax-free municipal revenue bonds to finance airport construction, though declining passenger numbers, the Denver-area depression, and the shakiness of both Continental and United led Moody’s to assign the bonds a lackluster rating.</p><p>A new airport provided an opportunity for aesthetic distinction, unlike the hodgepodge of additions that made Stapleton no thing of beauty. Drawing inspiration from the snowcapped <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rockies</strong></a> and from American Indian <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tipi"><strong>tipis</strong></a> that once occupied the site, architects <strong>Curt Fentress</strong> and James Bradburn designed a terminal with Teflon-coated white fiberglass tents that would glow night and day atop a man-made mesa.</p><p>From the terminal, passengers were connected to three concourses via underground train. The concourses led to five 12,000-foot runways and one 16,000-footer, the longest in the country, with plenty of room for seven more runways and future expansion. A computerized baggage system—a much-touted novelty—repeatedly malfunctioned, delaying the airport opening for two years. &nbsp;On February 28, 1995, DIA opened with its signature tent-topped roof on the Jeppesen Terminal, named for Denver-based aviation pioneer <strong>Elrey Jeppesen</strong>, known worldwide for his navigation charts.</p><p>Denver’s policy of setting aside 1 percent of any city project over $1 million for public art meant millions for art scattered throughout the terminal and concourses. Most spectacular and controversial was New Mexico artist Luis Jiménez’s <em>Blue Mustang</em>. This thirty-two-foot-high, raging, rearing neon blue horse has glaring red eyes that attracted criticism of what some called “Blucifer” or “Devil Horse.” The fact that the horse fell on and killed Jiménez, its creator, added to the eeriness. Finally installed on a prominent hilltop in 2008, “Blue Mustang” could be seen from all vehicular approaches to the terminal.</p><h2>Today</h2><p>DIA was part of a broad transformation that remade Denver in the early 1990s. A boom in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lodo-lower-downtown-denver"><strong>Lower Downtown Denver</strong></a> after its designation as a historic district in 1988, the launching of the Regional Transportation District’s light rail system (1994), and the opening of <strong>Coors Field </strong>(1995) also kindled economic recovery, though DIA remained the biggest factor. By 2020 DIA offered nonstop service to 215 destinations from 23 different airlines with international flights connecting to North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. It is the fourth airport in the United States to exceed 200 destinations. The airport is a hub for both United Airlines and Frontier Airlines and a base for Southwest Airlines.</p><p>Even as it has become an established institution, DIA undergoes constant change. The 2016 completion of the Regional Transportation District’s A Line commuter rail from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/union-station-0"><strong>Union Station</strong></a> to DIA furthered the emergence of what boosters like to call an “aerotropolis.” An airport-centered district of businesses, hotels, offices, transportation, amusements, and housing, the aerotropolis concept was pushed by Mayor <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/michael-hancock"><strong>Michael Hancock</strong></a>, who negotiated a deal with Adams County officials to allow Denver to develop the annexed land around the airport in exchange for an upfront payment and an even split of future tax revenues. Some predict DIA will eventually become a second urban core rivaling the old city of Denver. A harbinger is the Gaylord Rockies Resort, Colorado’s largest hotel, which opened in 2018 on eighty-five acres of previously raw prairie. Located close to DIA, Peña Boulevard, and <strong>E-470</strong>, it competes with downtown Denver’s <strong>Colorado Convention Center</strong> and hotels, which sued unsuccessfully to stop the Gaylord project.</p><p>In 2018 work began on a major DIA interior renovation and reconfiguration within the terminal to relocate security checkpoints and consolidate airline ticket counters. This problem-plagued project is now expected to be completed by 2025. Work is also underway on expanding all three concourses, with twelve gates being added to concourse A, eleven to B, and sixteen to C for a total of thirty-nine new gates. Such continual expansion adds to the price of the $2.3 billion airport that has wound up costing more than $6 billion.</p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver" hreflang="en">Denver</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stapleton-international-airport" hreflang="en">Stapleton International Airport</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/federico-pena" hreflang="en">Federico Peña</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-international-airport" hreflang="en">Denver International Airport</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Paul Stewart Dempsey, Andrew R. Goetz, and Joseph S. Szyliowicz,&nbsp;<em>Denver International Airport: Lessons Learned</em> (New York: McGraw Hill, 1997).</p><p>Dan Klinglesmith, <em>Denver International Airport</em> (Denver: Altitude Publishing, 1999).</p><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1999).</p><p>Jeff Miller, <em>Stapleton International Airport: The First Fifty Years</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing, 1983).</p><p>Jessica Sommers, <em>Fentress Bradburn Architects’ Gateway to the West: Designing the Passenger Terminal Complex at Denver International Airport</em> (Mulgrave, Australia: Images Publishing Group, 2000).</p></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 14 Sep 2020 22:36:35 +0000 yongli 3419 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Denver Tramway Company http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver Tramway Company</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--3391--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--3391.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/denver-streetcar-1895"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Denver_streetcar_1895_0.jpg?itok=EXVm598Z" width="805" height="571" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/denver-streetcar-1895" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Denver streetcar 1895</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span style="color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">View in Denver. "Take this car for the 'Healer' / Children and adults on streetcar with sign "take this car for the healer."</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-07-09T10:50:27-06:00" title="Thursday, July 9, 2020 - 10:50" class="datetime">Thu, 07/09/2020 - 10:50</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-company" data-a2a-title="Denver Tramway Company"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fdenver-tramway-company&amp;title=Denver%20Tramway%20Company"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s history, serving tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak and making it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/john-evans"><strong>John Evans</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, and other prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a bruising competition with its chief rival, the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars, enabling it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades, but it began to struggle as automobile ownership and suburbanization accelerated after the 1910s. The company converted entirely to bus service in the 1950s but could not stave off a downward spiral of service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver, and in 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870, when the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific. </strong>Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. From a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870, Denver rapidly expanded to a metropolis of more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, entrepreneurs saw opportunities for new businesses that would take people more quickly across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company, with its horse-drawn car operating along tracks laid from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>, the city’s first streetcar suburb. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway and had fifteen miles of track extending across the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado’s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>, facilitating and sometimes directing growth to the southeast and northeast.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had an exclusive franchise on the use of horse cars, which forestalled competitors within city limits until new technologies became available. That moment arrived in 1885, when property owners on Fifteenth Street, frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings, helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners would build their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology pioneered by <strong>University of Denver</strong> physics professor Sidney Short. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company, whose leaders included former governor John Evans, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner William N. Byers, and local developer <strong>Henry C. Brown</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street, but the line lasted less than a year before being removed. Short’s technology, which used an electrified third rail, had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>The unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to embrace cable cars, which were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse at the southwest corner of Fifteenth Street, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>, and Broadway (in what is now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center Park</strong></a>). The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare. The next year, a fourth line branched out along Tremont Place to Eighteenth Avenue, completing a $2 million investment that yielded a twelve-mile cable network.</p> <p>Denver City Railway quickly shifted to cable cars as well. The company reincorporated as the Denver City Cable Railway and built <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-city-cable-railway-building"><strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong></a> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets, which opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC, the two largest of Denver’s transit companies, spurred the development of one of the most extensive cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse, and the company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven superior to cable cars in most situations. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its early, ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street, so in 1893 it quickly converted its major lines to the new system. Meanwhile, Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars, so its conversion to electricity proceeded more slowly via subsidiaries.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy and also imperiled many smaller competitors, such as the Denver &amp; Park Hill Railway and the Colfax Electric Railway. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s, until it finally acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company left standing in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year while also reshaping the city’s landscape. Thanks to DTC’s extensive network, which spanned 155 miles by 1903, people could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods ever farther from the city’s core, such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>, <strong>Park Hill</strong>, <strong>Montclair</strong>, <strong>South Denver</strong>, and <strong>Berkeley</strong>. Developers either enticed new streetcar lines to serve their parcels or built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans, who became company president in 1902. It did this first by building a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-powerhouse"><strong>large new powerhouse</strong></a> near the confluence of the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904 and expanded in 1911, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>Next the company navigated the treacherous waters of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/progressive-era-colorado"><strong>Progressive Era</strong></a> antimonopoly politics—newspapers denounced Evans as a Napoleonic dictator—and in 1906 secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built an elegant red brick and white terra-cotta <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tramway-building-hotel-teatro"><strong>headquarters</strong></a> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets, just a few blocks from the central loop, where its lines converged at Fifteenth and Lawrence Streets. By the time the new headquarters opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its regional reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/golden"><strong>Golden</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Exhausted by battles with the press and newly occupied by advocating for the Moffat Tunnel after his friend David Moffat’s death, Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. At the time, it seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed unprecedented difficulties for DTC. In the long term, the company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile, whose use was increasingly rapidly in the 1910s. In 1914–15, for example, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent, while the city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the freedom and convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for cars and roads, while franchise regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel. The result, in Denver as elsewhere, was that streetcar ridership peaked around 1920 before entering a decades-long decline.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen, whose wages became unbearably low as prices rose with inflation during <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages, but Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase, forcing DTC to fire workers and cut service. In these conditions, a short work stoppage in 1919 was the prelude to a <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-tramway-strike-1920"><strong>major strike</strong></a> that started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, when Mayor Bailey and Governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> sent in National Guard troops to protect strikebreakers and streetcars, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, franchise regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to properly invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches—a trackless system where cars with rubber tires are powered&nbsp;by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads,&nbsp;conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started in 1940 but&nbsp;was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing. After the war, however, automobile ownership increased and suburbanization accelerated, making DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950, and by 1955 trolley coaches were also gone, as the company converted entirely to buses. The central loop was torn up; the Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down; and the company’s downtown headquarters was sold as it moved operations to an industrial section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC was in a downward spiral of declining ridership and reduced service. Annual ridership plunged by half in a decade, from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country, but they were steeper in Denver than in other cities. Seeing the writing on the wall, in 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>As DTC lurched toward insolvency, RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC ceased operations and sold its buses and other assets to the city, which operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD, which acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today DTC’s legacy lives on in RTD, its public successor, which operates a fleet of buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built up a network of light rail and commuter trains since 1994. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they encounter oddly wide streets that once carried streetcars or pass one of the numerous small neighborhood shopping areas that developed around streetcar stops.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-corporation" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Corporation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/denver-tramway-company" hreflang="en">Denver Tramway Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/william-gray-evans" hreflang="en">William Gray Evans</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/streetcars" hreflang="en">streetcars</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/mass-transit" hreflang="en">mass transit</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/regional-transportation-district" hreflang="en">Regional Transportation District</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rtd" hreflang="en">RTD</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Allen duPont Breck, <em>William Gray Evans, 1855</em><em>–</em><em>1924: Portrait of a Western Executive</em> (Denver: University of Denver Department of History, 1964).</p> <p>George W. Hilton, “Denver’s Cable Railways,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 44, no. 1 (Winter 1967).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard, “Bloody August: The Denver Tramway Strike of 1920,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> 15, no. 3 (1995).</p> <p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Sam Lusky, <em>101 Years Young: The Tramway Saga</em> (Denver: Denver Tramway, 1968).</p> <p>Kevin Pharris, <em>Riding Denver</em><em>’</em><em>s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</em> (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2013).</p> <p>Jerome C. Smiley, ed., <em>History of Denver: With Outlines of the Earlier History of the Rocky Mountain Country</em> (Denver: Times-Sun Publishing, 1901).</p> <p>W. C. Gilman and Company, “Prologue to Crisis,” Denver Transit Study, Summary Report (Denver: City and County of Denver, 1970).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Kenneth T. Jackson, <em>Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).</p> <p>Don Robertson et al., <em>Denver</em><em>’</em><em>s Street Railways</em>, 3 vols. (Denver: Sundance, 1999–2011).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was a private transit company. It served tens of millions of commuters per year. The company made it possible for the city to expand. It was established in 1885. The company started out developing cable car lines. It was in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway began to struggle as automobile ownership grew. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. In 1971 the company sold its buses to Denver. In 1974 the <strong>Regional Transportation</strong> <strong>District </strong>(RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. Denver was a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870. The city grew to more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, there was a need for new businesses to move people across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria </strong>to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had exclusive rights to use horse cars. This stopped competitors until new technologies became available. In 1885, property owners on Fifteenth Street became frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings. They helped create the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners built their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology. By 1886 the company had become the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor <strong>John Evans</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. The technology used an electrified third rail. It shocked people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>Unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to use cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>. The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare.</p> <p>Denver City Railway shifted to cable cars as well. The company became the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse </strong>at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets. The building opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC lead to the creation of one of the largest cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven better than cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it changed its major lines to the new system. Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity was slower.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines. It expanded its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. DTC converted its former rival’s cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900. By then, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year. It reshaped the city’s landscape. DTC’s network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core. Developers built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>. It did this by building a large new powerhouse. The plant opened in 1904. It became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>In 1906, the company secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future was secure. The company built a <strong>headquarters</strong> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. The new headquarters opened in 1911.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. It seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the automobile. In 1914–15, streetcar use in Denver fell 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic grew 50 percent. Streetcars were safer and cheaper than an automobile. However, they could not compete with the convenience of a car.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen. Their wages became low as prices rose during <strong>World War I.</strong> Workers unionized in 1918. Rules kept streetcar fares at a nickel. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages. Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase. This forced DTC to fire workers and cut service. A major strike started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, seven people had been killed. Dozens more had been injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike. The union disbanded. Regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to invest in workers or service. The company struggled financially. At the same time, DTC started to change some of its lines to buses and trolley coaches. This was a trackless system where cars with rubber tires were pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>Cars began to dominate the roads. In 1940 the Denver Planning Commission recommended streetcars be taken off major streets. Changeover of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The change was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>.</p> <p>After the war, more people bought cars. DTC’s streetcar network wasn't needed. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone. The company changed to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC had fewer riders. Yearly ridership was about 40 million in 1960. By 1969 there were fewer than 20 million rides. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in Denver.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local groups to develop service goals after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC stopped operations. It sold its buses to the city. The city ran the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD. RTD acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today RTD runs buses throughout the Denver metro area. It has built a network of light rail trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence whenever they see wide streets that once carried streetcars.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <strong>Denver</strong>’s history. It served tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak. The company made it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades. It began to struggle as automobile ownership grew after the 1910s. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. It could not stave off service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver. In 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. Denver was a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870. The city grew to more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, there were opportunities for new businesses moving people across town. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria</strong> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had exclusive rights to use horse cars. This stopped competitors until new technologies became available. In 1885, property owners on Fifteenth Street became frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings. They helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners built their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor <strong>John Evans</strong>, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner <strong>William N. Byers</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. The technology used an electrified third rail. It had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>Unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to use cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>. The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare.</p> <p>Denver City Railway shifted to cable cars as well. The company became the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets. The buildings opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC lead to the creation of one of the largest cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven better than cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it converted its major lines to the new system. Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity went more slowly.</p> <p><strong>The Panic</strong> <strong>of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year. It reshaped the city’s landscape. DTC’s network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core. Developers built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans. It did this by building <strong>a large new powerhouse</strong> near the confluence of the <strong>South Platte River </strong>and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>In 1906, the company secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built a red brick and white terra-cotta headquarters at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. By the time the new <strong>headquarters </strong>opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <strong>Golden</strong>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. It seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile. In 1914–15, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for roads. Regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen. Their wages became low as prices rose with inflation during <strong>World War I</strong>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages. Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase. This forced DTC to fire workers and cut service. A <strong>major strike</strong> started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches. This was a trackless system where cars with rubber tires were pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads, the Denver Planning Commission recommended in 1940 that streetcars be taken off major traffic arteries. Conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The changeover was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing.</p> <p>After the war, automobile ownership increased. This made DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone. The company converted entirely to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold. It moved operations to a section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC had fewer riders and reduced service. Yearly ridership went from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country. They were steeper in Denver than in other cities. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC stopped operations. It sold its buses to the city. The city operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD. RTD acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today RTD operates buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built a network of light rail and commuter trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they see wide streets that once carried streetcars.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Denver Tramway Company (DTC) was the dominant private transit company in <strong>Denver</strong>’s history. It served tens of millions of commuters per year at its peak. The company made it possible for the city to expand beyond its urban core. Established in 1885 by <strong>John Evans</strong>,<strong> William Byers</strong>, and other prominent locals, the company started out developing cable car lines in a competition with the Denver City Cable Railway. DTC made an early conversion to electric streetcars. This enabled it to emerge as Denver’s primary transit provider by 1900.</p> <p>Denver Tramway defined the city’s transit for seven decades. It began to struggle as automobile ownership and suburbanization accelerated after the 1910s. The company converted to bus service in the 1950s. It could not stave off service cuts and declines in ridership. In 1971 the company sold its assets to Denver. In 1974 the publicly operated <strong>Regional Transportation District</strong> (RTD) took over DTC’s old buses and routes.</p> <h2>Origins of Transit in Denver</h2> <p>For more than a decade after Denver was established in 1858, the city was small enough that there was no need for public transportation. That changed after 1870 with the completion of the <strong>Denver Pacific</strong> and <strong>Kansas Pacific</strong>. Railroads tied Denver into the national rail network. From a town of fewer than 5,000 residents in 1870, Denver grew to a city of more than 35,000 people in 1880 and more than 105,000 in 1890.</p> <p>As the city grew, entrepreneurs saw opportunities for new businesses that move people across town quickly. In 1871 the Denver Horse Railroad Company became the city’s first transit company. Its horse-drawn car operated along tracks laid from <strong>Auraria</strong> to <strong>Curtis Park</strong>. By the 1880s, the company was known as Denver City Railway. It had fifteen miles of track extending across the <strong>plains</strong>, facilitating and sometimes directing growth to the southeast and northeast.</p> <h2>Cable Car Competition</h2> <p>Denver City Railway had an exclusive franchise on the use of horse cars. This stopped competitors within city limits until new technologies became available. In 1885, when property owners on Fifteenth Street, frustrated at the lack of a transit line by their buildings, helped incorporate the Denver Electric and Cable Company. The property owners would build their own transit line using new electric streetcar technology pioneered by <strong>University of Denver </strong>physics professor Sidney Short. By 1886 the company had reorganized as the Denver Tramway Company. Leaders included former governor John Evans, his son <strong>William Gray Evans</strong>, <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong> owner William N. Byers, and local developer <strong>Henry C. Brown</strong>. That summer the company started to run electric streetcars on Fifteenth Street. The line lasted less than a year before being removed. Short’s technology, which used an electrified third rail, had a bad habit of shocking people and horses when it got wet.</p> <p>The unsafe electric rail technology and the Denver City Railway’s monopoly on horse and mule cars led DTC to embrace cable cars. Cable cars were pulled along tracks by underground cables. In December 1888, the company opened a powerhouse at the southwest corner of Fifteenth Street, <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>, and Broadway (in what is now <strong>Civic Center Park</strong>). The powerhouse had large wheels turning cables that went straight down each thoroughfare. The next year, a fourth line branched out along Tremont Place to Eighteenth Avenue, completing a $2 million investment that yielded a twelve-mile cable network.</p> <p>Denver City Railway quickly shifted to cable cars as well. The company reincorporated as the Denver City Cable Railway. It built <strong>its own powerhouse and headquarters</strong> at the north corner of Eighteenth and Lawrence Streets, which opened in 1889. The rivalry between Denver City Cable and DTC spurred the development of one of the most extensive cable-car networks in the country. The Denver City Cable Railway Building drove the largest cable-car system ever run out of a single powerhouse. The company’s Welton Street line, which stretched about seven miles, was the longest in the United States when it was built.</p> <h2>Dominating Denver Transit</h2> <p>By the early 1890s, new electric streetcar technology using overhead wires had proven superior to cable cars. DTC had the right to build electric streetcar lines thanks to its early, ill-fated experiment on Fifteenth Street. In 1893 it quickly converted its major lines to the new system. Meanwhile, Denver City Cable only held a license for horse and cable cars. Its conversion to electricity proceeded more slowly.</p> <p>The <strong>Panic of 1893</strong> sent Denver City Cable into bankruptcy. DTC used its stronger position to buy up smaller lines and expand its electric streetcar network throughout the 1890s. Finally, it acquired Denver City Cable in 1898–99. By the time DTC converted its former rival’s thirty miles of cable lines to electricity in the spring of 1900, it was the only major streetcar company in Denver.</p> <p>DTC’s electric streetcars provided the city’s primary mass transit system for the next fifty years. The company played an important role in the daily lives of tens of millions of commuters per year while reshaping the city’s landscape. DTC’s extensive network spanned 155 miles by 1903. People could live miles from work and pay only a nickel to get there. Starting with Curtis Park in the 1870s, streetcars made it possible to develop neighborhoods farther from the city’s core, such as <strong>City Park</strong>, <strong>Park Hill</strong>, <strong>Montclair</strong>, <strong>South Denver</strong>, and <strong>Berkeley</strong>. Developers either enticed new streetcar lines to serve their parcels or built near existing or proposed lines.</p> <p>In the early 1900s, DTC consolidated its power under the leadership of William Gray Evans. It did this first by building <strong>a large new powerhouse</strong> near the confluence of the <strong>South Platte River</strong> and <strong>Cherry Creek</strong>. Opened in 1904 and expanded in 1911, the plant became the primary source of power for DTC’s electric streetcars.</p> <p>Next the company navigated the treacherous waters of <strong>Progressive Era</strong> antimonopoly politics and in 1906 secured a thirty-year franchise. Its future secure, the company built an elegant red brick and white terra-cotta <strong>headquarters</strong> at the corner of Fourteenth and Arapahoe Streets. By the time the new headquarters opened in 1911, DTC was expanding its reach with lines like the Denver &amp; Intermountain Railroad to <strong>Golden</strong>.</p> <h2>Competing with Cars</h2> <p>Occupied by advocating for the Moffat Tunnel after his friend David Moffat’s death, Evans resigned as DTC’s president in 1913. At the time, it seemed as if his company’s hold on transportation in Denver was secure. Yet the next decade posed difficulties for DTC. The company’s main problem was the rise of the personal automobile. In 1914–15, for example, streetcar use in Denver declined 9 percent. The city’s automobile traffic increased 50 percent. Although the streetcar was safer and cheaper than an automobile, it could not compete with the freedom and convenience of a car. It also could not compete with increasing public subsidies for cars and roads. Regulations held streetcar fares at a nickel. Streetcar ridership peaked around 1920 before entering a decades-long decline.</p> <p>In the short term, DTC faced problems with its trainmen, whose wages became unbearably low as prices rose with inflation during <strong>World War I</strong>. When DTC’s wage increases failed to keep up, workers unionized in 1918. The company tried to raise streetcar fares to pay for higher wages, but Denver mayor <strong>Dewey Bailey</strong> rolled back a one-penny increase, forcing DTC to fire workers and cut service. In these conditions, a short work stoppage in 1919 was the prelude to a <strong>major strike</strong> that started on August 1, 1920. By August 7, when Mayor Bailey and Governor <strong>Oliver Shoup</strong> sent in National Guard troops to protect strikebreakers and streetcars, seven people had been killed and dozens injured in one of the deadliest strikes in Colorado history.</p> <p>More than 700 strikers were fired after the strike, and the union disbanded. Still, regulations kept DTC’s fares too low for it to properly invest in workers or service. Struggling financially, the company was in receivership for several years until it reorganized in 1925. At the same time, DTC started to convert some of its lines outside downtown to buses and trolley coaches—a trackless system where cars with rubber tires are pulled by overhead wires.</p> <h2>Buses and Bankruptcy</h2> <p>As cars began to dominate the roads, the Denver Planning Commission recommended in 1940 that streetcars be scrapped on major traffic arteries. Conversion of downtown streetcars to buses and trolley coaches started that year. The changeover was put on hold during <strong>World War II</strong>, when ridership surged as a result of gasoline rationing.</p> <p>After the war, automobile ownership increased and suburbanization accelerated. This made DTC’s streetcar network obsolete. DTC ran its final streetcar on June 3, 1950. By 1955 trolley coaches were also gone, as the company converted entirely to buses. The Denver Tramway Powerhouse was shut down. The company’s downtown headquarters were sold as it moved operations to an industrial section of South Santa Fe Drive.</p> <p>By the 1960s, DTC was in a downward spiral of declining ridership and reduced service. Annual ridership plunged by half in a decade, from about 40 million riders in 1960 to fewer than 20 million in 1969. Similar declines happened across the country, but they were steeper in Denver than in other cities. In 1969 the <strong>Colorado General Assembly</strong> created the Regional Transportation District (RTD) to plan and operate transit in the Denver metropolitan area, which had grown to nearly 1.3 million people.</p> <p>RTD joined with other local authorities—including DTC, the City and County of Denver, and the <strong>Denver Regional Council of Governments</strong>—to develop goals for service in the Denver area after DTC was gone. In 1971 DTC ceased operations and sold its buses and other assets to the city. The city operated the system for several years as Denver Metro Transit. In 1973 voters approved a half-cent sales tax to fund RTD, which acquired Denver Metro Transit the next year and became the area’s primary public transportation agency.</p> <h2>Legacy</h2> <p>Today DTC’s legacy lives on in RTD, which operates a fleet of buses throughout the Denver metro area and has built a network of light rail and commuter trains. Denverites continue to see DTC’s influence on the city’s growth whenever they encounter wide streets that once carried streetcars or pass one of the numerous small neighborhood shopping areas that developed around streetcar stops.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 09 Jul 2020 16:50:27 +0000 yongli 3388 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org State Bridge http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-bridge <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">State Bridge</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2876--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2876.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-state-bridge"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/State-Bridge-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=YFw1QFft" width="1000" height="680" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-state-bridge" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old State Bridge</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The original State Bridge over the Colorado River in Eagle County was built in 1890. It provided ranchers north of the river with easier access to the railroad at Wolcott, and it helped link together the first east-west route across the state that could be used in all seasons.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2877--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2877.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/bridge-collapse"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/State-Bridge-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=aVmjaLvx" width="1000" height="644" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/bridge-collapse" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Bridge Collapse</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The old State Bridge collapsed during periods of heavy run-off in the late 1920s and in June 1946 (pictured here). In both cases the bridge was quickly repaired, but as traffic increased after World War II, the state made the replacement of the bridge a priority.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2878--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2878.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/old-state-bridge-today"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/State-Bridge-Media-4_0.jpg?itok=UljO6YJw" width="1000" height="685" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/old-state-bridge-today" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Old State Bridge Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The original State Bridge remained standing until the 1980s, when the span partially collapsed during a period of high run-off. Today a concrete support in the river stands as the main evidence marking the bridge's location.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-21T13:24:46-07:00" title="Thursday, December 21, 2017 - 13:24" class="datetime">Thu, 12/21/2017 - 13:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/state-bridge" data-a2a-title="State Bridge"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fstate-bridge&amp;title=State%20Bridge"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>State Bridge spans the <a href="/article/colorado-river"><strong>Colorado River</strong></a> along Highway 131 in <a href="/article/eagle-county"><strong>Eagle County</strong></a> and was originally constructed in 1890. Built with state funding, the bridge helped promote growth by providing the only east–west transportation link across the state that was open year-round. The original truss bridge was replaced with a modern concrete deck bridge in 1966, but the construction of <a href="/article/interstate-70"><strong>Interstate 70</strong></a> through western Colorado caused State Bridge’s importance to decline after the 1970s.</p> <h2>Original State Bridge</h2> <p>In 1887 the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Western Railroad</strong> built a line through the Eagle River valley, providing valley ranchers with much quicker and easier access to markets. North of the Eagle Valley, however, ranchers on the far side of the Grand River (now the Colorado River) still had to ferry or ford their livestock across the river to reach the railroad stockyards at <strong>Wolcott</strong>. The main river crossing between the <a href="/article/yampa-river"><strong>Yampa Valley</strong></a> and Wolcott was operated by Charles H. McCoy, who plied a ferry about three miles west of his namesake town.</p> <p>State officials believed a better route across the river would benefit ranchers and facilitate development in northwest Colorado, so in 1889 the state legislature appropriated $6,000 for a wagon bridge in Eagle County. The money came from the state’s Internal Income Fund, started in 1881 to pay for important county projects that would help knit together Colorado’s transportation network. Each project was designed and supervised by the State Engineer’s Office. The 1889–90 term marked the first time the legislature used the fund to engage in large-scale construction; in addition to the bridge in Eagle County, ten other projects were funded, mostly on the <a href="/article/western-slope"><strong>Western Slope</strong></a>.</p> <p>Initially, state officials planned to build the Grand River bridge at McCoy’s ferry, which lay along the existing road through the area. The existing road was in bad shape, though, and officials soon decided that they would need a new road to accommodate the heavier loads that they anticipated after the bridge opened. They picked a new site about seven miles upriver from McCoy’s ferry, with new roads to the bridge to be built by Eagle and <a href="/article/routt-county"><strong>Routt</strong></a> Counties. The State Engineer’s Office designed the bridge and contracted with Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Works of Leavenworth, Kansas, for its construction. Completed in October 1890, the bridge was made of native wood and wrought iron. It was 204 feet long and 16 feet wide, with a 100-foot Howe truss span—one of the most popular bridge designs at the time.</p> <p>The bridge over the Grand River was the third of many “state bridges” to be constructed; by 1908 the state had funded more than eighty. Most took on different names, but this one—and the small community that developed beside it—continued to be known simply as State Bridge. It quickly assumed a key role in Colorado’s transportation infrastructure because it provided access to the railroad at Wolcott and was part of the only east–west route through the mountains that was open all year. Over the next seventy-five years, freight wagons, stagecoaches, automobiles, and ranchers used it frequently.</p> <p>In the first decade of the twentieth century, the Denver, Northwestern &amp; Pacific Railway started to build a new line to connect <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and Salt Lake City. The line never reached that goal, but it did cross the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> via the <a href="/article/denver-northwestern-pacific-railway-hill-route-moffat-road"><strong>Moffat Road</strong></a> and continue from there through <strong>Kremmling</strong> and State Bridge to <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong> and <strong>Craig</strong>. The wagon and stagecoach stop next to State Bridge soon evolved into a railroad stop as well, which opened the way to new business opportunities. By 1921 Ralph McGlochlin had bought an existing hotel at State Bridge with the plan of developing it into a modern tourist hotel and restaurant. In the 1930s and 1940s, McGlochlin’s lodge became a popular watering hole for nearby ranchers.</p> <h2>New State Bridge</h2> <p>Already in the 1940s, the Colorado Department of Highways (now the <strong>Department of Transportation</strong>) became concerned about the bad condition of Highway 131 from State Bridge to Wolcott. The bridge had partially collapsed during periods of high runoff in the late 1920s and in 1946 but in both cases was quickly fixed. The problem became more pressing as traffic increased along the road during the steady growth of outdoor recreation after <strong>World War II</strong>.</p> <p>By the early 1960s, the Department of Highways had developed a long-term plan to improve the road and replace the seventy-year-old State Bridge. Pressure from Eagle County commissioners led Charles Shumate, the state’s chief highway engineer, to authorize the road and bridge project in September 1965. Construction on the Highway 131 improvements started in November 1965, and the new State Bridge was ready for traffic by late June 1966. A five-span girder bridge with a concrete deck slab, the new bridge stood just downstream from the original bridge. It measured 419 feet long across the river and 24 feet from curb to curb.</p> <p>In the decade after the new State Bridge opened, its importance declined significantly as the construction of Interstate 70 provided a faster year-round route across the state. But while through-traffic decreased, State Bridge started to gain a reputation as an off-the-beaten-path destination for concerts, which started at a nearby lodge in the 1970s, and rafting on the Colorado River, which became popular in the 1980s.</p> <p>During this time, the original bridge remained standing but was restricted to pedestrian traffic. It partially collapsed in the summer of 1983 during a period of high runoff. When the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, only the northern half of the wooden truss span was still in place. Today the rest of the span has collapsed, leaving only a concrete support in the river to mark the location of the original bridge.</p> <p>In 2007 the historic lodge at State Bridge was destroyed by fire. The owners reopened in 2011 with a new amphitheater for concerts and renovated cabins and yurts for concertgoers, anglers, and rafters.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-bridge" hreflang="en">State Bridge</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/historic-bridges" hreflang="en">historic bridges</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grand-river" hreflang="en">grand river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-river" hreflang="en">colorado river</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Clayton B. Fraser, “Vehicular Bridges in Colorado,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (August 31, 1984).</p> <p>Clayton Fraser and Carl Hallberg, “State Bridge,” Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record Inventory (December 30, 1983).</p> <p>Kathy Heicher, <em>The Bridges of Eagle County: A Story of Pioneers, Politics, and Progress</em> (Denver: Colorado Department of Transportation, 2015).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Clayton B. Fraser, “Highway Bridges in Colorado,” National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form (March 30, 2000).</p> <p><a href="http://www.statebridge.com/">State Bridge</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 21 Dec 2017 20:24:46 +0000 yongli 2874 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Lost Trail Ranch http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lost-trail-ranch <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Lost Trail Ranch</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2710--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2710.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stony-pass-road"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Lost%20Trail%20Media%202_0.jpg?itok=qlxlw8Vl" width="1024" height="576" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stony-pass-road" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stony Pass Road</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>First built in 1872, Stony Pass Road connected Del Norte to Silverton. It started as a pack trail and was gradually improved into a wagon road. It was the main route from the Front Range to the San Juan Mountains until 1882, when the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railway reached Silverton.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-07-05T13:13:00-06:00" title="Wednesday, July 5, 2017 - 13:13" class="datetime">Wed, 07/05/2017 - 13:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lost-trail-ranch" data-a2a-title="Lost Trail Ranch"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Flost-trail-ranch&amp;title=Lost%20Trail%20Ranch"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Lost Trail Ranch was established in 1877 as a way station and resupply spot along Stony Pass Road from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> to the mining camps of the <strong><a href="/article/san-juan-mountains">San Juan Mountains</a></strong>. Located at an elevation of 9,800 feet along the <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, the way station served travelers until the early 1880s, when traffic declined after the first railroad reached <strong><a href="/article/silverton">Silverton</a></strong>. The area became a popular summer cattle pasture site before being developed in the early 1920s as a dude ranch. Since then the property has offered guest lodging and outdoor recreation while continuing to be used for summer livestock grazing.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Main Road to Silverton</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Serious mining activity started in the San Juan Mountains in the early 1870s. The <a href="/article/ute-treaty-1868"><strong>Treaty of 1868</strong></a> had established the area as Ute land, but whites drawn by rumors of rich mineral deposits explored the mountains in violation of the treaty. In 1871 gold was discovered at the base of Arrastra Gulch along the upper <strong><a href="/article/animas-river">Animas River</a></strong>, and in 1872 Major E. M. Hamilton built the first primitive road from the San Luis Valley to the San Juans. From <strong>Del Norte</strong>, Hamilton’s Stony Pass Road followed the Rio Grande nearly to its headwaters before crossing the <a href="/article/great-divide"><strong>Continental Divide</strong></a> at Stony Pass and descending to the upper Animas River valley via Cunningham Gulch.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Illicit mining activity in the San Juans led to the 1873 <strong><a href="/article/brunot-agreement">Brunot Agreement</a></strong>, which officially opened the region to white mining and settlement. Mining camps sprouted throughout the upper Animas River valley, while ranches and way stations took shape along the increasingly well-traveled Stony Pass Road between the San Luis Valley and the bustling mines around Silverton.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Lost Trail Station</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring of 1877, John Barber established Lost Trail Station along Stony Pass Road where Lost Trail Creek met the Rio Grande. Previously the site had been used for summer cattle grazing because it had good water and an open meadow. Barber and his wife, Frances, provided lodging and meals to travelers, offered shipping and packing services, and cared for livestock. As part of his operation, Barber built a rough log cabin and a more substantial hotel and barn. The log barn measured about nineteen feet by seventy-three feet. Clearly built by someone skilled in log construction, the building used square-notched corners and required minimal chinking because the logs were so straight and similarly sized.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Stony Pass Road remained the main route between the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/front-range"><strong>Front Range</strong></a> and the San Juans until the early 1880s. Machinery, supplies, men, and minerals flowed along the road as the San Juan mining camps developed. Lost Trail Station gained additional significance as the spot where the route changed from a wagon road to a pack trail. Travelers headed west had to break down their wagons at Lost Trail and switch to a pack train for the trek over the Continental Divide, while travelers headed east got to climb into a wagon and ride the rest of the way down to Del Norte.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1878 a post office opened at Lost Trail Station, with Barber as postmaster. That year Barber also expanded his accommodations and improved his facilities in anticipation of increased traffic starting in 1879, when the road was improved for wagon travel the whole way from Del Norte to Silverton.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>After the Railroad</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Just as the improved wagon road was completed over Stony Pass, developments elsewhere signaled its demise. <strong><a href="/article/william-jackson-palmer">William Jackson Palmer</a></strong>’s <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railway</strong> had its sights set on reaching Silverton from the San Luis Valley. The railroad’s engineer thought the proposed <strong>San Juan Extension</strong> could follow the existing wagon road up the Rio Grande, but in 1879 railroad officials decided that the line would instead head south to the lower and broader Cumbres Pass before curving through the <strong>Southern Ute Reservation</strong> and reaching Silverton via the Animas River. This decision spelled the end of Lost Trail Station and the Stony Pass route more generally.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Traffic along Stony Pass Road continued for a few more years, but it declined precipitously after the railroad reached Silverton in July 1882. Some freighters and travelers who could not afford the railroad continued to take Stony Pass Road on foot or horseback, but other traffic largely dried up. Soon most settlements along the route were abandoned. Lost Trail Station stayed in operation longer than most. The post office closed in 1883, but the hotel remained open until at least 1885. By that time the Barber family was long gone; in 1883–84 a man named Eugene Hamilton operated the stage station.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In the early 1890s, Stony Pass Road experienced a brief revival with new mining activity in the Bear Creek drainage, which entered the Rio Grande several miles above Lost Trail Station. Miners brought new traffic to the area, and the Lost Trail stage station and post office reopened. But soon the <a href="/article/panic-1893"><strong>Panic of 1893</strong> </a>brought the nascent Bear Creek mining district to an end. The Lost Trail post office closed for good, and Stony Pass Road fell into disuse.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Cow Camp and Dude Ranch</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the 1890s, ranching took over from transportation and mining along the old Stony Pass route, and the area around Lost Trail Station reverted to its earlier use as a high-elevation summer cattle pasture. Lost Trail Station was especially popular as a cow camp because it had a barn and cabin where cowboys could stay while their cattle grazed nearby.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1921 Susan Jackson Tice and her son George acquired 160 acres at the former Lost Trail Station and established a seasonal dude ranch called Lost Trail Ranch. In 1937 Carroll Wetherill acquired the property and developed it into a working dude ranch. He built a residence for himself, repaired and remodeled the barn, and added a second cabin, which probably used materials from the former hotel. He rented the cabins to guests and offered seasonal pack trips, hunting, and fishing. The nearby meadow continued to be used as summer pasture for livestock from lower elevations.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1937 the old Stony Pass wagon road was improved for use by ore trucks heading to and from Bear Creek mines, but mining activity ceased during World War II and the road quickly deteriorated. By the 1950s, the road was starting to see a growing number of recreational users. Wetherill asked the <strong><a href="/article/us-forest-service-colorado">US Forest Service</a></strong> to move the road, which was relocated about 100 yards north of the ranch. At the same time, the road was regraded to make it passable to Lost Trail Ranch for standard automobiles and beyond the ranch for four-wheel-drive vehicles.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Today</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Getz family—Wetherill descendants—owned and operated the ranch into the early twenty-first century. They built several new rental cabins close to the Forest Service road, and in 2011 they got the historic section of the property—including the barn and two older cabins—listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today the barn at Lost Trail Ranch is the oldest log barn in <strong><a href="/article/hinsdale-county">Hinsdale County</a></strong>. The Getzes still live at the ranch, but in the mid-2010s they sold the rental cabin business to a new owner.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stony-pass-road" hreflang="en">Stony Pass Road</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stage-stations" hreflang="en">stage stations</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/lost-trail-station" hreflang="en">Lost Trail Station</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-juan-mountains" hreflang="en">San Juan Mountains</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/livestock-grazing" hreflang="en">livestock grazing</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/john-barber" hreflang="en">John Barber</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/carroll-wetherill" hreflang="en">Carroll Wetherill</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Richard A. Goddard and Jamie Bricker, “Lost Trail Station,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (October 2010).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Cathy E. Kindquist, <em>Stony Pass: The Tumbling and Impetuous Trail</em> (Silverton, CO: San Juan County Book Company, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Allen Nossaman, <em>Many More Mountains</em>, Vol. 2: <em>Ruts into Silverton</em> (Denver: Sundance, 1993).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.pittsburghsigncompany.org/custom-signs/">Lost Trail Ranch</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Jul 2017 19:13:00 +0000 yongli 2708 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1072--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1072.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph%20%281%29.jpg?itok=VDAPbdXP" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach is a mud wagon like those that operated on the Barlow and Sanderson lines in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club sometime before 1947 and donated to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1073--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1073.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=i34SHINs" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After being housed for years in History Colorado's Fort Garland Museum, the stagecoach is now in Monte Vista.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1074--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1074.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stagecoach-ride"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_003_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=sMfsAzPd" width="1000" height="773" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stagecoach-ride" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stagecoach Ride</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Stagecoaches were used to transport mail, freight, and people between towns prior to the rapid expansion of the railroad in the 1870s and 1880s. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson stagecoaches were primarily operating between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1075--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1075.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-c_012_Drawing_0.jpg?itok=6rZsx3TJ" width="1000" height="1294" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Abbot, Downing Catalog Listing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach in Monte Vista was initially mistaken as a Concord, a popular model made by Abbott, Downing, and Company. It was later determined that the Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was actually an Abbott, Downing "mud wagon," designed to be smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T10:24:20-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 10:24" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 10:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" data-a2a-title="Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbarlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach&amp;title=Barlow%20and%20Sanderson%20Stagecoach"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The only regional example of its type, the stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society, which housed it for decades in the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong>. Because of conditions imposed on the original donation, in 2014 History Colorado (formerly the Colorado Historical Society) returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista, where it is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company, which had come to dominate stage lines in the West. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>, which was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California, as well as the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in constant use on stage lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were becoming feeders operating at the fringes of the railroads rather than main lines of transportation. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> </a>to the railroads. As the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> and the <strong>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe Railroad</strong> moved into the San Luis Valley, the stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884, when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines, but by this time stage use in Colorado had entered a period of permanent decline.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club (predecessor of the Chamber of Commerce) bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society, which decided to display it at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red, the color found on the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century New Hampshire–based stagecoach manufacturer Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by Merri Ferrell, a curator and carriage expert from the Museums at Stony Brook (now the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages). Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing but was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon” found in the 1871 Abbot, Downing catalog. This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West, especially in bad weather. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It continued to suffer damage over the next two decades, however, because it was displayed at <a href="/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club originally donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, the donation came with conditions, including a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with professional museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014, and transferred custody to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum, which offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stagecoaches" hreflang="en">stagecoaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-overland-mail-and-express-company" hreflang="en">Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bradley-barlow" hreflang="en">Bradley Barlow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-sanderson" hreflang="en">Jared Sanderson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-garland" hreflang="en">Fort Garland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/monte-vista-historical-society" hreflang="en">Monte Vista Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation-west-museum" hreflang="en">Transportation of the West Museum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeanne Brako, “Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (March 10, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances McCullough, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Line in the San Luis Valley,” <em>San Luis Valley Historian</em> 30, no. 3 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ralph Moody, <em>Stagecoach West</em> (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Lines in Colorado, 1872–1884,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 50, no. 2 (1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, <em>First Mail West: Stagecoach Lines on the Santa Fe Trail</em> (1971; repr., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Philip L. Fradkin, <em>Stagecoach: Wells Fargo and the American West</em> (New York: Simon and Schuster Source, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert N. Mullin, “Stagecoach Pioneers of the Southwest,” <em>Southwestern Studies</em>, Monograph 71 (1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried people and mail from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name was in 1866. It was the only major company operating out west besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of their service shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum. They wanted to show the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was looked at by a carriage expert. The expert said that the stagecoach was not a Concord coach. Instead, it was a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not red.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, the stagecoach was repainted its original color. However, it was damaged because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the stagecoach was donated, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that the stagecoach could not be maintained to museum standards. As a result, the stagecoach was moved to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista in hopes it can be placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum can protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of the line shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be restored to its original color. However, it suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach to museum standards. As a result, History Colorado removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong>. It is the only regional example of its type. The stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society. In 2014 History Colorado returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista. It is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the fringes of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the San Juan Mountains to the railroads. The stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines. However, stage use in Colorado was decreasing.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong> to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. These included a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 17:24:20 +0000 yongli 785 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org