%1 http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/ en Grant-Humphreys Mansion http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grant-humphreys-mansion <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Grant-Humphreys Mansion</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-10-11T17:04:00-06:00" title="Monday, October 11, 2021 - 17:04" class="datetime">Mon, 10/11/2021 - 17:04</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/grant-humphreys-mansion" data-a2a-title="Grant-Humphreys Mansion"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fgrant-humphreys-mansion&amp;title=Grant-Humphreys%20Mansion"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>Exuding ornamentation and ostentation, Grant-Humphreys Mansion (770 Pennsylvania Street) is <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>'s best-known Beaux-Arts neoclassical residence, combining Colonial Revival and Italian Renaissance elements. Prominently sited on the southwest shoulder of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver%E2%80%99s-capitol-hill"><strong>Capitol Hill</strong></a>, it overlooks Governor’s Park and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/governor%E2%80%99s-residence-boettcher-mansion"><strong>Governor’s Mansion</strong></a> to the west. Completed in 1902, the elaborate mansion housed two of Colorado’s wealthiest and most prominent families, notable for their key roles in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/precious-metal-mining-colorado"><strong>mining</strong></a>, <strong>smelting</strong>, oil, and aviation booms. Today <strong>History Colorado</strong> maintains the residence as a wedding venue and events center.</p> <h2>Grant’s History</h2> <p>Grant-Humphreys Mansion was originally built for <strong>James Benton Grant</strong>, a successful smelting engineer and former Colorado governor. Grant was born and raised in Alabama, where his family had a plantation before the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>. A wealthy relative paid for his education at one of the world’s leading schools of mineral engineering, Germany’s famed Freiberg University of Mining. After gaining practical experience in the mines of Austria, in 1877 he went to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, then experiencing one of the world’s major silver booms. There he built the successful Omaha and Grant Smelter in 1880 and planned the five-mile-long Yak Tunnel to open up deep mining. Two years later, he moved to Denver to construct one of the world’s largest smelters, distinguished by the 353-foot <strong>Grant Smelter</strong> stack, the tallest in the country and world’s third largest when built. Grant later merged his smelting interests with the Guggenheims’ American Smelting and Refining Company after ASARCO’s 1899 creation. He continued to profit from mining and ore-processing plants scattered around Colorado.</p> <p>In 1881 Grant married Mary Matteson Goodell, who was prominent in Denver society and a daughter of an Illinois governor. Grant’s marriage into a prominent Colorado family, his rising fame as a smelting magnate, and a major split in the Republican Party led to a successful run for Colorado governor as a Democrat (1883–85). He was the first Democrat to hold that office. He also presided over the Denver School Board and helped found <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/treat-hall"><strong>Colorado Women’s College</strong></a>.</p> <h2>Architecture</h2> <p>As movers and shakers in society as well as industry, the Grants chose in the early 1900s to build themselves a residence in Denver’s elite Capitol Hill neighborhood, where they selected a prominent site atop the southwest corner of the hill. The Grants’ unusually large mansion there became a magnet for Denver society.</p> <p>Grant hired <strong>Theodore Davis Boal</strong> and <strong>Frederick Louis Harnois</strong>, architects of the <strong>Denver Country Club</strong> and other area mansions, to design his $75,000 house, reputedly to look like a neoclassical mansion in his native Alabama. The 18,000-square-foot residence has a buff brick exterior with lavish white terra-cotta trim in window surrounds, balustrades, cornices, corner pilasters, and frieze. This early use of terra cotta as a substitute for decorative stonework set an example that was widely copied. Balustrades on all three levels on all sides unify the flamboyant exterior. All four corners are embellished with pilasters. The west facade is distinguished by a monumental semicircular portico supported by four fluted, twenty-foot-high Corinthian columns.</p> <p>Interiors are on a grand scale, featuring exotic woods, plaster trim, and a sunroom addition. The forty-two rooms include a billiard room, ladies’ drawing room, library, and ballroom as well as a bowling alley and a small theater complete with proscenium-arch stage.</p> <p>Following James Grant's death in 1911, Mary Grant continued to live in the house before selling it in 1917 to <strong>Albert E. Humphreys</strong> and his wife, Alice Boyd.</p> <h2>Humphreys’s History</h2> <p>Albert Edmund Humphreys is best remembered as the King of the Wildcatters for his lucrative discoveries of oil in Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Texas. He had made money in lumber and coal in his native West Virginia, iron ore in Minnesota, gold and silver in British Columbia, silver in <a href="/article/creede"><strong>Creede</strong></a>, and gold in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>, Colorado, before oil brought his greatest success. He used some of his $36 million in annual oil profits to set up the still-functioning Humphreys Foundation to support Baptist schools and churches (among other causes). Humphreys and his wife came to Denver in 1898 with their two sons, Ira and A. E., Jr.</p> <p>After buying the Grant Mansion in 1917, the Humphreys had the Denver architectural firm of <strong>Fisher and Fisher</strong> do extensive interior remodeling. Humphreys attached a ten-car garage, complete with gas pump, for the family’s fleet of Rolls-Royces. The garage was topped by servant’s quarters and a sun deck.</p> <p>Ira and A. E., Jr. became notable businessmen in their own right. Fascinated by airplanes, in 1918 the brothers formed the <strong>Curtiss-Humphreys Airplane Company</strong>. That year they also opened Denver's first commercial airport at Twenty-Sixth Avenue and Oneida Street in North Park Hill, an ancestor of today’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-international-airport"><strong>Denver International Airport</strong></a>. Their Humphreys Gold Corporation Company did dredge boat gold mining on <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/clear-creek-canyon"><strong>Clear Creek</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/gilpin-county"><strong>Gilpin County</strong></a>, where the piles of waste rock may still be seen. In 1919 Ira patented the Humphreys Spiral Concentrator, a bumpy device used extensively in the mining industry to separate gold and other heavy metals in low-grade ores. A. E., Jr. married Ruth Boettcher and became involved with widely diversified <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/charles-boettcher"><strong>Boettcher family enterprises</strong></a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the oil that brought their father his greatest success also led to his downfall. In the 1920s, he became involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which his fellow oil tycoons were found guilty of bribing the US secretary of the interior to open up naval oil reserves in Wyoming. Rather than testify against his cronies, Humphreys committed suicide in 1927, sparking persistent haunted-house folklore.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Ira and his family continued to live in the house for the next five decades. They made alterations inside the house but very few to the exterior. Meanwhile, the neighborhood evolved dramatically as many nearby mansions were torn down and replaced by apartment houses. Partly to save the mansion from such a fate, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and included in Denver’s <strong>East Seventh Avenue Parkway Historic District</strong>. Upon Ira’s death in 1976, his will provided for the donation of the house to the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado). He also willed the expansive surrounding yard to the city for use as a park, providing a picturesque setting for the mansion.</p> <p>After performing major restoration and long-deferred maintenance, History Colorado now uses the residence for tours and rents it out for special events.&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/grant-humphreys-mansion" hreflang="en">Grant-Humphreys Mansion</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-benton-grant" hreflang="en">James Benton Grant</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/capitol-hill" hreflang="en">capitol hill</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/theodore-davis-boal" hreflang="en">Theodore Davis Boal</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frederick-louis-harnois" hreflang="en">Frederick Louis Harnois</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/albert-e-humphreys" hreflang="en">Albert E. Humphreys</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Robert Fink, “Grant-Humphreys Mansion,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (1970).</p> <p>Edith Eudora Kohl, <em>Denver’s Historic Mansions: Citadels to the Empire Builders</em> (Denver: Sage Books, 1957).</p> <p>Elaine Colvin Walsh and Jean Walton Smith, <em>The Grand Dame of Quality Hill: The Story of the Grant Humphreys Mansion and the Men and Women Who Called It Home</em> (Denver: Volunteers of the Colorado Historical Society, 1991).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, <em>Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis</em> (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel and Nicholas J. Wharton, <em>Denver Landmarks and Historic Districts</em>, 2nd ed. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 11 Oct 2021 23:04:00 +0000 yongli 3611 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado History Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado History Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:54:49-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:54" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:54</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum" data-a2a-title="Colorado History Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-history-museum&amp;title=Colorado%20History%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado History Museum, the second major home of the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>), opened in 1977 to replace the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a> (1915). Located on the south side of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>, the modern museum was three times as large as the old State Museum, offering much greater space for exhibitions, programs, and offices, but it garnered less public affection. It served as the society’s headquarters and main museum until 2010, when it was demolished as the society prepared to move to the new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a>, which opened in 2012.</p> <h2>The Typewriter and the Box</h2> <p>By the 1960s, the Colorado State Museum was bursting at the seams. Exhibits filled every corner, crevice, and hallway, and an ever-growing collection had to be largely consigned to offsite storage. William E. Marshall, executive director of the Colorado Historical Society from 1963 to 1979, made a new building his priority.</p> <p>Ground was broken for the new building on May 7, 1975, and it opened in 1977. Conceived as part of a modern governmental complex, the Colorado History Museum shared the block immediately southwest of the <strong>State Capitol</strong> grounds with a new <strong>Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. <strong>Rogers Nagel Langhart</strong> (RNL), one of Denver’s best-known architectural firms, designed both buildings, which shared a spacious plaza as well as innovative postmodern designs. On the north half of the block, the Judicial Center rose on two massive piers, allowing passersby to walk under the main structure and peer through a long skylight to the law library below. On the south half of the block, the museum rose at a slant from the plaza to a flat roof, with tiered terraces set in the slope at each floor, and had a flat front wall on its south side. The architects planned a granite cladding for the museum exterior, but the <strong>legislature</strong> threw it out in favor of dull, gray brick, which was cheaper. The result was unfriendly and formidable, but functional. The combination of unusually shaped structures led some people to call the museum the “typewriter” and the judicial building “the box it came in.”</p> <h2>Inside the New Museum</h2> <p>The building was known as the Colorado Heritage Center from its opening in 1977 until the mid-1980s, when it was renamed the Colorado History Museum. Its main feature was its cavernous underground space below the plaza. The lower level included offices for the curatorial staff and a large exhibition-planning and -preparation studio. In later years, the society placed a glass-curtain wall at the entrance to the storage and staff space so visitors could see the collections storage area as well as staff doing its work.</p> <p>The museum’s first level included exhibition space, a large auditorium, and a reconstructed 1890s classroom from the Broadway School, which had occupied the museum site. The distinguishing feature of the first floor, its lobby entrance, offered visitors a glimpse of the museum world below. Two large openings in the floor featured a wide cantilevered staircase to the lower level and an overlook for visitors to study objects below, including a forty-foot-high windmill that rose into the entrance gallery.</p> <p>The museum’s second floor was given over entirely to the library and its substantial book, periodical, photograph, and manuscript collections. In the early years, it included bound runs of Colorado newspapers, many of which were later microfilmed and returned to libraries throughout the state. The Colorado <strong>Department of Higher Education</strong>, the historical society’s umbrella agency, then took the place of the newspapers, making its headquarters in the western third of the library floor. The museum’s third floor housed the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP), administrative offices, and the publications office (which later moved to the second floor).</p> <h2>Developing the Exhibits</h2> <p>After the new building was completed in 1977, the next big challenge was to fill some 30,000 square feet of exhibition space. The Colorado legislature had agreed to fund only the exterior of the building, leaving the society to come up with $3 million for the interior, exhibitions, and furnishings. To offer visitors something worthwhile, executive director William Marshall arranged several interconnected geodesic domes in a semicircle, each highlighting two or three of the society’s highly popular Works Progress Administration (WPA) dioramas. This gave visitors a sense of Colorado history in miniature—everything from dioramas of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a>’s Balcony House to a bustling <strong>Arapaho</strong> encampment on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> to an electrical generating plant on a cascading mountain river. Upstairs, the museum installed a temporary exhibit showcasing the diversity of Colorado’s people.</p> <p>In 1979 Marshall retired and the society’s board selected Barbara Sudler, the former head of <strong>Historic Denver, Inc.</strong>, to become the first female chief executive officer as well as State Historic Preservation Officer. She confronted the challenge of filling the museum’s vast, dark lower level. She hit upon a solution when she met Bill Miner, the designer of the recent US Bicentennial exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution, and convinced him to take charge of Colorado History Museum exhibits. What resulted was a whirlwind effort to locate, identify, and interpret thousands of objects in the society’s collection. Completed two years later, the exhibition featured a 150-foot timeline complete with artifacts, at one foot to a year, beginning in 1800 and ending in 1950. The exhibits opened in August 1982 and included a portfolio of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a> prints; an evocative look at childhood in early Colorado; the life and work of architect <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/robert-s-roeschlaub"><strong>Robert S. Roeschlaub</strong></a>, Colorado’s first licensed architect; an early log house from 1860s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/auraria-west-denver"><strong>Auraria</strong></a>; a glass-enclosed conservation lab lined with artifacts from Mesa Verde; and several refurbished WPA dioramas from the 1930s, including the iconic, intricately detailed model of Denver in 1860, complete with ant-sized cats. Later came a coal-mine tipple from <strong>Paonia</strong>, which stood in the center of a large-scale exhibition on <strong>coal</strong> and <strong>hard-rock mining</strong> in Colorado. Getting the seven-ton coal loader and fifteen-foot blower fan out of the mine and into the museum required two Chinook helicopters.</p> <p>With Sudler’s resignation in 1990, Jim Hartmann assumed the presidency of the society and the post as State Historic Preservation Officer. Early in the 1990s, the society embraced an opportunity to widen its programming with a unique exhibition of artifacts from the Vatican Museum and Library held in conjunction with <strong>Pope John Paul II’s 1993 visit to Denver</strong>. Every square inch of exhibition space on the museum’s upper and lower levels had to be adapted to the exhibit. A Vatican-approved reproduction of Michelangelo’s <em>Pietà</em> introduced visitors to a journey through 2,000 years of Italian religious art and architecture in the society’s most popular exhibit to date.</p> <p>Hartmann also launched a series of annual exhibits, each focusing on a different decade of Colorado history. The exhibits were supplemented by decade-by-decade issues of <em>Colorado Heritage </em>magazine. Meanwhile, the museum’s exhibits and collections were enhanced by an innovative partnership, launched in 1992, with the state <strong>Department of Corrections</strong>. Inmates, many of them skilled craftsmen, worked to restore damaged artifacts such as carriages, wagons, stagecoaches, and even railroad passenger coaches. Prisoners have also organized newspaper collections, catalogued artifacts, conserved books, and prepared exhibits.</p> <p>During the final decade of programming at the Colorado History Museum, under the directorship of Georgianna Contiguglia, the society developed a series of exhibits drawing on Colorado’s cultural diversity. One of them, <em>Cheyenne Dog Soldiers,</em> explored Indigenous-white conflict in Colorado following the massacre of peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek</strong></a> in November 1864. Other exhibits looked at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/buffalo-soldiers"><strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong></a>, pre-Columbian cultures, and Italian history and life in Colorado.</p> <h2>On the Move</h2> <p>In 2005 the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> proposed a newer judicial building that would fill the entire block it shared with the Colorado History Museum. The new judicial center would bring into one building all the scattered Denver-area state judicial offices. To make this happen, the historical society’s director, Edward C. Nichols, began the search for a new location for the museum. After considering various plans, the board agreed to a site a block south of the old museum, fronting Twelfth Avenue between Broadway and Lincoln Streets. Funding for the new history museum did not draw on state money but relied heavily on the <strong>State Historical Fund</strong>, generated by taxes on gambling.</p> <p>The prospective move brought an end to exhibit planning and much programming for the old museum. Staff found temporary office space and the society’s millions of artifacts were packed and moved. In March 2010 the Colorado History Museum closed for good. To signify the society’s new direction, in 2008 it assumed a new name, History Colorado, and its new museum, completed in 2012, became known as the History Colorado Center.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/wetzel-david-n" hreflang="und">Wetzel, David N.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado History Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-heritage-center" hreflang="en">Colorado Heritage Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado State Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/rogers-nagel-langhart" hreflang="en">Rogers Nagel Langhart</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Georgianna Contiguglia, various interviews with Tom Noel, 2000–01.</p> <p>James E. Hartmann, various interviews with Tom Noel, 2000–01.</p> <p>Modupe Labode, “The Colorado Historical Society at 125,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Summer 2004).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><em>The Colorado History Museum</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1989).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:54:49 +0000 yongli 3598 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society) http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society)</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:38:27-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:38" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:38</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society" data-a2a-title="History Colorado (Colorado Historical Society)"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory-colorado-colorado-historical-society&amp;title=History%20Colorado%20%28Colorado%20Historical%20Society%29"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>History Colorado (HC) was founded in 1879 by the <strong>state legislature</strong> as the State Historical and Natural History Society. Later known as the Colorado Historical Society, it assumed its current name in 2009. HC is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit educational institution and also a state entity under the <strong>Department of Higher Education</strong>. Its mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret the history and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/walking-colorado-introduction-origins-section"><strong>prehistory</strong></a> of Colorado.</p> <p>Since 1879 HC has grown into a large organization based at <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center"><strong>History Colorado Center</strong></a>. The headquarters houses more than 250,000 artifacts, 22,000 books, 30,000 drawings, 225 different newspapers, 1,000 oral histories, 3,700 maps, 800,000 photographs, and an estimated 7.5 million manuscript pages. HC also runs nine community museums and other historic sites scattered around the state, many of them originally local efforts that later sought the prestige and financial support the State Historical Society could provide. HC’s museums and historic sites include the Center for Colorado Women’s History at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/byers-evans-house"><strong>Byers-Evans House</strong></a> (Denver), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-pueblo"><strong>El Pueblo History Museum</strong></a> (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pueblo-0"><strong>Pueblo</strong></a>), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland Museum and Cultural Center</strong></a> (Fort Garland), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez"><strong>Fort Vasquez</strong></a> (Platteville), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown-loop"><strong>Georgetown Loop</strong></a> Historic Mining and Railroad Park (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/georgetown%E2%80%93silver-plume-historic-district"><strong>Georgetown-Silver Plume</strong></a>), the <strong>Grant-Humphreys Mansion</strong> (Denver), the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/healy-house-and-dexter-cabin"><strong>Healy House Museum and Dexter Cabin</strong></a> (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>), <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/pike%E2%80%99s-stockade"><strong>Pike’s Stockade</strong></a> (Sanford), the Trinidad History Museum (<a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/el-corazon-de-trinidad-national-historic-district"><strong>Trinidad</strong></a>), and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum"><strong>Ute Indian Museum and Park</strong></a> (<a href="/article/montrose"><strong>Montrose</strong></a>).</p> <h2>Beginnings</h2> <p>Physician <strong>Frederick J. Bancroft</strong> served as the State Historical Society’s first president, from 1879 to 1896. A Union Army surgeon during the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Bancroft had served as Denver City Physician from 1872 to 1878. He also founded the Denver Medical Society and served as the first president of the <strong>Colorado State Board of Health</strong>. During Bancroft’s tenure at the historical society, there was growing concern about <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> artifacts being taken out of state. In 1889 the society paid $3,000 for the 1,200-item <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/richard-wetherill"><strong>Wetherill</strong></a> collection, the largest assemblage of Mesa Verde materials and the highlight of the society’s possessions to this day. After occupying various temporary offices, the organization moved to more spacious quarters in the basement of the still-unfinished <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a> in 1895.</p> <p>In 1896 Bancroft was followed as president by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-n-byers"><strong>William Byers</strong></a>, Colorado’s premier promoter and founding editor of the <strong><em>Rocky Mountain News</em></strong>. That year, newspaperman Will C. Ferril (father of noted Colorado poet laureate <strong>Thomas Hornsby Ferril</strong>) became the society’s curator, its first paid staff position. Ferril and Byers began the systematic collection of Colorado newspapers, giving the society the most complete collection in existence. Ferril also started the society’s library and its educational program. He invited school groups to visit and by 1900 was lecturing to some fifty-four classes a year and annually entertaining more than 110,000 visitors. The society also set up exhibits in the capitol rotunda.</p> <p>Ferril sometimes paid for important acquisitions out of his own pocket, energetically collecting natural history specimens as well as historical materials. The natural history department of the State Historical Society became a separate organization in 1897 and helped form the Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</strong></a>) in 1900. In 1908 it moved to its own neoclassical building overlooking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a>. Despite spinning off its natural history materials, the historical society’s growing collections soon filled its eight rooms in the capitol basement. In 1915 the society moved into a grand new home of its own, the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a>, just across East Fourteenth Avenue from the State Capitol.</p> <h2>Early Archaeological Work</h2> <p>In 1920 the society established a section on Archaeology and Ethnology. It soon hired its first archaeologist, <strong>Jean A. Jeançon</strong>, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution and an expert on Indigenous Americans. As the society’s Curator of Archaeology and Ethnology, Jeançon mapped and explored much of the state, with a special emphasis on documenting and preserving the many <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ancestral-puebloans-four-corners-region"><strong>Ancestral Puebloan</strong></a> sites in southwestern Colorado not included in Mesa Verde National Park. His major works included a 1923 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/tree-ring-dating-0"><strong>tree-ring</strong></a> study that helped date structures at Mesa Verde and elsewhere. After Jeançon retired in 1927, the society’s archaeological section did not recover until the 1970s.</p> <h2>LeRoy Hafen and the Golden Age</h2> <p><strong>LeRoy Reuben Hafen</strong> became the society’s first professional historian in 1924. He had just completed his PhD at the University of California–Berkeley, where he studied under the Western historian Herbert Eugene Bolton. Bolton recommended Hafen as Colorado’s first state historian and curator of history. Hafen’s work over the next three decades transformed the society.</p> <p>Hafen greatly upgraded the society’s publications. He produced <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, which had launched in 1923, the premier place to publish scholarly work on Colorado. Hafen also worked with James H. Baker, former president of the <strong>University of Colorado</strong>, to edit the society’s five-volume <em>History of Colorado</em> (1927). Two decades later, Hafen edited the society’s four-volume <em>History of Colorado and Its People </em>(1948). During his tenure, he also wrote, &nbsp;coauthored, or edited forty other books, and he and his wife, Ann Woodbury Hafen, wrote the leading textbook on Colorado history for elementary and secondary school students.</p> <p>During the <strong>Great Depression</strong>, Hafen’s innovative programs helped save the society when Colorado’s penny-pinching legislature considered abolishing it to tighten the state budget in 1933. The society became the first in the nation to design history programs for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/new-deal-colorado"><strong>New Deal</strong></a> agencies. This led the Civil Works Administration (CWA) to begin pumping in relief funds for Colorado’s first systematic oral history project. Hafen used CWA funding to hire thirty-two historical researchers to interview old-timers, politicians, historians, and others knowledgeable about local history. The success of the CWA project led the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to accept Hafen’s proposal to hire a small army of architects, artists, draftsmen, and historians to launch a nationally pacesetting dioramas project. Their fifty-one exquisite dioramas remain some of HC’s most popular exhibits. Most notable is the eleven-foot-by-twelve-foot diorama of 1860 Denver, now restored and showcased on the second floor of the current museum.</p> <p>In 1935 the New Deal replaced the CWA and FERA with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which kept federal funding coming. Hafen hired an assistant, the author and journalist <strong>Edgar Carl McMechen</strong>, to help with the society’s New Deal programs. McMechen helped researchers compile lengthy manuscripts on the history of thirty-six Colorado counties. These WPA researchers and writers were instructed to collect “all available folklore” as well as “racial elements,” thus inaugurating the society’s long-standing interest in folk and minority history. Hafen and McMechen also helped direct seventy-five men and women working on the Federal Writers’ Project. In an ambitious effort to broaden Colorado history by including neglected common people, minorities, folkways, and obscure places, they completed manuscripts on topics ranging from “Churches of Colorado” to “Negroes in Colorado” and collected more than 4,000 photos and 1,200 oral history interviews. The WPA also assembled one of the best guidebooks ever undertaken for the state, <em>Colorado: A Guide to the Highest State</em> (1941).</p> <p>Federal history programs ended in 1941 as <strong>World War II</strong> soaked up funding and provided military jobs for the unemployed. The society continued to pursue many initiatives under Hafen’s leadership. He proved to be an aggressive collector of all sorts of material, traveling all over the state to promote the society and solicit donations. Appointed in 1942 as executive director, he extended outreach to include educational radio programs and movies, beginning with his 1946 film <em>The Story of Colorado</em>. He boasted that this was the first movie made by any US historical society.</p> <p>To handle its largest collection, the society launched a newspaper microfilming project in 1944. Microfilming began on the huge piles of Colorado newspapers that filled the State Museum’s subbasement. The Colorado newspaper project, the largest in the nation, has recently placed many papers online through a collaboration with the <strong>Colorado State Library</strong> called the <a href="https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/"><strong>Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection</strong></a>.</p> <p>After taking the society well into the twentieth century, Hafen retired in 1954. <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/agnes-w-spring"><strong>Agnes Wright Spring</strong></a> followed him as state historian until 1963, the first woman to hold that post.</p> <h2>Historic Preservation</h2> <p><strong>Stephen H. Hart</strong>, who became the society’s president in 1959, took a special interest in <strong>historic preservation</strong> and made it an organizational priority. After the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 offered funding to states setting up an Office of Historic Preservation, Hart helped position that office in the society and became its first director. In an early preservation battle, Hart won a landmark legal victory to save Denver’s <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/daniels-and-fisher-tower"><strong>Daniels and Fisher Tower</strong></a> from demolition. This key decision demonstrated that landmark designation could save endangered structures. Preservation work now falls to the society’s Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP). OAHP has overseen the listing of some 1,300 individual Colorado landmarks and historic districts in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1975 the State Register of Historic Places was created to identify and designate sites of local significance not deemed eligible for the National Register.</p> <p>Colorado’s 1967 Antiquities Act increased protections for <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/place/historic-and-archaeological-sites"><strong>archaeological and historical sites</strong></a> on state land. In 1973 the society’s long-moribund archaeology program received a boost with the appointment of a state archaeologist, James Hester. The state archaeologist grants permits to archaeologists and paleontologists working in the state; promotes educational outreach and archaeological programs; and settles conflicts between developers, scientific researchers, and Indigenous nations following the discovery of unmarked human graves. The society’s Archaeology Department, established in 1975, began to inventory, catalog, preserve, and regulate archaeologic sites, an ongoing mission often in partnership with the <strong>Colorado Archaeological Society</strong>.</p> <p>To accommodate growing staff, collections, and exhibits, the society moved in 1977 into much larger quarters at the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a>. There the society launched a new publication called <em>Essays and Monographs in Colorado History</em>, an occasional series of articles and books that started in 1983 and continued through 2011. This publication reflected the society’s commitment to publishing local history and original scholarly research.</p> <p>The society also began to administer the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which describes the rights of Native American lineal descendants with respect to the treatment, repatriation, and disposition of Indigenous human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. Qualifying objects and human remains are returned to the tribes for proper disposition and burial. In working with forty-seven different federally recognized tribes with Colorado connections, HC’s practices have become a national model.</p> <p>A huge boost for historic preservation that made Colorado a national leader came with a 1990 statewide vote to authorize gambling in three fading gold mining towns: <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Black Hawk</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cripple-creek"><strong>Cripple Creek</strong></a>. Most of the tax revenue from gambling goes to the society’s State Historical Fund (SHF) to distribute to preservation projects throughout the state. More than $300 million has been awarded to some 2,000 projects across the state. In addition, individuals and businesses can qualify for state tax credits for approved restoration of designated landmarks.</p> <h2>History Colorado</h2> <p>The society experienced several major changes in the early twenty-first century. In 2009 it changed its name to History Colorado, part of a nationwide wave of similar rebrandings intended to show historical societies as relevant and dynamic rather than exclusive and old-fashioned. A year later the Colorado History Museum was demolished to make way for the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. In 2012 the society moved into its third major home, the History Colorado Center. One reviewer appreciated the new museum’s mix of “irreverence . . . with Colorado boosterism” but lamented the absence of “a full sense of context.” The museum got its biggest black eye from its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> exhibit, which had to be closed when the Cheyenne and Arapaho nations—who were not consulted during its development—found the display inaccurate and offensive.</p> <p>In the years after the HCC opened, high payments on the $110 million building and complaints about inadequate exhibits took a toll. After a 2014 audit revealed serious financial problems, History Colorado’s leadership resigned, the board was reorganized, and one-fifth of the staff was cut. Steve W. Turner, previously head of OAHP, took over as executive director, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patty Limerick</strong></a> became state historian. Limerick became frustrated by the society’s continued emphasis on what she called “history lite,” or the elevation of entertainment and experience above historical understanding, and was replaced in 2018 by a council of five state historians—Nicki Gonzales, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/thomas-noel"><strong>Tom Noel</strong></a>, Jared Orsi, Duane Vandenbusche, and William Wei—who help lead the organization today.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-center" hreflang="en">History Colorado Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-state-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado State Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history-museum" hreflang="en">Colorado History Museum</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frederick-bancroft" hreflang="en">Frederick Bancroft</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leroy-hafen" hreflang="en">leroy hafen</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Marie Awad, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/history-colorados-turnaround-has-come-in-fits-and-starts-whats-next/">History Colorado’s Turnaround Has Come in Fits and Starts. What’s Next?</a>” <em>CPR News</em>, July 2, 2018.</p> <p>Maxine Benson, “A Centennial Legacy<em>,” Colorado Magazine</em> (1980).</p> <p><em>The Colorado State Museum: A Guide to Exhibits</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949).</p> <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “History of the State Historical Society of Colorado,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>: “1879–1900” (July 1953), “1900–1925” (October 1953), “1925–1950” (January 1954).</p> <p>Edward Rothstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/history-colorado-center-opens-in-denver.html">A State Looks at Itself in a New Mirror</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 27, 2012.</p> <p>State Historical Society of Colorado, <em>Annual Reports/Review of Accomplishments</em>, n.d.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>LeRoy R. Hafen and Anne W. Hafen<em>. The Joyous Journey of LeRoy R. and Ann E. Hafen</em> (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1973).</p> <p>Thomas J. Noel, <em>Guide to Colorado’s Historic Places: Sites Supported by the Colorado Historical Society’s State Historical Fund</em> (Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers, 2007).</p> <p>Robin Pogrebin, “These Fusty Names Are History,” <em>New York Times</em>, October 23, 2014.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:38:27 +0000 yongli 3594 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org History Colorado Center http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> History Colorado Center</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-06-29T16:34:47-06:00" title="Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - 16:34" class="datetime">Tue, 06/29/2021 - 16:34</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-center" data-a2a-title=" History Colorado Center"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory-colorado-center&amp;title=%20History%20Colorado%20Center"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The History Colorado Center (1200 Broadway, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 2012 as the headquarters, museum, and research center of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>. Established in 1879 as the State Historical and Natural History Society, History Colorado had outgrown a succession of previous buildings, including the <a href="/article/colorado-state-capitol"><strong>State Capitol</strong></a>, <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum"><strong>Colorado State Museum</strong></a> (1915), and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-history-museum"><strong>Colorado History Museum</strong></a> (1977). Its new home, designed by Denver-based <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/david-owen-tryba"><strong>Tryba Architects</strong></a>, was praised for adding an elegant modern touch to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a>, but its expense and its troubled exhibits led to several years of turmoil and turnover at the organization.</p> <h2>Building</h2> <p>For decades, the Colorado History Museum shared the block south of Lincoln Park with the <strong>Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. In 2005, however, the <strong>Colorado Supreme Court</strong> decided that it wanted a newer building that would occupy the whole block in order to bring together scattered Denver-area state judicial offices. History Colorado began to search for a new home. One possibility was on the south side of Civic Center Park as a twin to the <strong>McNichols Building</strong>, a location where the art museum was originally planned a century earlier. Opponents objected to losing more of the park’s green space. Instead, History Colorado found a site at Twelfth Avenue between Lincoln Street and Broadway, a half-block south of its previous location.</p> <p>&nbsp;In 2010 the Colorado History Museum was demolished to make way for the <strong>Ralph L. Carr Colorado Judicial Center</strong>. The History Colorado Center (HCC) opened to the public in April 2012. Critic Michael Paglia called the building an “architectural triumph” with “something gorgeous everywhere you look.” Designed by Tryba Architects, it is a four-story, 200,000-square-foot structure. A modern building made of glass and limestone, its central feature is a sky-lighted, four-story atrium with a terrazzo floor depicting a forty-foot-by-sixty-foot map of Colorado by artist <strong>Steven Weitzman</strong>. The airy edifice houses the History Colorado administration, the State Historical Fund, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, classrooms, a restaurant, a museum store, an auditorium, large public spaces, and 30,000 square feet of exhibit space. The fourth floor is home to the Stephen H. Hart Research Center, which provides public access to all of History Colorado’s artifacts and library materials.</p> <p>The HCC incorporates many environmentally friendly features as well as recycled and regional materials, including terrazzo flooring made of 20 percent recycled glass and wooden surfaces made of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mountain-pine-beetle"><strong>beetle-kill</strong></a> pine. The design also promotes water and energy conservation by incorporating native landscaping and by taking advantage of natural light and heat through the skylit atrium. These features helped make the HCC the first history museum in the country to attain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold status.</p> <h2>Exhibits</h2> <p>A new museum meant all-new exhibits had to be completed on a phased schedule between 2012 and 2014. State Historian Bill Convery and Chief Operating Officer Kathryn Hill directed design and installation of the exhibits, including many interactive experiences. Convery planned the exhibits to include, as he put it, “something to do as well as something to see.” Visitors can drive a simulated Model T, descend into a simulated mine shaft, or try out a simulated ski jump. One of the largest exhibits, in the southeast corner of the atrium, is a mock railroad depot for Keota, now a ghost town on the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad’s “Prairie Dog Special.” Inside, artifacts showcase farm life on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>Great Plains</strong></a>, an often-neglected part of Colorado. Interactive features allow visitors to milk a cow, gather eggs, and explore a general store.</p> <p>The second floor contains “Colorado Stories”: exhibits of communities such as <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/silverton-0"><strong>Silverton</strong></a>, a mining town in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a>, and <strong>Steamboat Springs</strong>, a ranching and ski town. Other exhibits showcase the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur-trading</strong></a> post of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a>, the <strong>World War II</strong>–era Japanese internment camp of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/granada-war-relocation-center-amache"><strong>Amache</strong></a>, and the Black summer resort of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/lincoln-hills"><strong>Lincoln Hills</strong></a>. One reviewer appreciated the museum’s mix of “irreverence . . . with Colorado boosterism” but lamented the absence of “a full sense of context.” Others were dismayed by what they called the “Disneyfication” of the past and wondered why the museum didn’t feature more items from its vast collections. Most damaging to the museum’s reputation was a “Colorado Stories” exhibit on the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/sand-creek-massacre"><strong>Sand Creek Massacre</strong></a> that had to be closed after the affected tribes—who were not consulted during the exhibit’s development—found the display inaccurate and offensive.</p> <p>Another core exhibit, “The Living West,” opened in 2014 to tell stories of survival in a dryland geography. Sponsored by <strong>Denver Water</strong>, the exhibit features <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde</strong></a> as well as contemporary Colorado with its <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/wildfire-colorado"><strong>wildfires</strong></a> and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a> shortages. A virtual stay in a wind-blasted, rattling shack brings the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/dust-bowl"><strong>Dust Bowl</strong></a> to life.</p> <h2>Changes</h2> <p>In the years after the HCC opened, high payments on the $110 million building and complaints about the exhibits took a toll. After a 2014 audit revealed serious financial problems, History Colorado’s leadership resigned, the board was reorganized, and one-fifth of the staff was cut. Steve W. Turner, previously director of the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, took over as executive director, and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/patty-limerick"><strong>Patty Limerick</strong></a>, a distinguished professor of history at the <strong>University of Colorado–Boulder</strong>, became state historian. In 2018 Limerick, frustrated by an ongoing emphasis on exhibits that she called “history lite,” was replaced by a council of five state historians.</p> <p>The new team’s first major exhibit was the installation “Zoom In: Colorado History in 100 Objects.” This 3,700-foot gallery displays some of the museum’s most prized artifacts, including Mesa Verde baskets, <strong>Jack </strong><strong>Swigert</strong>’s Apollo 13 space suit, an 1894 ballot box from the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement"><strong>first Colorado election in which women could vote</strong></a>, and <strong>Molly Brown</strong>’s opera cape. In addition, the beloved old Works Progress Administration diorama depicting Denver in 1860 was retrieved from storage and placed on the second floor.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>Accelerated by the 2020 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coronavirus-colorado"><strong>COVID-19</strong></a> pandemic, History Colorado has increasingly digitized its work on all fronts. The building itself, with its airy atrium and generous public spaces, proved functional during the pandemic. In June 2020 the museum reopened after a three-month closure with exhibits on <strong>John Denver </strong>and <strong>Colfax Avenue</strong>. The HCC also began to offer in-person support for students in remote learning.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado-center" hreflang="en">History Colorado Center</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/david-tryba" hreflang="en">David Tryba</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-history" hreflang="en">colorado history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Ann Marie Awad, “<a href="https://www.cpr.org/show-segment/history-colorados-turnaround-has-come-in-fits-and-starts-whats-next/">History Colorado’s Turnaround Has Come in Fits and Starts. What’s Next?</a>” <em>CPR News</em>, July 2, 2018.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/news/a-century-and-a-half-later-the-wounds-of-sand-creek-are-still-fresh-5119582">A Century and a Half Later, the Wounds of Sand Creek Are Still Fresh</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 14, 2013.</p> <p>Patricia Calhoun, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/denver-diorama-getting-a-facelift-moving-upstairs-at-history-colorado-11252037">Denver Diorama Comes Up from Underground at History Colorado</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, February 28, 2019.</p> <p><em>The History Colorado Center</em> (Denver: History Colorado, 2012).</p> <p>Michael Paglia, “<a href="https://www.westword.com/arts/the-new-history-colorado-center-is-an-architectural-triumph-5116308">The New History Colorado Center Is an Architectural Triumph</a>,” <em>Westword</em>, April 18, 2012.</p> <p>Edward Rothstein, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/arts/design/history-colorado-center-opens-in-denver.html">A State Looks at Itself in a New Mirror</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, April 27, 2012.</p> <p>Steve W. Turner (History Colorado executive director), various interviews with Tom Noel, 2020.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/">History Colorado</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.trybaarchitects.com/">Tryba Architects</a>.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Jun 2021 22:34:47 +0000 yongli 3593 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Colorado State Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Colorado State Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2021-02-08T16:03:56-07:00" title="Monday, February 8, 2021 - 16:03" class="datetime">Mon, 02/08/2021 - 16:03</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-state-museum" data-a2a-title="Colorado State Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fcolorado-state-museum&amp;title=Colorado%20State%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Colorado State Museum (200 E. Fourteenth Avenue, <a href="/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a>) opened in 1915 as the first stand-alone home for the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>). The last work of <strong>Frank E. Edbrooke</strong>, Colorado’s best-known architect of the late 1800s and early 1900s, the building has the appearance of a Greek temple. After the Colorado Historical Society moved to new, larger quarters in 1977, the building was converted to legislative offices.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Finding a Home for the Historical Society</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum ended a long search for a suitable building to house the State Historical and Natural History Society. The society was established in 1879, when Colorado representative William D. Todd introduced House Bill 134 with an appropriation of $500. Governor <strong>Frederick W. Pitkin</strong> and the <strong>state legislature</strong> approved this measure to collect and preserve the human and natural history of Colorado before “the men  who have been the actors, and the material for collections, will be quite beyond our reach.” In 1881 the society found its first home in a room of the Glenarm Hotel at Fifteenth Street and Glenarm Place. Although then serving as the state office building, the hotel also continued to house a bar and billiard room on the first floor. In 1885 the museum moved into the new, more dignified <strong>Arapahoe County Courthouse</strong> on the block between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Streets and Tremont and Court Places.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A year later the society moved to the new Denver Chamber of Commerce Building at Fourteenth and Lawrence Streets. There it shared the fourth floor with the <strong>Mercantile Library</strong>, a predecessor of the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-public-library"><strong>Denver Public Library</strong></a>. Librarian Charles R. Dudley also served as secretary of the society’s museum, with which he was not impressed. The museum’s collection, he complained, “became a nuisance, as the generously inclined gave liberally of the things for which they had no use . . . you could find almost anything from a New England meeting house foot stove to a Fiji Islander’s head rest.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dudley no doubt rejoiced in 1895, when the State Historical and Natural History Society moved into eight rooms in the basement of the partially completed <strong>State Capitol Building</strong>. There the society continued to collect items, including pottery, basketry, and prehistoric tools from what would become <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/mesa-verde-national-park"><strong>Mesa Verde National Park</strong></a>. The capitol basement filled up with artifacts and the office of the museum’s first paid employee, curator Will C. Ferril. Its holdings included the 1,200-item Wetherill Collection, the most extensive ever gathered from Mesa Verde. Other treasures on display ranged from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Pike</strong></a>’s sword to the Clark Gruber Mint machinery, as well as an extensive library of books on Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Colorado State Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As the collections expanded, growing tensions rankled those interested in historical collections and those favoring natural history. A separate Colorado Museum of Natural History (now the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver-museum-nature-science-0"><strong>Denver Museum of Nature and Science</strong></a>) was formed in 1900, and it moved to its own neoclassical building overlooking <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/city-park"><strong>City Park</strong></a> in 1908. The separation was not entirely amicable; not until 1927 would the Historical Society turn over all of its natural history artifacts and documents.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To keep up with the natural historians, the renamed State Historical Society of Colorado began planning its own Colorado State Museum. In 1909 Colorado history supporters pushing for an equally grand building cheered Governor <strong>John Franklin Shafroth</strong> when he persuaded the legislature to approve $100,000 for the Colorado State Museum. The legislature approved an additional $10,000 to purchase the site just across East Fourteenth Avenue from the State Capitol. This key location in Denver’s new <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/civic-center"><strong>Civic Center</strong></a> testified to the prominence and importance of the museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Colorado’s leading architect, Frank E. Edbrooke, designed the museum building as a neoclassical palace with Greek Revival detail. It faces and complements the State Capitol, another Edbrooke design. Both buildings use the same gray granite from the Aberdeen Quarry near <strong>Gunnison</strong> as their base. For the museum, Colorado Yule Marble from <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/marble-mill-site"><strong>Marble</strong></a> sheathes the upper three stories as well as the interior. Built entirely of Colorado materials, the building and furnishings ultimately cost $542,940.52. The three-and-a-half-story museum has a flat roof and the shape of a Greek temple. Its entrance portico features four fluted marble columns with Ionic capitals. Exquisite detailing includes brass doorknobs with the state seal. The building originally had a subbasement heating plant that provided steam heat for the State Capitol and other state buildings in the area until 1940, when a new power plant was built.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Opened to the public on September 2, 1915, the building remained home to the Colorado Historical Society and its museum for the next sixty-two years. State representative William D. Todd, who had introduced the bill to create the institution many years earlier, was on hand to help celebrate and was elected the society’s fourth president.</p>&#13; &#13; <p> Inside the museum, the subbasement contained the archives and storage vaults, a microfilm room, a workshop, and a boiler. One floor up, the basement held war relics, study galleries, and storage. The first floor had a lobby as well as galleries for prehistoric and historic American Indian life, the fur trade, and a large library room in the sunny southwest corner. This floor later housed the museum’s most popular exhibit, the eleven-by-twelve-foot diorama of Denver in 1860. The second floor featured mining, and the third (top) floor had additional exhibits, including <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/water-colorado"><strong>water</strong></a>, cattle, railroading, and <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Tabor</strong></a> family souvenirs. In addition to offices for the historical society, the museum building also housed a number of other state agencies for many years, including civilian-related <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-world-war-i"><strong>World War I</strong></a> activities, Depression-era offices and programs, the <strong>State Bureau of Mines</strong> along with its rocks and minerals collection, and the <strong>Colorado Department of Higher Education</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 the Colorado State Museum became the <strong>State Archives</strong> as well when the Colorado General Assembly declared it should be responsible for the preservation, destruction, or microfilming of all state records. In 1959 the Division of State Archives became a separate department and moved to a different building.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado State Museum saw a tremendous expansion in activities under the leadership of longtime executive director and first state historian <strong>LeRoy Hafen</strong>. From 1924 to 1954, Hafen led the State Historical Society in overseeing the <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, publishing books, guides, leaflets, bulletins, pamphlets, and maps, and building <strong>historical markers</strong> all across the state. During the mid-1900s, the museum acquired some of its most notable collections, including the Tabor collection with Horace Tabor’s gold watch fob and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/elizabeth-%E2%80%9Cbaby-doe%E2%80%9D-tabor"><strong>Baby Doe Tabor</strong></a>’s wedding dress, 7,000 glass plate negatives of <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/william-henry-jackson"><strong>William Henry Jackson</strong></a>’s photographs, the Thomas McKee and Joseph C. Smith Native American collections, the Woodard textile collection, and the Dwight D. and <strong>Mamie Eisenhower</strong> collection.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Legislative Services Building</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>As early as 1923, the State Historical Society had complained of inadequate space in its then eight-year-old building. By the 1960s, the Colorado State Museum was bursting at the seams. Schoolchildren touring the building filled it with joyous but distracting glee. An ever-growing collection had to be largely consigned to offsite storage. Exhibits filled every nook and cranny. William E. Marshall, who became executive director in 1963, made a new building his priority, but not until May 7, 1975, was ground broken on a new building at 1300 Broadway. On November 5, 1977, the <strong>Colorado Heritage Center</strong> opened to the public.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the society and museum moved to the new building, the old Colorado State Museum building was restored by Pahl, Pahl &amp; Pahl Architects of Denver as legislative offices. These architects worked with a light touch, appreciating what historian Richard Brettell had recently written in his 1973 book <em>Historic Denver</em>: “The building is architecturally pure and its imagery exudes a hardened pomp and grandeur. Its memorial, almost funeral [<em>sic</em>] appearance is appropriate because it is a museum—a historical society—and because it was Edbrooke’s self-consciously last building.”</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Now officially known as the Legislative Services Building, it houses the Joint Budget Committee and a variety of other legislative offices and hearing rooms. Remarkably unaltered on the exterior, in 1974 it was included in the Civic Center Historic District, and in 2012 it was included in the Civic Center National Historic Landmark District.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/noel-thomas-j" hreflang="und">Noel, Thomas J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/frank-edbrooke" hreflang="en">Frank Edbrooke</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/state-historical-and-natural-history-society" hreflang="en">State Historical and Natural History Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/civic-center" hreflang="en">Civic Center</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Maxine Benson, “<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v57n1-4_Annual1980.pdf">A Centennial Legacy</a>,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 57 (1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Richard R. Brettell, <em>Historic Denver: The Architects and the Architecture, 1858–1893</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>The Colorado State Museum: A Guide to Exhibits</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Phil Goodstein, <em>The Denver Civic Center: The Heart of the Mile High City</em> (Denver: New Social Publications, 2016).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “History of the State Historical Society of Colorado,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em>, 3 parts (Summer 1953, Fall 1953, Winter 1954).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>James Hartmann (longtime Colorado Historical Society employee and director), various interviews by Tom Noel.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, <em>Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893–1941</em> (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>R. Laurie Simmons and Thomas H. Simmons, “Denver Civic Center,” National Historic Landmark Nomination (March 31, 2011).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Mon, 08 Feb 2021 23:03:56 +0000 yongli 3530 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Healy House and Dexter Cabin http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/healy-house-and-dexter-cabin <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Healy House and Dexter Cabin</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-03-13T15:13:37-06:00" title="Friday, March 13, 2020 - 15:13" class="datetime">Fri, 03/13/2020 - 15:13</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/healy-house-and-dexter-cabin" data-a2a-title="Healy House and Dexter Cabin"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhealy-house-and-dexter-cabin&amp;title=Healy%20House%20and%20Dexter%20Cabin"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>A large white-clapboard residence in <a href="/article/leadville"><strong>Leadville</strong></a>, Healy House was built for the family of mining engineer <strong>August Meyer</strong> in 1878. The house signaled the arrival of some domestic comforts to the rough-hewn mining camp. After the Meyers moved away in 1881, the house served briefly as a Methodist parsonage before becoming a boardinghouse run by the Healy family. In 1947 the house was acquired by the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>), which continues to operate it as a local history museum. The house’s grounds now also preserve investor <strong>James V. Dexter</strong>’s luxurious Leadville cabin, which was built in 1879 and is the oldest surviving cabin in the city.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>A House for Mrs. Meyer</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Healy House was originally built by August Meyer, the mining engineer who arrived in what was then California Gulch in August 1876. Meyer did as much as anyone to launch the area’s silver boom over the next few years. Most importantly, Meyer, working on behalf of the St. Louis Smelting and Refining Company, was the first to ship lead carbonate ores out of the area for assaying (or determining their quality), and he also helped establish the Harrison Reduction Works, the first successful smelter in town. As a result of Meyer’s activity, Leadville’s boom began in earnest in 1878. Thousands of people flocked to the city, including a twenty-year-old woman named Emma Jane Hixon, who got a job at the local post office run by <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/horace-tabor"><strong>Horace Tabor</strong></a>. Meyer pursued a relationship with Hixon, and the two were married at Tabor’s house in May 1878.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>To house his family, Meyer built an elegant, nine-room residence at the corner of Harrison Avenue and East Ninth Street, at the crest of a hill just north of downtown. The two-story clapboard house faced west, with large windows looking out toward the <a href="http://www.coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/continental-divide"><strong>Great Divide</strong></a>. Painted white with green trim, the house had double entry doors opening onto a large central hall. The main floor had a parlor on the south side and a kitchen with an iron cookstove at the rear. A black walnut stairway led to the second-floor bedroom suites. The Meyer house was completed in fall 1878.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1881 the Meyers left Leadville for Kansas City. That September they sold their house and most of their furniture to the First Methodist Episcopal Church, which used the house as a parsonage and a space to host socials and other events.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Healy House</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In June 1886, the First Methodist Episcopal Church sold the house to Patrick and Ellen Healy Kelly, who moved there with their daughters and Ellen’s younger brother, Dan. After enlarging the house by attaching a barn to the east side, the Kellys operated it as a boardinghouse. It continued in that capacity after Dan Healy bought it from his relatives in 1888. In 1892 Healy’s cousin Nellie Healy moved to Leadville to become a schoolteacher. She took up residence in her cousin’s large house. To increase the house’s capacity, a third floor was added in the late 1890s. The house seems to have stopped operating as a boardinghouse around 1910, after Leadville’s boom turned to bust.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After Dan Healy drowned in Turquoise Lake in May 1912, his funeral was held at Healy House. He left the house to his female relatives: a sister, two nieces, and his cousin Nellie Healy, who had been living there for twenty years. Nellie Healy continued to live there full time until 1928 and in the summer until 1936.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Dexter Cabin</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Meanwhile, just a few blocks south on Harrison Avenue, a banker and mine investor named James V. Dexter had built himself a small cabin at the corner of West Third Street. Dexter and his family had arrived in Colorado in 1869, and Dexter had quickly organized a bank in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/denver"><strong>Denver</strong></a> and invested in mines in <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/central-city%E2%80%93black-hawk-historic-district"><strong>Central City</strong></a>. In 1879 he started investing in Leadville’s silver boom and built the cabin where he started to stay on trips to the area.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Dexter was a millionaire who tended to prioritize pleasure over business, a trait reflected in his Leadville cabin. Because his family did not accompany him on trips from Denver, Dexter designed the small cabin for his personal use, with a bedroom, bathroom, and parlor. Constructed of square-hewn logs that belied its fancy interior, the cabin featured a central brick fireplace surrounded by luxurious furnishings, including a floor of walnut and white oak, embossed Lincrusta wall covering, and elaborate ceiling paper. The cabin was essentially a nineteenth-century equivalent of a bachelor pad or man cave, with Dexter using it to host stag parties where he gambled for $1,000 pots with his friends. The cabin served as Dexter’s Leadville residence until 1895, when he built a new cabin for himself at his nearby <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/inter-laken-hotel"><strong>Inter-Laken</strong></a> resort. The old cabin eventually ended up in the possession of the Leadville Historical Association.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1936 Nellie Healy donated her Leadville house to the local historical association, stipulating only that the house be used to benefit the city. Two years later, the association’s president, Clara Gaw Norton, secured a grant from the Boettcher Foundation to do some restoration work at the house, with the goal of eventually turning it into the city’s first history museum. In the meantime, the house hosted some adult education classes and was used for Red Cross activities during <strong>World War II</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1947 the Leadville Historical Association gave both Healy House and Dexter Cabin to the Colorado Historical Society. The state embarked on an effort to restore Healy House to its 1880s appearance. Some original furnishings remained, including carpets, wallpaper, heating stoves, lamps, and silverware. To complete the look, the historical society gathered furniture and fixtures from other old houses of local mining magnates, including the mahogany desk and chair of local mine owner and politician <strong>Jesse MacDonald</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1948 the historical society moved Dexter Cabin to the grounds of Healy House to simplify administration of the properties. By that time, the cabin was the oldest remaining in Leadville. It was in disrepair at the time, with bulging floors, warped walls that had been whitewashed, and only a small fragment of the original ceiling paper. A timely bequest from the estate of Dexter’s son-in-law, Roland G. Parvin, provided funding for a complete restoration of the cabin, as well as some of Dexter’s own furniture and paintings to decorate the space.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The Colorado Historical Society opened Healy House and Dexter Cabin to the public in 1948 as a regional museum showcasing Leadville’s mining history. Healy House’s kitchen was turned into a reception room for visitors, and in 1958 an addition was built on the south side of the house to provide living quarters for the museum curator. More recently, in 2010–11, History Colorado used funding from the Colorado State Legislature and the Office of the State Architect to stabilize Healy House, insulate and rewire the building, reveal and refinish the original dining room floor, and repaint or wallpaper all the rooms with historical colors and styles. History Colorado also installed new exhibits at the house, with the first floor focusing on 1878–81, when the Meyers lived there, and the second and third floors focusing largely on 1886–1910, when the Healys ran it as a boardinghouse.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Healy House and Dexter Cabin are open to visitors daily during the summer and on Friday and Saturday for the rest of the year.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/august-meyer" hreflang="en">August Meyer</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/leadville" hreflang="en">Leadville</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/healy-house" hreflang="en">Healy House</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/james-dexter" hreflang="en">James Dexter</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/dexter-cabin" hreflang="en">Dexter Cabin</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nellie-healy" hreflang="en">Nellie Healy</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Edward Blair, <em>Leadville: Colorado’s Magic City</em> (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1980).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert Fink, “Healy House,” National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form (January 14, 1970).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Don L. Griswold and Jean Harvey Griswold, <em>The Carbonate Camp Called Leadville</em> (Denver: University of Denver Press, 1951).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><em>Healy House and Dexter Cabin</em> (Denver: State Historical Society of Colorado, 1956).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“Leadville’s First Museum Undergoes Renovations,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (May/June 2011).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar C. McMechen, “Acquisition of Old Fort Garland, the Healy House, and the Dexter Cabin,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 23, no. 1 (January 1946).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Jacqui Ainlay-Conley, “From the Silver City to Kansas City: August and Emma Meyer in Leadville and Beyond,” <em>Colorado Heritage</em> (Spring 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>“<a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/healy-house-museum-dexter-cabin">Healy House Museum &amp; Dexter Cabin</a>,” History Colorado.</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Fri, 13 Mar 2020 21:13:37 +0000 yongli 3181 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Ute Indian Museum http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Indian Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2810--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2810.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-1_0.jpg?itok=t1xuEc2S" width="1000" height="593" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/ute-museum-dedication" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Ute Museum Dedication</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The first version of the Ute Indian Museum opened to the public in 1956. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--2811--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--2811.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ute-Indian-Museum-Media-2_0.jpg?itok=_p2Mt0y9" width="1000" height="971" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/chief-ouray-monument" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Chief Ouray Monument</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several Ute tribal members pose at the monument honoring Chief Ouray. The obelisk was erected in 1926, on the grounds just north of the Museum. History Colorado photo.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-05T16:26:14-07:00" title="Tuesday, December 5, 2017 - 16:26" class="datetime">Tue, 12/05/2017 - 16:26</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-indian-museum" data-a2a-title="Ute Indian Museum"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fute-indian-museum&amp;title=Ute%20Indian%20Museum"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/search/google/ute"><strong>Ute people</strong></a>, or as they call themselves, <em>Nuche</em> (The People), are Colorado’s longest continuous residents. Their rich cultural heritage and history is on display at the Ute Indian Museum. Nestled in the heart of traditional Uncompahgre Ute territory in <strong>Montrose</strong>, the Ute Indian Museum is <strong>History Colorado</strong>’s only facility in western Colorado. It is also a State Historic Monument and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ute Indian Museum occupies a little less than nine acres, where the Ute <a href="/article/ouray"><strong>Chief Ouray</strong></a> and his wife, <a href="/article/chipeta"><strong>Chipeta</strong></a>, lived.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Ute History</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Long before white immigrants arrived, Colorado’s mountains and canyon lands belonged to the Utes. The Ute Nation was transformed when the horse became an integral part of its culture in the seventeenth century. Today there are three Ute tribes: the <strong>Southern Utes </strong>and <a href="/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe"><strong>Ute Mountain Utes</strong></a> in southern Colorado and the <a href="/article/northern-ute-people-uintah-and-ouray-%20reservatio"><strong>Ute Indian Tribe</strong></a> of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in Utah.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ute culture is resourceful and creative, using local plants and animals in sustainable and respectful ways. For hundreds of years Utes thrived in Colorado, living in mountains during the summer and moving to river valleys in the winter. This changed when they encountered a European migration that overtook and displaced them.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1849, a year after Mexico’s defeat in the Mexican-American War, the first official <strong>treaty </strong>between the Utes and the United States was negotiated at Abiquiú, New Mexico. The Calhoun Treaty, as it was known, resulted in the establishment of an <a href="/article/indian-agencies-and-agents"><strong>Indian agency</strong></a> at Taos, New Mexico. In the decades that followed, a series of treaties and agreements restricted the Utes to increasingly smaller tracts of land until the current reservations were established in the late nineteenth century. The reduction of Ute territory led to multiple violent incidents, such as the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> of 1879 and the <a href="/article/beaver-creek-massacre"><strong>Beaver Creek Massacre</strong></a> of 1885.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Museum</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The landscape around the Ute Indian Museum has been heavily modified from its original native state. This process began in 1875, when the federal government gave Ouray and Chipeta about 500 acres as a farm and ranch. After Chipeta’s death in 1924, the transformation of a small portion of their farm into the museum grounds began with the construction of Chipeta’s crypt. Then, in 1926 the obelisk commemorating Chief Ouray was erected, and the gravesite of Chief John McCook (Chipeta’s brother) followed in 1937.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The museum opened in 1956 and expanded in the early 1960s to include additional exhibit space and a terrace. Below the road to the museum, the <a href="/article/spanish-exploration-western-colorado"><strong>Dominguez-Escalante Expedition</strong></a> monument was built as part of the bicentennial celebration in 1976. To the north of this monument, the native gardens and walkway were built in 1988–90. The walkway extends northeast on an elevated boardwalk through wetlands to the southwest bank of the <strong>Uncompahgre River</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>A newly expanded museum was built in 2017. With the collaboration of the three Ute tribes, traditional stories and oral histories are now tightly woven into the permanent exhibit space. Throughout the exhibits, visitors journey to iconic places across Colorado to learn the story of Ute life, history, and culture. Told in the voices of tribal members, the exhibits include contemporary views of Ute life, including cultural survival, political self-determination, economic opportunity, and the celebration of the <strong>Bear Dance</strong>. There are approximately 200 artifacts on exhibit, including a headdress from <a href="/article/buckskin-charley"><strong>Buckskin Charley</strong></a> (Sapiah), a velvet dress belonging to Chipeta, a robe that belonged to <strong>Ignacio</strong>, and one of Ouray’s shirts. The museum also includes a changing gallery, a gift shop, a patio with stunning views, shady picnic areas, and <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipis</strong></a>.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/brafford-cj" hreflang="und">Brafford, C.J.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/museums-colorado" hreflang="en">museums in Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-indian-tribe" hreflang="en">Ute Indian Tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/montrose" hreflang="en">Montrose</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/colorado-historical-society" hreflang="en">Colorado Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">Southern Ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/ute-mountain-utes" hreflang="en">Ute Mountain Utes</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/northern-ute-tribe" hreflang="en">northern ute tribe</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chief-ouray" hreflang="en">Chief Ouray</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/chipeta" hreflang="en">Chipeta</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Kevin D. Black, “An Inventory and Test Excavation at the Ute Indian Museum, Montrose County, Colorado,” unpublished technical report (Denver: Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, History Colorado, 2015).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Janice Colorow, ed., <em>Ute Mountain Ute Government</em> (Towaoc, CO: Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, 1986).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Facilities Services Division, “Ute Indian Museum, Facility and Program Plan, FY-08-09,” unpublished manuscript (Denver: Office of Facilities Management, History Colorado, 2008).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Historical Summary of the Ute Indians and the San Juan Mining Region,” <em>Ute Indians</em>, Vol. 2: <em>American Indian Ethnohistory: California and Great Basin-Plateau Indians</em>, comp. and ed. David Agee Horr (New York: Garland, 1974).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ernie Rose, <em>Utahs of the Rocky Mountains, 1833–1935</em> (Montrose, CO: Montrose Daily Press, 1968).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p><a href="https://www.visitmontrose.com/171/museums/">Montrose Museums</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The Ute Indians of Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico </em>(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2000).</p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="https://www.historycolorado.org/story/community-museums/2016/02/24/ute-indian-museum">Ute Indian Museum</a></p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Dec 2017 23:26:14 +0000 yongli 2808 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Vasquez http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Vasquez</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--819--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--819.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-vasquez"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/Ftvasquezgate%5B1%5D%5B1%5D_0.jpg?itok=A-Wy2mf1" width="1000" height="521" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-vasquez" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Vasquez</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Established in 1835 by Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette, Fort Vasquez operated for seven years as a fur-trading post along the South Platte River. The decaying fort was reconstructed in the 1930s. The Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) acquired the building in 1958 and opened it as a regional museum in 1964.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--822--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--822.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-vasquez-buffalo"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2012_JF_FtVasquez_073112_016_sm_0.jpg?itok=2P33_ad0" width="1000" height="563" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-vasquez-buffalo" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Vasquez Buffalo</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Fort Vasquez Museum received a major restoration in 2005. The grounds now include a life-size bison sculpture by local artist Stephen C. LeBlanc.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T16:08:14-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 16:08" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 16:08</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-vasquez" data-a2a-title="Fort Vasquez"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-vasquez&amp;title=Fort%20Vasquez"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p><a href="/article/louis-vasquez"><strong>Louis Vasquez</strong></a> and Andrew Sublette operated the fur-<a href="/article/nineteenth-century-trading-posts"><strong>trading post</strong></a> Fort Vasquez from 1835 to 1842. After ruthless competition and changing trade patterns caused the pair to leave the fort, it served as a landmark along the <a href="/article/south-platte-river"><strong>South Platte River</strong></a> Trail before gradually disappearing back into the <a href="/article/colorado%E2%80%99s-great-plains"><strong>plains</strong></a>. Interest in the Rocky Mountain fur trade revived in the early twentieth century, leading to a full-scale reconstruction of the fort in the 1930s. The rebuilt fort now serves as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p> <h2>Rocky Mountain Fur Trade</h2> <p>The <a href="/article/fur-trade-colorado"><strong>fur trade</strong></a> in North America started with the early colonists in the seventeenth century and spread quickly through the Great Lakes region. By the early 1800s, various companies were competing to control the fur trade along the upper Missouri River and in Oregon. The trade expanded to the plains and the central <a href="/article/rocky-mountains"><strong>Rocky Mountains</strong></a> in the 1820s. In 1822 William Ashley and Andrew Henry organized the Rocky Mountain Fur Company to tap this trade, eventually employing or buying furs from mountain men such as Jim Bridger and <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a>.</p> <p>When Ashley and Henry started the Rocky Mountain Fur Company in St. Louis, they placed an advertisement calling for 100 young men to travel up the Missouri River as trappers and traders. One of the young men who responded was twenty-three-year-old <strong>Pierre “Louis” Vasquez</strong> (1798–1868). A St. Louis native, Vasquez was the son of a Spanish father and a French-Canadian mother. He spoke English, French, and Spanish fluently. His older brother had served as an interpreter in <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong></a>’s ill-fated 1806–7 expedition up the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas River</strong></a><strong> </strong>and returned to tell Louis stories of the mountains on the far side of the plains. Louis Vasquez saw the Rocky Mountain Fur Company ad and jumped at the chance to see the mountains for himself.</p> <p>Vasquez happened to participate in the period of the fur trade that has become legendary—the brief years when mountain men, Native Americans, traders, and St. Louis agents gathered for an annual trading rendezvous, where they bartered furs for goods, restocked supplies, drank whiskey, and told stories. By the early 1830s, Vasquez had a reputation among the men of the fur trade as “Old Vaskiss,” an experienced mountain man trusted with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company’s most difficult and important tasks.</p> <p>When Vasquez had first come west with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, he was joined by five brothers named Sublette. The youngest of the brothers, Andrew, entered the fur trade in 1830, when he was twenty-two. Andrew Sublette was a great marksman, and he quickly made a name for himself. In 1834 he entered into a business partnership with Vasquez. The two seasoned mountain men planned to pursue the trade in buffalo robes with Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans along the South Platte River.</p> <h2>Four Forts on the South Platte</h2> <p>In the 1830s, established trading posts put an end to the old fur-trading practice of the annual rendezvous. In 1833 <strong>Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</strong> built <a href="/article/bents-forts"><strong>Bent’s Fort</strong></a> on the Arkansas River, which became an important trading post on the <a href="/article/santa-f%C3%A9-trail-0"><strong>Santa Fé Trail </strong></a>between Missouri and New Mexico. The post was essentially a wholesaler of buffalo hides, buying cleaned and prepared hides from nearby bands of Cheyenne and Arapaho and selling the hides in St. Louis.</p> <p>When Vasquez and Sublette began their partnership in the middle of the decade, they decided to start their own trading post on the South Platte River. Their fort would be roughly halfway between Fort William (now known as Fort Laramie) on the North Platte River and Bent’s Fort on the Arkansas River. With a location on the South Platte, Vasquez and Sublette hoped to carve out trading territory previously claimed by Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez was built in 1835 on the east bank of the South Platte. Vasquez and Sublette hired Mexican workers to construct an adobe structure about 100 feet on each side, with walls 2 feet thick. Vasquez served as the <em>bourgeois</em> (or “booshway”) of the fort, responsible for daily operations and the bottom line. The fort had up to twenty-two traders as well as other workers to cook, herd, hunt, and perform repairs.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez operated without competition for only a few months. Lancaster Lupton established Fort Lupton in 1836, and Peter Sarpy and Henry Fraeb secured financing to build Fort Jackson in 1837. In addition, the powerful Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. sent Marcellin St. Vrain, Ceran St. Vrain’s younger brother, to gain a foothold in the South Platte trade with <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. By 1837 there were four trading posts engaged in cutthroat competition on a short stretch of the South Platte.</p> <p>There was not enough trade to sustain four forts for long. In addition, Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. was a relative behemoth, with enough money and power to squash its upstart competitors, and the nature of the trade was changing yet again as new wagon routes such as the Oregon Trail took shape. In 1840 Vasquez and Sublette took only 700 buffalo robes to St. Louis, while Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. hauled 15,000. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. bought <a href="/article/fort-jackson"><strong>Fort Jackson</strong></a> from its backers in 1838. Vasquez and Sublette sold Fort Vasquez to other traders for $800 in 1842; later that year it was reported as abandoned. Lupton abandoned his fort in 1844, leaving Fort St. Vrain the only one of the four forts still in operation.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez lasted seven years as a trading post on the South Platte. The two men who bought it from Vasquez and Sublette fared poorly in business, lost horse and mule herds to Indians, and abandoned the fort without paying for it. Vasquez, meanwhile, moved with the trade. He entered into a partnership with Jim Bridger at Fort Bridger, a trading post on the Oregon Trail in southwestern Wyoming, where he stayed until 1855.</p> <h2>The Fort as Way Station</h2> <p>During the <a href="/article/colorado-gold-rush"><strong>1858 Colorado Gold Rush</strong></a>, the four old forts became well-known landmarks on the South Platte River Trail. In 1864 a man named John Paul took over Fort Vasquez and made it into a way station for stage travel. Gradually, settlements began to close in around the fort. The town of Platteville was founded about a mile away in 1871. Over the decades, the remaining buildings served as a military bivouac, a school, a post office, and a church. In 1915 William Perdieu and his family purchased the property and made it part of their ranch, called Fort Vasquez Ranch.</p> <h2>Remembrance and Reconstruction</h2> <p>Interest in the four decaying forts on the South Platte revived in the early twentieth century, as they shifted from usable structures to historic sites that were celebrated and preserved. In 1911 the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a monument at the site of Fort St. Vrain. Soon, other monuments followed at Fort Lupton and Fort Vasquez. When LeRoy R. Hafen became state historian in 1924, his work on the Rocky Mountain fur trade helped focus renewed historical and cultural interest on legendary mountain men like Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez as well as on old trading posts like Fort Vasquez.</p> <p>After the Fort Vasquez site was deeded to <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/weld-county"><strong>Weld County</strong></a> in 1934, the Platteville Community Club led an effort to rebuild the fort and make it into a museum. The project got started when the town of <strong>Platteville</strong> secured more than $2,800 in funding from the Works Progress Administration. The new fort was not an exact replica of the original. Little archaeological work had been done before the reconstruction began. Local workers moved the walls a few yards farther away from US 85 and introduced some architectural elements and structures not found in the original fort. The new Fort Vasquez was dedicated in August 1937, in a ceremony attended by a crowd of 2,000 people.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>A widening project on US 85 endangered Fort Vasquez in the 1950s, but local and historical groups spoke up to save the reconstructed fort. The road was rerouted to run on either side of the fort, isolating the fort on a large island in the highway median. It shares the space between the two halves of the highway with a weigh station located on the southern tip of the fort’s island.</p> <p>In 1958 the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>) assumed ownership of Fort Vasquez, with plans to turn it into a regional museum. The society also conducted archaeological work on the old fort from 1963 to 1970. The excavations revealed the fort’s original location, which was within steps of the reconstruction, as well as the foundations of numerous rooms, entrances, fireplaces, and other architectural features.</p> <p>The Fort Vasquez Museum opened in 1964. It received a major restoration in 2005. The grounds now include a life-size <a href="/article/bison"><strong>bison</strong></a> sculpture by local artist Stephen C. LeBlanc as well as a Cheyenne <a href="/article/tipi-0"><strong>tipi</strong></a>, which would have been a common sight at the fort during its original trading days.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/louis-vasquez" hreflang="en">Louis Vasquez</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/andrew-sublette" hreflang="en">Andrew Sublette</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/south-platte-river" hreflang="en">south platte river</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fur-trade" hreflang="en">fur trade</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/nineteenth-century-fur-trade" hreflang="en">nineteenth century fur trade</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p><em>Fort</em><em> Vasquez Museum: A Capsule History and Guide</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2009).</p> <p>LeRoy R. Hafen, “Fort Vasquez,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 41, no. 3 (1964).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>LeRoy R. Hafen, ed., <em>The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West</em>, 10 vols. (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1965–72).</p> <p>Anne F. Hyde, <em>Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860</em> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011).</p> <p>James W. Judge, “The Archaeology of Fort Vasquez,” <em>Colorado</em><em> Magazine</em> 48, no. 3 (1971).</p> <p>Guy L. Peterson, <em>Four Forts of the South Platte</em> (Fort Myer, VA: Council on America’s Military Past, 1982).</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette built Fort Vasquez as a fur-<strong>trading post</strong> in 1835. The fort was located on the <strong>South Platte River</strong> Trail. The trading post was open for seven years. By then there was too much competition and the fort was abandoned. It slowly fell down and disappeared into the plains. In the 1930s, people became interested in the history of trading posts, forts, and the fur trade. The fort was rebuilt. It now is one of History Colorado’s museums.</p> <h2>Rocky Mountain Fur Trade</h2> <p>In the1800s, the <strong>fur trade</strong> was an important business. Mountain men and Native Americans hunted buffalo and trapped other animals. They sold the valuable fur to traders. These traders sold the hides for big profits in the east.</p> <p>In 1822 the Rocky Mountain Fur Company was started in St. Louis. The company needed young men to work as trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountains. <strong>Louis Vasquez</strong> was one of the young men who was hired. He was the son of a Spanish father and a French-Canadian mother. He spoke English, French, and Spanish. He wanted to leave St. Louis and travel west. His older brother had gone on an expedition with <strong>Zebulon Pike</strong>. He had told Louis stories about the Rocky Mountains.</p> <p>When Vasquez started in the fur trade, mountain men, Native Americans, and traders gathered every year for a “rendezvous.” A rendezvous is a planned get-together at a specific time and place. They met and traded furs for supplies, drank whiskey, and told stories. By the early 1830s, Vasquez was a famous trader. He was trusted with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company’s most important jobs.</p> <h2>Four Forts on the South Platte</h2> <p>The rendezvous ended in the 1830s. Instead, furs were brought to trading posts. In 1833 <strong>Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</strong> built <strong>Bent’s Fort </strong>on the Arkansas River. This fort became an important trading post on the <strong>Santa Fé Trail</strong>. The trading posts bought buffalo hides and furs and sold them in St. Louis.</p> <p>When Vasquez came west he met Andrew Sublette. Sublette had four older brothers who were all involved in the fur trade. In 1835 Vasquez and Andrew Sublette went into business together. They started a new trading post on the South Platte River named Fort Vasquez. They planned to trade buffalo robes with Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans. The fort was halfway between Fort Laramie on the North Platte River and Bent’s Fort on the Arkansas River.</p> <p>Mexican workers were hired to build the adobe trading post. Vasquez was the manager of the fort. The fort had around twenty traders who lived and worked there. There were also other workers to cook, herd, hunt, and perform repairs.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez did not have competition for a few months. Then, Fort Lupton was built in 1836. <strong>Fort Jackson</strong> opened in 1837. Finally, the powerful Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co built <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. By 1837 there were four trading posts on a short stretch of the South Platte River. The competition was fierce.</p> <p>There was not enough trade for the four forts. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. had enough money and power to put the other trading posts out of business. In 1840 Vasquez and Sublette took only 700 buffalo robes to St. Louis. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. took 15,000.</p> <p>Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. bought Fort Jackson 1838. Vasquez and Sublette could not stay in business. They had to sell Fort Vasquez in 1842. The men who bought the fort abandoned it without paying for it. Fort Lupton was deserted in 1844. Fort St. Vrain was the only fort still in business.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez had lasted only seven years as a trading post on the South Platte. Vasquez moved on but stayed in the fur trading business. He became a partner of Jim Bridger at Fort Bridger on the Oregon Trail.</p> <h2>The Fort as Way Station</h2> <p>During the <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59, the four old forts were landmarks on the South Platte River Trail. In 1864 a man named John Paul took over Fort Vasquez. He used the fort as a “way station.” It was a place where people could stop for rest and supplies. The town of Platteville was started about a mile away in 1871. The old fort was used for other purposes. It was a military camp, a school, a post office, and a church.</p> <p>In 1915 William Perdieu and his family bought the property. It was part of their ranch, which they named Fort Vasquez Ranch.</p> <h2>Remembrance and Reconstruction</h2> <p>Many years after the fur trade ended, people became interested in the history of the old forts. They were seen as places that should be celebrated and preserved. In 1910s, monuments were placed at Fort St. Vrain, Fort Lupton, and Fort Vasquez. LeRoy Hafen became the Colorado state historian in 1924. He published information about the Rocky Mountain fur trade. Through his work, people learned about legendary people like Louis Vasquez. They also became interested in old trading posts like Fort Vasquez.</p> <p>The Perdieu family donated the Fort Vasquez site to Weld County in 1934. The community wanted to rebuild the fort and make it into a museum. The town got $2,800 from the “Works Progress Administration” (WPA). This was a government program started during the Great Depression to give jobs to unemployed men. They rebuilt Fort Vasquez. The fort was right next to a busy highway, US Highway 85. The new fort was dedicated in August 1937. A crowd of 2,000 people attended the ceremony.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>In the 1950s, US Highway 85 needed to be widened. Fort Vasquez was in the way. People in the community wanted to save the fort. The road was changed to run on both sides of the fort. The fort stayed on a large median in the middle of the highway. It is still located there today.</p> <p>In 1958 the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) took ownership of Fort Vasquez. The society turned it into a regional museum. Archaeologists worked on the old fort from 1963 to 1970. They found the fort’s exact original location. They also discovered the foundations of rooms, entrances, fireplaces, and other features.</p> <p>The Fort Vasquez Museum opened in 1964. It is one of the museums run by History Colorado. In addition to the fort, the museum has a life-size bison sculpture and a Cheyenne tipi. The tipi would have been a common sight at the fort during its trading days.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette operated Fort Vasquez as a fur-<strong>trading post</strong> from 1835 to 1842. The fort became a landmark on the <strong>South Platte River</strong> Trail. Competition and changing trade patterns caused the trading post to be abandoned. Interest in the Rocky Mountain fur trade revived in the early 1900s. This led to a full-scale reconstruction of the fort in the 1930s. The rebuilt fort now serves as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p> <h2>Rocky Mountain Fur Trade</h2> <p>The <strong>fur trade </strong>in North America began in the seventeenth century and spread west. By the1800s, companies were competing to control the fur trade along the Missouri River and in Oregon. The trade expanded to the plains in the 1820s.</p> <p>In 1822 William Ashley and Andrew Henry started the Rocky Mountain Fur Company in St. Louis. They hired 100 young men to travel up the Missouri River as trappers and traders. One of the young men they hired was 23-year-old <strong>Louis Vasquez</strong>. A St. Louis native, Vasquez was the son of a Spanish father and a French-Canadian mother. He spoke English, French, and Spanish. His older brother had served as an interpreter for <strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong>. He told Louis stories of the mountains on the far side of the plains. Louis Vasquez saw the Rocky Mountain Fur Company ad and jumped at the chance to see the mountains for himself.</p> <p>Vasquez got involved in the fur trade during its legendary years. For a short time, mountain men, Native Americans, traders, and St. Louis agents gathered for an annual trading “rendezvous.” A rendezvous is a planned get-together at a specific time and place. They met and bartered furs for goods, restocked supplies, drank whiskey, and told stories. By the early 1830s, Vasquez had gained a reputation among the men of the fur trade as “Old Vaskiss.” He was an experienced mountain man who was trusted with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company’s most important tasks.</p> <h2>Forts on the South Platte</h2> <p>The rendezvous stopped being held in the 1830s. Instead, furs were brought to trading posts. In 1833 <strong>Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</strong> built <strong>Bent’s Fort </strong>on the Arkansas River. This fort became an important trading post on the <strong>Santa Fé Trail </strong>between Missouri and New Mexico. The trading posts became wholesalers of buffalo hides, buying cleaned and prepared hides from bands of Cheyenne and Arapaho. They sold the hides in St. Louis.</p> <p>When Vasquez came west, he met the five Sublette brothers. The youngest, Andrew Sublette, had made a name for himself as a great marksman and. Vasquez and Andrew Sublette decided to start their own trading post on the South Platte River in 1835. They named it Fort Vasquez and planned to trade buffalo robes with Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans. Their post was located about halfway between Fort Laramie on the North Platte River and Bent’s Fort on the Arkansas. Vasquez and Sublette hoped to carve out trading territory previously claimed by Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez was built in 1835 on the banks of the South Platte. Vasquez and Sublette hired Mexican workers to construct an adobe structure about 100 feet on each side, with walls that were 2 feet thick. Vasquez served as the bourgeois (or “booshway”) of the fort, responsible for daily operations and the bottom line. The fort housed up to twenty-two traders as well as other workers to cook, herd, hunt, and perform repairs.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez operated without competition for only a few months. Lancaster Lupton established Fort Lupton farther south along the South Platte in 1836. Peter Sarpy and Henry Fraeb built <strong>Fort Jackson</strong> in 1837. Finally, the powerful Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. sent Marcellin St. Vrain to the South Platte to build <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. By 1837 there were four trading posts engaged in cutthroat competition on a short stretch of the South Platte.</p> <p>There was not enough trade to sustain the four competing forts. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. had enough money and power to squash its competitors. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. bought Fort Jackson in 1838. In 1840 Vasquez and Sublette took only 700 buffalo robes to St. Louis, while Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. brought 15,000.</p> <p>Unable to compete, Vasquez and Sublette sold Fort Vasquez for $800 in 1842. The two men who bought it were poor businessmen and lost horse and mule herds to Native Americans. They deserted the fort without paying for it. Fort Lupton was abandoned in 1844, leaving Fort St. Vrain as the only one of the South Platte forts still in operation. Fort Vasquez had lasted only seven years as a trading post on the South Platte.</p> <p>Vasquez, meanwhile, stayed in the fur trading business. He entered a partnership with Jim Bridger at Fort Bridger, a trading post on the Oregon Trail in southwestern Wyoming. He stayed there until 1855.</p> <h2>The Fort as Way Station</h2> <p>During the <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59, the four old forts became landmarks on the South Platte River Trail. In 1864 a man named John Paul took over Fort Vasquez. He started a way station—a place where people could stop for rest and supplies on their journey west. The town of <strong>Platteville</strong> was started about a mile away in 1871. Over the decades, the old fort was used for other purposes. It was a military camp, a school, a post office, and a church.</p> <p>In 1915 William Perdieu and his family bought the property. It was part of their ranch that they named the Fort Vasquez Ranch.</p> <h2>Remembrance and Reconstruction</h2> <p>Interest in the four decaying forts on the South Platte revived in the early 1900s. They were seen as historic sites that should be celebrated and preserved. In 1911 a monument was erected at the site of Fort St. Vrain. Soon, other monuments followed at Fort Lupton and Fort Vasquez. LeRoy Hafen became the Colorado state historian in 1924. He published work on the Rocky Mountain fur trade. His work helped focus renewed historical and cultural interest on legendary trappers such as Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez, as well as on old trading posts like Fort Vasquez.</p> <p>The Perdieu family donated the Fort Vasquez site to <strong>Weld County</strong> in 1934. The Platteville Community Club led an effort to rebuild the fort. They wanted to make it into a museum. For the museum, the town of <strong>Platteville</strong> received more than $2,800 from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a government program established during the Great Depression to provide jobs to unemployed men.</p> <p>The reconstructed fort was not an exact replica of the original. Extensive archaeological work was not done before the reconstruction. The workers built the walls a few yards away from the original walls. They introduced some elements and structures not found in the original fort. The new Fort Vasquez was dedicated in August 1937. A crowd of 2,000 attended the ceremony.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>A project to widen US Highway 85 endangered Fort Vasquez in the 1950s, but local and historical groups spoke up to save the reconstructed fort. The road was rerouted to run on either side of the fort, isolating the fort on a large island in the highway median. It shares the space between the two halves of the highway with a weigh station located on the southern tip of the fort’s island.</p> <p>In 1958 the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) took ownership of Fort Vasquez. It was turned into a regional museum. Archaeologists worked on the old fort from 1963 to 1970. They revealed the fort’s original location, which was very close to the reconstruction. They also discovered the foundations of rooms, entrances, fireplaces, and other features.</p> <p>The Fort Vasquez Museum opened in 1964. The museum received a major restoration in 2005. The grounds now include a life-size bison sculpture by local artist Stephen C. LeBlanc as well as a Cheyenne tipi, which would have been a common sight at the fort during its original trading days.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette operated Fort Vasquez as a fur-<strong>trading post</strong> from 1835 to 1842. Competition and changing trade patterns caused the fort to be abandoned. Afterward, the fort served as a landmark along the <strong>South Platte River</strong> Trail. It gradually disappeared back into the plains. Interest in the Rocky Mountain fur trade revived in the early twentieth century, leading to a full-scale reconstruction of the fort in the 1930s. The rebuilt fort now serves as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p> <h2>Rocky Mountain Fur Trade</h2> <p>The <strong>fur trade</strong> in North America started with the early colonists in the seventeenth century and spread west. By the 1800s, companies were competing to control the fur trade along the Missouri River and in Oregon. The trade expanded to the plains and the central Rocky Mountains in the 1820s. In 1822 William Ashley and Andrew Henry organized the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. They bought furs from mountain men such as Jim Bridger and <strong>Kit Carson</strong>.</p> <p>When Ashley and Henry started the Rocky Mountain Fur Company in St. Louis, they placed an advertisement calling for 100 young men to travel up the Missouri River as trappers and traders. One of the young men who responded was twenty-three-year-old <strong>Pierre “Louis” Vasquez</strong> (1798–1868). A St. Louis native, Vasquez was the son of a Spanish father and a French-Canadian mother. He spoke English, French, and Spanish. His older brother had served as an interpreter in <strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong>’s 1806–7 expedition up the Arkansas River. He returned to tell Louis stories of the mountains on the far side of the plains. Louis Vasquez saw the Rocky Mountain Fur Company advertisement and jumped at the chance to see the mountains for himself.</p> <p>Louis Vasquez got involved in the fur trade during its legendary years. For a short time, mountain men, Native Americans, traders, and St. Louis agents gathered for an annual trading rendezvous. They met and bartered furs for goods, restocked supplies, drank whiskey, and told stories. By the early 1830s, Vasquez had gained a reputation among the men of the fur trade as “Old Vaskiss.” He was an experienced mountain man trusted with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company’s most difficult and important tasks.</p> <p>When Vasquez had first come west with the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, he met the five Sublette brothers. The youngest of the brothers, Andrew, entered the fur trade in 1830, when he was twenty-two. Andrew Sublette was a great marksman and he quickly made a name for himself. In 1834 he entered a business partnership with Vasquez. The two seasoned mountain men planned to pursue the trade in buffalo robes with Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans along the South Platte River.</p> <h2>Four Forts on the South Platte</h2> <p>In the 1830s, trading posts put an end to the old fur-trading practice of the annual rendezvous. In 1833 <strong>Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</strong> built <strong>Bent’s Fort </strong>on the Arkansas River. This fort became an important trading post on the <strong>Santa Fé Trail </strong>between Missouri and New Mexico. The trading posts became wholesalers of buffalo hides, buying cleaned and prepared hides from the Cheyenne and Arapaho and selling the hides in St. Louis.</p> <p>Vasquez and Sublette began their partnership in 1836 and decided to start their own trading post on the South Platte River. Their fort would be about halfway between Fort William (now known as Fort Laramie) on the North Platte River and Bent’s Fort on the Arkansas. Vasquez and Sublette hoped to carve out trading territory previously claimed by Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez was built in 1835 on the east bank of the South Platte. Vasquez and Sublette hired Mexican workers to construct an adobe structure about 100 feet on each side, with walls 2 feet thick. Vasquez served as the bourgeois (or “booshway”) of the fort, responsible for daily operations and the bottom line. The fort had up to twenty-two traders as well as other workers to cook, herd, hunt, and perform repairs.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez operated without competition for only a few months. Lancaster Lupton established Fort Lupton in 1836, and Peter Sarpy and Henry Fraeb built Fort Jackson in 1837. In addition, the powerful Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. sent Marcellin St. Vrain to gain a foothold in the South Platte trade with <strong>Fort St. Vrain</strong>. By 1837 there were four trading posts engaged in cutthroat competition on a short stretch of the South Platte.</p> <p>There was not enough trade to sustain the four competing forts for long. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. had enough money and power to squash its upstart competitors. In addition, the nature of the trade was changing again as new wagon routes such as the Oregon Trail began to take shape. Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. bought Fort Jackson from its backers in 1838. In 1840 Vasquez and Sublette took only 700 buffalo robes to St. Louis, while Bent, St. Vrain, &amp; Co. hauled 15,000.</p> <p>Unable to compete, Vasquez and Sublette sold Fort Vasquez to other traders for $800 in 1842. The men who bought it fared poorly in business and lost horse and mule herds to Native Americans. They abandoned the fort without paying for it. Fort Lupton was abandoned in 1844, leaving Fort St. Vrain the only one of the four forts still in operation.</p> <p>Fort Vasquez had lasted only seven years as a trading post on the South Platte. Vasquez, meanwhile, stayed in the fur trading business. He entered a partnership with Jim Bridger at Fort Bridger, a trading post on the Oregon Trail in southwestern Wyoming, where he stayed until 1855.</p> <h2>The Fort as Way Station</h2> <p>During the <strong>Colorado Gold Rush </strong>of 1858–59, the four old forts were well-known landmarks on the South Platte River Trail. In 1864 a man named John Paul took over Fort Vasquez and made it into a way station—a place where people could stop for rest and supplies during their journey west. Gradually, settlements began to be built around the fort. The town of Platteville was founded about a mile away in 1871. Over the decades, the site served as a military camp, a school, a post office, and a church. In 1915 William Perdieu and his family purchased the property and made it part of their ranch, called Fort Vasquez Ranch.</p> <h2>Remembrance and Reconstruction</h2> <p>Interest in the four decaying forts on the South Platte revived in the early twentieth century. They shifted from being buildings with a purpose to being historic sites that should be celebrated and preserved. In 1911 the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a monument at the site of Fort St. Vrain. Soon, other monuments followed at Fort Lupton and Fort Vasquez. When LeRoy R. Hafen became state historian in 1924, he published work on the Rocky Mountain fur trade. He helped focus renewed historical and cultural interest on legendary mountain men like Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez, as well as on old trading posts like Fort Vasquez.</p> <p>The Perdieu family donated the Fort Vasquez site to Weld County in 1934. The Platteville Community Club led an effort to rebuild the fort and make it into a museum. The project got started when the town of <strong>Platteville</strong> secured more than $2,800 in funding from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a government program established during the Great Depression to give unemployed men jobs. The rebuilt fort was not an exact replica of the original; little archaeological work had been done before the reconstruction began. The workers moved the walls a few yards farther away from US 85 and introduced some architectural elements and structures not found in the original fort. The new Fort Vasquez was dedicated in August 1937, in a ceremony attended by a crowd of 2,000.</p> <h2>Today</h2> <p>A project to widen US Highway 85 in the 1950s endangered Fort Vasquez, but local and historical groups spoke up to save the reconstructed fort. The road was rerouted to run on either side of the fort, isolating it on a large island in the highway median. It shares the space between the two halves of the highway with a weigh station located on the southern tip of the fort’s island.</p> <p>In 1958 the Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) took ownership of Fort Vasquez and turned it into a regional museum. The society conducted archaeological work on the old fort from 1963 to 1970. The excavations revealed the fort’s original location, which was very close to the reconstruction. They also discovered the foundations of numerous rooms, entrances, fireplaces, and other features.</p> <p>The Fort Vasquez Museum opened in 1964. The museum received a major restoration in 2005. The grounds now include a life-size bison sculpture by local artist Stephen C. LeBlanc as well as a Cheyenne tipi, which would have been a common sight at the fort during its original trading days.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 23:08:14 +0000 yongli 818 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Fort Garland http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Garland</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--815--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--815.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-garland-1879"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/1269261_687404794621733_1466714300_o_0.jpg?itok=i1Yp_HY3" width="1000" height="807" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-garland-1879" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Garland, 1879</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="/article/fort-garland"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> operated as a US Army post in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> from 1858 to 1883 as part of the conquest of the region. Troops from the fort set out to punish Indigenous resistance to invading Hispano and Anglo-American colonists.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--817--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--817.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/fort-garland-museum"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/FortGarland2_0.jpg?itok=oT9VCoI7" width="720" height="540" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/fort-garland-museum" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Fort Garland Museum</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Colorado Historical Society (now History Colorado) bought Fort Garland in the 1940s and opened it as a regional museum in 1950.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T15:53:10-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 15:53" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 15:53</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/fort-garland-0" data-a2a-title="Fort Garland"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Ffort-garland-0&amp;title=Fort%20Garland"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The US Army operated Fort Garland in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a> for twenty-five years, from 1858 to 1883. The fort was built to protect early settlers from Native American raids in the years before treaties, reservations, and removal made that mission obsolete. After decades of neglect, the fort was restored in the mid-twentieth century and now operates as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Borderland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland stands in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado, which was long perched on the border between different and antagonistic cultures. Essentially a high-elevation desert guarded on most sides by mountain ranges, the valley was inhabited primarily by Southern Ute tribes before the 1600s, with Apache living just over the mountains to the east. Starting in the seventeenth century and accelerating in the eighteenth century, two expanding cultures began to extend their reach toward the valley: the Spanish moved up the <strong>Rio Grande </strong>through what is now New Mexico, and the Comanche dominated the high plains east of the Rocky Mountains. The San Luis Valley sat on the edge of both growing cultures as a dangerous frontier.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet another culture began to encroach on the valley in the early nineteenth century. After the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, <a href="/article/zebulon-montgomery-pike"><strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong></a> was dispatched to explore the upper Red and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/arkansas-river"><strong>Arkansas</strong></a> Rivers, where the precise boundaries of the Purchase were disputed. In January 1807 his expedition crossed Medano Pass into the San Luis Valley. Pike’s men passed near the future site of Fort Garland, descended to the <strong>Conejos River</strong>, and built a crude log shelter, now known as <a href="/article/pike’s-stockade"><strong>Pike’s Stockade</strong></a>, to help them survive the bitterly cold high-desert winter. The Spanish eventually arrested Pike on suspicion of spying and shipped him back to the United States by way of Chihuahua.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1821 the San Luis Valley passed to Mexico after that country won its independence from Spain. At about the same time, regular commerce began on the Santa Fé Trail linking Missouri and New Mexico. The trail followed the Arkansas River west into what is now Colorado, with one route going over <strong>Sangre de Cristo Pass</strong> into the San Luis Valley before heading south to Taos. Webs of commerce were beginning to bind the valley to the cultures just beyond its borders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Luis Valley became part of the United States as a result of the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the Mexican-American War of 1846–48. Charles Beaubien acquired the land grant that encompassed much of the valley. In the early 1850s Beaubien encouraged<strong> <a href="/article/terminology-latino-experience-colorado">Hispano</a></strong> families from the Taos Valley in New Mexico to move north and establish colonies in the valley along <strong>Rio Culebra</strong>. Founded in 1851, the town of <strong>San Luis de Culebra</strong> is the oldest continuous settlement in Colorado. The San Luis Valley was starting to be incorporated into the American political and social order.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Massachusetts and Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring and summer of 1852, about a year after the founding of San Luis de Culebra, the US Army built its first fort in the San Luis Valley to protect settlers and establish its authority. The fort, called Fort Massachusetts, lay in the foothills about a day’s ride north of town. It had several problems. Its location made it vulnerable to attack from higher ground, and the building failed to provide adequate protection from the valley’s brutal winters. This became clear during the winter of 1855–56, when scurvy and subzero temperatures made the troops sick and miserable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 17, 1856, the army secured a lease on a new plot of land on the floor of the San Luis Valley. Under the terms of the deal, the army agreed to pay Charles Beaubien rent of one dollar per year for twenty-five years. The army quickly picked a valley location right on the trails coming over Sangre de Cristo Pass and La Veta Pass, with clear views in all directions, and built a new fort, called Fort Garland. The fort consisted of a rectangle of single-story buildings with adobe walls three feet thick to help protect soldiers from the cold San Luis Valley winters. The troops at Fort Massachusetts lowered their flag on June 24, 1858, and marched a few miles south to take up residence at Fort Garland.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <a href="/article/civil-war-colorado"><strong>Civil War</strong></a>, Fort Garland served as an important enlistment site and rendezvous point for companies of Colorado Volunteers heading south to stop Confederate attempts to take New Mexico in 1861–62. These volunteers helped win the <strong>Battle of Glorieta Pass</strong>, New Mexico, in late March 1862. This battle, which has been called the Gettysburg of the West, effectively ended the Civil War in the western territories.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Conflict With Indigenous People</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Civil War, Fort Garland’s primary business for the next twenty years was to secure and enforce treaties with local Native Americans, primarily Southern Utes, for the purpose of making the San Luis Valley safe for settlement. The 1863 <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/conejos-treaty"><strong>Treaty of Conejos</strong></a> attempted to impose limits on Ute territory, but few Utes abided by the terms of the agreement, which was signed by only one band of Utes.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland’s most famous and perhaps most successful commander during these years was the legendary mountain man and army officer <a href="/article/kit-carson"><strong>Kit Carson</strong></a> (1809–68). Carson arrived in May 1866 with four companies of New Mexico Volunteers. He helped arrange an agreement by which Ute chiefs would give up their claims in much of central Colorado, including the San Luis Valley, and move to the southwest quadrant of the state in exchange for a payment of $60,000 per year for thirty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carson left Fort Garland in October 1867, but the peace he forged lasted until 1879, at least in the San Luis Valley. In southwestern Colorado, however, prospectors in the La Plata and <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong></a> soon came into conflict with the Utes who had moved there. In the 1870s soldiers from Fort Garland were sent to help secure peace between the Utes and the encroaching miners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In one of history’s many ironies, the soldiers stationed at Fort Garland and tasked with securing Colorado for primarily white Anglo settlement in these years were a diverse lot. The army tended to send its foreign-born recruits, many of whom could not speak English, to remote posts like Fort Garland. Companies of largely Hispano New Mexico Volunteers were stationed at the fort in 1862–63 and again with Kit Carson in 1866–67. From 1876 to 1879 the fort was home to the black <a href="/article/buffalo-soldiers"><strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong></a> of the Ninth Cavalry. Even during periods of relative peace, they still had to fight the biting cold of winter in the high desert, which claimed the lives of many men.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Any semblance of peace between whites and Utes in Colorado ended on September 29, 1879, when Utes clashed with the army at Milk Creek and killed <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/indian-agents-and-agencies"><strong>Indian Agent</strong></a> <a href="/article/nathan-meeker"><strong>Nathan Meeker</strong></a> and ten others at the <a href="/article/white-river-ute-indian-agency"><strong>White River Agency</strong></a>. Fort Garland had become a somewhat sleepy post, assumed to have no real strategic value, but after the <a href="/article/meeker-incident"><strong>Meeker Incident</strong></a> it suddenly bustled with activity. Fifteen companies were temporarily stationed at the fort, most of them forced by lack of space to live in tents throughout the bone-chilling winter. In 1880 the troops at Fort Garland helped escort the Utes out of the Rocky Mountains to new reservations in Utah and in far southwestern Colorado near the New Mexico border.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Arrival and Fort Decommission</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland was originally meant to secure the San Luis Valley for settlers. When the<strong> Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> crossed Sangre de Cristo Pass into the valley in 1877, that purpose came to an end. The railroad served as a symbol that the valley was being fully incorporated into American society and would not remain a frontier of empire much longer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the army signed its original lease for the land around Fort Garland, it had agreed to pay $1 per month for twenty-five years. That lease ran out at the end of June 1882. By that time a group of investors, including <a href="/article/william-gilpin"><strong>William Gilpin</strong></a>, who served as the first governor of Colorado Territory in the early 1860s, had acquired title to the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. Gilpin began to charge the army $100 per month for its lease. Within months, General William Tecumseh Sherman advised the secretary of war that Fort Garland was “obsolete and ought to be abandoned.” At the end of November 1883, the fort was decommissioned and its remaining troops moved to <a href="/article/fort-lewis"><strong>Fort Lewis</strong></a>, near <strong>Durango</strong>. The army paid for the bodies of all soldiers buried at Fort Garland (except those with strong family ties to the area) to be exhumed and reburied at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the army left, the fort and its land reverted to the Trinchera Estate, which had acquired the title from Gilpin. The fort’s property fell into disuse and passed through many hands over the next four decades. The Trinchera Timber Company rented the fort’s buildings in 1912–15, before William H. Meyer bought the fort and began to live in the old commander’s quarters. The fort passed through several more hands in the 1920s, until at last one owner planned to raze the remaining buildings and sell them for parts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation and Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The prospect of demolition and sale spurred locals in <a href="/article/costilla-county"><strong>Costilla</strong></a> and <a href="/article/conejos-county"><strong>Conejos</strong></a> Counties to form the Fort Garland Historical Fair Association in May 1928. The purpose of the association was to preserve what remained of the fort, with the idea that the site might serve as a county fairground in the future. The association tried to get support from the Colorado Historical Society (now <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/history-colorado-colorado-historical-society"><strong>History Colorado</strong></a>) and the <strong>National Park Service</strong> to purchase the site but failed to generate sufficient interest. Undeterred, the association went around the San Luis Valley selling $5 shares to ranchers, farmers, and businesspeople. This fundraising effort enabled the association to buy Fort Garland in 1929. Just then, however, the <strong>Great Depression</strong> hit, and the association struggled simply to pay taxes on the property throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1945 the Colorado Historical Society acquired the site. By that time all but five of the original twenty-two buildings had been demolished or had deteriorated beyond repair. The five remaining buildings were restored, with new roofs, adobe bricks, and interior fittings, and the restored Fort Garland opened as a museum in 1950. In 1966 the Colorado Historical Society completely rebuilt a sixth building, the company quarters, on its original foundation, though the reconstruction was performed prior to any archaeological work at the site and used concrete blocks and stucco rather than adobe bricks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland continues to operate as a regional museum devoted to the history of the San Luis Valley. Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the twenty-first century, the Colorado Historical Society has conducted a thorough archaeological investigation at the site. Under the direction of Anne Bond, the investigation has explored the foundations of the fort’s original buildings and excavated old trash deposits to try to find out more about life at the fort in the nineteenth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-massachusetts" hreflang="en">Fort Massachusetts</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/kit-carson" hreflang="en">kit carson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/buffalo-soldiers" hreflang="en">Buffalo Soldiers</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Phil Carson, <em>Fort</em><em> Garland Museum: A Capsule History and Guide</em> (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2005).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Anne Wainstein Bond, “Buffalo Soldiers at Fort Garland,” <em>Colorado</em><em> Heritage</em> (Spring 1996).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Edgar C. McMechan, “Historical Projects at Fort Garland and Pike’s Stockade,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 23, no. 5 (1946).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>John Henry Nankivell, “Fort Garland, Colorado,” <em>Colorado</em><em> Magazine</em> 16, no. 1 (1939).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Duane Vandenbusche, “Life at Frontier Post: Fort Garland,” <em>Colorado</em><em> Magazine</em> 43, no. 2 (1966).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teacher-resources--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-teacher-resources.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-teacher-resources.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-resources field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-teacher-resources"><p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_FORT_GARLAND_0.docx">Fort Garland Teacher Resource Set - Word</a></p>&#13; &#13; <p><a href="/sites/default/files/ARS_FORT_GARLAND_0.pdf">Fort Garland Teacher Resource Set - PDF</a></p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The US Army operated Fort Garland in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong> for twenty-five years, from 1858 to 1883. The fort was built to protect early settlers from Native American raids. This was in the years before treaties, reservations, and Indian removal made protection unnecessary. The fort was restored in the mid-twentieth century. It had been neglected for many years.  It now operates as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Borderland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland stands in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. There were different cultures surrounding it. The San Luis Valley is a high-elevation desert guarded on most sides by mountain ranges. The valley was inhabited primarily by Southern Utes before the 1600s. The Apache tribe lived just over the mountains to the east. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, two more cultures extended into the valley. The Spanish moved up the <strong>Rio Grande</strong> through what is now New Mexico. At the same time, the Comanche dominated the high plains east of the Rocky Mountains. The San Luis Valley sat on the edge of both growing cultures.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Yet another culture began to move into the valley in the early nineteenth century. The United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. After this, <strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong> was sent to explore the upper Red and <strong>Arkansas</strong> Rivers. This is where the boundaries of the Purchase were disputed. In January 1807, his expedition crossed Medano Pass into the San Luis Valley. Pike’s men passed near the future site of Fort Garland.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Mexico claimed the San Luis Valley. This was after Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821. At about the same time, regular business began on the Santa Fé Trail that linked Missouri and New Mexico. The trail followed the Arkansas River west into what is now Colorado. One route went over <strong>Sangre de Cristo Pass</strong> into the San Luis Valley before heading south to Taos. Trade and business were beginning to connect the valley to the cultures just beyond its borders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Luis Valley became part of the United States after the Mexican-American War of 1846–48. Charles Beaubien bought the land grant that included much of the valley. In the early 1850s, Beaubien encouraged Hispano families from the Taos Valley in New Mexico to move north. He wanted them to build colonies in the valley along <strong>Rio Culebra</strong>. Founded in 1851, the town of <strong>San Luis de Culebra</strong> is the oldest continuous settlement in Colorado. More <strong>Hispanos</strong> (people who lived in the southwest before it became part of the United States) began moving to the San Luis Valley.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Massachusetts and Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring and summer of 1852, the US Army built its first fort, called Fort Massachusetts, in the San Luis Valley. The fort was built to protect settlers and establish US authority. The fort lay in the foothills about a day’s ride north of town. It had several problems. Its location made it open to attack from higher ground. Also, the building failed to give soldiers enough protection from the valley’s hard winters. This became clear during the winter of 1855–56. Scurvy and subzero temperatures made the troops sick and miserable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 17, 1856, the army got a lease on a new plot of land on the floor of the San Luis Valley. Under the terms of the deal, the army agreed to pay Charles Beaubien rent of one dollar per year for twenty-five years. The army quickly picked a valley location right on the trails coming over Sangre de Cristo Pass and La Veta Pass. This spot had clear views in all directions. There they built a new fort, called Fort Garland. The fort consisted of a rectangle of single-story buildings. The buildings had adobe walls that were three feet thick. These walls were to help protect soldiers from the cold San Luis Valley winters. The troops at Fort Massachusetts lowered their flag on June 24, 1858. They marched a few miles south to Fort Garland.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <strong>Civil War</strong>, Fort Garland served as an important enlistment site and meeting place for companies of Colorado Volunteers. They were heading south to stop Confederate attempts to take New Mexico in 1861–62. These volunteers helped win the <strong>Battle of Glorieta Pass</strong>, New Mexico, in late March 1862. This battle brought an end to the Civil War in the western territories.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indian Wars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Civil War ended, Fort Garland’s job for the next twenty years was to make the San Luis Valley safe for settlement. They made treaties with local Native Americans, mainly Southern Utes, and enforced the treaties. The 1863 <strong>Treaty of Conejos</strong> attempted to impose limits on Ute territory. It had been signed by only one band of Utes, so few Utes abided by the terms of the agreement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland’s most successful commander during these years was an army officer named <strong>Kit Carson</strong> (1809–68). He was a famous mountain man. Carson arrived in May 1866 with four companies of New Mexico Volunteers. He helped arrange an agreement with the Ute chiefs. In the agreement, the Utes would give up their claims to much of central Colorado. This included the San Luis Valley. The Utes were to move to the southwest quadrant of the state. This was in exchange for a payment of $60,000 per year for thirty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carson left Fort Garland in October 1867. The peace he had worked on lasted until 1879, at least in the San Luis Valley. In southwestern Colorado, however, prospectors in the La Plata and San Juan Mountains soon came into conflict with the Utes who had moved there. In the 1870s, soldiers from Fort Garland were sent to help keep the peace between the Utes and the miners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The soldiers stationed at Fort Garland were a diverse bunch. They were tasked with making sure the mainly white settlements were safe. The army tended to send its foreign-born recruits, many of whom could not speak English, to remote posts like Fort Garland. Companies of mainly Hispano New Mexico Volunteers were stationed at the fort in 1862–63, and with Kit Carson in 1866–67. From 1876 to 1879 the fort was home to the black <strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong> of the Ninth Cavalry. Even during periods that were mainly peaceful, soldiers still had to fight the biting cold of winter in the high desert. The cold took the lives of many men.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Any show of peace between whites and Utes in Colorado ended on September 29, 1879. Utes clashed with the army at Milk Creek in northwestern Colorado. They killed Indian agent <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> and ten others at the <strong>White River Agency</strong>. By then, Fort Garland had become a somewhat sleepy post. It was not thought to be important. After the <strong>Meeker </strong>Massacre, however, it was suddenly busy with activity. Fifteen companies were stationed at the fort for a short time. Most of them had to live in tents throughout the bone-chilling winter because there wasn’t enough space in the fort. In 1880 the troops at Fort Garland helped move the Utes out of the Rocky Mountains. They went to new reservations. Some went to Utah. Others went to southwestern Colorado near the New Mexico border.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Arrival and Fort Decommission</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland was originally built to make the San Luis Valley safe for settlers. That was no longer necessary after the Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad reached the valley in 1877. The railroad served as a symbol that the valley was being brought into American society. It would not remain a frontier much longer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>When the army signed its original lease for the land around Fort Garland, it had agreed to pay one dollar per month for twenty-five years. That lease ran out at the end of June 1882. By that time a group of investors had been given the title to the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. One of the investors was <strong>William Gilpin. </strong>He served as the first territorial governor of Colorado in the early 1860s. Gilpin began to charge the army $100 per month for its lease. Within months, General William Tecumseh Sherman told the secretary of war that Fort Garland “ought to be abandoned.” At the end of November 1883, the fort was decommissioned. Its remaining troops moved to <strong>Fort Lewis</strong>, near <strong>Durango</strong>. The army paid for the bodies of all soldiers buried at Fort Garland (except those with strong family ties to the area) to be exhumed. They were reburied at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the army left, the fort’s property fell into disuse and passed through many hands over the next four decades. The Trinchera Timber Company rented the fort’s buildings in 1912–15. Later, William H. Meyer bought the fort and began to live in the old commander’s quarters. The fort passed through several more owners in the 1920s. At last, one owner planned to tear down the remaining buildings and sell them for parts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation and Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>There was a plan for the fort to be torn down. People in <strong>Costilla</strong> and <strong>Conejos</strong> Counties decided to form the Fort Garland Historical Fair Association in May 1928. The purpose of the association was to save what remained of the fort. The idea was that the site might serve as a county fairground in the future. The association tried to get help from the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>) and the <strong>National Park Service</strong> to buy the site. They were not able to gain enough interest. So, the association went around the San Luis Valley selling $5 shares to ranchers, farmers, and businesspeople. This fundraising effort allowed the association to buy Fort Garland in 1929. Just then, however, the <strong>Great Depression</strong> hit. The association had trouble paying taxes on the property throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1945 the Colorado Historical Society bought the site. By that time all but five of the original twenty-two buildings had been torn down or were beyond repair. The five remaining buildings were restored, with new roofs, adobe bricks, and interior fittings. The restored Fort Garland opened as a museum in 1950.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland continues to operate as a regional museum devoted to the history of the San Luis Valley. The Colorado Historical Society has done a complete archaeological investigation at the site. Under the direction of Anne Bond, the investigation has looked at the foundations of the fort’s original buildings. They dug up old trash deposits to try to find out more about life at the fort in the nineteenth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The US Army operated Fort Garland in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong> for twenty-five years, from 1858 to 1883. The fort was built to protect early settlers from Native American raids before treaties, reservations, and Indian removal made that mission obsolete. After decades of neglect, the fort was restored in the mid-twentieth century. It now operates as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Borderland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland stands in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. It was long perched on the border between different and antagonistic cultures. A high-elevation desert guarded on most sides by mountain ranges, the valley was inhabited primarily by Southern Ute people before the 1600s. The Apache lived just over the mountains to the east. Starting in the seventeenth century and into the eighteenth century, the Spanish moved up the <strong>Rio Grande</strong> through what is now New Mexico, and the Comanche dominated the high plains east of the Rocky Mountains. Situated between many different and often antagonistic cultures, the San Luis Valley became a dangerous frontier.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, <strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong> was dispatched to explore the upper Red and <strong>Arkansas</strong> Rivers. In January 1807, Pike’s expedition reached the San Luis Valley. Pike’s men passed near the future site of Fort Garland on their way to the <strong>Conejos River</strong>, where they built a crude log shelter known as <strong>Pike’s Stockade</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1821 Mexico won independence from Spain and claimed the valley. At about the same time, regular commerce began on the Santa Fé Trail that linked Missouri and New Mexico. The trail followed the Arkansas River west into what is now Colorado. One route went over <strong>Sangre de Cristo Pass</strong> into the San Luis Valley before heading south to Taos. Webs of commerce were beginning to bind the valley to the cultures just beyond its borders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Luis Valley became part of the United States after the Mexican-American War of 1846–48. Charles Beaubien acquired the former Mexican land grant that encompassed much of the valley. In the early 1850s, Beaubien encouraged <strong>Hispano</strong> families from the Taos Valley in New Mexico to move north and establish colonies in the San Luis Valley along <strong>Rio Culebra</strong>. Founded in 1851, the town of <strong>San Luis de Culebra</strong> is the oldest continuous settlement in Colorado. Soon, the San Luis Valley began to be incorporated into the American political and social order.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Massachusetts and Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring and summer of 1852, about a year after the founding of San Luis, the US Army built its first fort in the San Luis Valley to protect settlers and establish US authority. The fort, called Fort Massachusetts, lay in the foothills about a day’s ride north of town. It had several problems. Its location made it vulnerable to attack from higher ground. Also, the building failed to provide adequate protection from the valley’s brutal winters. This became clear during the winter of 1855–56, when scurvy and subzero temperatures made the troops sick and miserable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 17, 1856, the army secured a lease on a new plot of land on the floor of the San Luis Valley. Under the terms of the deal, the army agreed to pay Charles Beaubien rent of one dollar per year for twenty-five years. The army quickly picked a location right on the trails coming over Sangre de Cristo Pass and La Veta Pass. This location had clear views in all directions. The new fort, called Fort Garland, consisted of a rectangle of single-story buildings with adobe walls three feet thick to help protect soldiers from the cold winters. The troops at Fort Massachusetts lowered their flag on June 24, 1858. They marched a few miles south to take up residence at Fort Garland.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <strong>Civil War</strong>, Fort Garland served as an important enlistment site and rendezvous point for companies of Colorado Volunteers heading south to stop Confederate attempts to take New Mexico in 1861–62. These volunteers helped win the<strong> Battle of Glorieta Pass</strong>, New Mexico, in late March 1862. The battle effectively ended the Civil War in the western territories.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indian Wars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>For twenty years after the Civil War, Fort Garland’s primary business was to secure and enforce treaties with local Native Americans, primarily Southern Utes, to make the valley safe for settlement. The 1863 <strong>Treaty of Conejos</strong> attempted to impose limits on Ute territory, but it was only signed by one band of Utes. Therefore, few Utes abided by the terms of the agreement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland’s most famous and perhaps most successful commander during these years was the legendary mountain man and army officer <strong>Kit Carson</strong> (1809–68). Carson arrived in May 1866 with four companies of New Mexico Volunteers. In 1868 he helped arrange an agreement by which Ute chiefs would give up their claims in much of central Colorado, including the San Luis Valley. The Utes were to move to the western third of the state in exchange for a payment of $60,000 per year for thirty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The peace Carson helped forge lasted until 1879, at least in the San Luis Valley. In southwestern Colorado, however, prospectors in the La Plata and San Juan Mountains soon came into conflict with the Utes who had moved there. In the 1870s, soldiers from Fort Garland were sent to help secure peace between the Utes and the encroaching miners. Even during periods of relative peace, the soldiers at Fort Garland still had to fight the biting cold of winter, which claimed the lives of many men.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In one of history’s many ironies, the soldiers at Fort Garland who were tasked with securing Colorado for primarily white Anglo settlement were a diverse lot. The army tended to send its foreign-born recruits, many of whom could not speak English, to remote posts like Fort Garland. Companies of largely Hispano New Mexico Volunteers were stationed at the fort in 1862–63 and again with Kit Carson in 1866–67. From 1876 to 1879 the fort was home to the black <strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong> of the Ninth Cavalry.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Any semblance of peace between whites and Utes in Colorado ended on September 29, 1879. Utes clashed with the army at Milk Creek in northwest Colorado. In what became known as the <strong>Meeker Massacre</strong>, Utes killed Indian agent <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> and ten others at the <strong>White River Agency</strong>. By then Fort Garland had become a somewhat sleepy post and was assumed to have no real strategic value. After the massacre, however, it suddenly bustled with activity. Fifteen companies were temporarily stationed at the fort. Lack of space forced most of them to live in tents throughout the bone-chilling winter. In 1880 the troops at Fort Garland helped push the Utes out of the Rocky Mountains to new reservations in Utah and in far southwestern Colorado.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Arrival and Fort Decommission</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland was originally meant to secure the San Luis Valley for settlers. But that was no longer necessary after the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> crossed Sangre de Cristo Pass into the valley in 1877. The railroad’s arrival signaled that the valley was being fully incorporated into American society.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The army’s lease on Fort Garland ran out at the end of June 1882. By that time a group of investors, including <strong>William Gilpin</strong>, the first territorial governor of Colorado, had acquired title to the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. Gilpin began to charge the army $100 per month for its lease. Within months, General William Tecumseh Sherman advised the secretary of war that Fort Garland was “obsolete and ought to be abandoned.” At the end of November 1883, the fort was decommissioned. Its remaining troops moved to <strong>Fort Lewis</strong>, near <strong>Durango</strong>. The army paid for the bodies of all soldiers buried at Fort Garland (except those with strong family ties to the area) to be exhumed. They were reburied at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the army left, the fort and its land reverted to the Trinchera Estate, which had acquired the title from Gilpin. The fort’s property fell into disuse and passed through many hands over the next four decades. The Trinchera Timber Company rented the fort’s buildings in 1912–15, before William H. Meyer bought the fort and began to live in the old commander’s quarters. The fort passed through several more hands in the 1920s. At last, one owner planned to raze the remaining buildings and sell their parts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation and Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The prospect of demolition and sale spurred locals in <strong>Costilla</strong> and <strong>Conejos</strong> Counties to form the Fort Garland Historical Fair Association in May 1928. The purpose of the association was to preserve what remained of the fort. The idea was that the site might serve as a county fairground in the future. The association tried to get support from the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>) and the <strong>National Park Service</strong> to purchase the site. They failed to generate sufficient interest. Undeterred, the association went around the San Luis Valley selling $5 shares to ranchers, farmers, and businesspeople. This fundraising effort enabled the association to buy Fort Garland in 1929. Just then, however, the <strong>Great Depression</strong> hit. The association struggled to pay taxes on the property throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1945 the Colorado Historical Society acquired the site. By that time all but five of the original twenty-two buildings had been demolished or had deteriorated beyond repair. The five remaining buildings were restored, with new roofs, adobe bricks, and interior fittings.  The restored Fort Garland opened as a museum in 1950. In 1966 the Colorado Historical Society completely rebuilt a sixth building, the company quarters, on its original foundation. The reconstruction was performed prior to any archaeological work at the site. Workers used concrete blocks and stucco rather than adobe bricks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland continues to operate as a regional museum devoted to the history of the San Luis Valley. Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the twenty-first century, the Colorado Historical Society has conducted a thorough archaeological investigation at the site. Under the direction of Anne Bond, the investigation has explored the foundations of the fort’s original buildings to find out more about life at the fort in the nineteenth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The US Army operated Fort Garland in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong> for twenty-five years, from 1858 to 1883. The fort was built to protect early settlers from Native American raids. This was in the years before treaties, reservations, and removal made that mission obsolete. After decades of neglect, the fort was restored in the mid-twentieth century. It now serves as one of History Colorado’s regional museums.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Borderland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland stands in the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado, an area that has long stood on the border between different and often antagonistic cultures. Essentially a high-elevation desert guarded on most sides by mountain ranges, the valley was inhabited primarily by Southern Ute people before the 1600s. The Apache tribe lived just over the mountains to the east. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Spanish moved up the <strong>Rio Grande</strong> through what is now New Mexico, and the Comanche dominated the high plains east of the Rocky Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, <strong>Zebulon Montgomery Pike</strong> was dispatched to explore the upper Red and <strong>Arkansas</strong> Rivers. This is where the precise boundaries of the Purchase were disputed. In January 1807, his expedition crossed Medano Pass into the San Luis Valley. Pike’s men passed near the future site of Fort Garland, descended to the <strong>Conejos River</strong>, and built a crude log shelter known as <strong>Pike’s Stockade</strong>.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain and laid claim to the San Luis Valley. At about the same time, regular commerce began on the Santa Fé Trail that linked Missouri and New Mexico. The trail followed the Arkansas River west into what is now Colorado, going over <strong>Sangre de Cristo Pass</strong> into the San Luis Valley before turning south to Taos. Webs of commerce began to bind the valley to the cultures just beyond its borders.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The San Luis Valley became part of the United States after the Mexican-American War of 1846–48. Charles Beaubien acquired the land grant that encompassed much of the valley. In the early 1850s, Beaubien encouraged <strong>Hispano</strong> families from the Taos Valley in New Mexico to move north and establish colonies in the San Luis Valley along <strong>Rio Culebra</strong>. Founded in 1851, the town of <strong>San Luis de Culebra</strong> is the oldest continuous settlement in Colorado. The San Luis Valley began to be incorporated into the American political and social order.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Fort Massachusetts and Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>In the spring and summer of 1852, about a year after the founding of San Luis de Culebra, the US Army built Fort Massachusetts, its first fort in the San Luis Valley, to protect settlers and establish US authority. The fort lay in the foothills about a day’s ride north of town. It had several problems. Its location made it vulnerable to attack from higher ground, and the building failed to provide adequate protection from the valley’s brutal winters. This became clear during the winter of 1855–56, when scurvy and subzero temperatures made the troops sick and miserable.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>On July 17, 1856, the army secured a lease on a new plot of land on the floor of the San Luis Valley. Under the terms of the deal, the army agreed to pay Charles Beaubien rent of one dollar per year for twenty-five years. The army quickly picked a valley location right on the trails coming over Sangre de Cristo Pass and La Veta Pass, with clear views in all directions. The new fort was called Fort Garland. It consisted of a rectangle of single-story buildings with adobe walls three feet thick to help protect soldiers from the cold valley winters. The troops at Fort Massachusetts lowered their flag on June 24, 1858 and marched a few miles south to take up residence at Fort Garland.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>During the <strong>Civil War</strong>, Fort Garland served as an important enlistment site and rendezvous point for companies of Colorado Volunteers heading south to stop Confederate attempts to take New Mexico in 1861–62. These volunteers helped win the <strong>Battle of Glorieta Pass,</strong> New Mexico, in late March 1862. This battle effectively ended the Civil War in the western territories.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Indian Wars</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>After the Civil War, troops at Fort Garland spent the next twenty years securing and enforcing treaties with Native Americans, primarily Southern Utes, to make the San Luis Valley safe for settlement. The 1863 <strong>Treaty of Conejos</strong> attempted to impose limits on Ute territory, but it had been signed by only one band of Utes and few of the Indians abided by the terms of the agreement.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland’s most famous and perhaps most successful commander during these years was the legendary mountain man and army officer <strong>Kit Carson</strong> (1809–68). Carson arrived in May 1866 with four companies of New Mexico Volunteers. He helped arrange an agreement by which Ute chiefs would give up their claims in much of central Colorado, including the San Luis Valley. They were to move to the western third of the state in exchange for a payment of $60,000 each year for thirty years.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Carson left Fort Garland in October 1867, but the peace he forged lasted in the valley until 1879. In southwestern Colorado, prospectors in the La Plata and San Juan Mountains soon came into conflict with Utes who had moved there. In the 1870s, soldiers from Fort Garland were sent to help secure peace between the Utes and the encroaching miners.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In one of history’s many ironies, the Fort Garland soldiers tasked with securing Colorado for primarily white Anglo settlement in these years were a diverse lot. The army tended to send its foreign-born recruits, many of whom could not speak English, to remote posts like Fort Garland. Companies of largely Hispano New Mexico Volunteers were stationed at the fort in 1862–63 and again with Kit Carson in 1866–67. From 1876 to 1879 the fort was home to the black <strong>Buffalo Soldiers</strong> of the Ninth Cavalry. Even during periods of relative peace, they still had to fight the biting cold of winter in the high desert, which claimed the lives of many men.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Any semblance of peace between whites and Utes in Colorado ended on September 29, 1879. Utes clashed with the army at Milk Creek in present-day Rio Blanco County and killed Indian agent <strong>Nathan Meeker</strong> and ten others at the <strong>White River Agency</strong>. By then Fort Garland had become a somewhat sleepy post, assumed to have no real strategic value, but after the <strong>Meeker Massacre</strong> it suddenly bustled with activity. Fifteen companies were temporarily stationed at the fort, most of them forced by lack of space to live in tents throughout the bone-chilling winter. In 1880 the troops at Fort Garland helped escort the Utes out of the Rocky Mountains to new reservations in Utah and in far southwestern Colorado near the New Mexico border.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Railroad Arrival and Fort Decommission</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland was originally meant to secure the San Luis Valley for settlers. When the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> crossed Sangre de Cristo Pass into the valley in 1877, that purpose came to an end. The railroad served as a symbol that the valley was being fully incorporated into American society and would not remain a frontier much longer.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The army’s lease on Fort Garland ran out at the end of June 1882. By that time a group of investors, including <strong>William Gilpin</strong>, the first territorial governor of Colorado, had acquired title to the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. Gilpin began to charge the army $100 per month for its lease. Within months, General William Tecumseh Sherman advised the secretary of war that Fort Garland was “obsolete and ought to be abandoned.” At the end of November 1883, the fort was decommissioned and its remaining troops moved to <strong>Fort Lewis</strong>, near <strong>Durango</strong>. The army paid for the bodies of all soldiers buried at Fort Garland (except those with strong family ties to the area) to be exhumed and reburied at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>After the army left, the fort and its land reverted to the Trinchera Estate, which had acquired the title from Gilpin. The fort’s property fell into disuse and passed through many hands over the next four decades. The Trinchera Timber Company rented the fort’s buildings in 1912–15, before William H. Meyer bought the fort and began to live in the old commander’s quarters. The fort passed through several more hands in the 1920s until one owner planned to raze the remaining buildings and sell them for parts.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Preservation and Restoration</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>The prospect of demolition and sale spurred locals in <strong>Costilla</strong> and <strong>Conejos</strong> Counties to form the Fort Garland Historical Fair Association in May 1928. The purpose of the association was to preserve what remained of the fort. The idea was that the site might serve as a county fairground in the future. The association tried to get support from the Colorado Historical Society (now <strong>History Colorado</strong>) and the <strong>National Park Service</strong> to purchase the site, but failed to generate sufficient interest. Undeterred, the association went around the San Luis Valley selling $5 shares to ranchers, farmers, and businesspeople. This fundraising effort enabled the association to buy Fort Garland in 1929. Just then, however, the <strong>Great Depression</strong> hit, and the association struggled simply to pay taxes on the property throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1945 the Colorado Historical Society acquired the site. By that time all but five of the original twenty-two buildings had been demolished or had deteriorated beyond repair. The five remaining buildings were restored, with new roofs, adobe bricks, and interior fittings, and the restored Fort Garland opened as a museum in 1950. In 1966 the Colorado Historical Society completely rebuilt a sixth building, the company quarters, on its original foundation. The reconstruction was performed prior to any archaeological work at the site and used concrete blocks and stucco rather than adobe bricks.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Fort Garland continues to operate as a regional museum devoted to the history of the San Luis Valley. Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the twenty-first century, the Colorado Historical Society has conducted a thorough archaeological investigation at the site. Under the direction of Anne Bond, the investigation has explored the foundations of the fort’s original buildings. They excavated old trash deposits to try to find out more about life at the fort in the nineteenth century.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 22:53:10 +0000 yongli 813 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-article-image.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-article-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div id="carouselEncyclopediaArticle" class="carousel slide" data-bs-ride="true"> <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1072--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1072.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph%20%281%29.jpg?itok=VDAPbdXP" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach is a mud wagon like those that operated on the Barlow and Sanderson lines in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club sometime before 1947 and donated to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1073--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1073.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_001_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=i34SHINs" width="1000" height="787" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach-0" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>After being housed for years in History Colorado's Fort Garland Museum, the stagecoach is now in Monte Vista.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1074--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1074.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/stagecoach-ride"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-b_003_Photograph_0.jpg?itok=sMfsAzPd" width="1000" height="773" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/stagecoach-ride" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Stagecoach Ride</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Stagecoaches were used to transport mail, freight, and people between towns prior to the rapid expansion of the railroad in the 1870s and 1880s. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson stagecoaches were primarily operating between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="carousel-item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * node--1075--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--1075.html.twig x node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig * node--image.html.twig * node--article-detail-image.html.twig * node.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image--image.html.twig * field--node--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--field-encyclopedia-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-encyclopedia-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/5CT_46_1-c_012_Drawing_0.jpg?itok=6rZsx3TJ" width="1000" height="1294" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wide" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="carousel-caption d-none d-md-block"> <h5><a href="/image/abbot-downing-catalog-listing" rel="bookmark"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--image.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Abbot, Downing Catalog Listing</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> </a></h5> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--image.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--image.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach in Monte Vista was initially mistaken as a Concord, a popular model made by Abbott, Downing, and Company. It was later determined that the Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach was actually an Abbott, Downing "mud wagon," designed to be smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/content/node--image--article-detail-image.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <button class="carousel-control-prev" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="prev"> <span class="carousel-control-prev-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Previous</span> </button> <button class="carousel-control-next" type="button" data-bs-target="#carouselEncyclopediaArticle" data-bs-slide="next"> <span class="carousel-control-next-icon" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Next</span> </button> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--field-article-image--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/users/yongli" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">yongli</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--encyclopedia-article.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-11-05T10:24:20-07:00" title="Thursday, November 5, 2015 - 10:24" class="datetime">Thu, 11/05/2015 - 10:24</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'addtoany_standard' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * addtoany-standard--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * addtoany-standard--node.html.twig x addtoany-standard.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="http://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/barlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach" data-a2a-title="Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach"><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fbarlow-and-sanderson-stagecoach&amp;title=Barlow%20and%20Sanderson%20Stagecoach"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_email"></a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/addtoany/templates/addtoany-standard.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-body"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-luis-valley"><strong>San Luis Valley</strong></a>. The only regional example of its type, the stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society, which housed it for decades in the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong>. Because of conditions imposed on the original donation, in 2014 History Colorado (formerly the Colorado Historical Society) returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista, where it is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company, which had come to dominate stage lines in the West. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>, which was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California, as well as the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in constant use on stage lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were becoming feeders operating at the fringes of the railroads rather than main lines of transportation. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the <a href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/san-juan-mountains"><strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> </a>to the railroads. As the <strong>Denver &amp; Rio Grande Railroad</strong> and the <strong>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe Railroad</strong> moved into the San Luis Valley, the stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884, when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines, but by this time stage use in Colorado had entered a period of permanent decline.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club (predecessor of the Chamber of Commerce) bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society, which decided to display it at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red, the color found on the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century New Hampshire–based stagecoach manufacturer Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by Merri Ferrell, a curator and carriage expert from the Museums at Stony Brook (now the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages). Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing but was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon” found in the 1871 Abbot, Downing catalog. This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West, especially in bad weather. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It continued to suffer damage over the next two decades, however, because it was displayed at <a href="/article/fort-garland-0"><strong>Fort Garland</strong></a> in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club originally donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, the donation came with conditions, including a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with professional museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014, and transferred custody to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum, which offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-author"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-author">Author</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-author"><a href="/author/encyclopedia-staff" hreflang="und">Encyclopedia Staff</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-keyword--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-keyword.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-keyword.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-keyword field--type-entity-reference field--label-above" id="id-field-keyword"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-keyword">Keywords</div> <div class='field__items'> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation" hreflang="en">transportation</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/stagecoaches" hreflang="en">stagecoaches</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/san-luis-valley" hreflang="en">San Luis Valley</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/southern-overland-mail-and-express-company" hreflang="en">Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/bradley-barlow" hreflang="en">Bradley Barlow</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/jared-sanderson" hreflang="en">Jared Sanderson</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/fort-garland" hreflang="en">Fort Garland</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/history-colorado" hreflang="en">History Colorado</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/monte-vista-historical-society" hreflang="en">Monte Vista Historical Society</a></div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-keyword"><a href="/keyword/transportation-west-museum" hreflang="en">Transportation of the West Museum</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links--inline.html.twig * links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap_barrio/templates/navigation/links--inline.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-references-html--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-references-html.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-references-html.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-references-html field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-references-html"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-references-html">References</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-references-html"><p>Jeanne Brako, “Barlow and Sanderson Stagecoach,” Colorado State Register of Historic Properties Nomination Form (March 10, 1995).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Frances McCullough, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Line in the San Luis Valley,” <em>San Luis Valley Historian</em> 30, no. 3 (1998).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Ralph Moody, <em>Stagecoach West</em> (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, “The Barlow and Sanderson Stage Lines in Colorado, 1872–1884,” <em>Colorado Magazine</em> 50, no. 2 (1973).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Morris F. Taylor, <em>First Mail West: Stagecoach Lines on the Santa Fe Trail</em> (1971; repr., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-additional-information-htm--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-additional-information-htm.html.twig * field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-additional-information-htm field--type-text-long field--label-above" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"> <div class="field__label" id="id-field-additional-information-htm">Additional Information</div> <div class="field__item" id="id-field-additional-information-htm"><p>Philip L. Fradkin, <em>Stagecoach: Wells Fargo and the American West</em> (New York: Simon and Schuster Source, 2002).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Robert N. Mullin, “Stagecoach Pioneers of the Southwest,” <em>Southwestern Studies</em>, Monograph 71 (1983).</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Rocky Mountain PBS, <a href="https://video.rmpbs.org/video/2365603249/">"The San Luis Valley,"</a> <em>Colorado Experience</em>, November 12, 2015.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Virginia McConnell Simmons, <em>The San Luis Valley: Land of the Six-Armed Cross</em> (Boulder: Pruett Publishing, 1979).</p>&#13; </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-4th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-4th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-4th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-4th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-4th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried people and mail from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name was in 1866. It was the only major company operating out west besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of their service shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum. They wanted to show the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was looked at by a carriage expert. The expert said that the stagecoach was not a Concord coach. Instead, it was a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not red.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, the stagecoach was repainted its original color. However, it was damaged because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the stagecoach was donated, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that the stagecoach could not be maintained to museum standards. As a result, the stagecoach was moved to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista in hopes it can be placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum can protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-8th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-8th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-8th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-8th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-8th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon. It is the only regional example of its kind.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before <strong>railroads</strong> came to the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines besides Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the edges of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began linking the San Luis Valley and the <strong>San Juan Mountains</strong> to the railroads. The end of the line shifted when railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating mostly between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach. The coach had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the Fort Garland Museum to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used on steep mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be restored to its original color. However, it suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. Monte Vista could use the stagecoach for special events. The coach could not be removed from <strong>Fort Garland</strong> for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach to museum standards. As a result, History Colorado removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-10th-grade--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--node--field-10th-grade.html.twig x field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig * field--field-10th-grade.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-10th-grade field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item" id="id-field-10th-grade"><p>The Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach in <strong>Monte Vista</strong> is a mud wagon like those that operated in the 1870s and 1880s along Barlow and Sanderson lines in the <strong>San Luis Valley</strong>. It is the only regional example of its type. The stagecoach was acquired by the Monte Vista Commercial Club and donated in 1959 to the Colorado Historical Society. In 2014 History Colorado returned the stagecoach to Monte Vista. It is in storage awaiting renovation and display in the Transportation of the West Museum.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Barlow and Sanderson in the San Luis Valley</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Before the rapid expansion of <strong>railroads</strong> in the West in the 1870s and 1880s, stagecoaches carried passengers, mail, and freight from town to town. Bradley Barlow and Jared Sanderson first entered the stagecoach business in the early 1860s in Missouri. The first use of the Barlow, Sanderson and Company name came in 1866, by which time it had a route to California. It was the only major company operating on western mainlines aside from Wells, Fargo and Company. In the early 1870s Barlow and Sanderson controlled the <strong>Southern Overland Mail and Express Company</strong>. The company was the last transcontinental stage line and the last stagecoach carrier of mail to California. It was also the mail route between Denver and Santa Fe. At its height, the company reportedly had 5,000 horses and mules in use on lines in Colorado and New Mexico.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>By the mid-1870s stagecoaches were operating at the fringes of the railroad. Barlow and Sanderson began to operate a network of lines linking the San Luis Valley and the San Juan Mountains to the railroads. The stage terminus shifted each time the railroads opened a new section of track. By the early 1880s Barlow and Sanderson was operating primarily between mining camps in the San Juan Mountains.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>Barlow retired in 1878. The company continued to operate in Colorado under the name J. L. Sanderson and Company until 1884. That's when Sanderson sold his Colorado operations to the Colorado and Wyoming Stage, Mail and Express Company. The same coaches continued to serve the company’s stage lines. However, stage use in Colorado was decreasing.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>The Stagecoach at Fort Garland</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>Sometime before 1947, the Monte Vista Commercial Club bought a Barlow and Sanderson stagecoach that had been used in the San Luis Valley in the 1870s and 1880s. In 1959 the club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society. The Society decided to display the coach at the <strong>Fort Garland Museum</strong> to illustrate the fort’s use as a stage stop. In 1962 the stagecoach was restored and painted red. That was the color of the popular Concord model made by leading nineteenth-century stagecoach builder Abbot, Downing and Company.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1993, the stagecoach was examined by carriage expert Merri Ferrell. Ferrell determined that the stagecoach was made by Abbot, Downing. However, it was not a Concord coach. Instead, the stagecoach resembles a “mud wagon.” This type of wagon was smaller, lighter, and lower to the ground than a Concord coach. It was used primarily on steep and rough mountain roads in the West. The original color used on mud wagons was straw yellow, not the red of Concord coaches.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>In 1996, a State Historical Fund grant allowed the stagecoach to be properly restored to its original color scheme. It suffered damage over the next two decades because it was displayed in a shed that was open to the elements.</p>&#13; &#13; <h2>Move to Monte Vista</h2>&#13; &#13; <p>When the Monte Vista Commercial Club donated the stagecoach to the Colorado Historical Society in 1959, there were conditions. These included a provision allowing Monte Vista to use the stagecoach for special events and prohibiting its removal from Fort Garland for any other reason. This meant that History Colorado could not maintain the stagecoach in accordance with museum standards. As a result, History Colorado officially removed the stagecoach from its holdings on July 24, 2014. It was transferred to Monte Vista.</p>&#13; &#13; <p>The stagecoach is now in storage in Monte Vista awaiting decisions about funding and renovations. The Monte Vista Historical Society hopes the stagecoach will be renovated and placed in the Transportation of the West Museum. The museum offers an enclosed location to protect the stagecoach and an appropriate interpretive framework for understanding its history.</p>&#13; </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/encyclopedia/templates/field/field--node--encyclopedia-article.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Nov 2015 17:24:20 +0000 yongli 785 at http://coloradoencyclopedia.org